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Revision as of 01:22, 6 October 2021 editJessicapierce (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users113,587 editsm Undid nonconstructive edit.← Previous edit Latest revision as of 18:23, 9 May 2023 edit undoSocialwave597 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users5,643 edits The "Sultanate of Harar" was just the Adal Sultanate after the death of Imam Ahmad, all of the information that is here (and more) can be found in the main article Adal Sultanate. Redirecting and merging with the Adal article (I hope that I'm not breaking any rules this is just an attempt of being WP:BOLD.)Tag: New redirect 
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#REDIRECT ]
{{Short description|Ancient kingdom centered in Harar, Ethiopia}}
{{Citation style|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Harar
| common_name = Harar
| era =
| status = ]
| status_text =
| empire =
| government_type = ]
| event_start =
| date_start =
| year_start = Early 16th century 
| event_end = Disestablished
| date_end =
| year_end =  1577
| event1 = ]
| date_event1 = 1559
| event2 =
| date_event2 =
| event3 =
| date_event3 =
| event_pre =
| date_pre =
| event_post =
| date_post =
| p1 = Adal Sultanate
| flag_p1 = Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg
| image_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| p3 =
| flag_p3 =
| s1 = Imamate of Aussa
| flag_s1 = Red_Red.svg
| image_s1 =
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| s3 =
| flag_s3 =
| image_flag = Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_flag2 =
| flag_alt2 =
| flag =
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| image_map2 =
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| capital = ]
| national_motto =
| national_anthem =
| common_languages = ], ], ], ]
| religion = ]
| demonym = ], ], ]
| currency =
| leader1 = ]
| leader2 =
| leader3 =
| leader4 =
| year_leader1 = 1550-1567
| year_leader2 =
| year_leader3 =
| year_leader4 =
| title_leader = ]
| stat_year1 =
| stat_area1 =
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| today = ]
}}

The '''Sultanate of Harar''' was a kingdom centered in ], ]. It succeeded the ]. In this period the Harar Sultanate led by Amīr Nūr continued to carry on the struggle of the Adal leader Imām Aḥmed Gurēy against the ]. Due to the encroaching Oromo people invading from the south.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yasin |first1=Yasin |title=Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti |date=2010 |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG |page=72 |url=https://d-nb.info/1020383542/34}}</ref> The Sultanate of Harar was ultimately a short lived state, lasting only 18 years (though if you start from the reign of Imām Aḥmed Gurēy, a more respectable 51 years). The capital was moved east to the oasis of ] by Imām Maḥamed "Jāsa" Ibrahim who founded the ].

==History==
=== Establishment ===
After the death of ] his nephew ] proclaimed himself Emir or Sultan of Harar, Nur had to repair a damaged kingdom so spent the majority of his region upgrading Harar's defences and created the great wall of Harar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dr. E. Cerulli, Documenti arabi per la storia dell'Ethiopia, Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931}}</ref> Nur ibn Mujhad inherited a war, he quickly married the widow of Ahmed Gragn ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adugna |first=Minale| title=Women and warfare in Ethiopia |series=Gender Issues Research Report Series 13 |page=10 |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Castanhoso, Miguel de (1902). Whiteway, R.S. (ed.). The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543 as narrated by Castanhoso. London: Redford Press. Retrieved 11 June 2020.}}</ref> who helped him become come confident, and mentored him in his battles against the ].
=== Abyssinian Conflict ===
After the death of Garad Abbas, Gelawdewos invaded all of the Muslim provinces and kingdoms except for Harar. Among the kingdoms he conquered were Dawaro, ], Bali, and Hadiya. The Ethiopian king focused on the southwestern side of Ethiopia (Kaffa), and there ] found an opportunity for jihad. In order to weaken the Ethiopian emperor he invaded Bale and Dawaro. He set his eyes to invade Fetegar next, but the Ethiopian Govorner Fanu’el stopped This in 1550. But the war didn’t end there. Ras Fanu’el campaigned further into Muslim territory and pushed the Harari Army back to Adal. The Ethiopian Govorner raided Muslim territories and took many goods.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Chronicle|publisher=Solomon|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=22, Chap 38}}</ref> Nur took a lot of damage in his first campaign, it took him nine years to recover, in 1559 he assembled a army of 1800 horsemen and 500 riflemen and numerous swords- and bowmen, this time he was successful and invaded Fetegar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Chronicle|publisher=Solomon|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=246, Chap 84}}</ref> Gelawdewos saw Nur as a threat so he sent Hamalmal Governor of ] and Ras Fasil to destroy Harar. What he did not know was that Nur was campaigning in Kaffa. The two Governors sacked Harar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=A history of the Oromo Asma Giyorgis and his work history of the Galla and the kingdom of sawa. Edited and translated Bairu tafla.|publisher=Bairu Tafla|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> after finding out that Nur had marched to Fetegar. Gelawdewos had had enough and led his imperial force to Nech ser in Fetegar. The two armies met on March 23, 1559 at the ], and it is said that a Harari rifleman shot the Abyssinian monarch, but he resisted in the midst of the battle a group of Harari cavalry again attacked him and the monarch was struck and killed. Nur then sent the Abyssinian monarch's head to land of ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Ethiopian Borderlands|publisher=Pankhurst|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=246}}</ref>

