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⚫ {{Short description|Longest river in New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2019}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2019}}
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| name = Waikato River | name = Waikato River
| image = Waikato_river_750px.jpg | image = Waikato_river_750px.jpg
| image_caption = Waikato River passing through ] | image_caption = The Waikato River passing through ]
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|type=line|plain=yes|zoom=7|frame-align=center|frame-width=270|frame-height=270|stroke-color=#0000ff|stroke-width=2}}
| map = Waikato.png
| map_caption = The Waikato River () | map_caption = Interactive map of the Waikato River
| source1_location = ] | source1_location = ]
| mouth_location = ] | mouth_location = ]
| subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_type1 = Country
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| length = {{convert|425|km|mi}} | length = {{convert|425|km|mi}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0.0|m|ft|0}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0.0|m|ft|0}}
| basin_size = {{convert|13701|km2|abbr=on}} to Mercer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.govt.nz/Environmental-information/ |title=Environment |publisher=Environment Waikato |accessdate= 2010-05-28 }}</ref> | basin_size = {{convert|13701|km2|abbr=on}} to Mercer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.govt.nz/Environmental-information/ |title=Environment |publisher=Environment Waikato |access-date= 2010-05-28 }}</ref>
|discharge1_avg={{Convert|327|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref></ref>}}
}}


The '''Waikato River''' is the longest river in New Zealand, running for {{convert|425|km|mi}} through the ]. It rises in the eastern slopes of ], joining the ] system and flowing through ], New Zealand's largest lake. It then drains Taupo at the lake's northeastern edge, creates the ], and flows northwest through the ]. It empties into the ] south of ], at ]. It gives its name to the ] region that surrounds the Waikato Plains. The present course of the river was largely formed about 17,000 years ago. Contributing factors were climate warming, forest being reestablished in the river headwaters and the deepening, rather than widening, of the existing river channel. The channel was gradually eroded as far up river as ], leaving the old Hinuera channel through the ] high and dry.<ref>The Wandering River . Landforms and geological history of the Hamilton Basin. P 36-37. John McCaw. Geoscience Society of NZ Handbook No 16. 2011. Graphic Press . Levin. NZ.</ref> The remains of the old river path can be clearly seen at ] where the cliffs mark the ancient river edges. The river's main tributary is the ], which has its confluence with the Waikato at ]. The '''Waikato River''' is the longest river in New Zealand, running for {{convert|425|km|mi}} through the ]. It rises on the eastern slopes of ], joining the ] system and flowing through ], New Zealand's largest lake. It then drains Taupō at the lake's northeastern edge, creates the ], and flows northwest through the ]. It empties into the ] south of ], at ]. It gives its name to the ] region that surrounds the Waikato Plains. The present course of the river was largely formed about 17,000 years ago. Contributing factors were climate warming, forest being reestablished in the river headwaters and the deepening, rather than widening, of the existing river channel. The channel was gradually eroded as far up river as ], leaving the old Hinuera channel through the ] high and dry.<ref>McCraw, John (2011). ''The Wandering River: Landforms and Geological History of the Hamilton Basin''. Guidebook no. 16. Geoscience Society of New Zealand. pp. 36–37.</ref> The remains of the old course are seen clearly at ], where the cliffs mark the ancient river edges. The Waikato's main tributary is the ], which converges with it at ].


The name ''Waikato'' comes from the ] and translates as ''flowing water''.<ref name=1966Encyc>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/waikato-river/1 |title=Waikato River |encyclopedia=]|year=1966}}</ref> The Waikato River has ] meaning for various local ] ]s, including the large ], who regard it as a source of their ], or pride. The widely respected ] of ] is close to its banks at Ngāruawāhia. The name ''Waikato'' comes from the ] and translates as ''flowing water''.<ref name=1966Encyc>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/waikato-river/1 |title=Waikato River |encyclopedia=]|year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Waikato: A History of New Zealand's Greatest River|publisher=]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/103425883/the-waikato-a-history-of-new-zealands-greatest-river}}</ref> The Waikato River has ] meaning for various local ] ]s, including the large ], who regard it as a source of their ], or pride. The widely respected ] of ] is close to its banks at Ngāruawāhia.


For many years Tainui tribe have sought to re-establish their links to the river after the ] (see ]) and the subsequent confiscations of the 1860s, and are continuing negotiations with the ]. The Tainui iwi was advised not to bring a case for the river before the ] as they would not win. An out of court settlement was arranged and the deed of settlement signed by the Crown and Waikato-Tainui in August 2008 settled the ] claim to the Waikato River, although other claims for land blocks and harbours are still outstanding. Waikato-Tainui now have joint management of the river with the ]. For many years the Tainui tribe have sought to re-establish their links to the river after the ] (see ]) and the subsequent confiscations of the 1860s, and are continuing negotiations with the ]. The Tainui iwi was advised not to bring a case for the river before the ] as they would not win. An out-of-court settlement was arranged and the deed of settlement signed by the Crown and Waikato-Tainui in August 2008 settled the ] claim to the Waikato River, although other claims for land blocks and harbours are still outstanding. Waikato-Tainui now have joint management of the river with ].


==Origin== ==Origin==
The ancestral Waikato River flowed from an ancient lake (Lake Huka) in the centre of the North Island through deep gorges of welded ] and ], northward through the Hinuera Valley and Hauraki Basin into the Thames Estuary. It is possible that the river flowed through the Waikato Basin about a million years ago before returning to its Hinuera course. After the huge ] 27,000 years ago ignimbrite was showered all over the North Island to a thickness of {{convert|200|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite journal| url=| title=The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview| first=C J N| last=Wilson| journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research| volume=112| date=December 2001| pages=113–174| issue=1| doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6}}</ref> A new lake was formed - ]. The water built up until a new outlet was forced {{convert|120|m|ft}} above the present level near Waihora Bay. Over the next few thousand years the bed of the river was raised by large amounts of eruption debris. Then the original blocked entry suddenly gave way; the lake level fell {{convert|75|m|ft}} as about {{convert|80|km3|mi3}} of water and debris poured out in a catastrophic breakthrough flood causing the river to change course near ]. The ] and ] are evidence of the river's former course. The water level dropped quickly and the river stayed in this new course through the Maungatautari gorge and Hamilton Basin. Deposits show that the Waikato River was already in the Waikato Basin 21,800 years ago.<ref>The Wandering River. John McCaw. Geoscience Society of NZ.p19. Graphic Print and Packaging. Levin. 2011.</ref> The ancestral Waikato River flowed from an ancient lake (Lake Huka) in the centre of the North Island through deep gorges of welded ] and ], northward through the Hinuera Valley and Hauraki Basin into the Thames Estuary. It is possible that the river flowed through the Waikato Basin about a million years ago before returning to its Hinuera course. After the huge ] 27,000 years ago ignimbrite was showered all over the North Island to a thickness of {{convert|200|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite journal| title=The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview| first=C J N| last=Wilson| journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research| volume=112| date=December 2001| pages=113–174| issue=1| doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6| bibcode=2001JVGR..112..133W}}</ref> A new lake was formed – ]. The water accumulated until a new outlet was forced {{convert|120|m|ft}} above the present lake level, near Waihora Bay. Over the next few thousand years the bed of the river was raised by large amounts of eruption debris. Then the original, blocked outlet suddenly gave way; the lake level fell {{convert|75|m|ft}} as about {{convert|80|km3|mi3}} of water and debris poured out in a catastrophic breakthrough flood causing the river to change course near ]. The ] and ] are evidence of the river's former course. The water level dropped quickly and the river stayed in this new course through the Maungatautari gorge and Hamilton Basin. Deposits show that the Waikato River was already in the Waikato Basin 21,800 years ago.<ref>McCraw, John (2011). ''The Wandering River: Landforms and Geological History of the Hamilton Basin''. Guidebook no. 16. Geoscience Society of New Zealand. p. 19.</ref>


==Course== ==Course==
] in ]]] ] canyon at ]]]
], the ] of the River]] ] at ]]]


The river starts in the form of many small streams on the eastern slopes of ]. The Mangatoetoenui Glacier (once also called the Waikato Glacier) is one of the principal sources.<ref name=S_Miles1>{{cite book|title=The River: The Story of the Waikato |last=Miles |first=Sue |isbn=978-0-86863-418-0|year=1984|page=1|publisher=Heinemann|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1cPiAAAAMAAJ&dq=isbn%3A0868634182&q=Mangatoetoenui|others=Photographs by ]}}</ref> The southernmost tributary is called the Upper Waikato Stream. The ] joins the Waikato from the ] to the west. From the point where the river meets the Waihohonu Stream, down to ], it has been formally named the ] since 1945.<ref name=S_Miles1/> The river starts in the form of many small streams on the eastern slopes of ]. The Mangatoetoenui Glacier (once also called the Waikato Glacier) is one of the principal sources.<ref name=S_Miles1>{{cite book|title=The River: The Story of the Waikato |last=Miles |first=Sue |isbn=978-0-86863-418-0|year=1984|page=1|publisher=Heinemann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cPiAAAAMAAJ&q=Mangatoetoenui|others=Photographs by ]}}</ref> The southernmost tributary is called the Upper Waikato Stream. The ] joins the Waikato from the ] to the west. From the point where the river meets the Waihohonu Stream, down to ], it has been formally named the ] since 1945.<ref name=S_Miles1/>


