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{{merge|Rhinoceros Party|discuss=Talk:Rhinoceros Party#Merger proposal|date=May 2018}} |
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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{Infobox political party |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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| name = Rhinoceros Party of Canada |
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{{R from merge}} |
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| native_name = Parti Rhinocéros |
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{{R to section}} |
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| _subheader = Former federal party |
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| logo = ] |
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| leader = ] |
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| foundation = 1963 |
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| dissolution = 1993 |
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| ideology = ]<br>]<br>] |
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| blank1_title = Fiscal policy |
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| blank2_title = Social policy |
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| seats1_title = Seats in the ] |
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| seats2_title = Seats in the ] |
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| seats3_title = Seats in ] |
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| country = Canada |
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| parties_dab1 = List of federal political parties in Canada |
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| elections_dab1 = List of Canadian federal general elections |
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{{Hatnote|For the current party of the same name, see ]}} |
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The '''Rhinoceros Party''' (French: ''Parti Rhinocéros'') was a registered ] in Canada from the 1960s to the 1990s. Operating within the tradition of political ], the Rhinoceros Party's basic credo, their so-called primal promise, was "a promise to keep none of our promises".<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2007/08/07/rhino-election.html?ref=rss|title = Rhino party escapes extinction to run in September byelection|publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date = August 7, 2007|accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> They then promised outlandishly impossible schemes designed to amuse and entertain the voting public.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://gl.yorku.ca/monglendon.nsf/992addabf75a2dcd8525727c0069afd7/37003a7524d4d4b5852571020059fa03?OpenDocument|title = A Writer's Voices – A Celebration of Jacques Ferron at Glendon|author = Marika Kemeny|publisher = York University}}</ref> |
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The Rhinos were started in 1963 by ],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rhinoceros-party/|title = Rhinoceros Party|publisher = The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> "Éminence de la Grande Corne du parti Rhinocéros". In the 1970s, a group of artists joined the party and created a comedic ] to contest the federal election. Ferron (1979), poet ] (1972) and singer ] (1980) ran against ] ] in his Montreal seat. |
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The party claimed to be the spiritual descendants of ], a Brazilian ] who was ] of ]'s ] in 1958, and listed ], a rhinoceros from the ], east of Montreal, as its leader.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070808.RHINO08/TPStory/National|title = After years of near-extinction, the whacky Rhino party is back|author = Ingrid Peritz|publisher = The Globe and Mail|date = August 8, 2007}}</ref> It declared that the rhinoceros was an appropriate symbol for a political party since politicians, by nature, are: "thick-skinned, slow-moving, dim-witted, can move fast as hell when in danger, and have large, hairy horns growing out of the middle of their faces".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ffwdweekly.com/Issues/2006/0112/election.htm|title = Federal election in dire need of laughs|publisher = FFWD Weekly|author = Evan Kayne|date = January 12, 2006|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013621/http://www.ffwdweekly.com/Issues/2006/0112/election.htm|archivedate = September 27, 2007|df = }}</ref> |
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Some members of the Rhino party would call themselves Marxist-Leninist, a parody of the factional split between the ] and the ], although the Rhinoceros Party meant the term in reference to ] and ].<ref>There is ] by ] troupe popularly known as "All Hail Marx and Lennon" which makes the same joke.</ref> |
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The party used as its logo ] by ], with the words ''D'une mare à l'autre'' (a French translation of Canada's ] motto ''a mari usque ad mare'', playing on the word ''mare'', which means ''pond'' in French<ref>{{Cite news| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pIg1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6696,3988336&dq=rhinoceros-party&hl=en | title = Rhinoceros Party goes head-hunting this time. | last = Ambroziak | first = Alycia | newspaper = ] | date = 14 June 1974 | page = 8}}</ref>) at the top. |
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==Policies and politics== |
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In addition to the national platform promises released by the party leadership, individual candidates also had considerable freedom to campaign on their own ideas and slogans. Bryan Gold of the Rhinoceros Party described the party ] as two feet high and made of wood: "My platform is the one I'm standing on". A candidate named Ted "not too" Sharp ran in ]'s ] riding with the campaign slogan "], not ]", promising to give fauna equal representation.<ref name="Bill Whitelow">{{Cite news|title = Rhinoceros party wants island count|author = Bill Whitelow|date = January 22, 1980|publisher = The Whig-Standard}}</ref> He also took a stand on abortion (promising, if elected, never to have an abortion) and capital punishment: "If it was good enough for my grandfather, then it's good enough for me". To strengthen Canada's military, Sharp planned to tow Antarctica north to the Arctic Circle: "Once we have Antarctica, we'll control all of the world's cold. If another Cold War starts, we'll be unbeatable".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Flora running scared, Rhino candidate claims|author = Beth McKenzie|date = January 25, 1980|publisher = The Queen's Journal}}</ref> |
