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| | map_label = | | map_label = | ||
| | territory = | | territory = | ||
| | result = Afghan victory<ref name="landford">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&q=1762+sikhs+afghans&pg=PA21|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|page=21|author=Lansford, Tom|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847604|year=2017}}</ref><ref name="gupta">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SluAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Sikhs, Volume 1|author=Gupta, Hari Ram|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=9788121505406|year=2001}}</ref> | |||
| | result = Afghan victory<ref name="landford"/><ref name="gupta"/> | |||
| | status = | | status = | ||
| | combatant1 = ] ] | | combatant1 = ] ] | ||
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| | units1 = | | units1 = | ||
| | units2 = | | units2 = | ||
| | strength1 = 30,000 Soldiers and Non Combatants (According to Tom Landsford)<ref name="landford"/> | |||
| 40,000 (According to Narendra Sinha)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Narendra |url=https://archive.org/details/rise-of-the-sikh-power/page/66/mode/2up |title=Rise of the Sikh Power |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1936 |pages=66}}</ref> | |||
| 50,000 Soldiers and 5,000 Non Combatants (According to Hari Ram Gupta)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiEvolutionOfSikhConfederacies1707-69/page/n195/mode/2up |title=History of the Sikhs Volume II Evolution of the Sikh confederacies (1707-1769) |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-215-0248-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=180}}</ref> | |||
| | strength2 = Unknown believed to be larger (According to Khuswant Singh)<ref name="singh" /> | |||
| 30,000 (According to Narendra Sinha)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Narendra |url=https://archive.org/details/rise-of-the-sikh-power/page/66/mode/2up |title=Rise of the Sikh Power |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1936 |pages=66}}</ref> | |||
| 150,000 excluding Local levies (According to Bhagat Lakshman Singh)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G.S |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29082/page/441/mode/2up |title=The Advanced study in the History of Punjab Vol I (Guru and Post Guru period up to Ranjit Singh) |publisher=Sharanjit |year=1960 |location=Jalandhar |pages=441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat Lakshman |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhMartyrsBhagatLakshmanSingh/page/n217/mode/2up |title=Sikh Martyrs |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |year=1923 |pages=210}}</ref> | |||
| Many ] Villagers<ref name="Ahmad Shah Durrani,father of modern Afghanistan" /><ref name="Teg Khalsa" /> | |||
| | casualties1 = 5,000 to 30,000<ref name="gupta"/><ref name="landford"/><ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396" /><ref name="Ahmad Shah Durrani,father of modern Afghanistan" /><ref name="singh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838|author=Singh, Khushwant|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195673081|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ&dq=vadda+ghallughara&pg=PT104 |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |date=2007-12-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-10188-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gian Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIa2EAAAQBAJ&dq=vadda+ghallughara&pg=PT101 |title=Who Are the Sikhs?: An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People |date=2023-03-28 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=978-1-6657-3953-5 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| | casualties2 = 10,000 to 17,000<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEAsXfFqwJQC&dq=17,000+13,000+sikhs&pg=PA256|title=History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion|author=Khazan Singh|year=1914|pages=256}}</ref><ref name="singh" /> | |||
| | notes = | | notes = | ||
| | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}} | | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}} | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Battle of Kup''' (part of the ''']''', meaning "Greater Massacre") was fought on 5 February 1762, between the ] forces of ] and the ], under the command of ] and ].<ref name=eos>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Vadda Ghallurghara |last1=Bhatia |first1=Sardar Singh |date= |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="singh" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426/page/n302/mode/2up |title=Ahmed Shah Durrani Father of Modern Afghanistan |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1959 |page=279}}</ref><ref name="Teg Khalsa" >{{Cite book |last=Kalaswalia |first=Kartar Singh |title=Teg Khalsa |publisher=Chatar Singh Jiwan Singh Pustakan Wale |isbn=9788176017831 |edition=10th |location=Bazar Mai Sewan, Amritsar |pages=144–153 |language=Punjabi |
