Misplaced Pages

Zimbabwe African National Union: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 13:33, 29 August 2020 editCLCStudent (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers315,516 edits Undid revision 975607367 by 2A00:23C4:620D:D401:486E:9A3C:EACD:4709 (talk)Tag: Undo← Previous edit Latest revision as of 08:52, 6 September 2024 edit undoMarcocapelle (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Page movers556,929 edits →References: Removed grandparent category of Category:1963 establishments in Southern RhodesiaTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit 
(48 intermediate revisions by 33 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|1963–1975 militant organisation in Rhodesia}}
{{about|the political formation during the period 1963-1980|the military formation|ZANLA|the post-1980 history of the political party|ZANU–PF|the political party led by Ndabaningi Sithole and Wilson Nkumbula|ZANU–Ndonga}} {{about|the political formation during the period 1963–1980|the military formation|ZANLA|the post-1980 history of the political party|ZANU–PF|the political party led by Ndabaningi Sithole and Wilson Nkumbula|ZANU–Ndonga}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox political party {{Infobox political party
| name = Zimbabwe African National Union | name = Zimbabwe African National Union
| logo = ] | logo = ]
| colorcode = Green | colorcode = Green
| ideology = ]<br/>]<br/>] | ideology = ]<br>]<br>]
| headquarters = | headquarters =
| international = | international =
| website = | website =
| country = Zimbabwe | country = Zimbabwe
| native_name = | native_name =
| lang1 = | lang1 =
| name_lang1 = | name_lang1 =
| lang2 = | lang2 =
| name_lang2 = | name_lang2 =
| lang3 = | lang3 =
| name_lang3 = | name_lang3 =
| lang4 = | lang4 =
| name_lang4 = | name_lang4 =
| founder = ], <br/> ], <br/> ], <br/> ], <br/> ] | founders = ], <br/> ], <br/> ], <br/> ], <br/> ], <br/> ], <br/> ]
| leader1_title = | leader1_title =
| leader1_name = | leader1_name =
| leader2_title = | leader2_title =
| leader2_name = | leader2_name =
| leader3_title = | leader3_title =
| leader3_name = | leader3_name =
| slogan = | slogan =
| founded = 8 August 1963 | founded = 8 August 1963
| dissolved = 1975 | dissolved = 1975
| merger = | merger =
| split = ] | split = ]
| predecessor = | predecessor =
| merged = | merged =
| successor = ]<br/>] | successor = ]<br/>]
| newspaper = | newspaper =
| student_wing = | student_wing =
| youth_wing = | youth_wing =
| wing1_title = | wing1_title =
| wing1 = | wing1 =
| wing2_title = | wing2_title =
| wing2 = | wing2 =
| wing3_title = | wing3_title =
| wing3 = | wing3 =
| membership_year = | membership_year =
| membership = | membership =
| position = ] | position = ]
| religion = | religion =
| national = | national =
| colours = Green, yellow | colours = Green, yellow
| seats1_title = | seats1_title =
| seats1 = | seats1 =
| seats2_title = | seats2_title =
| seats2 = | seats2 =
| seats3_title = | seats3_title =
| seats3 = | seats3 =
| seats4_title = | seats4_title =
| seats4 = | seats4 =
| symbol = | symbol =
| flag = | flag =
| footnotes = | footnotes =
}} }}
The '''Zimbabwe African National Union''' ('''ZANU''') was a militant organisation that ] against ] rule in ], formed as a split from the ] (ZAPU). ZANU split in 1975 into wings loyal to ] and ], later respectively called ] and ]. These two sub-divisions ran separately at the ], where ZANU-PF has been in power ever since, and ZANU - Ndonga a minor opposition party. The '''Zimbabwe African National Union''' ('''ZANU''') was a militant ] organisation that ] against ] rule in ], formed as a split from the ] (ZAPU) in 1963. ZANU split in 1975 into wings loyal to ] and ], later respectively called ] and ]. These two sub-divisions ran separately at the ], where ZANU–PF has been in power ever since, and ZANU–Ndonga a minor opposition party.