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In the ], the Rhinoceros Party ran a candidate named John Turner in the same riding as ] leader ], and received 760 votes.<ref name = "DEPTH">{{Cite news|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/rhino-party/index.html|title = The Rhinoceros Party|publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date = August 8, 2007|accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> Penny Hoar, a safe sex activist, distributed condoms in Toronto while running under the slogan: "Politicians screw you — protect yourself".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.walnet.org/csis/people/index.html|title = Whore Heroines and Heroes|publisher = Commercial Sex Information Services|date = March 3, 2004}}</ref> |
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===1979 campaign=== |
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*Government: |
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**The ] would be seated in ].<ref name = "CITIZENAPRIL261979">{{Cite news| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Vb4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IO4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=7160,2875812&dq=rhinoceros-party&hl=en | title = Rhinoceros Party promises pie in the face | last = Drouin | first = Linda | newspaper = The ] | date = 26 April 1979 | pages = 8}}</ref> |
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**Rather than awarding money as prizes in the lottery, the winners would be appointed to the ].<ref name = "CITIZENAPRIL261979" /> |
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**Rather than ], as proposed by ], the Rhinoceros Party pledged to bring Great Britain home and make it Canada's eleventh province.<ref name = "TIMESMAY141979">{{Cite news| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GfwNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RXwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2198,5510653&dq=rhinoceros-party&hl=en | title = Rhinos ride roughshod over Canadian issues | last = Landrey | first = Wilbur | newspaper = ] | date = 14 May 1979 | pages = 7-A}}</ref> |
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*Energy: |
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**Building one ] plant per household, including monthly distributions of lead underwear to Canadians. Indoor lighting would then be provided by radioactive citizens.<ref name = "GAZETTEMAY101979">{{Cite news| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d2IxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vqEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6855,2411650&dq=rhinoceros-party&hl=en | title = Rhinoceros Party charges into election fray | last = Tetley | first = Jane | date = 10 May 1979 | newspaper = The Montreal Gazette | pages = 4}}</ref> |
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**Burning all the standing barns in Canada to provide energy, under the slogan ''Burn a barn for Britain''.<ref name = "GAZETTEMAY101979" /> |
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*Gender issues: |
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**] payments would go directly to the federal government, and responsibility for withholding those payments would fall upon the federal government.<ref name = "GAZETTEMAY101979" /> |
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**Men would be allowed to work as prostitutes, ]s, secretaries and receptionists.<ref name = "GAZETTEMAY101979" /> |
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===1984 campaign=== |
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*Economy |
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**The Rhinoceros Party pledged to eliminate small businesses, and replace them with very small businesses, having less than one employee.<ref name = "GAZETTEMARCH221984">{{Cite news| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=diwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lqUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5691,884226&dq=rhinoceros-party&hl=en | title = Oh, Boy – The Rhinoceros Party's at it again | last = SCHNURMACHER | first = Thomas | newspaper = The Montreal Gazette | date = 22 March 1984 | pages = D-9}}</ref> |
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**Candidate Graham Ashley, standing in ], pledged to take Canada off the ], and implement a Snow Standard, which would improve the economy until the summer.<ref name = "CITIZENFEBRUARY111980">{{Cite news| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fq4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fe4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3803,4948927&dq=rhinoceros-party&hl=en | title = Graham Ashley, Rhinoceros Party | date = 11 February 1980 | newspaper = The Ottawa Citizen | pages = 5}}</ref> |
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*Public works |
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**Candidate Stardust the Magician promised to put a roof on ], using only a $25 million handkerchief.<ref name = "CITIZENAUGUST111984">{{Cite news| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m9EyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U-8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3483,19910&dq=rhinoceros-party&hl=en | title = Rhinoceros Party heralds backing of gravediggers | pages = 4 | date = 11 August 1984 | newspaper = The Ottawa Citizen}}</ref> |
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===Other campaigns=== |
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Other platform promises of the Rhinoceros Party included: |