The Poutu Stream joins from ] to the east, as a tributary of the Tongariro,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz54040/Poutu-Stream/Waikato|title=Poutu Stream, Waikato – NZ Topo Map|website=NZ Topo Map|language=en|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> which flows northward, with ] in parallel, through the town of ], and into the southern side of Lake Taupo.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reed New Zealand Atlas |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7900-0952-0 |author=Peter Dowling (editor) |publisher=] |pages=map 38}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-877333-20-0 |author=Roger Smith, GeographX |publisher=Robbie Burton |pages=map 89}}</ref> Extensive engineering of lakes, tunnels and canals are used to generate hydroelectric power in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.genesisenergy.co.nz/genesis/index.cfm?125A7AB6-16C3-D74B-FDE0-BA48691C950B |title=Tongariro Power Scheme |publisher=] |accessdate=2009-10-19}}</ref> The Poutu Stream joins from ] to the east, as a tributary of the Tongariro,<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz54040/Poutu-Stream/Waikato |title=Poutu Stream, Waikato – NZ Topo Map|website=NZ Topo Map|language=en|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> which flows northward, with ] in parallel, through the town of ], and into the southern side of Lake Taupō.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reed New Zealand Atlas |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7900-0952-0 |editor=Peter Dowling |publisher=] |pages=map 38 |no-pp=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-877333-20-0 |author=Roger Smith, GeographX |publisher=Robbie Burton |pages=map 89 |no-pp=yes}}</ref> Extensive engineering of lakes, tunnels and canals are used to generate hydroelectric power in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.genesisenergy.co.nz/genesis/index.cfm?125A7AB6-16C3-D74B-FDE0-BA48691C950B |title=Tongariro Power Scheme |publisher=] |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref>


The Waikato River flows out of Lake Taupo at the town of ] in Tapuaeharuru Bay at the northeast end of the lake. It flows northeast past the town, alongside State Highway 1, to the ]. ] runs more or less parallel to the river as it flows further northeast. About {{convert|40|km|mi}} from the lake, the river flows west and into the southern end of ]. It exits from the northwest end of that lake and flows west through the small ] and into the long east–west oriented ], with ] following its course. It passes northwest through ] and Lake Waipapa, where it is joined by the ], then north through ] and into ]. Pokaiwhenua Stream joins the river in Lake Karapiro.<ref>Reed New Zealand Atlas, 2004, maps 28–29, 19</ref><ref>The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand, 2005, maps 78, 66–68, 56</ref> Nine hydroelectric power stations at eight dams extract energy from the river between Taupo and Karapiro. All the lakes in this stretch of the river (apart from Lake Taupo) are artificial.<ref>Miles, 1984, p 62</ref> The Waikato River flows out of Lake Taupō at the town of ] in Tapuaeharuru Bay at the northeast end of the lake. It flows northeast past the town, alongside State Highway 1, to the ]. ] runs more or less parallel to the river as it flows further northeast. About {{convert|40|km|mi}} from the lake, the river flows west and into the southern end of ]. It exits from the northwest end of that lake and flows west through the small ] and into the long east–west oriented ], with ] following its course. It passes northwest through ] and Lake Waipapa, where it is joined by the ], then north through ] and into ]. Pokaiwhenua Stream joins the river in Lake Karapiro.<ref>Reed New Zealand Atlas, 2004, maps 28–29, 19</ref><ref>The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand, 2005, maps 78, 66–68, 56</ref> Nine hydroelectric power stations at eight dams extract energy from the river between Taupō and Karapiro. All the lakes in this stretch of the river (apart from Lake Taupō) are artificial.<ref>Miles, 1984, p 62</ref>


The river leaves the ] at Karapiro, where it emerges from the Maungatautari Gorge, and flows northwest into the Waikato Basin, flowing through the towns of ], ], and ].<ref>Miles, 1984, p 66, 69 & unpaginated intro.</ref> It is joined by its largest tributary, the ], at Ngāruawāhia. It then flows north through the ]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/geology-land-districts-of-new-zealand/2 |title=South Auckland Land District |encyclopedia=]}}</ref> to enter the lower Waikato region.<ref name=1966Encyc/> Further north is ] and then ], where the ] and ] Rivers join it. From Mercer, where the ] joins it, the Waikato flows west and southwest. Just before its mouth at ], the Araroa River joins from the north.<ref>Reed New Zealand Atlas, 2004, maps 14, 18–19</ref> Numerous small islands lie in the long, thin delta of the river as it passes through low-lying swampy land between Meremere and the coast, the largest of which is ]. The river leaves the ] at Karapiro, where it emerges from the Maungatautari Gorge, and flows northwest into the Waikato Basin, flowing through the towns of ], ], and ].<ref>Miles, 1984, p 66, 69 & unpaginated intro.</ref> It is joined by its largest tributary, the ], at Ngāruawāhia. It then flows north through the ]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/geology-land-districts-of-new-zealand/2 |title=South Auckland Land District |encyclopedia=]}}</ref> to enter the lower Waikato region.<ref name=1966Encyc/> Further north is ] and then ], where the ] and ] Rivers join it. From Mercer, where the ] joins it, the Waikato flows west and southwest. Just before its mouth at ], the Araroa River joins from the north.<ref>Reed New Zealand Atlas, 2004, maps 14, 18–19</ref> Numerous small islands lie in the long, thin delta of the river as it passes through low-lying swampy land between Meremere and the coast, the largest of which is ].


There are also over 40 islands between Ngāruawāhia and Tuakau,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz514/Manutahi-Island/Waikato|title=Manutahi Island, Waikato|last=|first=|date=|website=NZ Topo Map|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref> depending on the level of the river. Maurea Islands, just south of Rangiriri were subject to a restoration trial to test comparative weed treatments, the main weeds being ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waikatoriver.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Final-Maurea-report-FINAL.pdf|title=Restoration of Maurea Island, Waikato River: Year 2 and final report WRA12-054 and WCEET 2013–19|last=|first=|date=June 2015|website=NIWA|publisher=Waikato River Authority|access-date=}}</ref> There are also over 40 islands between Ngāruawāhia and Tuakau,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz514/Manutahi-Island/Waikato|title=Manutahi Island, Waikato|website=NZ Topo Map|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref> depending on the level of the river. Maurea Islands, just south of Rangiriri were subject to a restoration trial to test comparative weed treatments, the main weeds being ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waikatoriver.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Final-Maurea-report-FINAL.pdf|title=Restoration of Maurea Island, Waikato River: Year 2 and final report WRA12-054 and WCEET 2013–19|date=June 2015|website=NIWA|publisher=Waikato River Authority}}</ref>


In prehistoric times, the Waikato's course has occasionally shifted to flow north through the ] into the ] and from there into the ]. The most recent occasion this is known to have occurred ended some 20,000 years ago, although it is possible that it also flowed north more recently, until about 1800 years ago. A remnant of this former course can be seen as a spur on ] to the south of the settlement of ].<ref></ref> The river's current course is largely the result of the massive ] of 180 AD.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.waikatoexplorer.co.nz/waikato-region| title=Waikato River| work=Waikato explorer| accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> In prehistoric times, the Waikato's course has occasionally shifted to flow north through the ] into the ] and from there into the ]. The most recent occasion this is known to have occurred ended some 20,000 years ago, although it is possible that it also flowed north more recently, until about 1800 years ago. A remnant of this former course can be seen as a spur on ] to the south of the settlement of ].<ref></ref> The river's current course is largely the result of the massive ] of the ] in 180 AD.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.waikatoexplorer.co.nz/waikato-region| title=Waikato River| work=Waikato explorer| access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>


The mean discharge of the Waikato River is {{convert|340|m3/s|cuft/s}}, with the highest flows typically occurring in July and August. Specific mean annual floods are low (60–70 L s-1&nbsp;km-2), and the frequency of events with greater than 3 times the median flow is 0.4 events / year, due to flow regulation and groundwater storage in pumice.<ref>Duncan, M.; Woods, R. (2004). Flow regimes. In: Harding, J.S.; Mosley, M.P.; Pearson, The mean discharge of the Waikato River is {{convert|340|m3/s|cuft/s}}, with the highest flows typically occurring in July and August. Specific mean annual floods are low (60–70 L s-1&nbsp;km-2), and the frequency of events with greater than 3 times the median flow is 0.4 events / year, due to flow regulation and groundwater storage in pumice.<ref>Duncan, M.; Woods, R. (2004). Flow regimes. In: Harding, J.S.; Mosley, M.P.; Pearson,
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==Human use== ==Human use==
As well as being a water and recreation resource, the river was historically a critical communications and transport link for the communities along it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19180315.2.40&srpos=1326&zto=1|title=National Highway.|date=1918-03-15|work=] |pages=6|access-date=2016-06-06}}</ref> It took about 3 days to paddle a ] from Waiuku to the Cambridge/Te Awamutu area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-CowOldF-t1-body1-d4.html|title=Chapter IV — The Golden Age Before the War. {{!}} NZETC|website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz|access-date=2017-04-24}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and Port Waikato are on or close to it. The Waikato River in Hamilton is frequently used by rowers, kayakers and powered pleasure craft. Water-skiers and jet skis have zones outside the city limits where they can be used. As well as being a water and recreation resource, the river was historically a critical communications and transport link for the communities along it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19180315.2.40&srpos=1326&zto=1|title=National Highway.|date=1918-03-15|work=] |pages=6|access-date=2016-06-06}}</ref> It took about 3 days to paddle a ] from Waiuku to the Cambridge/Te Awamutu area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-CowOldF-t1-body1-d4.html|title=Chapter IV — The Golden Age Before the War. {{!}} NZETC|website=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz|access-date=2017-04-24}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and Port Waikato are on or close to it. The Waikato River in Hamilton is frequently used by rowers, kayakers and powered pleasure craft. Water-skiers and jet skis have zones outside the city limits where they can be used.