The '''Battle of Kup''' (part of the ''']''', meaning "Greater Massacre") was fought on 5 February 1762, between the ] forces of ] and the ], under the command of ] and ].<ref name=eos>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Vadda Ghallurghara |last1=Bhatia |first1=Sardar Singh |date= |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="singh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838|author=Singh, Khushwant|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195673081|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426/page/n302/mode/2up |title=Ahmed Shah Durrani Father of Modern Afghanistan |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1959 |page=279}}</ref><ref name="Teg Khalsa" >{{Cite book |last=Kalaswalia |first=Kartar Singh |title=Teg Khalsa |publisher=Chatar Singh Jiwan Singh Pustakan Wale |isbn=9788176017831 |edition=10th |location=Bazar Mai Sewan, Amritsar |pages=144–153 |language=Punjabi}}</ref> | ||
| ==Background== | |||
| In 1758, ], Adina Beg and the ],<ref>{{cite book|last=A. H.|first=Bingley|title=Sikhs|year=1970|publisher=Department of Languages, Punjab|location=The University of Michigan|page=27}}</ref> conquered Lahore and captured Afghan soldiers who were responsible for filling the Amrit Sarovar with debris a few months earlier. They were brought to Amritsar and made to clean the Sarovar (holy water).<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Sikh Courier International |year=1985 |volume=25; 27 |issue=60; 64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWJRAAAAYAAJ |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sobati|first=Haracaran|title=The Sikh Psyche: A Study of the Fictional Writings of Bhai Vir Singh|year=1990|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|isbn=9788185133423|page=64}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] came again in October 1759 to crush the ]. The Sikhs gave him a good fight and killed more than 2,000 of his soldiers. Instead of getting involved with the Sikhs, he made a rapid advance to Delhi. The ] decided to collect revenues from Lahore to prove to the people that the Sikhs were the rulers of the state. The Governor of Lahore closed the gates of the city and did not come out to fight against them. The Sikhs laid siege to the city. After a week, the Governor agreed to pay 30,000 ]s to the Sikhs. | |||
| Ahmed Shah Abdali returned from Delhi in March 1761 after defeating Marathas in ] with much gold and more than 22,000 girls as prisoners who were to be sold to the Afghans in Kabul. When Abdali was crossing the river Beas, the Sikhs swiftly fell upon them. They freed the women prisoners and escorted them back to their homes. The Sikhs seized Lahore in September 1761, after Abdali returned to ]. | |||
| The Khalsa minted their coins in the name of ]. Sikhs, as rulers of the city, received full cooperation from the people. After becoming the Governor of Lahore, Punjab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was given the title of ]-ul-] (King of the Nation).<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Patwant|title=The Sikhs|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=9780307429339}}</ref> | |||
| ==Battle== | |||
| When ] returned for his sixth campaign of conquest (his fifth being in 1759–1761), Sikh fighters were residing in the town of Jandiala, {{convert|18|km|mi}} east of ]. The place was the home of Aqil, the head of the Nirinjania sect, a friend of the Afghans, and an inveterate enemy of the Sikhs.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396">Sardar Singh Bhatia, "Vadda Ghalughara", ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume IV'', Patiala, Punjabi University, 1998, pp. 396.</ref> | |||
| Aqil sent messengers to Durrani pleading for his help against the Sikhs. The Afghan forces hurried to Jandiala, but by the time they arrived the siege had been lifted and the besiegers were gone.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396"/> | |||
| The Sikh fighters had retreated with the view of taking their families to safety in the ] desert east of their location before returning to confront the invader. When the Afghan leader came to know of the whereabouts of the Sikhs he sent word ahead to his allies in ] and ] to stop their advance. Durrani then in less than 48 hours set about on a rapid march, covering the distance of {{convert|240|km|mi}} and including two river crossings.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396"/> | |||
| In twilight Durrani and his allies surprised the Sikhs who numbered about 30,000 with most of them noncombatants.<ref name="landford" />According to Hari Ram Gupta, 50,000 Sikh soldiers laid encamped at Kup while 5,000 non combatants laid encamped at Pind Garma.<ref name=":0" />With the Durrani forces outnumbering the Sikhs, the Sikh fighters decided that they would form a cordon around the slow-moving ] consisting of women, children and old men. Then they would make their way to the desert in the south-west by the town of Barnala, where they expected their ally ] of ] to come to their rescue.<ref>Syad Muhammad Latif, The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time, New Delhi, Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd., 1964, p. 283; Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 154.</ref> Several Durrani fighters were killed by the Sikhs while trying to protect the cordon where Qasim Khan fled the battle with his troops to Malerkotla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ganda|title= Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan|publisher= Asia Publishing House and online by ]|pages=277–280|date=1959}}</ref> Many non-combatants upon reaching the village of Gahal, pleaded for shelter but the villagers in fear of the repercussion from the Durranis, did not open their door and so the non-combatants rushed to the villages of Qutba and Bahmani to seek shelter but the occupants of these villages were the hostile Malerkotla Afghans.<ref name="Ahmad Shah Durrani,father of modern Afghanistan" /> On the order of their leader, the Ranghar villagers surrounded and attacked the non-combatants, plundering and massacring them and then moved on to attack the non-combatants outside of their villages but Charat Singh immediately rushed back to protect the remaining non-combatants and drive away the ]s.<ref name="Ahmad Shah Durrani,father of modern Afghanistan" /> | |||
| A secondhand account by the son and nephew of two eyewitnesses describes the Sikhs. "Fighting while moving and moving while fighting, they kept the baggage train marching, covering it as a hen covers its chicks under its wings."<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396"/> More than once, the troops of the invader broke the cordon and mercilessly butchered the women, children and elderly inside, but each time the Sikh warriors regrouped and managed to push back the attackers.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396"/> | |||
| By early afternoon, the fighting cavalcade reached a large pond, the first they had come across since morning. Suddenly the bloodshed ceased as the two forces went to the water to quench their thirst and relax their tired limbs.<ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396"/> | |||
| ==Aftermath== | |||
| From that point on the two forces went their separate ways. The Sikhs suffered great losses where many of them were killed and wounded as they were exhausted having not had any rest in two days. The remainder of the Sikhs proceeded into the semi-desert toward ]. From the capital Lahore, Durrani returned to Amritsar and blew up the ] which since 1757 the Sikhs had rebuilt. As a deliberate act of sacrilege, the pool around it was filled with cow carcasses.<ref>Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469–1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 154-55.</ref> It was estimated that 5,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were killed on 5 February 1762.<ref name="landford"/><ref name="Ahmad Shah Durrani,father of modern Afghanistan" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckd8AgAAQBAJ&dq=vadda+ghallughara&pg=PT104 |title=Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age |date=2007-12-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-10188-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gian Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIa2EAAAQBAJ&dq=vadda+ghallughara&pg=PT101 |title=Who Are the Sikhs?: An Exploration of the Beliefs, Practices, & Traditions of the Sikh People |date=2023-03-28 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=978-1-6657-3953-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sardar Singh Bhatia 1998, pp. 396" /> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 00:10, 23 July 2023
| Battle of Kup | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Afghan-Sikh Wars, Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani and Vadda Ghalughara | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Sikh Confederacy |
 Durrani Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (WIA) Charat Singh (WIA) |
Ahmad Shah Durrani Jahan Khan Shah Wali Khan Zain Khan Sirhindi Bhikhan Khan Murtaza Khan Baraich Qasim Khan Marhal Lachhmi Narayan | ||||||
The Battle of Kup (part of the Vadda Ghalughara, meaning "Greater Massacre") was fought on 5 February 1762, between the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Sikhs, under the command of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Charat Singh.
References
- ^ Bhatia, Sardar Singh. "Vadda Ghallurghara". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
- Lansford, Tom (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. p. 21. ISBN 9781598847604.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (2001). History of the Sikhs, Volume 1. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 9788121505406.
- ^ Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani,father of modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. pp. 275–280.
- Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195673081.
- Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmed Shah Durrani Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House. p. 279.
- Kalaswalia, Kartar Singh. Teg Khalsa (in Punjabi) (10th ed.). Bazar Mai Sewan, Amritsar: Chatar Singh Jiwan Singh Pustakan Wale. pp. 144–153. ISBN 9788176017831.