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* Repealing the ]<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E3D9163BF932A35756C0A963948260|title = Canada Rhino Party Thunders Off Softly|publisher = New York Times|author = Associated Press|date = May 1, 1985}}</ref><ref name = "DAN" /> |
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* Providing higher education by building taller schools<ref name = "DEPTH" /><ref name=presse2013 /> |
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* Instituting English, French and illiteracy as Canada's three official languages<ref name = "DEPTH" /> |
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* Tearing down the ] so that Albertans could see the ] sunset<ref name = "DAN" /> |
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* Eliminating unemployment by abolishing Statistics Canada, thereby eliminating the bureaucrats that measure unemployment. <ref>{{cite web|last1=MacIntyre|first1=Iain|title=Vancouver Sun columnist|url=http://www.nationalpost.com/m/cuts+likely+wake+review+varsity+sports/9397440/story.html|website=National Post|publisher=National Post|accessdate=25 Nov 2015}}</ref> |
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* Making Montreal the ] of North America by damming the ]<ref name="AIB">{{Cite news|url = http://www.apathyisboring.com/en/the_facts/news/367|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215013704/http://apathyisboring.com/en/the_facts/news/367|dead-url = yes|archive-date = December 15, 2007|title = After years of near-extinction, the whacky Rhino party is back|author = Ingrid Peritz|publisher = The Globe and Mail|date = August 8, 2007}}</ref> |
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* Abolishing the environment because it's too hard to keep clean and it takes up so much space<ref name = "DEPTH" /> |
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* Annexing the United States, which would take its place as the third territory in Canada's backyard (after the Yukon and the Northwest Territories—Nunavut did not yet exist), in order to eliminate foreign control of Canada's natural resources<ref name = "RHEAL" /> |
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* Ending crime by abolishing all laws<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.montrealmirror.com/2007/082307/news2.html|title = Back from extinction|publisher = The Montreal Mirror|author = Patrick Lejtenyi|accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> |
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* To provide more parking in the Maritimes and to create the world's largest parking lot respectively, paving the ] and the province of Manitoba <ref name = "DEPTH" /><ref name = "DAN">{{Cite news|url = http://www.cbc.ca/canadavotes2004/analysiscommentary/columns/danbrown190604.html|title = The Heirs of the Rhino Party|author = Dan Brown|date = June 19, 2004|publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> |
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* Turning Montreal's ] into the world's longest bowling alley<ref name = "DEPTH" /> |
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* Amending Canada's Freedom of Information Act: "Nothing is free anymore; Canadians should have to pay for their information".<ref name="Doug Ronson">{{Cite news|title = Ted "not too" Sharp advocates lawn flamingo tax deductibility |author = Doug Ronson|date = January 17, 1980|publisher = The Queen's Journal}}</ref> |
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* Making the Canadian climate more temperate by tapping into the natural resource of hot air in Ottawa.<ref name="Doug Ronson"/> |
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* Storing nuclear waste in the Senate: "After all, we've been storing political waste there for years".<ref name="Doug Ronson"/> |
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* Adopting the British system of ]; this was to be gradually phased in over five years with large trucks and tractors first, then buses, eventually including small cars, and bicycles and wheelchairs last.<ref name = "CITIZENAPRIL261979" /> |
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* Selling the ] at an antique auction in California<ref name = "DAN" /><ref name = "RHEAL">From the campaign literature of Judi Skuce, candidate for The Beaches, in the 1979 election.</ref> |
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* Putting the national debt on ]<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=92596c7d-467a-4ce2-b092-3cc60cb62042|title = Longtime Rhino candidate dies of cancer at 63 years of age|author = Joanna Habdank|date = October 12, 2006|publisher = The Vancouver Sun|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121110083833/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=92596c7d-467a-4ce2-b092-3cc60cb62042|archivedate = November 10, 2012|df = }}</ref> |
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* Declaring war on Belgium because a Belgian cartoon character, ], killed a rhinoceros in one of the cartoons<ref name=presse2013>{{cite news|title=Ne tirez pas sur le rhinocéros! {{!}} Jean-Simon Gagné {{!}} Politique|url=http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/politique/201309/27/01-4694075-ne-tirez-pas-sur-le-rhinoceros.php|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=La Presse|language=fr-CA}}</ref><ref name="FORCES">{{Cite web|url = http://www.forces.org/canada/news-archive/092003.htm|title = Dateline-Montreal Grand Prix update|publisher = ]|date = September 5, 2003|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070625142517/http://www.forces.org/canada/news-archive/092003.htm|archivedate = June 25, 2007|df = }}</ref> |
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* Offering to call off the proposed Belgium-Canada war if Belgium delivered a case of mussels and a case of Belgian beer to Rhinoceros "Hindquarters" in Montreal (the ] ''did'', in fact, do this)<ref name=presse2013 /><ref name = "FORCES" /> |
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* Painting Canada's coastal sea limits in watercolour so that Canadian fish would know where they were at all times<ref name = "AIB" /> |
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* Banning ], since both kill<ref name = "AIB" /> |
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* Banning lousy Canadian winters<ref name = "DEPTH" /> |
