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| {{automatic taxobox | |||
| | image = Ponerorchis graminifolia - Flickr 003.jpg | |||
| | image_caption = '']'' | |||
| | display_parents = 3 | |||
| | taxon = Ponerorchis | |||
| | authority = ]<ref name=WCSP_163253/> | |||
| | synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_163253/> | |||
| | synonyms = | |||
| {{Genus list | |||
| |Mitostigma|Blume, nom. illeg. | |||
| |Phaniasia|Blume ex Miq. | |||
| |Amitostigma|Schltr. | |||
| |Neottianthe|(Rchb.) Schltr. | |||
| |Chusua|Nevski | |||
| |Symphyosepalum|Hand.-Mazz. | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| {{R from alternative scientific name|plant}} | |||
| '''''Ponerorchis''''' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids (family ]). It is native to temperate Eurasia, from Poland to Japan, to the north of the ] and to northern ].<ref name=WCSP_163253/> | |||
| {{R with history|plant}} | |||
| <ref></ref> | |||
| They can be found in evergreen forests and meadows in temperate, mountainous regions. The species ''Ponerorchis chidorii'', endemic to Japan, is also known to grow ].{{citation needed}} | |||
| In the horticultural trade, this genus is abbreviated as "Pnr". A wide range of mostly ]s of ''Ponerorchis graminifolia'' are in cultivation, but are rarely grown outside Japan.{{citation neeeded}} | |||
| ==Description== | |||
| ''Ponerorchis'' species grow from an ovoid ]. They are slender plants with one to three usually slightly fleshy leaves. The flowers are all borne on the same side of the stem. The upper ] and the two lateral ]s form a hood. The ] is short and has obvious side appendages. There is a ] separating the ] from the ].<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> | |||
| The genus was substantially expanded in 2014, so older descriptions do not necessarily apply to the revised genus. ''Ponerorchis'' was said to be differentiated from ''Amitostigma'' and ''Neottianthe'' by the presence of a bursicle or "sac" around the viscidium (a sticky pad at the base of the pollinium). However, this feature was found to be present in some species formerly assigned to ''Amitostigma'' and to be difficult to detect in some species of ''Ponerorchis''. In the expanded genus, a bursicle is present is some species and not in others.<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> | |||
| ==Taxonomy== | |||
| ===Phylogeny and classification=== | |||
| The genus ''Ponerorchis'' was erected by ] in 1852 for the species '']''. ] studies between 1997 and 2003 showed that ''Ponerorchis'', when broadly defined, formed a ] with the genera ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and '']''. ''Ponerorchis'', as then ], was not ]. In 2003, in advance of further studies involving more species, ''Ponerorchis'' was broadened to include ''Chusua'', and an "orphan" species was transferred from ''Ponerorchis'' to become '']''.<ref name=BateHollPresLuo03/> A more detailed ] study in 2014 confirmed the strong relationship between ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and ''Ponerorchis'', whose species were mixed together in a single ], making none of the three genera ] as then ]. ''Amitostigma'' and ''Neottianthe'' were subsumed into ''Ponerorchis'',<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> making it a considerably larger genus. | |||
| ''Ponerorchis'' was previously distinguished from related genera by the presence of bursicles (pouchlike receptacles) enclosing the ]. The presence or absence of a bursicle was found not to be a useful diagnostic character, having arisen independently at least four times in the Orchideae.<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> | |||
| ''Ponerorchis'' is placed in the orchid subfamily ], tribe ], subtribe Orchidineae. After the genera were re-circumscribed as explained above, the relationship between ''Ponerorchis'' and the rest of the subtribe is as shown in the ] below.<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> | |||
| {{clade |style=line-height:100% | |||
| |label1=Orchidinae | |||
| |1={{clade | |||
| |1={{clade | |||
| |1='']'' | |||
| |2={{clade | |||
| |1='']'' | |||
| |2={{clade | |||
| |1='']'' | |||
| |2='']'' | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| |2=all other genera | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| ===Species=== | |||
| Species accepted as of March 2018: | |||
| {{div col|colwidth=35em}} | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Fukuy.) X.H.Jin</small> – N. & C. Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – China (SE. Sichuan, N. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Aver.) X.H.Jin</small> – S. Vietnam | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (N. Sichuan, S. Gansu) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) Soó</small> – China (SW. Sichuan to NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Rolfe ex Hemsl.) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. & SW. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (Sichuan, W. Hubei) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Makino) Ohwi</small> – Japan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(D.Don) Soó</small> – Siberia to Himalaya | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>Soó</small> – China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(L.) X.H.Jin</small> – Poland to Japan and Himalaya | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Ames & Schltr.) S.C.Chen</small> – China (C. & NE. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Rolfe) X.H.Jin</small> – China (Sichuan, NW. Yunnan, NE. Guizhou) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) X.H.Jin</small> – SE. Tibet to China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Inoue) J.M.H.Shaw</small> – N. & C. Japan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (SW. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Blume) X.H.Jin</small> – China to Temp. E. Asia | |||
