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Prince of Wales
Tywysog Cymru
Prince of Wales's feathers
Incumbent William since 9 September 2022
Style	His Royal Highness
Member of	British royal family
Appointer	Monarch of the United Kingdom (previously of England)
Term length	Life tenure or until accession as sovereign
Formation	1165 (Welsh title) 1301 (English/British title)
First holder	Owain Gwynedd (Welsh title) Edward of Caernarfon (English/British title)

Prince of Wales (Template:Lang-cy, Template:IPA-cy; Template:Lang-la) is a title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the English and later British throne. Prior to the conquest of Wales by Edward I in the 13th century, it was used by the rulers of independent Wales.

The first Welsh prince of Wales was Owain ap Gruffydd (also known as Owain Gwynedd or Owain the Great), King of Gwynedd, who first titled himself as such in a letter to Louis VII of France in 1165.

Llywelyn the Great is typically regarded as the strongest leader, holding power over the vast majority of Wales for 45 years. One of the last independent princes was Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last), who was killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge in 1282. His brother, Dafydd ap Gruffydd, was executed the following year. After these two deaths, and the establishment of English rule over all of Wales, Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon as the first English prince of Wales in 1301. The title was later claimed by the heir of Gwynedd, Owain Glyndŵr (Owain ap Gruffydd), from 1400 until 1415 (date of his assumed death) who led Welsh forces against the English. Since then, it has only been held by the heir apparent of the English and subsequently British monarch. The title is a subject of controversy in Wales.

The day after his accession to the throne, King Charles III announced the creation of his eldest son William, as Prince of Wales. Though the title started to be used immediately afterward, it was only officially bestowed by letters patent on 13 February 2023.

Native princes of Wales

Before prince of Wales

While many different Welsh rulers claimed the title of 'King of Wales' and some ruled a majority of the country, the modern-day territory was only fully united between 1055 and 1063, under the direct rule of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, who was referred to as 'King of Wales' or Rex Walensium by John of Worcester.

The native use of the title 'Prince of Wales' appeared more frequently by the eleventh century as a modernised form of the old 'King of the Britons', a title used to describe the leader of the Celtic Britons, ancestors of the Welsh. The princes of the medieval period hailed mainly from Gwynedd. They had significant power which allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms. In his first two letters to the King of France, Owain Gwynedd also referred to himself as "King of Wales" and "King of the Welsh" but in his last letter he became was the first to style himself as "Prince of the Welsh". Some historians suggest the change was made to reflect his position as the unquestioned leader of Wales, as according to Roman law, "princeps" referred to the sovereign ruler of a country. Some historian alternatively suggest the title change was made to snub overlord, Henry II of England.

End of native princes of Wales

In 1258, the grandson of Llywelyn the Great, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd 1258 almost all of Welsh controlled all of "Welsh Wales" (Pura Wallia) and began using the Prince of Wales title. This suggest that most or all of the Welsh princes paid homage to him. After extending his rule down to the Brecon Beacons in 1262 the Treaty of Montgomery agreed with Henry III of England in 1267 established English recognition of Llywelyn as Prince of Wales which included the Welsh Marches.

Following the uniting of Wales under the rule of the Llywelyn princes, Edward I of England led 15,000 men to capture Wales. Resistance was led by Llywelyn ap Gruffydd who was killed by English soldiers in an ambush trick at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd ap Gruffydd, took over leadership of Welsh fighters, but was captured and executed in 1283.

After the deaths of Llywelyn and Dafydd, King Edward introduced the royal ordinance of the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284. The statute was a constitutional change causing Wales to lose its de facto independence and formed the Principality of Wales within the Realm of England.

Owain Glyndŵr

With the assassination of Owain Lawgoch in 1378, the senior line of the House of Aberffraw (descended from Llywelyn the Great in patrilineal succession) became extinct. As a result, the claim of the title 'Prince of Wales' fell to the other royal dynasties of Wales, namely Deheubarth and Powys. The leading heir in this respect was Owain Glyndŵr who was descended from both dynasties. On 16 September 1400 in Glyndyfrdwy, supporters of Owain Glyndŵr proclaimed him Prince of Wales.

In 1407, the much larger and better equipped English forces began to overwhelm the Welsh and by 1409 they had reconquered most of the region. Glyndŵr fought on until he was cornered and under siege at Harlech Castle. He managed to escape and retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters, where he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics. The last documented sighting of Owain Glyndŵr was in 1412 and his death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415.

Arms

Gwynedd: Llywelyn the Great and Llywelyn the Last

The arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (Llywelyn the Last or Llywelyn II) include "quarterly de Gut et Or en les quartiers leopard passands de contre coleur". These are the arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd (Template:Lang-cy) and the personal Arms of Llywelyn the Great (Llywelyn ap Iorwerth) that include four lions on a red and golden background. The lions are described as 'passant gardant', meaning that they walk with one paw above the ground.

