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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{advert|date=July 2015}} |
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{{expert-subject|1=Medicine|date=July 2015}} |
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'''Deworm the World Initiative'''is an initiative led by the NGO Evidence Action, that works to support governments to develop school-based ] programs around the world.<ref name=about>{{cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaction.org/#deworm-the-world/|title = Deworm the World Initiative|publisher = Evidence Action|accessdate = July 28, 2015}}</ref> According to its website, it has reach 140 million children and works in Kenya, India, Ethiopia, and Vietnam. around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evidenceaction.org/#deworm-the-world|title = Deworm the World|publisher = Evidence Action|accessdate = July 28, 2015}}</ref> |
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The initiative was originally an independent nonprofit organization called ''Deworm the World'', co-founded by development economist ].<ref name=board>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130901112856/http://dewormtheworld.org/about-us/board-of-directors|title = Board of Directors|publisher = Deworm the World|accessdate = September 1, 2013}}</ref> Initially jointly supported by the ] and Innovations for Poverty Action, Deworm the World was taken over by the NGO ''Evidence Action'' in late 2013.{{cn|date=January 2015}} |
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Charity evaluator ] lists the Deworm the World Iniative as one of three top charities (without any relative ranking) for 2013 end-of-year giving.<ref name=givewell-2013-top-charities-announcement>{{cite web|url=http://blog.givewell.org/2013/12/01/givewells-top-charities-for-giving-season-2013/|title = GiveWell’s Top Charities for Giving Season 2013|last = Karnofsky|first = Holden|publisher = GiveWell|date = December 1, 2013|accessdate = December 1, 2013}}</ref> In December 2014, GiveWell listed Deworm the World as one of its top four recommended charities, alongside ], ], and ].<ref name=givewell-2014-top-charities-blog-post>{{cite web|url=http://blog.givewell.org/2014/12/01/our-updated-top-charities/|title = Our updated top charities|date = December 1, 2014|accessdate = December 1, 2014|last = Hassenfeld|first = Elie|publisher = ]}}</ref><ref name=givewell-top-rated>{{cite web|url=http://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities|title = Top charities|publisher = GiveWell|date = December 1, 2014|accessdate=December 1, 2014}}</ref> |
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==Work== |
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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 870 million school-age children are at risk of parasitic worm infection. Over 400 million of these children remain untreated, according to the WHO fact sheet on soil-transmitted helminths<ref>{{cite web|title=Soil Transmitted Helminths|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en|publisher=WHO|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref>. Worm infections interfere with nutrient uptake; can lead to anemia, malnourishment and impaired mental and physical development; and pose a serious threat to children’s health, education, and productivity. Infected children are often too sick or tired to concentrate at school, or to attend at all.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miguel et al|first1=Edward|title=Worms at work: Long-run impacts of a child health investment|journal=Working Paper|date=May 2015|url=http://emiguel.econ.berkeley.edu/assets/miguel_research/64/Worms-at-Work_2015-07-23.pdf|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> Deworm the World supports the governments of India and Kenya in their respective national school-based deworming programs, and works with the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative in supporting Ethiopia's national school-based deworming program. |
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==External reviews== |
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===GiveWell review=== |
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====December 2014 review and inclusion in top charities==== |
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In December 2014, charity evaluator GiveWell published an updated review of DtWI.<ref name=givewell-december-2014-review>{{cite web|url=http://www.givewell.org/international/top-charities/deworm-world-initiative|title = Deworm the World Initiative, led by Evidence Action|date = December 1, 2014|accessdate = December 9, 2014|publisher = ]}}</ref> The key strengths and unresolved issues remained the same as those in their earlier review from November 2013, with one change: the earlier unresolved issue of concern that Deworm the World was operating its programs in places where deworming programs already existed was now resolved. |
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Based on the review, GiveWell included Evidence Action's Deworm the World Initiative in its list of four top charities for the year announced on December 1, 2014. The other top charities were ], ], and ].<ref name=givewell-2014-top-charities-blog-post/> |
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====November 2013 review==== |
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In November 2013, charity evaluator ] reviewed the Deworm the World Initiative.<ref name=givewell-november-2013-review>{{cite web|url=http://www.givewell.org/international/top-charities/Deworm-world-initiative/November-2013-review|title = Deworm the World Initiative, led by Evidence Action|publisher = ]|date = November 2013|accessdate = December 1, 2013}}</ref> Based on the review, GiveWell listed Deworm the World among its three top charities (with no relative ranking) alongside ] and the ].<ref name=givewell-2013-top-charities-announcement/><ref name=givewell-top-rated/> GiveWell set a "minimum target" of funds to raise for each charity, and its minimum target for Deworm the World was USD 2 million.<ref name=givewell-2013-top-charities-announcement/> |