| *'']'' <small>Rchb.f.</small> – Korea, SC. & S. Japan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) Soó</small> – China (NW. Yunnan, C. Guizhou) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Makino) Nakai</small> – N. Korea, Japan (C. Honshu) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – Japan (W. Honshu. Shikoku) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Makino) X.H.Jin</small> – S. Kuril Is. to Japan (Hokkaido, N. Honshu) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Hayata) Ohwi</small> – Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Rchb.f.) X.H.Jin</small> – Japan (S. Kyushu) to C. Nansei-shoto | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) Soó</small> – C. China | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang & S.C.Chen) X.H.Jin</small> – China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – SE. Tibet to C. China | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang</small> – China (Sichuan: Emei Shan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang</small> – China (NW. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – China (NE. Sichuan, Chongqing) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Av.Bhattacharjee) J.M.H.Shaw</small> – Arunachal Pradesh | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) X.H.Jin</small> – China (NW. & W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(King & Pantl.) Verm.</small> – E. Himalaya | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) S.C.Chen</small> – China (SW. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>Deva & H.B.Naithani</small> – W. Himalaya | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Kraenzl.) X.H.Jin</small> – Himalaya to China (W. Sichuan, NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(K.Y.Lang) S.C.Chen</small> – China (W. Sichuan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – China (W. Sichuan, NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Fukuy.) Ohwi</small> – C. & S. Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Masam.) Ohwi</small> – C. & E. Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Finet) X.H.Jin</small> – China (SW. Sichuan, W. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Seidenf. & Thaithong) X.H.Jin</small> – N. Thailand | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Schltr.) X.H.Jin</small> – SE. Tibet to China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Hayata) H.J.Su & Jr J.Chen</small> – Taiwan | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang</small> – China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(W.H.Chen</small> – China (Yunnan) | |||
| *'']'' <small>(Tang & F.T.Wang) X.H.Jin</small> – SE. Tibet to China (NW. Yunnan) | |||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| <gallery mode=packed heights=170px> | |||
| File:Neottianthe cucullata (flower s3) - cropped.jpg|'']'' | |||
| File:Ponerorchis graminifolia (flower s5).jpg|'']'' | |||
| File:Ponerorchis joo-iokiana (flower).jpg|'']'' | |||
| File:Amitostigma keiskei (35247264586).jpg|'']'' | |||
| File:Amitostigma kinoshitae (35247264396).jpg|'']'' | |||
| File:Amitostigma lepidum1a.jpg|<center>'']'' | |||
| secundiflora]] | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==Distribution== | |||
| ''Ponerorchis'' species are widely distributed in Eurasia, mainly in temperate regions, but extending into northern Indo-China. In Europe, they are found in ] and ]. In temperate Asia, they extend from ] to the ], ], ] and ]. They are also found in the north of the ] (the western ], ], the eastern Himalayas and the ]) and in northern Indochina (], ] and ]). | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist|refs= | |||
| <ref name=BateHollPresLuo03>{{Cite journal |last1=Bateman |first1=Richard M. |last2=Hollingsworth |first2=Peter M. |last3=Preston |first3=Jillian |last4=Luo |first4=Yi-Bo |last5=Pridgeon |first5=Alec M. |last6=Chase |first6=Mark W. |date=2003 |title=Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae) |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=JinJinSchuLi14>{{Citation |last1=Jin |first1=Wei-Tao |last2=Jin |first2=Xiao-Hua |last3=Schuiteman |first3=André |last4=Li |first4=De-Zhu |last5=Xiang |first5=Xiao-Guo |last6=Huang |first6=Wei-Chang |last7=Li |first7=Jian-Wu |last8=Huang |first8=Lu-Qi |date=2014 |title=Molecular systematics of subtribe Orchidinae and Asian taxa of Habenariinae (Orchideae, Orchidaceae) based on plastid matK, rbcL and nuclear ITS |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=77 |pages=41–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.004 |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=WCSP_163253>{{cite web |title=''Ponerorchis''|work=] |publisher=] |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=163253 |accessdate=2018-03-22}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| *Stewart, J. 1994. Ponerorchis. Alpine orchid gems from Japan. ] 1:29–35. | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * {{Commons-inline|Ponerorchis|''Ponerorchis''}} | |||
| * {{Wikispecies-inline|Ponerorchis|''Ponerorchis''}} | |||
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| {{Taxonbar|from=Q2719981}} | |||
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