The river was of military importance in the land wars between New Zealand settler and ] forces during 1863–64 and significant battles were fought. Three shallow draft gunboats were designed in New Zealand and built in Sydney in kitset form. In addition locally sourced barges were rebuilt with steel plating to carry troops and supplies. In support of these invasions, New Zealand developed its first "navy", the ], run by an Australian Francis Cadell who was presented with a gold watch and diamonds by the New Zealand government in recognition of his service. A cemetery containing the graves of the British military dead can be found at ] opposite the hotel, shops and cafe. The river was of military importance in the land wars between New Zealand settler and ] forces during 1863–64 and significant battles were fought. Three shallow draft gunboats were designed in New Zealand and built in Sydney in kitset form; the hulk of the ] is preserved at ].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Breckon|first1=Arthur Ninnis |title=The Rangiriri paddle steamer|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/27306/the-rangiriri-paddle-steamer |access-date=2017-12-27|website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |language=en}}</ref> In addition locally sourced barges were rebuilt with steel plating to carry troops and supplies. In support of these invasions, New Zealand developed its first "navy", the ], run by an Australian Francis Cadell who was presented with a gold watch and diamonds by the New Zealand government in recognition of his service. A cemetery containing the graves of the British military dead can be found at ] opposite the hotel, shops and cafe.


===Electricity generation=== ===Electricity generation===
{{See also|Electricity sector in New Zealand}} {{See also|Electricity sector in New Zealand}}
] midway between Taupo, Rotorua and Hamilton]] ], midway between Taupō, Rotorua and Hamilton]]
] is cooled by the Waikato River]] ] uses water from the Waikato River for cooling]]
The Waikato's first ] ] was the ], now located under the Horahora bridge deep beneath the surface of ]. Horahora was built to supply electricity for the Martha gold mines at ].<ref name="NZHA88">''New Zealand Historical Atlas'' – McKinnon, Malcolm (Editor); ], 1997, Plate 88</ref> The Waikato's first ] ] was the ], now located under the Horahora bridge deep beneath the surface of ]. Horahora was built to supply electricity for the Martha gold mines at ].<ref name="NZHA88">McKinnon, Malcolm, ed. (1997). ''Bateman New Zealand Historical Atlas''. David Bateman. plate 88.</ref>


The river has a series of eight dams and nine hydro-electric power stations that generate electricity for the national grid. These were constructed between 1929 and 1971 to meet growing demand for electricity. The river has a series of eight dams and nine hydro-electric power stations that generate electricity for the national grid. These were constructed between 1929 and 1971 to meet growing demand for electricity.


The power scheme begins at Lake Taupo, which has control gates to regulate the flow of water into the river. Once released through the gates it takes over 18 hours for the water to flow to the last power station at Karapiro.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mightyriverpower.co.nz/Generation/AboutUs/HydroStations/Taupo/ |title=Mighty River Power Generation: About Us: Taupo |publisher=Mighty River Power |accessdate=2010-05-27 }}</ref> On its journey downstream it passes through power stations at ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The power scheme begins at Lake Taupō, which has control gates to regulate the flow of water into the river. Once released through the gates it takes over 18 hours for the water to flow to the last power station at Karapiro.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mightyriverpower.co.nz/Generation/AboutUs/HydroStations/Taupo/ |title=Mighty River Power Generation: About Us: Taupo |publisher=Mighty River Power |access-date=2010-05-27 }}</ref> On its journey downstream it passes through power stations at ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].


Approximately 4000 ] (GWh) of electricity is generated annually by the scheme, which is around 13% of New Zealand's total electrical generating capacity.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Approximately 4000 ] (GWh) of electricity is generated annually by the scheme, which is around 13% of New Zealand's total electrical generating capacity.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}


The river also provides cooling water for the ]/] fired ] at ]. The power station uses river water as a cooling medium for the old steam units, which means that large quantities of warm water is returned to the river. To limit environmental impacts, conditions are imposed by its ], specifying the quantity of water that can be removed by the station along with the maximum temperature of the water when returned to the river, {{convert|25|C|F}}. These conditions mean that output of the older steam units can be restricted, especially on very hot summer days. In 2006, a ] was installed. This allows one 250 MW unit to run at full load even during such times.<ref>{{citation | url=https://www.genesisenergy.co.nz/documents/10180/14574/Huntly+Environmental+Report+2014+1.pdf| title=2013–2014 Huntly Power Station Environmental Report| date=24 November 2014| publisher=Genesis Energy}}</ref>]]] The river also provides cooling water for the ]/] fired ] at ]. The power station uses river water as a cooling medium for the old steam units, which means that large quantities of warm water is returned to the river. To limit environmental impacts, conditions are imposed by its ], specifying the quantity of water that can be removed by the station along with the maximum temperature of the water when returned to the river, {{convert|25|C|F}}. These conditions mean that output of the older steam units can be restricted, especially on very hot summer days. In 2006, a ] was installed. This allows one 250 MW unit to run at full load even during such times.<ref>{{citation | url=https://www.genesisenergy.co.nz/documents/10180/14574/Huntly+Environmental+Report+2014+1.pdf| title=2013–2014 Huntly Power Station Environmental Report| date=24 November 2014| publisher=Genesis Energy}}</ref>]]]

=== Drinking water ===

After widescale droughts in 1994, the use of the Waikato River to supply drinking water for ] was first considered.<ref name="EvolvingAuckland2.1">{{Cite book| editor-first=John| editor-last=La Roche |title=Evolving Auckland: The City's Engineering Heritage |year=2011 |publisher=Wily Publications |chapter=Auckland's Water Supply |first1=John |last1=La Roche |author-link1=John La Roche |pages=27–50 |isbn=9781927167038}}</ref> In July 2002, a water treatment plant was opened at ],<ref>{{cite web |title=3 July 2002 |at=MJ_6829 |work=Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau | publisher=Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/7337/ |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref> which was expanded in 2021 after major droughts in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=New water treatment plant near Tuakau about to go live |publisher=Watercare |url=https://www.watercare.co.nz/About-us/News-media/New-water-treatment-plant-near-Tuakau-about-to-go |date=14 July 2021 |access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>


=== Recreation === === Recreation ===
The lower Waikato is popular amongst ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fishandgame.org.nz/auckland/game-bird-hunting-in-new-zealand/hunting-locations-and-access/|title=Hunting Locations|website=Fish & Game|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> The lower Waikato is popular for ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fishandgame.org.nz/auckland/game-bird-hunting-in-new-zealand/hunting-locations-and-access/|title=Hunting Locations|website=Fish & Game|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>


==== Boating ==== ==== Boating ====
The Waikato is renowned among ] enthusiasts, specifically for the Full James rapid located north of Taupo. The Full James was the site of the 1999 World Whitewater Championships, as well as the pre-World event the year before.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/battling-the-white-dragon/|title=Battling the white dragon|work=New Zealand Geographic|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-NZ}}</ref> The Waikato is renowned among ] enthusiasts, specifically for the Full James rapid located north of Taupō. The Full James was the site of the 1999 World Whitewater Championships, as well as the pre-World event the year before.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/battling-the-white-dragon/|title=Battling the white dragon|work=New Zealand Geographic|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-NZ}}</ref>


] (an artificial lake) is regarded as one of New Zealand's best ] venues. The ] in 1978 and ], and the ] were hosted at Karapiro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/rowing|title=Rowing|last=|first=|date=|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> ] (an artificial lake) is regarded as one of New Zealand's best ] venues. The ] in 1978 and ], and the ] were hosted at Karapiro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/keyword/rowing|title=Rowing|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>


The section of the river that flows through Hamilton has the most diverse river traffic with many schools and clubs using rowing skiffs. Rowing races are also held on the river. Jet skis are confined to the city margins because of their noise. Power boats regularly use the river, including manufacturers and boating shops testing and demonstrating boats, especially in summer. In addition there are numerous kayaks and a few waka. The section of the river that flows through Hamilton has the most diverse river traffic with many schools and clubs using rowing skiffs. Rowing races are also held on the river. Jet skis are confined to the city margins because of their noise. Power boats regularly use the river, including manufacturers and boating shops testing and demonstrating boats, especially in summer. In addition there are numerous kayaks and a few waka.