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* Building a bridge spanning the country, from Vancouver Island to Newfoundland.<ref name="ReferenceA">Dr. Robinson, ''Introductory Canadian Politics''</ref> |
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* Making the ] one way only.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |
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* Changing Canada's currency to bubble gum, so it could be inflated or deflated at will.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://rhinoparty.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=37 | title = yo, csis, here's your chance | author = Brian Salmi | publisher = Rhinoceros Party of Canada | accessdate = 2008-02-20}}</ref> |
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* Donating a free rhinoceros to every aspiring artist in Canada<ref name = "RHEAL" /> |
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* Counting the ] to see if the Americans have stolen any<ref name="Bill Whitelow"/> |
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<!--WARNING! DO NOT ADD ANY THING TO THE LIST BELOW OR PARAGRAPH ABOVE AND BELOW UNLESS YOU CAN FIND RELIABLE SOURCE TO BACK IT UP. ALL UNSOURCED ADDITIONS WILL BE DELETED. THANK YOU. |
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The Rhino Party also declared that, should they somehow actually win an election, they would immediately dissolve and force a second election: "We Rhinos think that elections are so much fun, we want to hold them all the time".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Flora running scared, Rhino candidate claims |author = Beth McKenzie|date = January 25, 1980|publisher = The Queen's Journal}}</ref> They also declared victory after one election, claiming all candidates were Rhinoceroses, whether they knew or acknowledged it: thick-skinned, short-sighted, mean-tempered, etc. |
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===Notable candidates=== |
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Michel Rivard once went on television (during free air time given to political parties) and stated: "I have but two things to say to you: Celery and Sidewalk. Thank you, good night". |
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A British Columbia splinter group proposed running a professional ] for the position of ], renaming "British Columbia" to "La La Land", moving the provincial capital, and merging with the ] so as "not to split the silly vote". |
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Although not recognized in the United States, former baseball pitcher ] ran for President of the United States in 1988 on the Rhinoceros Party ticket. |
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<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48705-2005Feb23.html|publisher = Washington Post|author = Jonathan Yardley|date = February 24, 2005|title = Low and Inside|page = CO2}}</ref> |
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====Electoral record==== |
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The Rhinoceros Party never succeeded in winning a seat in the ]. In the ], however, the party won the fourth-largest number of votes, after the three main political parties, but ahead of several well-established minor parties. Rhino candidates sometimes came in second in certain ], humiliating traditional Canadian parties in the process. In the ], for instance, the Rhinoceros party nominated a professional clown/comedian named Sonia "Chatouille" Côté ("chatouille" means "Tickles" in French) in the ] riding in Montréal. Côté came in second place, after the successful ] candidate, but ahead of both other major parties: the third place ], and the fourth-place Progressive Conservative candidate.<ref>{{Cite web|url = |
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http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Gres&genElection=32&ridProvince=10&submit1=Search |publisher = Parliament of Canada|title = History of Federal Ridings since 1867}}</ref> Chatouille received almost twice as many votes as the PC candidate. |
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Early in the party's history, when it was mainly composed of French-speaking Québécois, they chose their only unilingual anglophone party member as their official translator. |
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==1993 abstention and subsequent dissolution== |
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The party abstained from the ] while they questioned the constitutionality of new rules that required the party to run candidates in at least 50 ridings at a cost of $1,000 per candidature.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1997/050197/news6.html|title = Marginal characters – A guide to some of Canada's lesser-known political parties|author = Paul Hellyer|publisher = ]|date = May 1, 1997}}</ref> On September 23, 1993, Canada's ], ], refused to accept the party's abstention and ordered the removal of the Rhinoceros Party from the Registry of Canadian Political Parties, effectively eliminating them from the Canadian political system. Kingsley also directed the party's official agent, Charlie (le Concierge) McKenzie, to liquidate all party assets and return any revenues to the Receiver General of Canada. On instructions from the party, McKenzie refused. After two years of threatening letters, Ottawa refused to prosecute McKenzie, who now claims to hold the distinction of being Canada's "least-wanted ]". |
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In 2001, Brian "Godzilla" Salmi, who received his nickname because of the ] suit he wore while campaigning, tried to revive the Rhinoceros Party to contest the ]. While they pulled some pranks that earned some media coverage, only two of its candidates (Liar Liar in ] and Helvis in ]) appeared on the ballots, as the party claimed the $1000 candidate registration fee was a financial hardship. Unregistered candidates included ], who received national wire service coverage for promising "cocaine and whores to potential investors".<ref>. lawiscool.com, September 29, 2007.</ref> The party disbanded shortly thereafter. |
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Salmi later legally changed his name to Sa Tan.<ref>{{Cite news |