Owain Glyndŵr

Owain Glyndŵr adapted the House of Gwynedd arms by making the lions rampant, making clear his descent from the princes of Gwynedd and Llywelyn the Last, and his defence of Wales. It is also suggested that this design was influenced by the arms of Powys Fadog and the coat of Deheubarth. Glyndŵr's father was a hereditary prince of Powys Fadog and his mother was noblewoman of Deheubarth.

The Glyndŵr arms were also used as a banner, carried into battle against the English. This banner is a symbol of Welsh defiance, resilience and protest, and is associated with Welsh nationhood.

English and British heir apparent

Edward I was the first English monarch to name his son Prince of Wales in 1301, following the annexation of Wales in 1284. Writing in Britannia, describes the beginning of this usage:

As concerning the Princes of Wales of British bloud in ancient times, you may reade in the Historie of Wales published in print. For my part I thinke it requisite and pertinent to my intended purpose to set downe summarily those of latter daies, descended from the roiall line of England. King Edward the First, unto whom his father King Henrie the Third had granted the Principalitie of Wales, when hee had obtained the Crowne and Lhewellin Ap Gryffith, the last Prince of the British race, was slain, and therby the sinewes as it were of the principalitie were cut, in the twelft yeere of his reigne united the same unto the Kingdome of England. And the whole province sware fealty and alleageance unto Edward of Caernarvon his sonne, whom hee made Prince of Wales. But King Edward the Second conferred not upon his sonne Edward the title of Prince of Wales, but onely the name of Earle of Chester and of Flint, so farre as ever I could learne out of the Records, and by that title summoned him to Parliament, being then nine yeres old. King Edward the Third first created his eldest sonne Edward surnamed the Blacke Prince, the Mirour of Chivalrie (being then Duke of Cornwall and Earle of Chester), Prince of Wales by solemne investure, with a cap of estate and Coronet set on his head, a gold ring put upon his finger, and a silver vierge delivered into his hand, with the assent of Parliament.

— William Camden, Britannia (1607)

Titles and roles

The title is neither automatic nor heritable; it merges with the Crown when its holder eventually accedes to the throne, or reverts to the Crown if its holder predeceases the current monarch, leaving the sovereign free to grant it to the new heir apparent (such as the late prince's son or brother).

In 2011, along with the other Commonwealth realms, the United Kingdom committed to the Perth Agreement, which proposed changes to the laws governing succession, including altering the male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 was introduced to the British parliament on 12 December 2012, published the next day, and received royal assent on 25 April 2013. It was brought into force on 26 March 2015, at the same time as the other realms implemented the Perth Agreement in their own laws.

Since 1301, the title 'Earl of Chester' has generally been granted to each heir apparent to the English throne, and from the late 14th century it has been given only in conjunction with that of 'Prince of Wales'. Both titles are bestowed to each individual by the sovereign and are not automatically acquired.

The prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours, if the eldest son of the monarch; typically this means being duke of Cornwall, which, unlike being prince of Wales, inherently includes lands and constitutional and operational responsibilities. The duchy of Cornwall was created in 1337 by Edward III for his son and heir, Edward of Woodstock (also known as 'The Black Prince'). A charter was also created which ruled that the eldest son of the king would be the duke of Cornwall.

No formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to the prince of Wales by law or custom. In that role, Charles often assisted Elizabeth II in the performance of her duties. He represented her when welcoming dignitaries to London and during state visits. He also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state and ceremonial occasions such as funerals. The prince of Wales has also been granted the authority to issue royal warrants.

British (formerly English) insignia

As heir apparent to the sovereign, the prince of Wales bears the royal arms differenced by a white label of three points. To represent Wales he bears the coat of arms of the Principality of Wales, crowned with the heir apparent's crown, on an inescutcheon-en-surtout. This was first used by the future Edward VIII in 1910, and followed by the most recent prince of Wales, now King Charles III.

The heraldic badge of the three feathers is the badge of the duke of Cornwall, or heir apparent to the British throne. The ostrich feathers heraldic motif is generally traced back to Edward of Woodstock ('The Black Prince'). He bore (as an alternative to his differenced royal arms) a shield of Sable, three ostrich feathers argent, described as his "shield for peace", probably meaning the shield he used for jousting. These arms appear several times on his chest tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, alternating with his paternal royal arms (the royal arms of King Edward III differenced by a label of three points argent). The Black Prince also used heraldic badges of one or more ostrich feathers in various other contexts.