== Formation == == Formation ==
ZANU was formed 8 August 1963<ref name="Ndlovu-Gatsheni2009">{{cite book|last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni|first=Sabelo J.|title=Do 'Zimbabweans' Exist?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GF8aXg-wpnEC&pg=PA117|accessdate=7 August 2013|year=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9783039119417|page=117}}</ref> when ], Henry Hamadziripi, Mukudzei Midzi, ], ] and ] decided to split from ZAPU at the house of ] in Highfield.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sibanda|first=Eliakim|year=2005|title=The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia|publisher=Africa World Press|pages=321|ISBN=1-59221-275-1}}</ref> The founders were dissatisfied with the militant tactics of ]. In contrast to future developments, both parties drew from both the ] and the ], the two major tribes of the country. Both ZANU and ZAPU formed political wings within the country (under those names) and military wings: the ] (ZANLA) and the ] (ZIPRA) respectively to fight the struggle from neighbouring countries – ZANLA from ] and ], and ZIPRA from Zambia and ]. ZANU was formed 8 August 1963<ref name="Ndlovu-Gatsheni2009">{{cite book|last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni|first=Sabelo J.|title=Do 'Zimbabweans' Exist?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GF8aXg-wpnEC&pg=PA117|access-date=7 August 2013|year=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9783039119417|page=117}}</ref> when ], Henry Hamadziripi, Mukudzei Midzi, ], ] and ] decided to split from ZAPU at the house of ] in Highfield, ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sibanda|first=Eliakim|year=2005|title=The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia|publisher=Africa World Press|pages=321|ISBN=1-59221-275-1}}</ref> The founders were dissatisfied with the militant tactics of ]. In contrast to future developments, both parties drew from both the ] and the ], the two major tribes of the country. Both ZANU and ZAPU formed political wings within the country (under those names) and military wings: the ] (ZANLA) and the ] (ZIPRA) respectively to fight the struggle from neighbouring countries – ZANLA from ] and ], and ZIPRA from Zambia and ].{{cn|date=August 2023}}


== Operations in exile == == Operations in exile ==
Most of ZANU's operations were planned from exile, where the party leadership was based throughout the 1970s, when the party had offices in ], ], ] and London.<ref name=martinandjohnson/>{{page number|date=August 2020}} Most of ZANU's operations were planned from exile, where the party leadership was based throughout the 1970s, when the party had offices in ], ], ] and London.<ref name=martinandjohnson/>{{page number|date=August 2020}}


== Relationship with armed wing == == Relationship with armed wing ==
The ] (ZANLA) was ZANU's military wing. Before 1980, it was very heavily dependent on China and other communist countries for finance, arms supplies and training.<ref>{{cite book|author=Smith, Ian|authorlink=Ian Smith|title=The Great Betrayal|publisher=Blake Publishing|location=London|year=1997}}</ref>{{unreliable source inline|date=August 2020}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Reed, Douglas|authorlink=Douglas Reed|title=The Battle for Rhodesia|publisher=Haum (Standard Press, Ltd.)|location=Cape Town|year=1966}}</ref> For this reason, ZANU made itself amenable to ] and other communist ideology.{{cn|date=August 2020}} The ] (ZANLA) was ZANU's military wing.<ref>{{cite book|author=Smith, Ian|author-link=Ian Smith|title=The Great Betrayal|publisher=Blake Publishing|location=London|year=1997}}</ref>{{unreliable source inline|date=August 2020}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Reed, Douglas|author-link=Douglas Reed|title=The Battle for Rhodesia|publisher=Haum (Standard Press, Ltd.)|location=Cape Town|year=1966}}</ref>


== Leadership and splits == == Leadership and splits ==
There were two splits within ZANU prior to independence. The first was with ] and others leaving to join the ] (FROLIZI) in 1973<ref>{{cite book|title=Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe|page=160|author=Fay Chung|author-link=Fay Chung|author2=Preben Kaarsholm|publisher=Stylus Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> after Shamuyarira's bid for the party leadership was defeated by Chitepo.<ref name=martinandjohnson>{{cite book|title=The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga war|author=David Martin|author2=Phyllis Johnson|year=1981 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House}}</ref>{{page number|date=August 2020}} There were two splits within ZANU prior to independence. The first was with ] and others leaving to join the ] (FROLIZI) in 1973<ref>{{cite book|title=Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe|page=160|author=Fay Chung|author-link=Fay Chung|author2=Preben Kaarsholm|publisher=Stylus Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> after Shamuyarira's bid for the party leadership was defeated by Chitepo.<ref name=martinandjohnson>{{cite book|title=The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga war|author=David Martin|author2=Phyllis Johnson|year=1981 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House}}</ref>


