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| {{Automatic taxobox | |||
| | image = Stangeria_eriopus.jpg | |||
| | image_caption = ''Stangeria eriopus'' in coastal lowland forest, <br>South Africa | |||
| | taxon = Stangeriaceae | |||
| | authority = Schimp. & Schenk | |||
| | subdivision_ranks = Genera | |||
| | subdivision = | |||
| {{unbulleted list | |||
| |'']'' | |||
| |'']'' | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| {{R from alternative scientific name|plant}} | |||
| '''Stangeriaceae''' is the smallest family of the ]s, including only two extant genera, '']'' and ''].'' | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| ==Taxonomy== | |||
| Although the name was first published by ] and ]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Metcalf Collection (North Carolina State University).|url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/34265|title=Handbuch der palaeontologie. Unter mitwirkung von W. Ph. Schimper; hrsg. von Karl A. Zittel.|last2=Schenk|first2=August|last3=Schimper|first3=Wilhelm Philip|last4=Scudder|first4=Samuel Hubbard|last5=Zittel|first5=Karl Alfred von|date=1880|publisher=R. Oldenbourg,|location=München,|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.34265}}</ref>, it was used by ] (who was unaware of previous uses) to include only the genus ''Stangeria.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=L A S|last2=Johnson|first2=L. A. S.|date=1959|title=The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/47364|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales|volume=84|pages=64–117}}</ref> Later, Stevenson expanded the family to include ''Bowenia.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=Dennis Wm.|date=1990-03-07|title=Morphology and Systematics of the Cycadales|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21135/893273507.003|journal=The Biology, Structure, and Systematics of the Cycadales: Proceedings of the Symposium CYCAD 87|publisher=The New York Botanical Garden Press|doi=10.21135/893273507.003|isbn=978-0-89327-350-7}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This decision was based on some shared characters (]) such as the presence of fused vacularized ]s, the lack or irregular production of ]s, and a few other anatomical and morphological traits<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Stevenson|first=Dennis WM.|date=1992-04-01|title=A formal classification of the extant cycads|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2806837|journal=Brittonia|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=220–223|doi=10.2307/2806837|issn=1938-436X}}</ref>. Later molecular<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salas-Leiva|first=Dayana E.|last2=Meerow|first2=Alan W.|last3=Calonje|first3=Michael|last4=Griffith|first4=M. Patrick|last5=Francisco-Ortega|first5=Javier|last6=Nakamura|first6=Kyoko|last7=Stevenson|first7=Dennis W.|last8=Lewis|first8=Carl E.|last9=Namoff|first9=Sandra|date=2013-11-01|title=Phylogeny of the cycads based on multiple single-copy nuclear genes: congruence of concatenated parsimony, likelihood and species tree inference methods|url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/112/7/1263/2768918|journal=Annals of Botany|language=en|volume=112|issue=7|pages=1263–1278|doi=10.1093/aob/mct192|issn=0305-7364|pmc=3806525|pmid=23997230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rai|first=Hardeep S.|last2=O’Brien|first2=Heath E.|last3=Reeves|first3=Patrick A.|last4=Olmstead|first4=Richard G.|last5=Graham|first5=Sean W.|date=2003-11-01|title=Inference of higher-order relationships in the cycads from a large chloroplast data set|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790303001313|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=350–359|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00131-3|issn=1055-7903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chaw|first=Shu-Miaw|last2=Walters|first2=Terrence W.|last3=Chang|first3=Chien-Chang|last4=Hu|first4=Shu-Hsuan|last5=Chen|first5=Shin-Hsiao|date=2005-10-01|title=A phylogeny of cycads (Cycadales) inferred from chloroplast matK gene, trnK intron, and nuclear rDNA ITS region|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305000084|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=214–234|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.006|issn=1055-7903}}</ref> evidence suggested that the two genera of the Stangeriaceae belonged in different positions within the ]., thus leading other authors to propose dissolving the family.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christenhusz|first=M. J. M.|last2=Reveal|first2=J. L.|last3=Farjon|first3=A.|last4=Gardner|first4=M. F.|last5=Mill|first5=R. R.|last6=Chase|first6=M. W.|date=2011-02-18|title=A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms|url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.19.1.3|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=55|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3|issn=1179-3163}}</ref> | |||
| ==Distribution== | |||
| Though today the family occurs only in ] and ], ], potentially related fossils are found in other places in the globe. ] studies suggested that the fossil taxon '']'' from the Lower ] of ] has affinities with the Stangeriaceae, being sister to '']''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hermsen|first=Elizabeth J.|last2=Taylor|first2=Thomas N.|last3=Taylor|first3=Edith L.|last4=Stevenson|first4=Dennis Wm|date=2006|title=Cataphylls of the Middle Triassic cycad Antarcticycas schopfii and new insights into cycad evolution|url=https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3732/ajb.93.5.724|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=93|issue=5|pages=724–738|doi=10.3732/ajb.93.5.724|issn=1537-2197|doi-access=free}}</ref>. This highly lobed fossil leaf from has been reinterpreted as an early ]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coiro|first=Mario|last2=Martínez|first2=Leandro C. A.|last3=Upchurch|first3=Garland R.|last4=Doyle|first4=James A.|title=Evidence for an extinct lineage of angiosperms from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia and implications for the early radiation of flowering plants|url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.16657|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=n/a|issue=n/a|doi=10.1111/nph.16657|issn=1469-8137}}</ref>] Another fossil from the Lower ] of ], '']'', has been suggested as the oldest relative of '']''.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-017-0943-x | title = ''Eobowenia'' gen. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia: indication for an early divergence of ''Bowenia''? |author1=Coiro,M. |author2=Pott,C.| journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | year = 2017 | volume = 17 | pages = 97 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0943-x | issue=1| pmc = 5383990 | pmid=28388891}}</ref> The Paleogene genus '']'' from North America and Europe<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kvaček|first=Zlatko|last2=Manchester|first2=Steven R.|date=1999-05-01|title=Eostangeria Barthel (Extinct Cycadales) from the Paleogene of Western North America and Europe|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/314152|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|volume=160|issue=3|pages=621–629|doi=10.1086/314152|issn=1058-5893}}</ref> may also have affinities with the Stangeriaceae. | |||
| {{Wikispecies|Stangeriaceae}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q134553}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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