There are council boat ramps, run by ], Hamilton City, ] and ], at ] Rd; Hoods Landing Rd, Otaua; Elbow Rd, Aka aka; River Rd, ]; Riverbank Rd, ]; Churchill East Rd, ]; Ohinewai Landing Rd; Boatie Reserve SH1, Parry St and Riverview Rd, ]; SH1 ]; Waikato Esplanade, ];<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://wdcsitefinity.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-storage/docs/default-source/meetings/Agendas-2018/agenda-february-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=8740bfc9_0|title=Agenda for a meeting of the Raglan Community Board|last=|first=|date=13 Feb 2018|website=|page=69|access-date=}}</ref> Farm and Braithwaite Parks, ]; Swarbricks Landing, Hamilton Pde, Pine Beach, Ferrybank, ], Roose Commerce Park, ], ];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/AgendasAndMinutes/Council%20Agenda%20-%2013%20November%202012.pdf|title=Council open agenda|last=|first=|date=13 Nov 2012|website=Hamilton City Council|page=66|access-date=}}</ref> Narrows Lane, ];<ref name=":0" /> ] (6 ramps); ] (4); ];<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/PageFiles/20190-maritime-services/Nav-Safety-2013-bylaw-web.pdf|title=Navigation Safety Bylaw|last=|first=|date=2013|website=Waikato Regional Council|access-date=}}</ref> ] (3);<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southwaikato.govt.nz/our-council/strategies-plans-policies-bylaws/plans/reserve-management-plans/Pages/Rural-Reserves-Management-Plan.aspx|title=Rural Reserves Management Plan – South Waikato District Council|website=www.southwaikato.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> ]<ref name=":1" /> and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.taupodc.govt.nz/our-services/Leisure-and-Recreation/parks-and-reserves/Pages/parks-and-reserves.aspx|title=Parks and Reserves – Taupo District Council|website=www.taupodc.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> There are council boat ramps, run by ], Hamilton City, ] and ], at ] Rd; Hoods Landing Rd, Otaua; Elbow Rd, Aka aka; River Rd, ]; Riverbank Rd, ]; Churchill East Rd, ]; Ohinewai Landing Rd; Boatie Reserve SH1, Parry St and Riverview Rd, ]; SH1 ]; Waikato Esplanade, ];<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://wdcsitefinity.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-storage/docs/default-source/meetings/Agendas-2018/agenda-february-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=8740bfc9_0|title=Agenda for a meeting of the Raglan Community Board|date=13 Feb 2018|page=69}}</ref> Farm and Braithwaite Parks, ]; Swarbricks Landing, Hamilton Pde, Pine Beach, Ferrybank, ], Roose Commerce Park, ], ];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/AgendasAndMinutes/Council%20Agenda%20-%2013%20November%202012.pdf|title=Council open agenda|date=13 Nov 2012|website=Hamilton City Council|page=66}}</ref> Narrows Lane, ];<ref name=":0" /> ] (6 ramps); ] (4); ];<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/PageFiles/20190-maritime-services/Nav-Safety-2013-bylaw-web.pdf|title=Navigation Safety Bylaw|date=2013|website=Waikato Regional Council}}</ref> ] (3);<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southwaikato.govt.nz/our-council/strategies-plans-policies-bylaws/plans/reserve-management-plans/Pages/Rural-Reserves-Management-Plan.aspx|title=Rural Reserves Management Plan – South Waikato District Council|website=www.southwaikato.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref> ]<ref name=":1" /> and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.taupodc.govt.nz/our-services/Leisure-and-Recreation/parks-and-reserves/Pages/parks-and-reserves.aspx|title=Parks and Reserves – Taupo District Council|website=www.taupodc.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref>
] ]


==== Public cruises ==== ==== Public cruises ====
A ] service along part of its length was for years conducted by ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/alt_essayBody.asp?essayID=4R27 |title=Roose, Caesar 1886 – 1967 |work=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography| publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage |accessdate=2010-11-27 }}</ref> several of whose descendants still live beside it. He brought the 1894<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH18940917.2.11|title=Our River Tourist Traffic.|date=1894-09-17|work=]|access-date=2018-02-19|pages=2}}</ref> 400-passenger steamer, Manuwai, from the ] in 1920.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19200615.2.21|title=Waikato Tourist Steamer|date=1920-06-15|work=Waikato Times|access-date=2018-02-19|pages=5}}</ref> In 1924 a Cambridge to Port Waikato excursion was being run 2 or 3 times a year, taking 12 to 14 hours downstream and a few hours longer upstream.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19250219.2.134| title=Scenic River Trip| work=]| volume=LXII| issue=18947| date=19 February 1925| page=9}}</ref> Manuwai sank at her moorings in 1938, but was taken to Mercer for repair in 1939,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390112.2.59|title=Craft Refloated|date=1939|work=New Zealand Herald|access-date=2018-02-19|pages=10}}</ref> where she was converted to a barge.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/waikato-the-royal-river/|title=Waikato – the royal river|work=New Zealand Geographic|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-NZ}}</ref> Several of the old steamers remain under, or beside the river,<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19320401.2.142| title=Waikato's Steamers – Relics of the past| work=]| date=1 April 1932| accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> including the Manuwai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/23180685|title=Bates, Arthur P :Photograph of the wreck of the 'Manuwai'|last=|first=|date=1985-01-01|website=natlib.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> Rawhiti (built 1925)<ref>{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19251031.2.76|title=WAIKATO RIVER BOAT. (New Zealand Herald, 1925-10-31)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|access-date=2016-10-24}}</ref> and Freetrader on the west bank just south of Mercer.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://nzshipmarine.com/nodes/view/46|title=Waikato River Commercial Shipping|website=New Zealand Ship and Marine Society|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref> A ] service along part of its length was for years conducted by ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/alt_essayBody.asp?essayID=4R27 |title=Roose, Caesar |work=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography| publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage |access-date=2010-11-27 }}</ref> several of whose descendants still live beside it. He brought the 1894<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH18940917.2.11|title=Our River Tourist Traffic.|date=1894-09-17|work=] |access-date=2018-02-19|pages=2}}</ref> 400-passenger steamer ''Manuwai'' from the ] in 1920.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19200615.2.21 |title=Waikato Tourist Steamer|date=1920-06-15|work=Waikato Times|access-date=2018-02-19 |page=5}}</ref> In 1924 a Cambridge to Port Waikato excursion was being run 2 or 3 times a year, taking 12 to 14 hours downstream and a few hours longer upstream;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19250219.2.134| title=Scenic River Trip| work=]| volume=LXII| issue=18947| date=19 February 1925| page=9}}</ref> for example steamers in 1939 took about 90 minutes from Ngāruawāhia to Hamilton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 1939 |title=Such things were. Waikato Independent |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIKIN19390530.2.5 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}</ref> ''Manuwai'' sank at her moorings in 1938, but was taken to Mercer for repair in 1939,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19390112.2.59|title=Craft Refloated|date=1939|work= ]|access-date=2018-02-19|pages=10}}</ref> where she was converted to a barge.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/waikato-the-royal-river/ |title=Waikato – the royal river|work=New Zealand Geographic|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en-NZ}}</ref> Several of the old steamers remain under, or beside the river,<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19320401.2.142 |title=Waikato's Steamers – Relics of the past| work=]| date=1 April 1932| access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> including the ''Manuwai'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/23180685 |title=Bates, Arthur P :Photograph of the wreck of the 'Manuwai'|date=1985-01-01 |website=natlib.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> ''Rawhiti'' (built 1925)<ref>{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19251031.2.76 |title=Waikato River boat |newspaper=New Zealand Herald |date=1925-10-31 |via=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |access-date=2016-10-24}}</ref> and ''Freetrader'' on the west bank just south of Mercer.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://nzshipmarine.com/nodes/view/46|title=Waikato River Commercial Shipping|website=New Zealand Ship and Marine Society|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2018|title=Waikato River |url= https://www.google.com/maps/@-37.2873064,175.0521951,3a,15y,237.72h,90.34t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sBNzSsRvypAZEu4wG4Iti5Q!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 |access-date=2021-06-12|website=Google Maps|language=en-AU}}</ref> A 1928 article listed 14 boats that had provided river services.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 Feb 1928|title=Early Hamilton |newspaper=New Zealand Herald |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19280204.2.180.3 |access-date=2021-06-13|via=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}</ref> To improve navigation, rocks in the Narrows<ref>{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19180316.2.17 |title=Wondrous Waikato |newspaper=Waikato Times |date=1918-03-16 |via=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref> at ] were removed in 1919.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19190710.2.60 |title=Waikato River league |newspaper=Waikato Times |date=1919-07-10 |via=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref>
]