⚫ Following the assassination of Chitepo on 18 March 1975, Sithole assumed leadership of the party, but faced immediate opposition from the more militant wing of ZANU, as Sithole was a proponent of détente.<ref>{{cite book|title=Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe|page=105|author=Fay Chung|author-link=Fay Chung|author2=Preben Kaarsholm|publisher=Stylus Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> This crisis grew with the Mgagao Declaration, where ZANLA leaders and guerillas declared their opposition to Sithole,<ref>{{cite book|title=Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe|page=146|author=Fay Chung|author-link=Fay Chung|author2=Preben Kaarsholm|publisher=Stylus Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> and led to the effective split of ZANU into a group led by Sithole, who renounced violent struggle, and the group led by ] and ], with the support of ZANLA, who continued the murder and intimidation of farmers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe|page=158|author=Fay Chung|author-link=Fay Chung|author2=Preben Kaarsholm|publisher=Stylus Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> Both groups continued to use the name ZANU. The Mugabe faction formed the ] with ZAPU in 1976, and became known as ].<ref name="Asante2014">{{cite book|last=Asante|first=Molefi Kete|title=The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vrDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT397|access-date=20 November 2017|date=2014-10-10|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135013486|page=397}}</ref> Sithole's faction, dubbed "]" or "ZANU Sithole", joined a transitional government of whites and blacks in 1979, led by Bishop ]. When sanctions remained in place, he joined Muzorewa for the ] in London, where a new constitution and elections were prepared.<ref>Lord Soames, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe." ''International Affairs'' 56#3 (1980): 405–419. </ref>
Following the assassination of Chitepo on 18 March 1975, Sithole assumed leadership of the party, but faced immediate opposition from the more militant wing of ZANU, as Sithole was a proponent of détente.
⚫ <ref>{{cite book|title=Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe|page=105|author=Fay Chung|author-link=Fay Chung|author2=Preben Kaarsholm|publisher=Stylus Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> This crisis grew with the Mgagao declaration where ZANLA leaders and guerillas declared their opposition to Sithole,<ref>{{cite book|title=Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe|page=146|author=Fay Chung|author-link=Fay Chung|author2=Preben Kaarsholm|publisher=Stylus Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> and led to the effective split of ZANU into a group led by Sithole, who renounced violent struggle, and the group led by ] and ], with the support of ZANLA, who continued the murder and intimidation of farmers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe|page=158|author=Fay Chung|author-link=Fay Chung|author2=Preben Kaarsholm|publisher=Stylus Publishing|year=2006}}</ref> Both groups continued to use the name ZANU. The Mugabe faction formed the ] with ZAPU in 1976, and became known as ].<ref name="Asante2014">{{cite book|last=Asante|first=Molefi Kete|title=The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vrDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT397|accessdate=20 November 2017|date=2014-10-10|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135013486|page=397}}</ref> Sithole's faction, dubbed "]" or "ZANU Sithole", joined a transitional government of whites and blacks in 1979, led by Bishop ]. When sanctions remained in place, he joined Muzorewa for the ] in London, where a new constitution and elections were prepared.{{cn|date=August 2020}}


== Zimbabwe independence == == Zimbabwe independence ==
At the ] to the newly constituted state of Zimbabwe, ] (registered as such)<ref name=martinandjohnson/>{{page number|date=August 2020}} won a majority with ZAPU (registered as PF–ZAPU) in second place. ZAPU merged into ZANU–PF in 1987. Sithole's group (registered as ZANU)<ref name=martinandjohnson/>{{page number|date=August 2020}} failed to win any seats in 1980.<ref name="Asante2014"/> Later it won a few seats and was renamed ]; it remains a minor party with support among the ].{{cn|date=August 2020}} At the ] to the newly constituted state of Zimbabwe, ] (registered as such)<ref name=martinandjohnson/>{{page number|date=August 2020}} won a majority with ZAPU (registered as PF–ZAPU) in second place. ZAPU merged into ZANU–PF in 1987. Sithole's group (registered as ZANU)<ref name=martinandjohnson/>{{page number|date=August 2020}} failed to win any seats in 1980.<ref name="Asante2014"/> Later it won a few seats and was renamed ]; it remains a minor party with support among the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kriger |first=N. |date=2005-01-01 |title=ZANU(PF) strategies in general elections, 1980-2000: Discourse and coercion |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/afraf/adi016 |journal=African Affairs |language=en |volume=104 |issue=414 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adi016 |issn=0001-9909}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
Line 88: Line 88:


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|30em}} {{Reflist|30em}}

{{Zimbabwean political parties}} {{Zimbabwean political parties}}
{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 08:52, 6 September 2024

1963–1975 militant organisation in Rhodesia This article is about the political formation during the period 1963–1980. For the military formation, see ZANLA. For the post-1980 history of the political party, see ZANU–PF. For the political party led by Ndabaningi Sithole and Wilson Nkumbula, see ZANU–Ndonga.