=== Nur's struggle for power ===
After Nur's campaign in Fatager the Oromo under Gada Michelle Ambushed Nur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Some_Records_of_Ethiopia_1593_1646/gAgkDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=hazalo+nur&pg=PT162&printsec=frontcover|title=Some records of Ethiopia|publisher=Huntingford}}</ref> Nur's opponent crushed him and he suffered a heavy loss.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hassan, Mohammad. Oromo of Ethiopia 1500 (PDF). University of London. p. 194.}}</ref> Oromo tribes managed to sack Harar and overcrowded the city, which brought typhus to the city, which led to death of Nur.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays|publisher=Pankhurst|location=(Trenton) red sea press|pages=373}}</ref>

=== Isman Al Habashi 1567–1569 ===
Isman al-Habashi was an Ethiopian slave of Harar and rose to power however he spent most of his reign at conflict with the descendants of ]
=== House of Adashe (Sultanate of Hubat) 1517–1571 ===
The uprising occurred in 1517 when the Harla emit of Hubat expanded his borders into to the modern Sultanate of Adal which was ruled by ] it is said that Garad Abun was killed near Harar which marked the end of the Somali influence in Hubat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hassan|first1=Mohammed|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29226/1/10731321.pdf|title=Oromo of Ethiopia 1500|publisher=University of London|page=29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam in Ethiopia|publisher=J.Spencer Trimingham|location=Oxford University press|pages=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethiopian Borderlands essays|publisher=R. Pankhurst|pages=82}}</ref> Abun had 2 sons Wazir ibn Abun and Garad Abass ibn Abun, Abass achieved a greater status then Wazir, and invaded the Muslim provinces of Wej, Fatager, Bali, Dawaro whilst Wazir spent his life fighting local Harari warlords and kings of Hararghe. Wazir was succeeded by his son Talha Abass which managed to Invade the entirety of Harar (other cities included), and resumed his grandfathers conquest. However the descendants of Isman Al Habashi rebelled and killed Talha, and so the Habashi dynasty took control of the sacred city of Harar.

=== Fall of Harar ===
In 1572, the sultan of Harar was executed by the emperor of Ethiopia, and the Oromo raided Harar meaning that Harar was left with no leader, and was at the brink of collapse.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&dq=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands:+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century|title=Pankhurst}}</ref>

==Rulers of the Sultanate of Harar==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Name !! Reign !! Note
|-
|
| style=white-space:nowrap| ]
| style=white-space:nowrap| 1526–1543
| Also known as Ahmed Gurey or Ahmed Gran. The conqueror, cousin of ] Abūn ʿAdādshe of Hubat. He ruled Adal in all but name and launched a conquest of the Ethiopian highlands. While not technically a Sultan of Harar, no list is complete without him.
|-
|
| style=white-space:nowrap| ]
| style=white-space:nowrap| 1543–1559
| Occasionally rendered as Del-Wambara, she was the daughter of Emir of Harar ] and Imām Aḥmed Gurēy's widow. She was the de facto ruler following his death, and married Amīr Nūr.
|-
| 1
| style=white-space:nowrap| ]
| style=white-space:nowrap| 1559–1567
| The Amir of Harar. He built the walls that surround Harar and convinced the people of Harar to abandon their clan and tribal identities and become one people, the Harari nation.
|-
| 2
| style=white-space:nowrap| Amīr '''ʿIsmān''' "AlḤabashi"
| style=white-space:nowrap| 1567–1569
| A former Abyssinian slave of Amīr Nūr, he was murdered shortly after becoming Sultan, sparking a struggle between his sons and the descendants of Garād Abūn ʿAdādshe over who would rule Harar.
|-
| 3
| style=white-space:nowrap| Sulṭān '''Ṭalḥa''' ʿAbbās
| style=white-space:nowrap| 1569–1571
| Son of Wazir ʿAbbās Abūn and grandson of Garād Abūn ʿAdādshe
|-
| 4
| style=white-space:nowrap| Sulṭān '''Nāssir''' ʿIsmān
| style=white-space:nowrap| 1571–1572
| Son of Amīr ʿIsmān AlḤabashi
|-
| 5
| style=white-space:nowrap| Sulṭān '''Maḥamed''' Nāssir
| style=white-space:nowrap| 1572–1573
| Son of Sulṭān Nāssir ʿIsmān. He was executed by Emperor ] following his failed invasion of Ethiopia. The Harari military was decimated by Ethiopian forces ending Harar's aggression towards Ethiopia permanently. The Oromo simultaneously attacked several villages in Hararghe while the main Harar army was away leading to further weakening of the emirate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pankhurst |first1=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |year=1997 |page=375 |isbn=9780932415196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&dq=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands:+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| style=white-space:nowrap| Amir '''Mansūr''' Maḥamed
| style=white-space:nowrap| 1573–1577
| Son of Sulṭān Maḥamed Nāssir. Emir of Harar.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Harar |page=106 |url=https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf}}</ref> He successfully defeated Oromo, Somali and Afar tribes, this led to reclaiming territory including ] and ] for the Emirate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pankhurst |first1=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |year=1997 |page=375 |isbn=9780932415196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&dq=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands:+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*]
*]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Medieval Horn of Africa}}

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{{Somalia-stub}}
{{Somaliland-stub}}
{{Ethiopia-hist-stub}}

Latest revision as of 18:23, 9 May 2023

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