⚫ Public cruises operate from ] to ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hukafallscruise.co.nz/huka-falls-river-cruise.html|title=Huka Falls Taupo {{!}} River Cruise Information|website=www.hukafallscruise.co.nz|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> across the river to ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orakeikorako.co.nz/|title=Orakei Korako Geothermal Attraction|website=www.orakeikorako.co.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> from ] to ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://waikatoexplorer.co.nz/90min-scenic-cruise-from-hamilton-gardens?slseacat=520|title=Waikato River Cruise {{!}} Hamilton Gardens|website=waikatoexplorer.co.nz|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> and, since 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/2584419/Last-of-the-Waikato-river-boats|title=Last of the Waikato river boats|website=Stuff|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> from ] to ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://houseboatholidays.co.nz/bottom-menu/overnight-cruises|title=Houseboat Holidays :: Overnight cruises|website=houseboatholidays.co.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>
To improve navigation, rocks in the Narrows<ref>{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19180316.2.17|title=WONDROUS WAIKATO (Waikato Times, 1918-03-16)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref> at ] were removed in 1919.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19190710.2.60 |title=WAIKATO RIVER LEAGUE (Waikato Times, 1919-07-10)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref>]


On 19 July 2021 a ferry service began on the river in Hamilton,<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=First Waikato River ferry commuters will enjoy a free ride into the city|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/waikato-news/news/first-waikato-river-ferry-commuters-will-enjoy-a-free-ride-into-the-city/7JSAQT7UR4O2B6KYQ4WV5OVT74/ |access-date=2021-07-31|website=] |language=en-NZ}}</ref> linking ] and ] with the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=Shuttle timetable |url=https://www.waikatoexplorer.co.nz/PicsHotel/WaikatoRiverExplorer/Brochure/2021/Shuttle%20timetable%20-%20v2.pdf |website=Waikato River Explorer}}</ref> Services ended with liquidation of the company in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Stephen |date=2022-12-07 |title=Waikato River ferries firm in liquidation, after city's $1.6m jetty upgrade |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/300758816/waikato-river-ferries-firm-in-liquidation-after-citys-16m-jetty-upgrade |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref>
⚫ Public cruises operate from ] to ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hukafallscruise.co.nz/huka-falls-river-cruise.html|title=Huka Falls Taupo {{!}} River Cruise Information|last=|first=|date=|website=www.hukafallscruise.co.nz|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> across the river to ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orakeikorako.co.nz/|title=Orakei Korako Geothermal Attraction|website=www.orakeikorako.co.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> from ] to ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://waikatoexplorer.co.nz/90min-scenic-cruise-from-hamilton-gardens?slseacat=520|title=Waikato River Cruise {{!}} Hamilton Gardens|last=|first=|date=|website=waikatoexplorer.co.nz|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> and, since 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/2584419/Last-of-the-Waikato-river-boats|title=Last of the Waikato river boats|website=Stuff|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> from ] to ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://houseboatholidays.co.nz/bottom-menu/overnight-cruises|title=Houseboat Holidays :: Overnight cruises|website=houseboatholidays.co.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>


==== Cycle and walk trails ==== ==== Cycle and walk trails ====
Three trails follow parts of the river. Three trails follow parts of the river.


Boosted by ] funding, the ''']''', a {{convert|100|km|mi|adj=on}} series of connected river cycling trails in the South Waikato.<ref name="SOD">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10608394 |title=PM turns first sod on cycleway project |date=10 November 2009 |agency=] |work=] |accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref> The River Trail has five sections, open to both walkers or bikes, between Lake Karapiro and Aratiatia. It opened in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/5900415/Time-to-pedal-new-Waikato-tourist-attraction|title=Time to pedal new Waikato tourist attraction|website=Stuff|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> Boosted by ] funding, the ''']''', a {{convert|100|km|mi|adj=on}} series of connected river cycling trails in the South Waikato.<ref name="SOD">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10608394 |title=PM turns first sod on cycleway project |date=10 November 2009 |agency=] |work=] |access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> The River Trail has five sections, open to both walkers or bikes, between Lake Karapiro and Aratiatia. It opened in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/5900415/Time-to-pedal-new-Waikato-tourist-attraction|title=Time to pedal new Waikato tourist attraction|website=Stuff|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>


'''Te Awa River Ride''' follows over {{convert|50|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} of the river from Horahora, near the end of the Waikato River Trails, via Cambridge and Hamilton to Ngāruawāhia. Completion was planned for 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.te-awa.org.nz/our-route-maps/|title=Our Route & Maps – Te Awa|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref> but the Cambridge-Hamilton section opening is now expected in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/WRC/Community/Council-Meetings-and-Agendas/Regional-Transport-committee/2018/Agenda-Pack-for-Regional-Transport-Committee-for-5-March-2018.pdf|title=Regional Transport Committee Agenda|last=|first=|date=5 March 2018|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> North of ] at ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/82291840/13m-bridge-to-provide-missing-link-for-twowheeled-travellers|title=Bridge to provide missing link for cyclists|website=Stuff|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref> the route includes the second longest cycle bridge in the country (after the ]), a {{convert|140|m|yd|adj=on|abbr=on}} long ] arch bridge,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatodistrict.govt.nz/docs/default-source/link-newsletter/4206-wdc-link-district-newsletter-august-september-2016-final-(web).pdf|title=Iconic cycle bridge to call Waikato home|last=|first=|date=August–September 2016|website=Link – Waikato District news|access-date=}}</ref> budgeted to cost $2.6m and to open in August,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wdcsitefinity.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-storage/docs/default-source/meetings/agendas-2017/170627-inf-agenda-open.pdf?sfvrsn=0|title=Agenda for a meeting of the Infrastructure Committee|last=|first=|date=27 June 2017|website=Waikato District Council|page=66|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> but opened in November 2017.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://nzta-cycling.cmail19.com/t/ViewEmail/t/AA331EC86A44C27C/24FE256CFA1E12E5C67FD2F38AC4859C|title=Over 5,000 New Zealanders take part in the Aotearoa mini Bike Challenge|website=nzta-cycling.cmail19.com|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> The section from the Avantidrome through ] and ] is being constructed in 2019/2020, including an underpass at SH21 to Tamahere Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamahereforum.co.nz/2019/10/31/underpass-set-for-airport-rd/|title=Underpass set for Airport Rd|date=2019-10-31|website=Tamahere Forum|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref> '''Te Awa River Ride''' runs for {{convert|65|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Stephen |date=2022-12-08 |title=Final piece of 'wicked' Waikato River ride clicks into place |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/300761142/final-piece-of-wicked-waikato-river-ride-clicks-into-place |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> following the river from Horahora, near the end of the Waikato River Trails, via Cambridge and Hamilton to Ngāruawāhia. Completion was planned for 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.te-awa.org.nz/our-route-maps/|title=Our Route & Maps – Te Awa|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref> but the Cambridge-Hamilton section opening was further delayed from 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/WRC/Community/Council-Meetings-and-Agendas/Regional-Transport-committee/2018/Agenda-Pack-for-Regional-Transport-Committee-for-5-March-2018.pdf|title=Regional Transport Committee Agenda|date=5 March 2018}}</ref> and opened on 9 December 2022.<ref name=":2" /> North of ] at ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/82291840/13m-bridge-to-provide-missing-link-for-twowheeled-travellers|title=Bridge to provide missing link for cyclists|website=Stuff|access-date=2016-09-15}}</ref> the route includes the second longest cycle bridge in the country (after the ]), a {{convert|140|m|yd|adj=on|abbr=on}} long ] arch bridge,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatodistrict.govt.nz/docs/default-source/link-newsletter/4206-wdc-link-district-newsletter-august-september-2016-final-(web).pdf|title=Iconic cycle bridge to call Waikato home|date=August–September 2016|website=Link – Waikato District news}}</ref> budgeted to cost $2.6m and to open in August,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wdcsitefinity.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-storage/docs/default-source/meetings/agendas-2017/170627-inf-agenda-open.pdf?sfvrsn=0|title=Agenda for a meeting of the Infrastructure Committee|date=27 June 2017|website=Waikato District Council|page=66}}</ref> but opened in November 2017.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://nzta-cycling.cmail19.com/t/ViewEmail/t/AA331EC86A44C27C/24FE256CFA1E12E5C67FD2F38AC4859C|title=Over 5,000 New Zealanders take part in the Aotearoa mini Bike Challenge|website=nzta-cycling.cmail19.com|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> The section from the Avantidrome through ] and ] was being constructed in 2019/2020, including an underpass at SH21 to Tamahere Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamahereforum.co.nz/2019/10/31/underpass-set-for-airport-rd/|title=Underpass set for Airport Rd|date=2019-10-31|website=Tamahere Forum|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>