1969 investiture of Prince Charles

Although the investiture of Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969 took place during a period of social change and a growing Welsh nationalist movement, it was largely welcomed by people in Wales. The investiture was also attended, by invitation, by 3,500 people who lived and worked in Wales. In the UK, the press focused on the pomp and regalia, with newspaper headlines such as "Welsh go wild for Their Royal Prince" and "Proud Wales takes Prince to her heart." It was also supported by the Secretary of State for Wales at the time, George Thomas, although he remained a controversial figure in Wales. Thomas later said to Prime Minister Harold Wilson that Charles's speech had "boosted Welsh nationalism."

The 1960s movement surrounding the investiture has historically been described as the "anti-investiture movement" and "anti-investiture sentiment". The investiture occurred during a period of revival of the Welsh national consciousness, with an outspoken section considering him as an English Prince being imposed upon Wales. The investiture also led to significant protests in Wales. The group "Cofia 1282" ("Remember 1282") also held protests against the investiture.

William as Prince of Wales

During his first address, King Charles III said of his son William, "Today I am proud to create him Prince of Wales, Tywysog Cymru. The country whose title I've been so greatly privileged to bear during so much of my life of duty." According to Buckingham Palace, "The Prince and Princess look forward to celebrating Wales's proud history and traditions as well as a future that is full of promise".

According to the First Minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford, "William will be absolutely aware of the sensitivities that surround the title..."

On 6 October 2022, Gwynedd Council, the local authority where Charles was invested, voted to declare opposition to the title and holding another investiture in Wales. On 30 October, Senedd Llywydd Elin Jones said to WalesOnline that an investiture is not a constitutional requirement and that 21st century Wales does not need an investiture.

William's continued presidency of the English football association has been questioned in media, particularly as Wales played England in the FIFA World Cup 2022 and will "remain a regular fixture cheering on England" despite receiving the honorary title of Prince of Wales. In November, William was criticised for holding the Prince of Wales title whilst having affiliations with England football, particularly after he presented England jerseys to the squad in advance of the FIFA world cup in which both Wales and England would be playing. Those who criticised him included Welsh football followers and the Welsh actor Michael Sheen. Following this controversy, Kensington Palace also released a statement saying an investiture is "not on the table" with William visiting Cardiff with plans to tell the people of Wales that there are no formal plans for an investiture ceremony, aware of the controversy of the 1969 event.

Contemporary debate

Title

Mark Drakeford, Adam Price, Jane Dodds, Leanne Wood, and YesCymru and Plaid Cymru have called for a national conversation on the title. The Welsh government responded saying that the matter had already been decided. On the other hand, Conservative MP, David Jones and English Conservative MP Michael Fabricant said that the matter was up to the King rather than the First Minister of Wales. Conservative MS Laura Anne Jones also supported the role.

Laura McAllister, Welsh academic, former international footballer and senior sports administrator said that the title merits a proper debate due to its historical and political controversy.

Lord Elis-Thomas said in 2022 that in a previous discussion with then-Prince Charles, he expressed his desire of never again having an investiture in Caernarfon Castle. According to Elis-Thomas, Charles laughed and said, "Do you think I want to put William through what I went through?".

An online petition begun in 2022 called for the end of the Prince of Wales title.

Opinion polls

A BBC Wales poll in 1999, showed 73% of Welsh speakers believing the title should continue after Charles. A BBC poll in 2009, 40 years following the investiture, revealed 58% of Welsh people support the title "Prince of Wales" with 58% supporting a investiture of a new Prince of Wales when Charles becomes king. 26% opposed the title. However only 16% responded that Wales had benefited from having a prince.

In July 2018, an ITV poll stated 57% of Welsh people in support the title passing to William, with 22% for abolition or vacating the title. Support for another investiture was lower, with 31% supporting a ceremony similar to the 1969 one, 18% supporting a ceremony different to 1969 and 27% opposing an investiture.

A BBC Wales 2019 poll showed 50% supporting the continuation of the title and 22% opposing the continuation of the title. On the investiture, 41% supported a similar ceremony to 1969, 20% a different-style investiture ceremony, and 30% opposing any future investiture. A 2021 poll by Beaufort Research for Western Mail showed 61% of respondents in Wales supported another investiture, including 60% of Welsh-speakers polled.

A June 2022, ITV/YouGov poll showed 46% of adults in Wales wanted the Prince of Wales title to continue, 31% said it should be abolished, with 23% don't knows. In September 2022, a YouGov poll showed 66% support for Prince William to be given the title compared to 22% opposed, with 19% supporting a 1969-style investiture, 30% a different style of investiture and 34% opposing any investiture of Prince William as Prince of Wales.

