Operation Tupac: Difference between revisions

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	Pakistani authorities countered that the operation did not exist, and that it was a hypothetical exercise invented by India's ], a fact that Subramanyan later acknowledged.<ref name=":0" />		Pakistani authorities countered that the operation did not exist, and that it was a hypothetical exercise invented by India's ], a fact that Subramanyan later acknowledged.<ref name=":0" />

			== Alleged details of the operation ==
	It has a three-part action plan to provide covert support to anti-] separatists and militants in ]. The program was reportedly authorized and initiated in 1988 by the order of the then-], ].<ref name="FAS">		The plan allegedly has a three-part action plan to provide covert support to anti-] separatists and militants in ]. The program was reportedly authorized and initiated in 1988 by the order of the then-], ].<ref name="FAS">
	{{cite web \|url = https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ \|title = Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence \|publisher = ] \|author = John Pike \|date = 25 July 2002 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ \|archive-date=15 May 2008}}		{{cite web \|url = https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ \|title = Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence \|publisher = ] \|author = John Pike \|date = 25 July 2002 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ \|archive-date=15 May 2008}}
	</ref><ref name="Salon">		</ref><ref name="Salon">
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	</ref>		</ref>

	The codename of the program is derived from the name of ], an 18th-century ] revolutionary who led a ] against ].<ref name=GS1>{{cite web \|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm ~~\|title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence \|access-date=12 May 2008 \|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515203133/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm \|archive-date=2008-05-15 ~~}}</ref> The program is thought to be actively ongoing as the ]~~ ~~has~~ ~~maintained its support for Kashmiri separatists, ] and other ideological militants in their fight against the Indian administration in ]~~.<ref ~~name=GS1/~~>		The codename of the program is derived from the name of ], an 18th-century ] revolutionary who led a ] against ].<ref name="GS1">{{cite web \|title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence \|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515203133/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm \|archive-date=2008-05-15 \|access-date=12 May 2008 \|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org}}</ref>

	~~While~~ all Kashmiri separatist groups received funding and support, organizations that espoused an explicit pro-Pakistan stance in the ] were more heavily favoured by the Pakistani state.<ref name=FAS/> ~~Under this program, the ISI helped create six separatist militant groups in Indian-administered Kashmir, including ], which notoriously perpetrated the ] in India.<ref name=Salon~~/><ref name=NYT1>{{citation \|author1=Richard A. Oppel Jr. \|author2=Salman Masood \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html \|title=Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says \|newspaper=The New York Times \|date=1 January 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130506/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html \|archive-date=2018-12-15 }}		A 1995 Indian report claimed that while all Kashmiri separatist groups received Pakistani funding and support, organizations that espoused an explicit pro-Pakistan stance in the ] were more heavily favoured by the Pakistani state.<ref name="FAS" />

	</ref> American intelligence officials have speculated that the ISI has continued to provide protection, support and intelligence to Lashkar-e-Taiba, among other militant groups in the region.<ref name=NYT1/>
			In 2008, American officials speculated that the ISI maintained links with militant groups operating in the region.<ref name="NYT1">{{citation \|author1=Richard A. Oppel Jr. \|title=Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says \|date=1 January 2009 \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html \|newspaper=The New York Times \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215130506/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/asia/01pstan.html \|archive-date=2018-12-15 \|author2=Salman Masood}}
			</ref>

	==ISI role==		==ISI role==

Revision as of 13:33, 1 September 2023

Alleged codename of a Pakistani ISI contingency program

Operation Tupac
Part of the Kashmir conflict and the wider India–Pakistan conflict
Operational scope	Provision of intelligence, funding and armaments for separatists and militants in pakistan occupied Kashmir and India Support Anti-India Separatists Movements and Militants also Support Islamists Uprisings in India
Location	Kashmir Valley
Planned by	Pakistan
Target	India
Date	1989–present
Executed by	Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
Outcome	Insurgency and Revolution in Muslim-dominated Jammu and Kashmir (1989–present) Separatist unrest in Northeast India Khalistan movement

Operation Tupac is the codename of an alleged military-intelligence contingency program of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).