''']''' (the river walkway linking the far north with the far south of the country) follows the Waikato for most of its {{convert|80|km|mi}} between ] and Hamilton.<ref></ref> ''']''' (the walkway running the length of the country) follows the Waikato for most of its {{convert|80|km|mi}} between ] and Hamilton.<ref></ref>


==Ecology== ==Ecology==


=== Species === === Species ===
The Waikato River and its hydro lakes are home to at least 19 types of native fish and 10 types of introduced fish.<ref></ref> The introduced species include ] and ] providing what has been called "the finest fly-fishing in the world".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.babyboomersguide.co.nz/Articles/Travel/New+Zealand+Travel/A+Trip+down+the+Waikato+River.html |title=A Trip down the Waikato River |publisher=www.babyboomersguide.co.nz |accessdate=2010-02-09 }}</ref> Other introduced species, like the ] and ], have become major pests. The Waikato River and its hydro lakes are home to at least 19 types of native fish and 10 types of introduced fish.<ref></ref> The introduced species include ] and ] providing what has been called "the finest fly-fishing in the world".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.babyboomersguide.co.nz/Articles/Travel/New+Zealand+Travel/A+Trip+down+the+Waikato+River.html |title=A Trip down the Waikato River |publisher=www.babyboomersguide.co.nz |access-date=2010-02-09 }}</ref> Other introduced species, like the ] and ], have become major pests.


=== Environmental issues === === Environmental issues ===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2024}}
⚫ {{see also|Water pollution in New Zealand}}
{{See also|Water pollution in New Zealand}}
] showing agriculture-induced erosion]] ] showing agriculture-induced erosion]]
The large ] area of the Waikato River is highly fertile farmland, so intensive ] is present. Due to the agricultural activity within the catchment significant ] is ] into groundwater and contained in the ]. The mismanagement of ] and ] practices in ] is seen as the major causes of this pollution. Since 2000 Environment Waikato has joined with conservation minded farmers to bring about more efficient and scientific use of fertilizers. The large ] area of the Waikato River is highly fertile farmland, so intensive ] is present. Due to the agricultural activity within the catchment significant ] is ] into groundwater and contained in the ]. The mismanagement of ] and ] practices in ] is seen as the major causes of this pollution. Since 2000 Environment Waikato has joined with conservation minded farmers to bring about more efficient and scientific use of fertilizers.
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The removal of the native vegetation throughout the catchment to accommodate the increasing demand for farmland has contributed to the silting-up of the river with loose soils from eroded farmland, although most of the silting is due to the construction of the many hydrodams. In its pre-1930s wild state, the silt was flushed from the river every winter by flood surges. The remnants of these can be seen in the silt channels carved out of what is now St Andrews golf course, adjacent to the river in Hamilton. The removal of the native vegetation throughout the catchment to accommodate the increasing demand for farmland has contributed to the silting-up of the river with loose soils from eroded farmland, although most of the silting is due to the construction of the many hydrodams. In its pre-1930s wild state, the silt was flushed from the river every winter by flood surges. The remnants of these can be seen in the silt channels carved out of what is now St Andrews golf course, adjacent to the river in Hamilton.


] is also a major problem and the concentration reaches 0.035&nbsp;grams of arsenic per cubic metre in places,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.govt.nz/Environmental-information/Rivers-lakes-and-wetlands/healthyrivers/Waikato-River/How-clean-is-the-Waikato-River/ |title=How clean is the Waikato River? |publisher=Environment Waikato|accessdate=2010-02-09 }}</ref> greatly exceeding the ] provisional guideline of 0.01&nbsp;grams of arsenic per cubic metre.<ref>''Guidelines for drinking water quality'', Vol. 1, 3rd ed. – World Health Organization, (2006)</ref> The majority of arsenic in the Waikato River comes from the ]. The amount of arsenic gradually declines as the river flows northwards and is at its lowest at the Waikato River Heads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.govt.nz/environmental-information/Rivers-lakes-and-wetlands/healthyrivers/Waikato-River/Downstream-change-to-water-quality/Changes-in-arsenic/ |title=Changes in arsenic |publisher=Environment Waikato |accessdate=2009-09-22 }}</ref> ] enters the river at concentrations that reach 0.035&nbsp;grams of arsenic per cubic metre in places,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.govt.nz/Environmental-information/Rivers-lakes-and-wetlands/healthyrivers/Waikato-River/How-clean-is-the-Waikato-River/ |title=How clean is the Waikato River? |publisher=Environment Waikato|access-date=2010-02-09 }}</ref> exceeding the ] provisional guideline of 0.01&nbsp;grams of arsenic per cubic metre and making the water unsuitable for drinking water unless treated.<ref>''Guidelines for drinking water quality'', Vol. 1, 3rd ed. – World Health Organization, (2006)</ref> The majority of arsenic in the Waikato River comes from the ]. The amount of arsenic gradually declines as the river flows northwards and is at its lowest at the Waikato River Heads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.govt.nz/environmental-information/Rivers-lakes-and-wetlands/healthyrivers/Waikato-River/Downstream-change-to-water-quality/Changes-in-arsenic/ |title=Changes in arsenic |publisher=Environment Waikato |access-date=2009-09-22 }}</ref>


Since 2002, around {{convert|75|e6l|USgal}} of water a day has been drawn from the river at Tuakau, treated and pumped along a {{convert|38|km|mi|adj=on}} pipe north to ], where it is mixed with local water.<ref>{{cite news |title=Waikato water all clear for Auckland |first=Bernard |last=Orsman |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=2047474 |work=] |date=19 June 2002 |accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> This met 8% of Auckland's water needs in 2010/11.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waikato River water |url= http://www.watercare.co.nz/about-watercare/our-services/waikato-river-water/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=Watercare|accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref> In December 2012 capacity was increased to {{convert|125|e6l|USgal}}, and in 2013 work started to increase it to {{convert|150|e6l|USgal}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Water, water everywhere: How it nourishes Auckland |first=Wayne |last=Thompson |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10883408 |work=] |date=14 May 2013 |accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref> The treatment plant meets New Zealand's 2000 drinking water standards according to Water Care NZ. This is equal to or better than the A standard for Auckland's other water supplies.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Since 2002, around {{convert|75|e6l|USgal}} of water a day has been drawn from the river at Tuakau, treated and pumped along a {{convert|38|km|mi|adj=on}} pipe north to ], where it is mixed with local water.<ref>{{cite news |title=Waikato water all clear for Auckland |first=Bernard |last=Orsman |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=2047474 |work=] |date=19 June 2002 |access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> This met 8% of Auckland's water needs in 2010/11.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waikato River water |url= http://www.watercare.co.nz/about-watercare/our-services/waikato-river-water/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=Watercare|access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In December 2012 capacity was increased to {{convert|125|e6l|USgal}}, and in 2013 work started to increase it to {{convert|150|e6l|USgal}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Water, water everywhere: How it nourishes Auckland |first=Wayne |last=Thompson |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10883408 |work=] |date=14 May 2013 |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> The treatment plant meets New Zealand's 2000 drinking water standards according to Water Care NZ. This is equal to or better than the A standard for Auckland's other water supplies.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}


Slightly-modified ]s are pumped into the river downriver of several towns. Hamilton city has one of the most modern water treatment systems in the world following a 2003 report by GHB water consultants. In 2007 $22 million was spent upgrading the existing intake station south of the city at Riverlea. This will meet the cities demand until 2016. Waste water in its untreated state is 99.9% water and 0.1% other matter. A series of sophisticated machines produce clean water of a high standard getting rid of bad tastes odours and toxins to meet the upgraded NZ water standards. The Pukete 2 project which started in 2002 will upgrade the plant in a series of stages costing $24 million. Slightly-modified ]s are pumped into the river downriver of several towns. Hamilton city has one of the most modern water treatment systems in the world following a 2003 report by GHB water consultants. In 2007 $22 million was spent upgrading the existing intake station south of the city at Riverlea. This will meet the cities demand until 2016. Waste water in its untreated state is 99.9% water and 0.1% other matter. A series of sophisticated machines produce clean water of a high standard getting rid of bad tastes odours and toxins to meet the upgraded NZ water standards. The Pukete 2 project which started in 2002 will upgrade the plant in a series of stages costing $24 million.


A further issue is industrial and metropolitan waste from early-established ]s and waste-emitting factories on the banks of the river. These include an unlined waste dump at Horotiu, just downriver from Hamilton, whose ]s include ]s such as ] in quantities toxic to freshwater marine life. The 2002 GHD report saw new regulations put in place to make industries comply with a new bylaw which stops hazardous substances entering the water system at all according to the HCC website. In 2002 dead ]s were found in a tributary of the river when a container of pesticides and other chemicals was apparently illegally dumped. The chemicals were diluted when they entered the much bigger Waikato River. The harmful effect was temporary. A further issue is industrial and metropolitan waste from early-established ]s and waste-emitting factories on the banks of the river. These include an unlined waste dump at Horotiu, just downriver from Hamilton, whose ]s include ]s such as ] in quantities toxic to freshwater marine life. The 2002 GHD report saw new regulations put in place to make industries comply with a new bylaw which stops hazardous substances entering the water system at all according to the HCC website.


