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			{{short description\|British-American neuroscientist (born 1943)}}
	'''Simon LeVay''' (born ] ] in ]) is a neuroscientist and author known for his studies about brain structures and ]. He is the co-author of a textbook on ] and has coauthored books on diverse topics such as ]s, ]es, ], and ]. <ref name="andriette">Andriette, Bill (February 2004). ''The Guide''</ref> LeVay has also written a novel, ''Albrick's Gold'', whose main character, Roger Cavendish, is partially based on LeVay himself. <ref name="LeVay">LeVay S (1997). ''Albrick's Gold.'' Headline Book Publishing, ISBN ISBN 0-7472-7687-0</ref>
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2014}}
			{{Infobox scientist
			\|name = Simon LeVay
			\|image = Simon levay 2010.jpg
			\|image_size =
			\|caption = Simon LeVay at the 2010 Texas Book Festival
			\|birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1943\|08\|28\|df=yes}}
			\|birth_place = ], England
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			\|citizenship = English, American
			\|nationality = British
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			'''Simon LeVay''' (born 28 August 1943 in ], England) is a British-American ].
	==Early life==

			He received a bachelor's degree in natural sciences from the ] in 1966, a Ph.D. in ] at the ] in ], and completed his postdoctoral fellowship at ] in 1974.
	LeVay wrote in his first book ''The Sexual Brain'' that, 'As a teenager and young adult I accepted the Freudian line , according to which a young child's relations with his or her parents play a decisive role...it seemed to be borne out in my own family experience: I remembered my mother as having been very close and possessive, and my father as distant, even hostile...when I came to read Freud I was swept away by his eloquence and the sheer audacity of his theories.' <ref name="LeVay">LeVay, Simon (1993). ''The Sexual Brain''. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6</ref> LeVay adds, however, that he later rejected Freudianism for various reasons, including his experience with gay men and lesbians who seemed too normal to be products of defective parenting and growing doubts about the scientific status of Freud's theories. <ref name="LeVay">LeVay, Simon (1993). ''The Sexual Brain''. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6</ref>

			LeVay held positions in ] at the Harvard Medical School from 1974 to 1984. He then worked at the ] from 1984 to 1993 while holding an Associate Professorship in Biology at the ]. Much of his early work focused on the ] in animals.
	==Education and career==

			While working at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, LeVay published an article in '']'' that compared the size of the "] Nucleus of the Anterior ]" (]) in a group of gay men to a group of straight men and women. This was the first scientific study ever published that showed brain differences based on ]. The study results were featured on ], '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.
	*], England (B.A., Natural Sciences, 1966)
	*], Germany (Ph.D., Neuroanatomy, 1971)
	*] (Postdoctoral Research Fellow, 1972-1974)

			In 1992, he took a leave of absence from Salk to help form the Institute of Gay and Lesbian Education (IGLE) in ] with Chris Patrouch and Lauren Jardine. He never returned.
	LeVay held positions at Harvard from 1974 to 1984, after which he worked at the ] from 1984-1993. While at the Salk institute he was also Adjunct Associate Professor of Biology at ].

			LeVay has spoken extensively on the topic of human sexuality at a number of venues and published a number of books. In 2003 he became a lecturer in Human Sexuality Studies at ].
	Much of his early work looked at ] in animals, especially ]s. LeVay's textbook on human sexuality (now in its second edition) was described in one review as "an exceptional book that addresses nearly every aspect of sexuality from multiple theoretical, historical, and cultural perspectives." <ref name="bynereview">Byne W (June 7, 2006). ''Human Sexuality'' (book review). ''Journal of the American Medical Association''</ref>