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| url = http://www.yukon-news.com/news/7888/ |
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| title = The democratically disenfranchised find a champion in Satan |
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| last = McLeod |
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| first = Barbara |
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| newspaper = Yukon News |
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| date = 2007-10-12 |
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| accessdate = 2010-03-24 |
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| quote = One of the off-putting discoveries the department made about Salmi is that his real name is Sa Tan. He made the name change official to win the love of a sweet young thing who declared she would marry only the devil himself. She turned down his proposal.}}</ref> In 2007, Salmi filed a lawsuit against the federal government of the election rules that led to the disbanding of the Rhinoceros party, demanding $50 million compensation. As Salmi's name is now legally "Sa Tan", the lawsuit was filed under the name ''Satan versus Her Majesty The Queen''.<ref name="nantucket">{{Cite news |
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|url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/08/07/rhino-election.html |
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|title = Rhino party escapes extinction to run in September byelection |
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|publisher = CBC News |
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|date = 7 August 2007 |
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|accessdate = 2010-03-24 |
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|deadurl = yes |
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080430125835/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/08/07/rhino-election.html |
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|archivedate = 30 April 2008 |
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|df = |
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}} </ref> |
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===Successors=== |
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], a prominent Rhino, later started another political movement, the ], who attracted attention in the 1990s by planting cream pies in the faces of various Canadian politicians.<ref name=snipers>"Pied snipers". '']'', January 31, 1999.</ref> In 2006, he led a group that set up ] in an attempt to recapture the Rhinoceros Party spirit,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.mcgilldaily.com/view.php?aid=6282|title = A new political animal is on the scene|publisher = The McGill Daily|author = Sarah Babbage|date = September 13, 2007|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071021051540/http://mcgilldaily.com/view.php?aid=6282|archivedate = October 21, 2007|df = }}</ref> and ran as a Neorhino candidate in the ]. |
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Other Rhinoceros Party members founded the ] (Lemon Party), which attempted to bring a similar perspective to provincial politics in Quebec.<ref name = "DAN" /> |
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After the party's dissolution, a number of independent election candidates informally claimed the Rhinoceros Party label even though the party itself no longer existed. There were also a number of unsuccessful attempts to revive the Rhinos as a legally incorporated political party, though this was not fully achieved until late 2007, with the current ] becoming a registered federal party. The party renamed itself from its earlier name, "Neorhino.ca" in 2010. |
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===Electoral results=== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! Election |
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! # of candidates nominated |
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! # of seats won |
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! # of total votes |
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! % of popular vote |
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! % of vote in ridings contested |
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! ] |
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| <center> 1 |
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| <center> 0 |
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| <center> 321 |
|
|
| <center> 0.00% |
|
|
| <center> undetermined |
|
|
|- |
|
|
! ] |
|
|
| <center> 1 |
|
|
| <center> 0 |
|
|
| <center> 354 |
|
|
| <center> 0.00% |
|
|
| <center> undetermined |
|
|
|- |
|
|
! ] (1) |
|
|
| <center> 1 |
|
|
| <center> 0 |
|
|
| <center> 1,565 |
|
|
| <center> 0.02% |
|
|
| <center> undetermined |
|
|
|- |
|
|
! ] |
|
|
| <center> 63 |
|
|
| <center> 0 |
|
|
| <center> 62,601 |
|
|
| <center> 0.55% |
|
|
| <center> 2.32% |
|
|
|- |
|
|
! ] |
|
|
| <center> 120 |
|
|
| <center> 0 |
|
|
| <center> 110,286 |
|
|
| <center> 1.01% |
|
|
| <center> 2.43% |
|
|
|- |
|
|
! ] |
|
|
| <center> 88 |
|
|
| <center> 0 |
|
|
| <center> 98,171 |
|
|
| <center> 0.78% |
|
|
| <center> 2.39% |
|
|
|- |
|
|
! ] |
|
|
| <center> 74 |
|
|
| <center> 0 |
|
|
| <center> 52,173 |
|
|
| <center> 0.40% |
|
|
| <center> 1.47% |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
'''Note:''' |
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|
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|
|
(1) The Rhinoceros Party ran 12 candidates in the 1972 election, but was not recognized as a registered party by Elections Canada, and therefore its candidates were listed as independents. (Source: '']'', October 31, 1972.) |
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|
==See also== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==References== |
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|
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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|
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhinoceros Party Of Canada (1963-1993)}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhinoceros Party Of Canada (1963-1993)}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
|
] |