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{{short description|Immature or embryonic shoot}}
In ], a '''bud''' is an outgrowth from the body which develops into a new individual. It is a form of ] limited to animals or plants of relatively simple structure. In this process a portion of the wall of the parent ] softens and pushes out. The protuberance thus formed enlarges rapidly while at this time the ] of the parent cell divides (see: ], ]). One of the resulting nuclei passes into the bud, and then the bud is cut off from its parent cell and the process is repeated. Often the daughter cell will begin to bud before it becomes separated from the parent, so that whole colonies of adhering cells may be formed. Eventually cross walls cut off the bud from the original cell.
{{Redirect|1=Flower bud|2=EP of GFriend|3=Flower Bud}}
{{For|usage in ]|Budding}}
{{Other uses}}
] (''Fagus sylvatica'') bud]]
⚫ In ], a '''bud''' is an undeveloped or ] ] and normally occurs in the ] of a ] or at the tip of a ]. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a ] condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop ]s or short shoots or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in ], where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.


==Overview==
----
] bud scales in '']'']]
⚫ In ], a bud is an undeveloped ] and normally occurs in the '''axil''' of a ] or at the tip of the ]. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately.
⚫ The buds of many ]s, especially in temperate or cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called ''scales'' which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving a series of horizontally-elongated ]s on the surface of the growing stem. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars. Continued growth of the branch causes these scars to be obliterated after a few years so that the total age of older branches cannot be determined by this means.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
]


⚫ In many plants, scales do not form over the bud, and the bud is then called a naked bud.<ref>Walters, Dirk R., and David J. Keil. 1996. ''Vascular plant taxonomy''. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. page 598.</ref> The minute underdeveloped leaves in such buds are often excessively hairy. Naked buds are found in some shrubs, like some species of the ] and ]s (''Viburnum alnifolium'' and ''V. lantana'')<ref>Cronquist, Arthur, and Henry A. Gleason. 1991. ''Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada''. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. page 512.</ref> and in ] plants. In many of the latter, buds are even more reduced, often consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells in the axils of leaves. A terminal bud occurs on the end of a stem and lateral buds are found on the side. A head of ] (see ]) is an exceptionally large terminal bud, while ]s are large lateral buds.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
⚫ The buds of many ]y ]s, especially in temperate or cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called ] which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving on the surface of the growing stem a series of horizontally-elongated ]s. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars. Continued growth of the branch causes these scars to be obliterated after a few years so that the total age of older branches cannot be determined by this means.


⚫ Since buds are formed in the axils of leaves, their distribution on the stem is the same as that of leaves. There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.<ref>Coulter, John G. 1913.'' Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany''. New York: American book company. page 188</ref>
⚫ In many plants scales are not formed over the bud, which is then called a naked bud. The minute underdeveloped leaves in such buds are often excessively hairy. Such naked buds are found in shrubs like the ] and ]s and in ]s. In many of the latter, buds are even more reduced, often consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells in the axils of leaves. A head of ] (see ]) is an exceptionally large terminal bud, while ]s are large lateral buds.


⚫ Often it is possible to find a bud in a remarkable series of gradations of bud scales. In the ], for example, one may see a complete gradation from the small brown outer scale through larger scales which on unfolding become somewhat green to the inner scales of the bud, which are remarkably leaf-like. Such a series suggests that the scales of the bud are in truth leaves, modified to protect the more delicate parts of the plant during unfavorable periods.{{cn|date=June 2024}}
⚫ Since buds are formed in the axils of leaves, their distribution on the stem is the same as that of leaves. There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.


==Types of buds==
⚫ Often it is possible to find a bud in a remarkable series of gradations of bud scales. In the ], for example, one may see a complete gradation from the small brown outer scale through larger scales which on unfolding become somewhat green to the inner scales of the bud, which are remarkably leaf-like. Such a series suggests that the scales of the bud are in truth leaves, modified to protect the more delicate parts of the plant during unfavorable periods.
]
----
]'']]
''Bud'' is also slang for the ] named ] brewed in the ]. In some countries where the Czech version of the brew has rights to that name, the American beer is sold simply as "Bud".
Buds are often useful in the identification of plants, especially for woody plants in winter when leaves have fallen.<ref>{{citation |author=Trelease, W. |orig-year=1931|year= 1967 |title=Winter botany: An Identification Guide to Native Trees and Shrubs |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc |location=New York |isbn=0486218007 }}</ref> Buds may be classified and described according to different criteria: location, status, morphology, and function.{{cn|date=June 2024}}


Botanists commonly use the following terms:
----
* for location:{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
''Bud'' is also a small town / village in western ]. 712 inhabtants. In mideaval times it was the larges place between Trondheim and Bergen. Arch bishop Olav Engelbrektson gathered in 1533 the norwegian state counsil ("riksråd") and representatives from citicens and farmers in a State Meeting ("riksmøte") to claim Norways independence from ], to no avail. The germans built a coastal fortress in '''Bud''' in the second world war: Ergan Coast Fortress, antcipating allied invation in Norway. This has now been turned into a exhibition with a daily english speaking (and maybe german) guide in the summer period from June 1st to August 20th.
** '''{{vanchor|terminal}}''', when located at the tip of a stem ('''apical''' is equivalent but rather reserved for the one at the top of the plant);
** ''']''', when located in the axil of a leaf ('''lateral''' is the equivalent but some adventitious buds may be lateral too);
** ''']''', when located elsewhere, for example on the trunk or roots (some adventitious buds may be former axillary ones that are reduced and hidden under the bark, while other adventitious buds are completely new formed ones).
* for status:{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
** '''accessory''', for secondary buds formed besides a principal bud (axillary or terminal);
** '''resting''', for a bud that forms at the end of a growth season, and then lies dormant until the onset of the next growth season;
** '''dormant''' or '''latent''', for buds whose growth has been delayed for a rather long time. The term is usable as a synonym of ''resting'', but is better employed for buds waiting undeveloped for years, for example ''']''';
** '''pseudoterminal''', for an axillary bud taking over the function of a terminal bud (characteristic of species whose growth is ]: terminal bud dies and is replaced by the closer axillary bud, for examples ], ], '']'' have sympodial growth).
* for morphology:
** '''scaly''' or '''covered''' ('''perulate'''), when scales, also referred to as a perule (lat. perula, perulaei) (which are in fact transformed and reduced leaves) cover and protect the embryonic parts;
** '''naked''', when not covered by scales;
** '''hairy''', when also protected by hairs (it may apply either to scaly or to naked buds).
* for function:{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
** '''vegetative''', only containing vegetative structures: a '''leaf bud''' is an embryonic shoot containing leaves;
** '''reproductive''', only containing embryonic flower(s): a '''flower bud''' contains a single ] while an '''inflorescence bud''' contains an ];
** '''mixed''', containing both embryonic leaves and flower(s).


===Image gallery===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="154px" caption="Buds">
File:Alnus glutinosa bud 2.jpg|'']'' bud
File:Tilia platyphallos bud.jpg|'']'' bud
File:Buds of Fraxinus excelsior 03.jpg|Black buds of a European ash, '']''
File:Quince Blossom with removed watermark.jpg|A ]'s flower bud with spirally folded petals
File:Nelumbo nucifera, also known as Indian lotus in bud stage (Image 7 of 7).jpg|Opening '']'' flower bud
File:Coreopsis tinctoria cultivar Uptick Cream and Red 8.JPG|Opening '']'' flower buds
File:Vitis vinifera - bud0.jpg|'']'' flower buds
File:烏材（軟毛柿）Diospyros eriantha 20210331093242 04.jpg|'']'' bud
File:Flower bud of Sunflower - Helianthus.JPG|Inflorescence bud of the ] (''Helianthus annuus'')
File:Acanthus balcanicus.jpg|Inflorescence bud of '']''
File:Banksia sessilis inflorescence bud closed.jpg|Inflorescence bud of the parrot bush ('']'')
File:Cynara cardunculus0.jpg|Inflorescence bud of ] (''Cynara cardunculus'')
File:Bud1web.jpg|An opening inflorescence bud at left, which will develop like the one to its right
</gallery>


==See also== == References ==
{{Reflist}}
*]

{{Clear}}
{{Botany}}

{{Authority control}}

]
]

Latest revision as of 04:41, 7 September 2024

Immature or embryonic shoot "Flower bud" redirects here. For EP of GFriend, see Flower Bud. For usage in asexual reproduction, see Budding. For other uses, see Bud (disambiguation).
European beech (Fagus sylvatica) bud

In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop flowers or short shoots or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in zoology, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.