List of princes of Wales (English or British heirs apparent)

Person	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became heir apparent	Created Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death
	Edward of Caernarfon	Edward I	25 April 1284	19 August 1284	7 February 1301	7 July 1307 acceded to throne as Edward II	21 September 1327
	Edward of Woodstock	Edward III	15 June 1330		12 May 1343	8 June 1376 deceased
	Richard of Bordeaux		6 January 1367	8 June 1376	20 November 1376	22 June 1377 acceded to throne as Richard II	14 February 1400
	Henry of Monmouth	Henry IV	16 September 1386	30 September 1399	15 October 1399	21 March 1413 acceded to throne as Henry V	31 August 1422
	Edward of Westminster	Henry VI	13 October 1453		15 March 1454	11 April 1471 father deposed	4 May 1471 deceased
	Edward of York	Edward IV	4 November 1470	11 April 1471	26 June 1471	9 April 1483 acceded to throne as Edward V	1483
	Edward of Middleham	Richard III	1473	26 June 1483	24 August 1483	31 March or 9 April 1484 deceased
	Arthur Tudor	Henry VII	20 September 1486		29 November 1489	2 April 1502 deceased
	Henry Tudor		28 June 1491	2 April 1502	18 February 1504	21 April 1509 acceded to throne as Henry VIII	28 January 1547
	Edward Tudor	Henry VIII	12 October 1537		c. 18 October 1537	28 January 1547 acceded to throne as Edward VI	6 July 1553
	Henry Frederick Stuart	James I	19 February 1594	24 March 1603	4 June 1610	6 November 1612 deceased
	Charles Stuart		19 November 1600	6 November 1612	4 November 1616	27 March 1625 acceded to throne as Charles I	30 January 1649
	Charles Stuart	Charles I	29 May 1630		c. 1638–1641	30 January 1649 title abolished; later (1660) acceded to throne as Charles II	6 February 1685
	James Francis Edward Stuart	James II	10 June 1688		c. 4 July 1688	11 December 1688 father deposed	1 January 1766
	George Augustus	George I	10 November 1683	1 August 1714	27 September 1714	11 June 1727 acceded to throne as George II	25 October 1760
	Frederick Louis	George II	1 February 1707	11 June 1727	7 January 1728	31 March 1751 deceased
	George William Frederick		4 June 1738	31 March 1751	20 April 1751	25 October 1760 acceded to throne as George III	29 January 1820
	George Augustus Frederick	George III	12 August 1762		17 August 1762	29 January 1820 acceded to throne as George IV	26 June 1830
	Albert Edward	Victoria	9 November 1841		8 December 1841	22 January 1901 acceded to throne as Edward VII	6 May 1910
	George Frederick Ernest Albert	Edward VII	3 June 1865	22 January 1901	9 November 1901	6 May 1910 acceded to throne as George V	20 January 1936
	Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David	George V	23 June 1894	6 May 1910	23 June 1910 Investiture: 13 July 1911	20 January 1936 acceded to throne as Edward VIII; later (1937) Duke of Windsor	28 May 1972
	Charles Philip Arthur George	Elizabeth II	14 November 1948	6 February 1952	26 July 1958 Investiture: 1 July 1969	8 September 2022 acceded to throne as Charles III	living
	William Arthur Philip Louis	Charles III	21 June 1982	8 September 2022	9 September 2022	Incumbent	living

The current sovereign Charles III was the longest serving prince of Wales for 64 years and 44 days between 1958 and 2022, and the oldest person to hold the position. He was also heir apparent for longer than any other in British history. Upon the death of his mother on 8 September 2022, Charles became king and the title merged with the Crown. The following day, King Charles III bestowed the title upon his elder son, Prince William, Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge. Prince William is the oldest person to be created Prince of Wales.

Family tree

See also

• Princess of Wales
• Prince of Wales's feathers
• List of heirs to the British throne
• List of heirs to the English throne
• Prince's Consent

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Sources

• Carr, Anthony D. (1995). Medieval Wales. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 0312125097.
• Davies, Rees R. (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415 (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198208782.

External links

• The Prince of Wales (official website until 2022) which includes a list of and history of previous Princes of Wales since Llewelyn ap Gruffydd (aka Llewelyn the Last)

v t e Princes of Wales
Edward of Caernarfon (1301–1307) Edward the Black Prince (1343–1376) Richard of Bordeaux (1376–1377) Henry of Monmouth (1399–1413) Edward of Westminster (1454–1471) Edward (1471–1483) Edward of Middleham (1483–1484) Arthur (1489–1502) Henry (1504–1509) Edward (1537–1547) Henry Frederick (1610–1612) Charles (1616–1625) Charles (1641–1649) James (1688) George (1714–1727) Frederick (1728–1751) George (1751–1760) George (1762–1820) Albert Edward (1841–1901) George (1901–1910) Edward (1910–1936) Charles (1958–2022) William (2022–present)
See also: Principality of Wales

• Princes of Wales
• Welsh monarchs
• English princes
• British princes
• Heirs to the throne
• Succession to the British crown
• Lists of princes