	==~~Sexuality~~ ~~research~~==		==Personal life==

			Simon LeVay was born on 28 August 1943 in Oxford, England.{{R\|LeVayCV\|Huffpost}} LeVay spent most of his childhood in ] where he attended ]. LeVay went on to attend ] where he specialized in Latin, Greek, and Ancient History while excelling in cycling. It was at Dulwich College where LeVay also admitted to himself that he was gay.{{R\|Nimmons\|Biography\|Ellingwood1994}}
	In ] LeVay published an article suggesting a difference in size between the third ] nuclei of the anterior ] (INAH3) in the brains of homosexual men and heterosexual men. <ref name="inah3">LeVay S (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between homosexual and heterosexual men. ''Science'' 253:1034-1037.</ref> This finding was widely reported in the media. <ref name="angier">Angier, Natalie (August 30, 1991). Zone of Brain Linked to Men's Sexual Orientation. '']''</ref> Some critics of LeVay questioned his measurements, noting that the structures themselves are difficult to see in tissue slices, and that LeVay measured in volume rather than cell count. <ref name="barinaga">Barinaga, Marcia (August 30, 1991). Is homosexuality biological? ''Science''</ref> Linda Brannon concluded that we do not know what INAH3 does. <ref name="brannon">Brannon L (1996). ''Gender: Psychological Perspectives.'' Allyn & Bacon, ISBN 020540457X</ref> Biologist ] noted that this is the tiniest of four "rice-grain" sized parts of the brain, and that sex and sexual orientation do not uniformly correspond to the hypothesis that "gay" brains are similar to "female" brains. <ref name="roughgarden">Roughgarden, Joan (2004). ''Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People''. University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520240735</ref> ] and Elijah Wald noted that, "Though, on average, the size of the hypothalamic nucleus LeVay considered significant was indeed smaller in the men he identified as homosexual, his published data show that the range of sizes of the individual samples was virtually the same as for the heterosexual men. That is, the area was larger in some of the homosexuals than in many of the heterosexual men, and smaller in some of the heterosexual men than in many of the homosexuals. This means that, though the groups showed some difference as groups, there was no way to tell anything about an individual’s sexual orientation by looking at his hypothalamus." <ref name="hubbard">Hubbard, Ruth and Elijah Wald (1997) ''Exploding the Gene Myth: How Genetic Information Is Produced and Manipulated by Scientists, Physicians, Employers, Insurance Companies, Educators, and Law Enforcers.'' BeaconPress, ISBN 978-0807004319</ref>

			==Education==
	Nancy Ordover noted that "he has also been criticized for his small ] and for compiling inadequate sexual histories."<ref name="ordover">Ordover, Nancy (2003). ''American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism''. University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-3559-5</ref> LeVay has acknowledged that samples of homosexual men's brain tissue were readily available to him because they had died of ]-related illnesses. <ref name="pinel">Pinel JPJ (2007). ''Basics of Biopsychology: International Edition''. Boston: Pearson Educational ISBN 9780205508891</ref> Several of his colleagues have suggested that the size of the nuclei could have been affected by AIDS, since INAH3 is dependent on testosterone levels. <ref name="byne">Byne W, Parson B (March 1993). Human sexual orientation: The biologic theories reappraised. ''Archives of General Psychiatry'' 50:3, 235</ref> LeVay himself has noted that, '...there is always the possibility that gay men who die of AIDS are not representative of the entire population of gay men...they might have a stronger preference for receptive ], the major risk factor for acquiring ] infection. Thus...one could make the argument that structural differences in INAH3 relate more to actual behavioral patterns of copulation rather than to sexual orientation as such. It will not be possible to settle this issue definitively until some method becomes available to measure the size of INAH3 in living people who can be interviewed in detail about their sexuality.' <ref name="levay">LeVay, Simon (1996). ''Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press ISBN 0-262-12199-9 </ref>

			Before moving on to higher education, LeVay spent a gap year in ] Germany where he worked as a technician in an electron microscope lab, learned German, and published a scientific article on the spinal cord of chickens.{{R\|Chickens\|Biography}} When the gap year was complete, LeVay returned to England, where he was admitted into Cambridge University.{{R\|Nimmons\|Biography\|LeVayCV}} After graduating with a B.A. in natural sciences, he continued the clinical portion of his medical education at the ] in ] before dropping out of medical school altogether.{{R\|Ellingwood1994\|Nimmons}}
	Critics of LeVay have frequently suggested that he is biased. Some critics of LeVay found his statement in an interview that "if I didn’t find anything, I would give up a scientific career altogether," <ref name="gelman">Gelman et al. (February 24, 1992). Born or Bred? '']'' ; 46</ref> to be evidence of bias. <ref name="r&r">''cf.'' Harrub B, Miller D (August 2004). ''Reason & Revelation'' Apologetics Press, 24:73-79</ref> The fact that LeVay is openly homosexual has also prompted many accusations of bias. According to what LeVay has described as one school of thought, '...my findings are not to be believed because I am gay. <ref name="levay">LeVay, Simon (1996). ''Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press ISBN 0-262-12199-9 </ref> Historian Roy Porter falsely claimed that LeVay, "...cheerfully looks forward to the day when the 'new ]' born of the ] will enable women to abort fetuses likely to be carrying any traits they don't much care for, including homosexuality." <ref name="porter">Porter, Roy (August 11, 1996). '']''</ref>

			LeVay returned to the lab in Göttingen and enrolled in graduate school, where he published his doctoral thesis on the visual system before graduating with a Ph.D. in neuroanatomy in 1971.{{R\|LeVayThesis\|LeVayCV}} At the University of Göttingen, LeVay met an American exchange student from the ] named Richard Hersey and fell in love.{{R\|Nimmons\|Biography}} When Hersey left Germany and returned to the ], LeVay followed him and began looking at postdoctoral positions in ], ], and ]. He eventually got a job at ] working in the lab of ] and ].{{R\|Nimmons\|NobelHubel\|Zacks}} LeVay and Hersey spent a year traveling in the United States before Hersey returned to Berkeley, and LeVay started his life in ].{{R\|Biography\|Koymasky}}
	Some of LeVay's critics have agendas. ], Ph.D, is a conservative ] who speaks at ] events about the success of ] which purportedly cure ] through religious counseling.<ref name="byrne">NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH AND THERAPY OF HOMOSEXUALITY:
	Dean Byrd Lectures at Utah Valley State College </ref> ] is a ] activist who has helped to edit this article. LeVay has responded to the criticisms James inserted into an older version of this article, and accused her of pursuing a personal vendetta against him because he made positive comments about the work of ] Despite the accusations of bias, LeVay has cautioned against misinterpreting his findings: "It’s important to stress what I didn’t find. I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn’t show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brain." <ref name="byrd">Byrd, A. Dean, Shirley E. Cox, and Jeffrey W. Robinson (May 27, 2001), '']''</ref> Criticising other scientists, including ], LeVay has also pointed out that genetic studies have so far not proven that homosexuality is not a choice, since '...it is possible to construct a hypothesis whereby both "gay genes" ''and'' a desire to be homosexual are necessary for a person actually to become homosexual.' <ref name="levay">LeVay, Simon (1996). ''Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press ISBN 0-262-12199-9 </ref>

	== ~~Bibliography~~ ==		==Career==

			LeVay completed his postdoc at Harvard Medical School and began teaching in the Neurobiology Department.{{R\|LeVayCV\|LeVayThesis\|Koymasky}}
	*LeVay S (1993). ''The Sexual Brain''. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6

	*LeVay S, Nonas E (1995). ''City of Friends: A Portrait of the Gay and Lesbian Community in America''. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12194-8
			In 1984, LeVay accepted a job at the Salk Institute in ], ] where he studied the brain's role in vision.{{R\|Ellingwood1994\|Zacks\|angier}} He also began working as an Associate Professor in ] at the University of California.{{R\|LeVayCOF}}
	*LeVay S (1996). ''Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality''. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12199-9

	*LeVay S (1997). ''Albrick's Gold''. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7687-0
			LeVay took a leave of absence to take care of Hersey, who had contracted ].{{R\|Gross1987\|HerseyOpEd}} After Hersey died of the disease in 1990,{{R\|Ellingwood1994}} LeVay returned to Salk with little interest in continuing his work on the visual centers of the brain.{{R\|Nimmons\|Rosario\|Newsweek1992\|NYMag}} "Richard and I had spent 21 years together," LeVay said during an interview with a reporter from '']'' magazine. "It was while looking after him that I decided I wanted to do something different with my life ... I had an emotional need to do something more personal, something connected with my gay identity."{{R\|Nimmons}}
	*Koerner, D, LeVay, S (2000). ''Here Be Dragons: The Scientific Quest for Extraterrestrial Life''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512852-4

	*Freed, C, LeVay, S (2002). ''Healing the Brain: A Doctor's Controversial Quest for a Cell Therapy to Cure Parkinson's Disease''. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7091-5
			In 1991, LeVay published an article in ''Science'' that compared a structure in the hypothalamus called INAH3 in the brains of male homosexuals to that found in a group of heterosexual men and heterosexual women. He found that this region of the brain in gay men was similar to that found in straight women.{{R\|inah3\|Nimmons}}
	*LeVay S, Valente SM (Second ed., 2006). ''Human Sexuality''. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ISBN ISBN 0-87893-465-0

	*LeVay S, (2008), ''When Science Goes Wrong'', Plume. ISBN 0-45228-932-7
			In 1992, LeVay took a second leave of absence from Salk to help form the Institute of Gay and Lesbian Education (IGLE) in West Hollywood with Chris Patrouch and Lauren Jardine. He never returned.{{R\|Ellingwood1994\|Nimmons}} After IGLE folded, LeVay would go on to speak on the topic of ] at a number of venues and published books.{{R\|Biography\|}}

			In 2003 he became a lecturer in Human Sexuality Studies at Stanford University.{{R\|SDGLN\|LeVayCOF}}

			==INAH3 research==
			{{See also\|Biology and sexual orientation\|Neuroscience and sexual orientation}}

			Researchers had been comparing the brains of men and women since the 1980s, but the article that caught LeVay's attention was published by a group at UCLA.{{R\|Nimmons}} In the study, the researchers compared the hypothalami of 11 men to 11 women. Of particular interest to LeVay was an area the researchers called the "Interstitial Nucleus of the Anterior Hypothalamus" (]),{{R\|UCLAStudy\|Nimmons\|Newsweek1992}} a part of the brain that had been found to help regulate sexual behavior.{{R\|Advocate2015}} The UCLA team found that INAH3 was, on average, twice as large in men as it was in women.{{R\|UCLAStudy}} This made LeVay wonder if he would see differences in this grouping of cells based on sexual orientation as well.{{R\|Nimmons\|Newsweek1992}}

			"I was already working on structure and function in one part of the brain, so working on the sexual part of the brain wasn't a big switch."{{R\|Nimmons}}

			Over a period of nine months, LeVay performed surgery on the brains of 41 cadavers: 18 gay men (plus 1 bisexual male), 16 straight men, and 6 straight women. To ensure that the process was fully blinded, he'd had each brain numerically encoded to conceal the sexual orientations of each donor.{{R\|inah3\|Newsweek1992\|Nimmons}}

			In 1991, LeVay published "A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men" in '']''. On average, LeVay found that the INAH3 in the brains of heterosexual men were more than twice as large as those found in the brains of homosexuals. In fact, the INAH3 size of the homosexual group was the same as that of the women. LeVay wrote that "his finding indicates that INAH is dimorphic with sexual orientation, at least in men, and suggests that sexual orientation has a biological substrate."{{R\|inah3}}

			This was the first scientific study that looked specifically at differences between brains on the basis of sexual orientation.{{R\|Salon2010\|angier}} Because of this, LeVay's finding attracted a lot of media attention. The study results were featured on PBS, ''Newsweek'', ''Nightline'', ''Donahue'', and ''The Oprah Winfrey Show''.{{R\|angier\|Nimmons\|Ellingwood1994}}

			The results received pushback from some religious groups as well as from members of the LGBT community.{{R\|angier\|Nimmons\|Ellingwood1994}} There were also several criticisms from scientists:

			*] can attack the central nervous system, and nearly all of the gay men in LeVay's study had died of AIDS. What effect, if any, did HIV have on this region of the brain? Were the perceived differences the result of biology or because of HIV's actions on the brain?{{R\|Newsweek1992\|angier\|Salon2010}}
			*LeVay's study only considered 41 brain samples.{{R\|inah3}} Too few data points can make study results unreliable.{{R\|Sciencing\|angier\|ordover}}
			*In straight males, LeVay found that the INAH3 structure was about the size of a grain of sand. In women (and in gay men), it was almost non-existent.{{R\|inah3}} Because of the extremely small size, these structures could be difficult to precisely measure in tissue slices.{{R\|barinaga}}
			*LeVay's data showed a range of size values for INAH3 in both the homosexual and heterosexual brains. Some of the gay men had larger INAH3 structures, some of the straight men had smaller structures, and the numbers overlapped.{{R\|inah3}} ] at ] said, "If LeVay picked a nucleus size in the middle, he couldn't tell if it was heterosexual or homosexual."{{R\|Nimmons\|}}
			*The brain influences the way the person acts, but the environment can influence brain structures. There was not enough information about the people in the study to know whether the results were biological in nature, or whether the behavior of the gay participants caused that region of the brain to change over time.{{R\|Newsweek1992}}

			LeVay himself cautioned against misinterpreting his findings: "I did not prove that homosexuality is ], or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn't show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brain."{{R\|Nimmons}}

			In an interview with '']'' in 1992, he said, "What I reported was a difference in the brain structure of the hypothalamus. We can't say on the basis of that what makes people gay or straight. But it opens the door to find the answer to that question."{{R\|Newsweek1992}}

			== Institute of Gay and Lesbian Education ==

			After Governor ] vetoed California Bill AB101 which would have extended civil rights protections to the LGBT community,{{R\|AB101}} LeVay became active in the community. While attending a gay political group, he met a planner in West Hollywood by the name of Chris Patrouch. In their conversations Patrouch pitched the idea of creating a new educational institution in West Hollywood that would be gay friendly. LeVay liked the idea so much that he took a leave of absence from Salk in 1992 to help.{{R\|Ellingwood1994\|Newsweek1992}}

			They were planning to call the institution the "] University" after the first openly gay elected supervisor of ] that had been assassinated by ] in 1987.{{R\|Milk}} However, they eventually formed the West Hollywood Institute of Gay and Lesbian Education (IGLE) with Lauren Jardine. The West Hollywood City Counsel unanimously passed a resolution giving IGLE free space in a building owned by the city and IGLE began offering classes in 1992.{{R\|Smith1992}}

			IGLE did not meet enrollment expectations that first year. Boxall reports that 14 of 22 classes that had been listed in the course catalog had been canceled due to lack of enrollment.{{R\|Boxall1992}} Two years later IGLE's administrators were still struggling with whether the school was going to concentrate on teaching classes focused on gay and lesbian studies, or whether it was going to focus on teaching conventional subjects to LGBT students.{{R\|Ellingwood1994}}

			Patrouch and LeVay had been hoping to get their courses accredited and start offering degrees,{{R\|Smith1992\|Boxall1992\|Ellingwood1994}} but the situation proved untenable and IGLE shut down in 1996.{{R\|IRSList\|Biography}}

			== Books ==

			=== The Sexual Brain ===
			{{Main articles\|The Sexual Brain}}
			''The Sexual Brain'', published in 1993, was LeVay's first book. It discussed brain mechanisms involved in sexual behavior and feelings.{{R\|leVay}}

			=== Queer Science ===
			{{Main articles\|Queer Science}}
			''Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality'', published in 1996, was a survey of sexual orientation research. It discussed the work of pioneering sexologists such as ] and ], ] and his followers, ], and LeVay's own research on INAH3 and its possible implications.{{R\|LeVayMIT}}

