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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{Drugbox |
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| Verifiedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 450473531 |
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| IUPAC_name = 2-hydroxy-2H,4H-benzo1,3-dioxa-2-bismacyclohexan-4-one |
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| image = Bismuth subsalicylate.png |
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<!--Clinical data--> |
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| tradename = |
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| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CDI|pepto-bismol}} |
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| licence_EU = Pepto-Bismol |
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| licence_US = |
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| pregnancy_US = D |
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| legal_status = ] |
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| routes_of_administration = ] |
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<!--Pharmacokinetic data--> |
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| bioavailability = |
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| metabolism = |
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| excretion = |
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<!--Identifiers--> |
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| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 17215772 |
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| smiles = C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)O(O2)O |
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| InChI = 1/C7H6O3.Bi.H2O/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10;;/h1-4,8H,(H,9,10);;1H2/q;+3;/p-3/rC7H5BiO4/c9-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)11-8(10)12-7/h1-4,10H |
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| InChIKey = ZREIPSZUJIFJNP-PEVRGXKGAC |
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| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChI = 1S/C7H6O3.Bi.H2O/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10;;/h1-4,8H,(H,9,10);;1H2/q;+3;/p-3 |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = ZREIPSZUJIFJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-K |
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<!--Chemical data--> |
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| C=7 | H=5 | Bi=1 | O=4 |
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| molecular_weight = base: 361 g/mol |
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'''Pepto-Bismol''' is an ] currently produced by the ] company in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, to treat minor ] upset. Its active ingredient is ]. The primary symptoms aided by Pepto-Bismol are ], ], ], ], ], and other temporary discomforts of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. |
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Pepto-Bismol is made in chewable tablets<ref>The trademark was extended to cover the tablets in 1973. Registration No. 0972198, November 6, 1973. http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=b8i462.2.2.</ref> and swallowable caplets,<ref>The capsules were introduced in 1983. Registration No. 1269605, March 13, 1984; cancelled July 16, 1990. http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=b8i462.2.1.</ref> but is best known for its original formula which is a thick liquid. This original formula is a medium pink color with a strong ] or ] flavor. |
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==Mechanism of action== |
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] (the ] in Pepto-Bismol) is used as an ] and to treat some other gastro-intestinal diseases by way of an ], which relates to killing microbes with small doses of heavy metal. <BR />The means by which this works is still not well understood. It is thought to be some combination of: |
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*Retarding the expulsion of fluids into the digestive system through irritated tissues, by "coating" them. |
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*Reducing inflammation/irritation of stomach and intestinal lining. |
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*Killing some bacteria that cause diarrhea. There is evidence that ] from hydrolysis of the drug is antimicrobial for ''E. coli.''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sox TE, Olson CA | pmid = 2694949 | volume=33 | issue=12 | title=Binding and killing of bacteria by bismuth subsalicylate | pmc=172824 |date=December 1989 | journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. | pages=2075–82 | doi=10.1128/AAC.33.12.2075}}</ref> |
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==Side effects== |
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Children are usually more sensitive to the effects of salicylates, especially if they have a fever or have lost large amounts of body fluid because of vomiting, diarrhea, or sweating. |
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The bismuth in this medicine may cause severe constipation in children. In addition, it can combine with trace amounts of sulfur in saliva and the gastrointestinal tract, blackening the user's tongue and stool. This condition is harmless and subsides within a few days.<ref>http://www.pepto-bismol.com/pepto-bismol-faq.php#faq7</ref> |
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Children should not take medication with bismuth subsalicylate while recovering from ] or ], as epidemiologic evidence points to an association between the use of ]-containing medications during certain viral infections and the onset of ].<ref>, reyessyndrome.org</ref><ref>http://www.drugs.com/cons/pepto-bismol.html</ref> For the same reason, it is typically recommended that nursing mothers not use medication containing bismuth subsalicylate (such as Pepto-Bismol) because small amounts of the medication are excreted in breast milk and pose a theoretical risk of Reye's syndrome to nursing children.<ref></ref> Antacid preparations by suppressing acid mediated break down of proteins, leads to an elevated risk of developing food or drug allergies. This happens due to undigested proteins then passing into the gastrointestinal tract where sensitisation occurs. The aluminium content may also increase the risk of sensitisation to allergens.<ref name="pmid21121928">{{cite journal |author=Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E |title=Anti-acid medication as a risk factor for food allergy |journal=Allergy |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=469–77 |date=April 2011 |pmid=21121928 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02511.x |url=}}</ref> Long-term use of Pepto-Bismol (greater than 6 weeks) may lead to toxicity due to accumulation of bismuth subsalicylate.<ref name="Gorbach-1990">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gorbach | first1 = SL. | title = Bismuth therapy in gastrointestinal diseases. | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 863–75 |date=Sep 1990 | doi = | PMID = 2199292 }}</ref> |
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== History == |
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Pepto-Bismol was invented in 1901 by a doctor in New York. It was originally sold as a remedy for infant diarrhea by ] under the name "Bismosal: Mixture Cholera Infantum".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bierer|first=Douglas Ws.|title=Bismuth Subsalicylate: History, Chemistry, and Safety|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|date=Jan–Feb 1990|volume=12|issue=Supplement 1|pages=S3-S8|publisher=Oxford University Press|jstor=4455445|doi=10.1093/clinids/12.supplement_1.s3}}</ref> It was renamed Pepto-Bismol in 1919. Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Procter and Gamble in 1982.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZyUwNAs43LcC&lpg=PA427&ots=2hUEAR_pbf&dq=william%20a%20procter%20president&pg=PA424#v=onepage&q=william%20a%20procter%20president&f=false | title=Rising Tide: Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter and Gamble | publisher=Harvard Business Press | date=May 1, 2004 | accessdate=2013-05-07 | author=Davis, Dyer et al | pages=424}}</ref> |
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As of 1946, Canadian advertisements placed by Norwich show the product as Pepto-Besmol both in graphic and text.<ref>{{cite news|title="Simple Diarrhoea" ad|work=Toronto Daily Star|date=16 August 1946|page=33}}</ref> |
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==Disaster usage== |
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Pepto-Bismol has been utilized in the treatment of birds inundated by crude oil. For example, birds coated with oil from the ] received forced gastric infusions of Pepto-Bismol in efforts to rid their intestinal tracts of oil ingested while preening feathers of the contaminant.<ref></ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* |
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{{Procter & Gamble}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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