Overview

Inflorescence bud scales in Halesia carolina

The buds of many woody plants, especially in temperate or cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called scales which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving a series of horizontally-elongated scars on the surface of the growing stem. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars. Continued growth of the branch causes these scars to be obliterated after a few years so that the total age of older branches cannot be determined by this means.

In many plants, scales do not form over the bud, and the bud is then called a naked bud. The minute underdeveloped leaves in such buds are often excessively hairy. Naked buds are found in some shrubs, like some species of the Sumac and Viburnums (Viburnum alnifolium and V. lantana) and in herbaceous plants. In many of the latter, buds are even more reduced, often consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells in the axils of leaves. A terminal bud occurs on the end of a stem and lateral buds are found on the side. A head of cabbage (see Brassica) is an exceptionally large terminal bud, while Brussels sprouts are large lateral buds.

Since buds are formed in the axils of leaves, their distribution on the stem is the same as that of leaves. There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.

Often it is possible to find a bud in a remarkable series of gradations of bud scales. In the buckeye, for example, one may see a complete gradation from the small brown outer scale through larger scales which on unfolding become somewhat green to the inner scales of the bud, which are remarkably leaf-like. Such a series suggests that the scales of the bud are in truth leaves, modified to protect the more delicate parts of the plant during unfavorable periods.

Types of buds

Plant buds classification
Terminal, vegetative bud of Ficus carica

Buds are often useful in the identification of plants, especially for woody plants in winter when leaves have fallen. Buds may be classified and described according to different criteria: location, status, morphology, and function.

Botanists commonly use the following terms:

  • for location:
    • terminal, when located at the tip of a stem (apical is equivalent but rather reserved for the one at the top of the plant);
    • axillary, when located in the axil of a leaf (lateral is the equivalent but some adventitious buds may be lateral too);
    • adventitious, when located elsewhere, for example on the trunk or roots (some adventitious buds may be former axillary ones that are reduced and hidden under the bark, while other adventitious buds are completely new formed ones).
  • for status:
    • accessory, for secondary buds formed besides a principal bud (axillary or terminal);
    • resting, for a bud that forms at the end of a growth season, and then lies dormant until the onset of the next growth season;
    • dormant or latent, for buds whose growth has been delayed for a rather long time. The term is usable as a synonym of resting, but is better employed for buds waiting undeveloped for years, for example epicormic buds;
    • pseudoterminal, for an axillary bud taking over the function of a terminal bud (characteristic of species whose growth is sympodial: terminal bud dies and is replaced by the closer axillary bud, for examples beech, persimmon, Platanus have sympodial growth).
  • for morphology:
    • scaly or covered (perulate), when scales, also referred to as a perule (lat. perula, perulaei) (which are in fact transformed and reduced leaves) cover and protect the embryonic parts;
    • naked, when not covered by scales;
    • hairy, when also protected by hairs (it may apply either to scaly or to naked buds).
  • for function:
    • vegetative, only containing vegetative structures: a leaf bud is an embryonic shoot containing leaves;
    • reproductive, only containing embryonic flower(s): a flower bud contains a single flower while an inflorescence bud contains an inflorescence;
    • mixed, containing both embryonic leaves and flower(s).

Image gallery

References

  1. Walters, Dirk R., and David J. Keil. 1996. Vascular plant taxonomy. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. page 598.
  2. Cronquist, Arthur, and Henry A. Gleason. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. page 512.
  3. Coulter, John G. 1913. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. New York: American book company. page 188
  4. Trelease, W. (1967) , Winter botany: An Identification Guide to Native Trees and Shrubs, New York: Dover Publications, Inc, ISBN 0486218007
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