In the early stages of the Insurgency against Indian rule in Kashmir, Indian state propaganda machinery promoted the narrative that Pakistan, as part of "Operation Tupac", was heavily involved in the insurgency. K. Subramanyan, one of India's top defence analysts, claimed Pakistan had launched "Operation Topac" to nurture the insurgency.

Pakistani authorities countered that the operation did not exist, and that it was a hypothetical exercise invented by India's Research and Analysis Wing, a fact that Subramanyan later acknowledged.

Alleged details of the operation

The plan allegedly has a three-part action plan to provide covert support to anti-India separatists and militants in Indian-administered Kashmir. The program was reportedly authorized and initiated in 1988 by the order of the then-President of Pakistan, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.

The codename of the program is derived from the name of Túpac Amaru II, an 18th-century Peruvian revolutionary who led a large Andean uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru.

A 1995 Indian report claimed that while all Kashmiri separatist groups received Pakistani funding and support, organizations that espoused an explicit pro-Pakistan stance in the Kashmir conflict were more heavily favoured by the Pakistani state.

In 2008, American officials speculated that the ISI maintained links with militant groups operating in the region.

ISI role

The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), intelligence agency of Pakistan has been involved in running military intelligence programs in India, with one of the subsections of its Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) department devoted to perform various operations in India. The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) department has also been involved in providing communications support to Pakistani agents operating in regions of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir of India. The Joint Intelligence North section of the Joint Counter-Intelligence Bureau (JCIB) wing deals particularly with India. In the 1950s the ISI's Covert Action Division was alleged for supplied arms to insurgents in Northeast India.

The Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence has encouraged and aided the Kashmir independence movement through an insurgency due to its dispute on the legitimacy of Indian rule in Kashmir, with the insurgency as an easy way to keep Indian troops distracted and cause international condemnation of India.

Former Pakistan President General Pervez Musharraf in Oct 2014 said during TV interview, "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army...People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite them."

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sponsors terrorism in Kashmir and it oversees terrorist separatist groups in Kashmir.

In 2019, Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan publicly discouraged Pakistani people from going to Kashmir to do a jihad. People who went to Kashmir will do an "injustice to the Kashmiri people". Most of the Pakistani militants who had crossed the border over the years and were caught by the Indian security forces were found to belong to the Punjab province of Pakistan.

India has also accused the ISI of reinvigorating separatism and insurgencies in the country via support to pro-Khalistan militant groups such as the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF), in order to destabilize India. A report by India's Intelligence Bureau (IB) indicated that ISI was "desperately trying to revive Sikh" militant activity in India. The ISI is also allegedly active in printing and supplying counterfeit Indian rupee notes.

Scope and objectives of the program

The primary objectives of Pakistan's Operation Tupac upon its execution were:

to provide arms support and finance to separatists, militants and Islamists in India.
to trigger a Balkanization of India.
to utilize the spy network to act as an instrument of sabotage.
to exploit porous borders with Nepal and Bangladesh, Myanmar to set up bases and train anti-india militants for conduct operations against india.
to install sleeper cells in India and its neighbour countries.

Operation Tupac & Insurgency in Jammu & Kashmir

After the Mujahideen victory against the Soviet Union occupation in Afghanistan, Mujahideen fighters, under the Operation Tupac with the aid of Pakistan, slowly infiltrated Kashmir with the goal of spreading radical Islamist ideology to wage jihad in Jammu and Kashmir.

