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{{Short description|German nuclear physicist}} {{Short description|German nuclear physicist}}
{{About|the German nuclear physicist|the American teacher and painter|Bernard E. Peters}} {{About|the German nuclear physicist|the American teacher and painter|Bernard E. Peters}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Bernard Peters
| image =
| image_size =
| alt = Head and shoulders portrait
| caption =
| birth_name = Bernhard Pietrowski
| other_names =
| awards = ]
| known_for = Cosmic Radiation and Geophysics
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|04|22}}
| birth_place = Posen, Germany
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|02|02|1910|04|22}}
| death_place = ], Denmark
}}

'''Bernard Peters''' {{citation needed span|(born Bernhard Pietrowski in 1910 in Posen, Germany - February 2, 1993 in Copenhagen)|date=June 2021}} was a nuclear physicist, with a specialty in cosmic radiation. He was a recipient of the ], the third highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref> '''Bernard Peters''' {{citation needed span|(born Bernhard Pietrowski in 1910 in Posen, Germany - February 2, 1993 in Copenhagen)|date=June 2021}} was a nuclear physicist, with a specialty in cosmic radiation. He was a recipient of the ], the third highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref>


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In 1942, under the direction of ], Peters completed his doctorate in physics.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A renowned cosmic-ray physicist|url = http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_064_08_0612_0614_0.pdf|access-date = 2015-09-10|date = 25 April 1993|publisher = Current Science}}</ref> During his time at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory Peters was active in the ], a labor union affiliated to the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/bernard-peters |title=Bernard Peters |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Atomic Heritage Foundation |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> In 1942, under the direction of ], Peters completed his doctorate in physics.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A renowned cosmic-ray physicist|url = http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_064_08_0612_0614_0.pdf|access-date = 2015-09-10|date = 25 April 1993|publisher = Current Science}}</ref> During his time at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory Peters was active in the ], a labor union affiliated to the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/bernard-peters |title=Bernard Peters |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Atomic Heritage Foundation |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref>


In ]'s 1949 ] hearing, Peters was accused of being a communist sympathizer, a "crazy person" and "quite a red" by Oppenheimer. The Rochester Times-Union broke the story a few days later, and Peters soon realized that his academic career in the US was affected. Peters could not find work in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Puzzle of a Man|url = http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-puzzle-of-a-man|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203030303/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-puzzle-of-a-man|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2014-02-03|website = American Scientist|access-date = 2015-09-10|last = Schweber|first = Silvan S.}}</ref> In 1951, he left the country to ], India, where he continued to study cosmic rays for eight years. Over the next four decades, he directed several studies on cosmic rays.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Bernard Peters|journal = Physics Today|date = 2008-01-11|pages = 64–65|volume = 46|issue = 12|doi = 10.1063/1.2809136|language = en|first = Bruce|last = Dayton|first2 = Devendra|last2 = Lal|first3 = Niels|last3 = Lund|first4 = Herbert|last4 = Schnopper|first5 = Philip|last5 = Morrison}}</ref> In ]'s 1949 ] hearing, Peters was accused of being a communist sympathizer, a "crazy person" and "quite a red" by Oppenheimer. The Rochester Times-Union broke the story a few days later, and Peters soon realized that his academic career in the US was affected. Peters could not find work in the United States,<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Puzzle of a Man|url = http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-puzzle-of-a-man|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203030303/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-puzzle-of-a-man|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2014-02-03|website = American Scientist|access-date = 2015-09-10|last = Schweber|first = Silvan S.}}</ref> and in 1951 he left the country for ], India where he continued to study cosmic rays for eight years. ], after consulting Nehru, helped him relocate to India. Bernard Peters was invited by Bhabha to ] in 1951. Peters was then invited to Denmark by ] in 1958, and was until 1966/67 associated with the Niels Bohr Institute where he continued his research in ] and cosmic radiation. In 1967 the ] was founded and Peters became the director, shaping its objectives and leading it until the end of 1978. Peters was involved in the ] (ESRO) and other international organizations and realized early on the importance of scientific satellites in geostationary orbit and contributed to the ] being included in ESRO's scientific program and to the Danish Space Research Institute being strongly placed in this program.


Peters died February 2, 1993, in ], Denmark.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Peters died February 2, 1993, in ], Denmark.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
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Latest revision as of 08:00, 27 April 2024

German nuclear physicist This article is about the German nuclear physicist. For the American teacher and painter, see Bernard E. Peters.
Bernard Peters
BornBernhard Pietrowski
(1910-04-22)April 22, 1910
Posen, Germany
DiedFebruary 2, 1993(1993-02-02) (aged 82)
Copenhagen, Denmark
Known forCosmic Radiation and Geophysics
AwardsPadma Bhushan

Bernard Peters (born Bernhard Pietrowski in 1910 in Posen, Germany - February 2, 1993 in Copenhagen) was a nuclear physicist, with a specialty in cosmic radiation. He was a recipient of the Padma Bhushan, the third highest Indian civilian award.

Life

Towards the end of the First World War, his father, pharmacology researcher and physician, sent him to the Black Forest to a farmer so he could obtain food in exchange for manual labor. In 1942, under the direction of Robert Oppenheimer, Peters completed his doctorate in physics. During his time at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory Peters was active in the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians, a labor union affiliated to the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

In J Robert Oppenheimer's 1949 House Un-American Activities Committee hearing, Peters was accused of being a communist sympathizer, a "crazy person" and "quite a red" by Oppenheimer. The Rochester Times-Union broke the story a few days later, and Peters soon realized that his academic career in the US was affected. Peters could not find work in the United States, and in 1951 he left the country for Mumbai, India where he continued to study cosmic rays for eight years. Homi J. Bhabha, after consulting Nehru, helped him relocate to India. Bernard Peters was invited by Bhabha to Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1951. Peters was then invited to Denmark by Niels Bohr in 1958, and was until 1966/67 associated with the Niels Bohr Institute where he continued his research in particle physics and cosmic radiation. In 1967 the Danish Space Research Institute was founded and Peters became the director, shaping its objectives and leading it until the end of 1978. Peters was involved in the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) and other international organizations and realized early on the importance of scientific satellites in geostationary orbit and contributed to the GEOS satellite being included in ESRO's scientific program and to the Danish Space Research Institute being strongly placed in this program.

Peters died February 2, 1993, in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Works

  • Deuteron disintegration by electrons. Scattering of mesotrons of spin ¹/₂, University of California, Berkeley, 1942 (thèse doctorale)
  • Cosmic rays, solar particles, and space research, New York : Academic Press, 1963
  • Cosmic radiation and its origin : contemporary problems, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France : European Space Research Organisation, 1967
  • Creation of particles at cosmic-ray energies, Genève : CERN, 1966

Cosmic rays, New York : Academic Press, 1963

References

  1. "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  2. "A renowned cosmic-ray physicist" (PDF). Current Science. 25 April 1993. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
  3. "Bernard Peters". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  4. Schweber, Silvan S. "A Puzzle of a Man". American Scientist. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)
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# Posthumous conferral
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