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== Scientific evidence == |
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Mass deworming campaigns of school children have been used both as a preventive as well as a treatment method for ] which includes ] in children. Children are treated by administering medication such as ] and ]. A 2004 study in Kenya by Harvard economist Michael Kremer and University of California economist Edward Miguel<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kremer|first1=Michael|title=Worms: Identifying Impacts on Education and Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities|journal=Econometrica|date=December 10, 2003|volume=72|issue=1|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00481.x/abstract|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> found that deworming reduces worm infections in both treated children, and untreated children living nearby (through reduced disease transmission. Additionally, deworming improves school attendance for treated and nearby untreated children. |
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Additional studies documenting the educational and economic impact of deworming include a World Bank Economic Review paper<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amrita|first1=Ajuha|title=When Should Governments Subsidize Health?|journal=The World Bank Economic Review Advance Access|date=June 3, 2015|url=http://emiguel.econ.berkeley.edu/assets/miguel_research/62/WBER_When_Should_Govts_Subsidize_Health.pdf|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> that reviews the literature. A separate study<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ozier|first1=Owen|title=Exploiting Externalities to Estimate the Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Deworming|journal=World Bank Policy Research Working Paper|date=October 2014|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/10/01/000158349_20141001145539/Rendered/PDF/WPS7052.pdf|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> by World Bank economist Owen Ozier's shows that preschool-age Kenyan children who lived in communities where a deworming program was conducted, and thus were exposed to |
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epidemiological spillovers, showed cognitive improvements ten years later. A randomized controlled trial<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coke|first1=Kevin|title=The long run effects of early childhood deworming on literacy and numeracy: Evidence from Uganda|journal=Working Paper, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health|date=July 17, 2015|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kcroke/files/ug_lr_deworming_071714.pdf|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> by Harvard researcher Kevin Coke] finds that Ugandan children randomly exposed to more years of deworming have higher test scores in literacy and numeracy 7 to 8 years later. |
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Miguel, Kremer, Hicks, and Baird find that 10 years after deworming, Kenyan women who were dewormed for more years as girls were 25% more likely to have attended secondary school, and men who were dewormed for more years as boys worked 17% more hours and had better labor market outcomes, including higher earnings<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sarah|first1=Baird|title=Worms at work: Long-run impacts of a child health investment|journal=Working Paper|date=July 2015|url=http://emiguel.econ.berkeley.edu/research/worms-at-work-long-run-impacts-of-a-child-health-investment|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref>. Hoyt Bleakley finds that deworming in the U.S. in the early 1900’s lead to increased school enrollment and attendance for children, and improved literacy and income for adults who were treated as children<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoyt|first1=Bleakley|title=Disease and Development: Evidence from Hookworm Eradication in the American South*|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|date=2007|volume=122|issue=1|url=http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/122/1/73.short|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref>. This study is a difference-in-difference design, rather than an RCT. An update of the Cochrane Review<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor Robinson|title=Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin, and school performance|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000371.pub6/abstract|publisher=Cochrane|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref>, a systematic review of the literature, finds that here is little sign of short-term impacts of deworming on health indicators (e.g., weight and anemia) or test scores, however it does not include above cited studies nor takes into consideration the long-term impacts of mass deworming programs. In an independent analysis<ref>{{cite web|title=New deworming reanalyses and Cochrane review|url=http://blog.givewell.org/2015/07/24/new-deworming-reanalyses-and-cochrane-review/|website=Give Well|publisher=Give Well|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref>, Give Well states on the available evidence of the efficacy of deworming: "At the same time, because mass deworming is so cheap, there is a good case for donating to support deworming even when in substantial doubt about the evidence." |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* {{official website|evidenceaction.org/}} |
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