Zimbabwe African National Union
Flag of ZANU
FoundersEnos Nkala,
Ndabaningi Sithole,
Edgar Tekere,
Herbert Chitepo,
Leopold Takawira,
Washington Malianga,
Herbert Ushewokunze
Founded8 August 1963
Dissolved1975
Split fromZimbabwe African People's Union
Succeeded byZANU–PF
ZANU – Ndonga
IdeologyAfrican nationalism
African socialism
Pan-Africanism
Political positionLeft-wing
ColoursGreen, yellow

The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) was a militant socialist organisation that fought against white-minority rule in Rhodesia, formed as a split from the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) in 1963. ZANU split in 1975 into wings loyal to Robert Mugabe and Ndabaningi Sithole, later respectively called ZANU–PF and ZANU–Ndonga. These two sub-divisions ran separately at the 1980 general election, where ZANU–PF has been in power ever since, and ZANU–Ndonga a minor opposition party.

Formation

ZANU was formed 8 August 1963 when Ndabaningi Sithole, Henry Hamadziripi, Mukudzei Midzi, Herbert Chitepo, Edgar Tekere and Leopold Takawira decided to split from ZAPU at the house of Enos Nkala in Highfield, Salisbury. The founders were dissatisfied with the militant tactics of Nkomo. In contrast to future developments, both parties drew from both the Shona and the Ndebele, the two major tribes of the country. Both ZANU and ZAPU formed political wings within the country (under those names) and military wings: the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) respectively to fight the struggle from neighbouring countries – ZANLA from Mozambique and Zambia, and ZIPRA from Zambia and Botswana.

Operations in exile

Most of ZANU's operations were planned from exile, where the party leadership was based throughout the 1970s, when the party had offices in Lusaka, Dar es Salaam, Maputo and London.

Relationship with armed wing

The Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) was ZANU's military wing.

Leadership and splits

There were two splits within ZANU prior to independence. The first was with Nathan Shamuyarira and others leaving to join the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe (FROLIZI) in 1973 after Shamuyarira's bid for the party leadership was defeated by Chitepo.

Following the assassination of Chitepo on 18 March 1975, Sithole assumed leadership of the party, but faced immediate opposition from the more militant wing of ZANU, as Sithole was a proponent of détente. This crisis grew with the Mgagao Declaration, where ZANLA leaders and guerillas declared their opposition to Sithole, and led to the effective split of ZANU into a group led by Sithole, who renounced violent struggle, and the group led by Robert Mugabe and Simon Muzenda, with the support of ZANLA, who continued the murder and intimidation of farmers. Both groups continued to use the name ZANU. The Mugabe faction formed the Patriotic Front with ZAPU in 1976, and became known as ZANU-PF. Sithole's faction, dubbed "ZANU Mwenje" or "ZANU Sithole", joined a transitional government of whites and blacks in 1979, led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa. When sanctions remained in place, he joined Muzorewa for the Lancaster House Agreement in London, where a new constitution and elections were prepared.

Zimbabwe independence

At the 1980 general election to the newly constituted state of Zimbabwe, ZANU–PF (registered as such) won a majority with ZAPU (registered as PF–ZAPU) in second place. ZAPU merged into ZANU–PF in 1987. Sithole's group (registered as ZANU) failed to win any seats in 1980. Later it won a few seats and was renamed ZANU-Ndonga; it remains a minor party with support among the Ndau.

See also

References

  1. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009). Do 'Zimbabweans' Exist?. Peter Lang. p. 117. ISBN 9783039119417. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  2. Sibanda, Eliakim (2005). The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia. Africa World Press. p. 321. ISBN 1-59221-275-1.
  3. ^ David Martin; Phyllis Johnson (1981). The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga war. Zimbabwe Publishing House.
  4. Smith, Ian (1997). The Great Betrayal. London: Blake Publishing.
  5. Reed, Douglas (1966). The Battle for Rhodesia. Cape Town: Haum (Standard Press, Ltd.).
  6. Fay Chung; Preben Kaarsholm (2006). Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe. Stylus Publishing. p. 160.
  7. Fay Chung; Preben Kaarsholm (2006). Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe. Stylus Publishing. p. 105.
  8. Fay Chung; Preben Kaarsholm (2006). Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe. Stylus Publishing. p. 146.
  9. Fay Chung; Preben Kaarsholm (2006). Re-living the second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe. Stylus Publishing. p. 158.
  10. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (10 October 2014). The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony. Taylor & Francis. p. 397. ISBN 9781135013486. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  11. Lord Soames, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe." International Affairs 56#3 (1980): 405–419. online
  12. Kriger, N. (1 January 2005). "ZANU(PF) strategies in general elections, 1980-2000: Discourse and coercion". African Affairs. 104 (414): 1–34. doi:10.1093/afraf/adi016. ISSN 0001-9909.
Political parties in Zimbabwe
Parliamentary parties
Other parties
Defunct Zimbabwean
parties
Defunct Rhodesian
parties
Presidents
Prime Ministers
Key people
Armed factions
Categories: