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{{Short description|Chemist, natural philosopher (1836–1923)}}
{{Infobox scientist {{Infobox scientist
⚫ |name = Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs
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|death_place = ] ] ] | death_place = ], ], United States
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'''Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs''' (2 December 1836 &ndash; 14 February 1923) was a ] who published his findings on ] within the chemical elements well before ] or ]. '''Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs''' (2 December 1836 – 14 February 1923) was a ] and natural philosopher most widely known for his findings on ] within the chemical elements.<ref name="Girolami">{{cite book |last=Girolami |first=Gregory S. |date=2021 |editor-last1=Giunta |editor-first1=C. J. |editor-last2=Mainz |editor-first2=V. V.|editor-last3=Girolami |editor-first3=G. S.|title=150 Years of the Periodic Table |publisher=Springer |pages=133–193 |chapter=Gustavus Hinrichs and His Charts of the Elements |isbn=978-3-030-67909-5}}</ref>


==Life== ==Life==
Hinrichs was born in 1836 at ], ], part of the ] which belonged at that time to ]. He attended the polytechnic school and the ]. During his schooling he published several articles and books,{{cn}} including descriptions of the ] of earth and its interaction with the ]. Hinrichs was born in 1836 in ] in the ], which at that time was under the rule of ] although it was simultaneously part of the ]. He attended the local ] school and the ]. During his schooling he published several articles and books,<ref name="Girolami"/><ref name="E. Scerri">{{cite book |last=Scerri |first=Eric |date=2019 |title=The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=95–102|isbn=978-0-19-091436-3}}</ref> including descriptions of the ] of Earth and its interaction with the ].


Hinrichs graduated in 1860, between the ] and ]s. He emigrated later that year to the ], settling initially in ] where he taught school, then in nearby ].{{cn}} In 1863 he was made professor of ], Chemistry, and Modern Languages at the ].{{cn}} Hinrichs founded the first state weather and crop service in the United States. He was the head of the Iowa Weather Service until 1886. He was first to identify and name the ] he called the "]."<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web| last=Wolf| first=Ray| title=A Brief History of Gustavus Hinrichs, Discoverer of the DERECHO| url= http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dvn/?n=hinrichs| publisher=NOAA| accessdate= 3 July 2012}}</ref> He stayed at that University until fired in 1886 by the state Board of Regents due to disputes with the University president and faculty members.<ref name=NOAA /> He became professor at the ] in 1889 and stayed there until his retirement in 1907.<ref name="Zapffe"/><ref>{{Cite Appleton's|Hinrichs, Gustavus Detlef|year=1892}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/archives/guides/RG99.0039.html | title = Biography and papers at the University of Iowa Libraries| publisher = | accessdate=2009-11-06}}</ref> Hinrichs graduated in 1860, between the ] and ]s. He emigrated later that year to the ], settling initially in ], where he taught school, then in nearby ].<ref name=Gaul>{{cite news|url=https://qctimes.com/news/local/the-man-who-discovered-derecho-lived-in-davenport/article_df25d072-4e73-54ee-acfa-4e17f2454fba.html#tracking-source=home-top-story|title=The man who discovered 'derecho' lived in Davenport|newspaper=]|location=]|date=August 16, 2020|access-date=2020-08-16|last=Gaul|first=Alma}}</ref> In 1863 he was appointed a professor of ], chemistry, and modern languages at the ]. He founded the first state weather and crop service in the United States and headed the Iowa Weather Service until 1886. He was first to identify and name the ] he called the "]."<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web| last=Wolf| first=Ray| title=A Brief History of Gustavus Hinrichs, Discoverer of the DERECHO| url= http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dvn/?n=hinrichs| publisher=NOAA| access-date= 3 July 2012}}</ref> He stayed at the University of Iowa until 1886, when he was fired by the state Board of Regents due to disputes with the university president and faculty colleagues.<ref name=NOAA /> He became a professor at the ] in 1889 and taught there until his retirement in 1907.<ref name="Zapffe"/><ref>{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Hinrichs, Gustavus Detlef|year=1892}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/archives/guides/RG99.0039.html | title = Biography and papers at the University of Iowa Libraries| access-date=2009-11-06}}</ref>


==Periodic law== ==Periodic law==
Hinrichs is one of the discoverers of the periodic laws which are the basis for the ]. Although his contribution is not as important as that of Mendeleev or Lothar Meyer, he stated his ideas as early as 1855 and published his book ''Programme der Atommechanik'' in 1867. His periodic table had the form of a spiral and the elements where placed into the structure according to their atomic mass. Hinrichs also postulated theory on the cause of the periodicity within the chemical elements. His theory was based on the composition of the elements out of smaller ''Panatome''. The ''Trigonoides'' are the nonmetals made from regular triangles, while the metallic ''Tetragonoides'' were made from squares. Algebraic formulas of how to mix squares and triangles gave the periodic laws.<ref name="Zapffe">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/350537 | title = Gustavus Hinrichs, Precursor of Mendeleev | first = Carl A. | last = Zapffe | journal = Isis | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | year = 1969 | pages = 461–476 | jstor = 229106}}</ref><ref name="Kauf">{{cite journal | title =American forerunners of the periodic law | last =Kauffman | first = George B. | authorlink = George B. Kauffman| journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1969 | pages = 128}}</ref> His "controversial ideas and colorful personality"<ref name="Kauf"/> proved to be an obstacle to the spread of his ideas. Hinrichs is one of the discoverers of the periodic laws, which are the basis for the ].<ref name="Girolami"/> Although his contribution is not generally considered as important as those of ] or ], in 1867 (two years before Mendeleev) he presented his ideas on periodicity among the chemical elements in his privately printed book ''Programme der Atommechanik'',<ref name="Hinrichs1868">{{cite book|author=Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs|title=Contributions to Molecular Science, or Atomechanics ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaNPAAAAYAAJ|year=1868|publisher=Essex Institute Press}}</ref> and in slightly revised form in 1869. His first periodic table had the form of a double spiral,<ref name="Girolami"/> and the elements were placed into the structure according to their atomic mass. Hinrichs also postulated a theory on the cause of the periodicity within the chemical elements based on his theory of the composition of elements out of smaller ''Panatome''. The ''Trigonoides'' were the nonmetals made from regular triangles, while the metallic ''Tetragonoides'' were made from squares. Algebraic formulas of how to mix squares and triangles yielded the periodic laws.<ref name="Girolami"/><ref name="Zapffe">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/350537 | title = Gustavus Hinrichs, Precursor of Mendeleev | first = Carl A. | last = Zapffe | journal = Isis | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | year = 1969 | pages = 461–476 | jstor = 229106| s2cid = 144104293 }}</ref><ref name="Kauf">{{cite journal | title =American forerunners of the periodic law | last =Kauffman | first = George B. | author-link = George B. Kauffman| journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1969 | volume =46 | issue =3 | pages = 128 | doi = 10.1021/ed046p128 |bibcode = 1969JChEd..46..128K }}</ref> His "controversial ideas and colorful personality"<ref name="Kauf"/> proved to be an obstacle to the acceptance of his theories.<ref name="E. Scerri"/>


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}
*''Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 86-92.''


{{Authority control}}
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| NAME = Hinrichs, Gustavus Detlef
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 December 1836
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Lunden, ], ]
| DATE OF DEATH = 14 February 1923
| PLACE OF DEATH = ] ] ]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinrichs, Gustavus Detlef}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hinrichs, Gustavus Detlef}}
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Latest revision as of 12:52, 5 November 2023

Chemist, natural philosopher (1836–1923)
Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs
Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs
Born(1836-12-02)2 December 1836
Lunden, Duchy of Holstein, German Confederation
Died14 February 1923(1923-02-14) (aged 86)
St. Louis, Missouri, United States
NationalityGerman American
Alma materUniversity of Copenhagen
Known forperiodic table of elements, derecho
Scientific career
InstitutionsState University of Iowa, St. Louis University

Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs (2 December 1836 – 14 February 1923) was a chemist and natural philosopher most widely known for his findings on periodic laws within the chemical elements.

Life

Hinrichs was born in 1836 in Lunden in the Duchy of Holstein, which at that time was under the rule of Denmark although it was simultaneously part of the German Confederation. He attended the local polytechnic school and the University of Copenhagen. During his schooling he published several articles and books, including descriptions of the magnetic field of Earth and its interaction with the aether.

Hinrichs graduated in 1860, between the First and Second Schleswig Wars. He emigrated later that year to the United States, settling initially in Davenport, Iowa, where he taught school, then in nearby Iowa City. In 1863 he was appointed a professor of natural philosophy, chemistry, and modern languages at the University of Iowa. He founded the first state weather and crop service in the United States and headed the Iowa Weather Service until 1886. He was first to identify and name the straight-line storm phenomenon he called the "derecho." He stayed at the University of Iowa until 1886, when he was fired by the state Board of Regents due to disputes with the university president and faculty colleagues. He became a professor at the St. Louis University in 1889 and taught there until his retirement in 1907.

Periodic law

Hinrichs is one of the discoverers of the periodic laws, which are the basis for the periodic table of elements. Although his contribution is not generally considered as important as those of Dmitri Mendeleev or Lothar Meyer, in 1867 (two years before Mendeleev) he presented his ideas on periodicity among the chemical elements in his privately printed book Programme der Atommechanik, and in slightly revised form in 1869. His first periodic table had the form of a double spiral, and the elements were placed into the structure according to their atomic mass. Hinrichs also postulated a theory on the cause of the periodicity within the chemical elements based on his theory of the composition of elements out of smaller Panatome. The Trigonoides were the nonmetals made from regular triangles, while the metallic Tetragonoides were made from squares. Algebraic formulas of how to mix squares and triangles yielded the periodic laws. His "controversial ideas and colorful personality" proved to be an obstacle to the acceptance of his theories.

References

  1. ^ Girolami, Gregory S. (2021). "Gustavus Hinrichs and His Charts of the Elements". In Giunta, C. J.; Mainz, V. V.; Girolami, G. S. (eds.). 150 Years of the Periodic Table. Springer. pp. 133–193. ISBN 978-3-030-67909-5.
  2. ^ Scerri, Eric (2019). The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–102. ISBN 978-0-19-091436-3.
  3. Gaul, Alma (August 16, 2020). "The man who discovered 'derecho' lived in Davenport". Quad-City Times. Davenport, Iowa. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  4. ^ Wolf, Ray. "A Brief History of Gustavus Hinrichs, Discoverer of the DERECHO". NOAA. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  5. ^ Zapffe, Carl A. (1969). "Gustavus Hinrichs, Precursor of Mendeleev". Isis. 60 (4): 461–476. doi:10.1086/350537. JSTOR 229106. S2CID 144104293.
  6. Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1892). "Hinrichs, Gustavus Detlef" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  7. Biography and papers at the University of Iowa Libraries. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  8. Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs (1868). Contributions to Molecular Science, or Atomechanics ... Essex Institute Press.
  9. ^ Kauffman, George B. (1969). "American forerunners of the periodic law". Journal of Chemical Education. 46 (3): 128. Bibcode:1969JChEd..46..128K. doi:10.1021/ed046p128.
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