References

^ Winchell, Sean P. (2003), "Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 16 (3): 374–388, doi:10.1080/713830449, S2CID 154924792
^ John Pike (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
Rashid (2013), p. 48. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRashid2013 (help)
Ghosh 2000 pg.8
^ "International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article". The Institute for Conflict Management. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ Mehtab Ali Shah (1997). The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994. I.B.Tauris. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-86064-169-5.
^ Nanjappa, Vicky (10 June 2008). "200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ Mukhtar Khan (9 January 2009). "India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2012.
^ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-86064-898-4.
Juan Cole (12 December 2008), "Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge?", Salon, archived from the original on 15 February 2009
"Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
Richard A. Oppel Jr.; Salman Masood (1 January 2009), "Pakistani Militants Admit Role in Siege, Official Says", The New York Times, archived from the original on 15 December 2018
^ Pike, John (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
"Daily Describes Activities of ISI in India". The Pioneer. Federation of American Scientists. 30 June 1999. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Raman, B. "PAKISTAN'S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI)". Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
"Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf". India Today. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
"ISI sponsors terror activities in Kashmir, FBI tells US court". Firstpost. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Rajghatta, Chidanand (20 July 2011). "US exposes ISI subversion of Kashmir issue; FBI arrests US-based lobbyist". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Kumar, Himani (7 June 2011). "ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Agencies (20 July 2011). "ISI funneled millions to influence US policy on Kashmir: FBI". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
"'Historic day': PM Imran inaugurates 24/7 border crossing at Torkham". DAWN.COM. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ Puri, Luv (27 November 2019). "The many faces of Pakistani Punjab's militancy". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
M. G. Chitkara (2003). Combating Terrorism. APH Publishing. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-7648-415-2.
Arif, Jamal (2009). Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir. Melville House. ISBN 9781933633596.

v t e Kashmir conflict
Timeline 1846–1946 1947–present
Wars and conflicts	Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff 2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (media coverage)
Border skirmishes	2011 2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2016 Uri attack 2016 Baramulla attack 2016 Nagrota army base attack 2019 2020–2021 2023
Operations	1947 Poonch rebellion Operation Gibraltar Operation Grand Slam Operation Tupac Operation Bison Operation Eraze Operation All Out Operation Sarp Vinash Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Operation Calm Down 2016 strike 2019 airstrike
Negotiations	Jinnah–Mountbatten talks UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute Simla Agreement
Bombings and massacres	1947 Jammu massacres 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre Chittisinghpura massacre 2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing 2001 Kishtwar massacre 2002 Raghunath temple attacks 2006 Srinagar bombings 2006 Doda massacre March 2013 Srinagar attack 2016 Uri attack 2017 Amarnath Yatra attack 2018 Sunjuwan attack 2019 Pulwama attack 2022 Srinagar bombing
Militant organisations	Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Tehreek-e-Hurriyat Hizbul Mujahideen Lashkar-e-Taiba Jaish-e-Mohammed Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Harkat ul-Ansar Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir) Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind Dukhtaran-e-Millat Islamic State – Khorasan Province Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir United Jihad Council
Observances	19 January— Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day 5 February— Kashmir Solidarity Day 13 July— Kashmir Martyrs' Day 5 August— Youm-e-Istehsal 22 October— Jammu and Kashmir Black Day (Invasion Day) 24 October— Azad Kashmir Day 26 October— Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day
Related	Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus Insurgency Human rights abuses OHCHR reports on Kashmir Rape Ikhwan Crowd control Stone pelting Peacebuilding Women's rights Over ground workers (OGWs) Village Defence Committees

v t e Inter-Services Intelligence
Major operations	Operation Rising Sun (1970) Operation Fair Play (1977) Operation Tupac (1980) Operation Cyclone (1979–1989) Operation Midnight Jackal (1989) Operation Clean-up (1992–1994) Drone Strikes in Pakistan (2004–2016)
by Country	Afghanistan Bosnia India United Kingdom United States
Directors General	Walter Cawthorn Syed Shahid Hamid Mirza Hamid Hussain Muhammad Afzal Malik Syed Ghawas Sher Bahadur Muhammad Hayat Riaz Hussain Muhammed Akbar Khan Ghulam Jilani Khan Muhammad Riaz Khan Akhtar Abdur Rehman Hamid Gul Shamsur Rahman Kallu Asad Durrani Javed Nasir Javed Ashraf Qazi Naseem Rana Ziauddin Butt Mahmud Ahmed Ehsan ul Haq Ashfaq Parvez Kayani Nadeem Taj Ahmad Shuja Pasha Zaheerul Islam Rizwan Akhtar Naveed Mukhtar Asim Munir Faiz Hameed Nadeem Anjum Asim Mailk
Bibliography	Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan Faith, Unity, Discipline: The ISI of Pakistan Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations Spy Stories: Inside the Secret World of the RAW and the ISI
Category Commons Wikinews