==See also== ==See also==
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{{Waikato|state=expanded}} {{Waikato|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}


{{coord|37.3694|S|174.708|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} {{Coord|37.3694|S|174.708|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 22:00, 11 August 2024

Longest river in New Zealand

Waikato River
The Waikato River passing through Hamilton
Interactive map of the Waikato River
Location
CountryNew Zealand
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationLake Taupō
Mouth 
 • locationPort Waikato
 • elevation0.0 metres (0 ft)
Length425 kilometres (264 mi)
Basin size13,701 km (5,290 sq mi) to Mercer
Discharge 
 • average327 m/s (11,500 cu ft/s)

The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, running for 425 kilometres (264 mi) through the North Island. It rises on the eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu, joining the Tongariro River system and flowing through Lake Taupō, New Zealand's largest lake. It then drains Taupō at the lake's northeastern edge, creates the Huka Falls, and flows northwest through the Waikato Plains. It empties into the Tasman Sea south of Auckland, at Port Waikato. It gives its name to the Waikato region that surrounds the Waikato Plains. The present course of the river was largely formed about 17,000 years ago. Contributing factors were climate warming, forest being reestablished in the river headwaters and the deepening, rather than widening, of the existing river channel. The channel was gradually eroded as far up river as Piarere, leaving the old Hinuera channel through the Hinuera Gap high and dry. The remains of the old course are seen clearly at Hinuera, where the cliffs mark the ancient river edges. The Waikato's main tributary is the Waipā River, which converges with it at Ngāruawāhia.

The name Waikato comes from the Māori language and translates as flowing water. The Waikato River has spiritual meaning for various local Māori tribes, including the large Tainui, who regard it as a source of their mana, or pride. The widely respected marae of Tūrangawaewae is close to its banks at Ngāruawāhia.

For many years the Tainui tribe have sought to re-establish their links to the river after the New Zealand Wars (see Invasion of the Waikato) and the subsequent confiscations of the 1860s, and are continuing negotiations with the New Zealand government. The Tainui iwi was advised not to bring a case for the river before the Waitangi Tribunal as they would not win. An out-of-court settlement was arranged and the deed of settlement signed by the Crown and Waikato-Tainui in August 2008 settled the raupatu claim to the Waikato River, although other claims for land blocks and harbours are still outstanding. Waikato-Tainui now have joint management of the river with Waikato Regional Council.

Origin

The ancestral Waikato River flowed from an ancient lake (Lake Huka) in the centre of the North Island through deep gorges of welded ignimbrite and rhyolite, northward through the Hinuera Valley and Hauraki Basin into the Thames Estuary. It is possible that the river flowed through the Waikato Basin about a million years ago before returning to its Hinuera course. After the huge Oruanui eruption 27,000 years ago ignimbrite was showered all over the North Island to a thickness of 200 metres (660 ft). A new lake was formed – Lake Taupō. The water accumulated until a new outlet was forced 120 metres (390 ft) above the present lake level, near Waihora Bay. Over the next few thousand years the bed of the river was raised by large amounts of eruption debris. Then the original, blocked outlet suddenly gave way; the lake level fell 75 metres (246 ft) as about 80 cubic kilometres (19 cu mi) of water and debris poured out in a catastrophic breakthrough flood causing the river to change course near Piarere. The Hinuera Gap and Waitoa River are evidence of the river's former course. The water level dropped quickly and the river stayed in this new course through the Maungatautari gorge and Hamilton Basin. Deposits show that the Waikato River was already in the Waikato Basin 21,800 years ago.

Course

The Waikato River rushing through the Huka Falls canyon at Taupō
The mouth and estuary at Port Waikato

The river starts in the form of many small streams on the eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu. The Mangatoetoenui Glacier (once also called the Waikato Glacier) is one of the principal sources. The southernmost tributary is called the Upper Waikato Stream. The Waipakihi River joins the Waikato from the Kaimanawa Mountains to the west. From the point where the river meets the Waihohonu Stream, down to Lake Taupō, it has been formally named the Tongariro River since 1945.

The Poutu Stream joins from Lake Rotoaira to the east, as a tributary of the Tongariro, which flows northward, with State Highway 1 in parallel, through the town of Tūrangi, and into the southern side of Lake Taupō. Extensive engineering of lakes, tunnels and canals are used to generate hydroelectric power in the Tongariro Power Scheme.

The Waikato River flows out of Lake Taupō at the town of Taupō in Tapuaeharuru Bay at the northeast end of the lake. It flows northeast past the town, alongside State Highway 1, to the Huka Falls. State Highway 5 runs more or less parallel to the river as it flows further northeast. About 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the lake, the river flows west and into the southern end of Lake Ohakuri. It exits from the northwest end of that lake and flows west through the small Lake Atiamuri and into the long east–west oriented Lake Whakamaru, with State Highway 30 following its course. It passes northwest through Lake Maraetai and Lake Waipapa, where it is joined by the Waipapa River, then north through Lake Arapuni and into Lake Karapiro. Pokaiwhenua Stream joins the river in Lake Karapiro. Nine hydroelectric power stations at eight dams extract energy from the river between Taupō and Karapiro. All the lakes in this stretch of the river (apart from Lake Taupō) are artificial.

The river leaves the Volcanic Plateau at Karapiro, where it emerges from the Maungatautari Gorge, and flows northwest into the Waikato Basin, flowing through the towns of Cambridge, Hamilton, and Ngāruawāhia. It is joined by its largest tributary, the Waipā River, at Ngāruawāhia. It then flows north through the Taupiri Gorge to enter the lower Waikato region. Further north is Huntly and then Meremere, where the Whangamarino and Maramarua Rivers join it. From Mercer, where the Mangatawhiri River joins it, the Waikato flows west and southwest. Just before its mouth at Port Waikato, the Araroa River joins from the north. Numerous small islands lie in the long, thin delta of the river as it passes through low-lying swampy land between Meremere and the coast, the largest of which is Motutieke Island.

There are also over 40 islands between Ngāruawāhia and Tuakau, depending on the level of the river. Maurea Islands, just south of Rangiriri were subject to a restoration trial to test comparative weed treatments, the main weeds being alder and yellow flag iris.

In prehistoric times, the Waikato's course has occasionally shifted to flow north through the Hinuera Gap into the Firth of Thames and from there into the Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana. The most recent occasion this is known to have occurred ended some 20,000 years ago, although it is possible that it also flowed north more recently, until about 1800 years ago. A remnant of this former course can be seen as a spur on Lake Karapiro to the south of the settlement of Piarere. The river's current course is largely the result of the massive Hatepe eruption of the Taupō Volcano in 180 AD.

The mean discharge of the Waikato River is 340 cubic metres per second (12,000 cu ft/s), with the highest flows typically occurring in July and August. Specific mean annual floods are low (60–70 L s-1 km-2), and the frequency of events with greater than 3 times the median flow is 0.4 events / year, due to flow regulation and groundwater storage in pumice.

Human use

As well as being a water and recreation resource, the river was historically a critical communications and transport link for the communities along it. It took about 3 days to paddle a waka from Waiuku to the Cambridge/Te Awamutu area. Taupō, Mangakino, Cambridge, Hamilton, Horotiu, Ngāruawāhia, Huntly, Hampton Downs, Meremere, Waiuku and Port Waikato are on or close to it. The Waikato River in Hamilton is frequently used by rowers, kayakers and powered pleasure craft. Water-skiers and jet skis have zones outside the city limits where they can be used.

The river was of military importance in the land wars between New Zealand settler and Kingitanga forces during 1863–64 and significant battles were fought. Three shallow draft gunboats were designed in New Zealand and built in Sydney in kitset form; the hulk of the paddle steamer Rangiriri is preserved at Hamilton. In addition locally sourced barges were rebuilt with steel plating to carry troops and supplies. In support of these invasions, New Zealand developed its first "navy", the Waikato Flotilla, run by an Australian Francis Cadell who was presented with a gold watch and diamonds by the New Zealand government in recognition of his service. A cemetery containing the graves of the British military dead can be found at Rangiriri opposite the hotel, shops and cafe.

Electricity generation

See also: Electricity sector in New Zealand
Ohakuri Dam, midway between Taupō, Rotorua and Hamilton
Huntly Power Station uses water from the Waikato River for cooling

The Waikato's first hydro-electric power station was the Horahora Power Station, now located under the Horahora bridge deep beneath the surface of Lake Karapiro. Horahora was built to supply electricity for the Martha gold mines at Waihi.

The river has a series of eight dams and nine hydro-electric power stations that generate electricity for the national grid. These were constructed between 1929 and 1971 to meet growing demand for electricity.

The power scheme begins at Lake Taupō, which has control gates to regulate the flow of water into the river. Once released through the gates it takes over 18 hours for the water to flow to the last power station at Karapiro. On its journey downstream it passes through power stations at Aratiatia, Ohakuri, Atiamuri, Whakamaru, Maraetai, Waipapa, Arapuni and Karapiro.

Approximately 4000 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity is generated annually by the scheme, which is around 13% of New Zealand's total electrical generating capacity.

The river also provides cooling water for the coal/natural gas fired thermal power station at Huntly. The power station uses river water as a cooling medium for the old steam units, which means that large quantities of warm water is returned to the river. To limit environmental impacts, conditions are imposed by its resource consent, specifying the quantity of water that can be removed by the station along with the maximum temperature of the water when returned to the river, 25 °C (77 °F). These conditions mean that output of the older steam units can be restricted, especially on very hot summer days. In 2006, a cooling tower was installed. This allows one 250 MW unit to run at full load even during such times.

A boat on Lake Karapiro

Drinking water

After widescale droughts in 1994, the use of the Waikato River to supply drinking water for Auckland was first considered. In July 2002, a water treatment plant was opened at Tuakau, which was expanded in 2021 after major droughts in 2020.

Recreation

The lower Waikato is popular for duck shooting.

Boating

The Waikato is renowned among whitewater kayaking enthusiasts, specifically for the Full James rapid located north of Taupō. The Full James was the site of the 1999 World Whitewater Championships, as well as the pre-World event the year before.

Lake Karapiro (an artificial lake) is regarded as one of New Zealand's best rowing venues. The World Rowing Championships in 1978 and 2010, and the 1950 British Empire Games were hosted at Karapiro.

The section of the river that flows through Hamilton has the most diverse river traffic with many schools and clubs using rowing skiffs. Rowing races are also held on the river. Jet skis are confined to the city margins because of their noise. Power boats regularly use the river, including manufacturers and boating shops testing and demonstrating boats, especially in summer. In addition there are numerous kayaks and a few waka.

There are council boat ramps, run by Waikato District, Hamilton City, South Waikato District and Taupō District, at Port Waikato Rd; Hoods Landing Rd, Otaua; Elbow Rd, Aka aka; River Rd, Tuakau; Riverbank Rd, Mercer; Churchill East Rd, Rangiriri; Ohinewai Landing Rd; Boatie Reserve SH1, Parry St and Riverview Rd, Huntly; SH1 Taupiri; Waikato Esplanade, Ngāruawāhia; Farm and Braithwaite Parks, Pukete; Swarbricks Landing, Hamilton Pde, Pine Beach, Ferrybank, Memorial Park, Roose Commerce Park, Hayes Paddock, Hamilton Gardens; Narrows Lane, Tamahere; Karapiro (6 ramps); Arapuni (4); Maraetai; Whakamaru (3); Ohakuri and Mangakino.

Waipa Delta ran cruises on the Waikato River at Hamilton from 1985 to 2009

Public cruises

A ferry service along part of its length was for years conducted by Caesar Roose, several of whose descendants still live beside it. He brought the 1894 400-passenger steamer Manuwai from the Whanganui in 1920. In 1924 a Cambridge to Port Waikato excursion was being run 2 or 3 times a year, taking 12 to 14 hours downstream and a few hours longer upstream; for example steamers in 1939 took about 90 minutes from Ngāruawāhia to Hamilton. Manuwai sank at her moorings in 1938, but was taken to Mercer for repair in 1939, where she was converted to a barge. Several of the old steamers remain under, or beside the river, including the Manuwai, Rawhiti (built 1925) and Freetrader on the west bank just south of Mercer. A 1928 article listed 14 boats that had provided river services. To improve navigation, rocks in the Narrows at Tamahere were removed in 1919.

The last section of Te Awa cycleway from Hamilton to Cambridge includes extensive lengths of boardwalk

Public cruises operate from Aratiatia to Huka Falls, across the river to Orakei Korako, from Hamilton Gardens to Mystery Creek and Fairfield Bridge and, since 2009, from Tuakau to Port Waikato.

On 19 July 2021 a ferry service began on the river in Hamilton, linking Swarbrick's Landing and Braithwaite Park with the museum and gardens. Services ended with liquidation of the company in September 2022.

Cycle and walk trails

Three trails follow parts of the river.

Boosted by New Zealand Cycle Trail funding, the Waikato River Trails, a 100-kilometre (62 mi) series of connected river cycling trails in the South Waikato. The River Trail has five sections, open to both walkers or bikes, between Lake Karapiro and Aratiatia. It opened in 2011.

Te Awa River Ride runs for 65 km (40 mi) following the river from Horahora, near the end of the Waikato River Trails, via Cambridge and Hamilton to Ngāruawāhia. Completion was planned for 2017, but the Cambridge-Hamilton section opening was further delayed from 2021 and opened on 9 December 2022. North of AFFCO at Horotiu, the route includes the second longest cycle bridge in the country (after the Timber Trail), a 140 m (150 yd) long cable network arch bridge, budgeted to cost $2.6m and to open in August, but opened in November 2017. The section from the Avantidrome through St Peter's School of Cambridge and Tamahere was being constructed in 2019/2020, including an underpass at SH21 to Tamahere Park.

Te Araroa (the walkway running the length of the country) follows the Waikato for most of its 80 kilometres (50 mi) between Mercer and Hamilton.

Ecology

Species

The Waikato River and its hydro lakes are home to at least 19 types of native fish and 10 types of introduced fish. The introduced species include rainbow and brown trout providing what has been called "the finest fly-fishing in the world". Other introduced species, like the carp and mosquitofish, have become major pests.

Environmental issues

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See also: Water pollution in New Zealand
A tributary stream in the Waitomo District showing agriculture-induced erosion

The large catchment area of the Waikato River is highly fertile farmland, so intensive agriculture is present. Due to the agricultural activity within the catchment significant agricultural pollution is leached into groundwater and contained in the runoff. The mismanagement of nitrogen fertilizer and effluent spreading practices in dairy farming is seen as the major causes of this pollution. Since 2000 Environment Waikato has joined with conservation minded farmers to bring about more efficient and scientific use of fertilizers.

The removal of the native vegetation throughout the catchment to accommodate the increasing demand for farmland has contributed to the silting-up of the river with loose soils from eroded farmland, although most of the silting is due to the construction of the many hydrodams. In its pre-1930s wild state, the silt was flushed from the river every winter by flood surges. The remnants of these can be seen in the silt channels carved out of what is now St Andrews golf course, adjacent to the river in Hamilton.

Arsenic enters the river at concentrations that reach 0.035 grams of arsenic per cubic metre in places, exceeding the WHO provisional guideline of 0.01 grams of arsenic per cubic metre and making the water unsuitable for drinking water unless treated. The majority of arsenic in the Waikato River comes from the Wairakei Geothermal Power Station. The amount of arsenic gradually declines as the river flows northwards and is at its lowest at the Waikato River Heads.

Since 2002, around 75 million litres (20,000,000 US gal) of water a day has been drawn from the river at Tuakau, treated and pumped along a 38-kilometre (24 mi) pipe north to Auckland, where it is mixed with local water. This met 8% of Auckland's water needs in 2010/11. In December 2012 capacity was increased to 125 million litres (33,000,000 US gal), and in 2013 work started to increase it to 150 million litres (40,000,000 US gal). The treatment plant meets New Zealand's 2000 drinking water standards according to Water Care NZ. This is equal to or better than the A standard for Auckland's other water supplies.

Slightly-modified human wastes are pumped into the river downriver of several towns. Hamilton city has one of the most modern water treatment systems in the world following a 2003 report by GHB water consultants. In 2007 $22 million was spent upgrading the existing intake station south of the city at Riverlea. This will meet the cities demand until 2016. Waste water in its untreated state is 99.9% water and 0.1% other matter. A series of sophisticated machines produce clean water of a high standard getting rid of bad tastes odours and toxins to meet the upgraded NZ water standards. The Pukete 2 project which started in 2002 will upgrade the plant in a series of stages costing $24 million.

A further issue is industrial and metropolitan waste from early-established landfills and waste-emitting factories on the banks of the river. These include an unlined waste dump at Horotiu, just downriver from Hamilton, whose leachates include persistent organic pollutants such as dieldrin in quantities toxic to freshwater marine life. The 2002 GHD report saw new regulations put in place to make industries comply with a new bylaw which stops hazardous substances entering the water system at all according to the HCC website.

See also

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External links

Waikato River
Source: Mount Ruapehu—Flows into: Tasman Sea
Administrative areas
Towns and settlements
(upstream to downstream)
Major tributaries
(upstream to downstream by confluence)
Lakes in catchment
(upstream to downstream by location or tributary)
Islands in catchment
(upstream to downstream by location or tributary)
Waterfalls and cataracts
(upstream to downstream by location or tributary)
Structures
(upstream to downstream)
Longest New Zealand rivers

37°22′10″S 174°42′29″E / 37.3694°S 174.708°E / -37.3694; 174.708

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