			=== Albrick's Gold ===
			''Albrick's Gold'', published in 1997, was a ] ], whose main character, Roger Cavendish, is partially based on Simon LeVay.{{R\|LeVayAlbrick}}

			=== Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why ===
			{{Main articles\|Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why}}
			''Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation'', first published in 2010, details findings from over 650 studies on sexual orientation, including findings he had not considered: "I didn't expect the avenue of research about birth order, that gay men tend to be late born in families, and that women aren't as fixed in their sexual orientation as are men."{{R\|SDGLN}} A second edition was released in 2016. In 2010, ''Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why'' won the Bonnie and Vern L. Bullough Award which is given by the Foundation for the Scientific Study of Sexuality to the most distinguished book written for the professional sexological community.{{R\|LeVayCV\|FSSS}}

			=== Other books ===
			LeVay has also co-authored a textbook on ] and books on ]s, ]es, ], and ]. ''Human Sexuality'' (now in its third edition) was described in one review as "an exceptional book that addresses nearly every aspect of sexuality from multiple theoretical, historical, and cultural perspectives."{{R\|bynereview}}

			== Works ==
			*LeVay S (1993). '']''. Cambridge: MIT Press. {{ISBN\|0-262-62093-6}}
			*LeVay S, Nonas E (1995). ''City of Friends: A Portrait of the Gay and Lesbian Community in America''. Cambridge: MIT Press. {{ISBN\|0-262-12194-8}}
			*LeVay S (1996). '']: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality''. Cambridge: MIT Press. {{ISBN\|0-262-12199-9}}
			*LeVay S (1997). ''Albrick's Gold''. London: Headline Book Publishing. {{ISBN\|0-7472-7687-0}}
			*Sieh K, LeVay, S (1998). ''The Earth in Turmoil: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Their Impact on Humankind''. New York: W.H. Freeman. {{ISBN\|0-7167-3151-7}}
			*Koerner, D, LeVay, S (2000). ''Here Be Dragons: The Scientific Quest for Extraterrestrial Life''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN\|0-19-512852-4}}
			*Freed, C, LeVay, S (2002). ''Healing the Brain: A Doctor's Controversial Quest for a Cell Therapy to Cure Parkinson's Disease''. New York: Times Books. {{ISBN\|0-8050-7091-5}}
			*LeVay S, (2008). ''When Science Goes Wrong'', Plume. {{ISBN\|0-452-28932-7}}
			*LeVay S, Baldwin J (Fourth ed., 2012). '']''. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. {{ISBN\|0-87893-570-3}}
			*LeVay S, Baldwin J, Baldwin J (Fifth ed., 2021). ''Discovering Human Sexuality''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN\|9780197522578}}
			*LeVay S, (Second ed., 2016). '']: The Science of Sexual Orientation''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN\|9780190297374}}
			*LeVay S, (2013). ''The Donation of Constantine: A Novel''. Los Angeles: Lambourn Books. {{ISBN\|978-1470132156}}
			*LeVay S, (2023). ''Attraction, Love, Sex: The Inside Story''. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN\|9780231204507}}

	==References==		==References==
	<div class="references-small"> <references/> </div>

			{{reflist\|refs=
	== External links ==

	*
			<ref name=LeVayCV>{{cite web\|last=LeVay\|first=Simon\|title=Simon LeVay CV\|url=http://www.simonlevay.com/my-resume\|access-date=7 Sep 2018}}</ref>

			<ref name=inah3>{{cite journal\|last=LeVay\|first=Simon\|date=1991\|title= A difference in hypothalamic structure between homosexual and heterosexual men\|journal=]\|volume=253\|issue=5023\|pages=1034–1037\|doi=10.1126/science.1887219\|pmid=1887219\|s2cid=1674111}}</ref>

			<ref name=angier>{{cite web\|last=Angier\|first=Natalie\|date = 30 Aug 1991\| title=Zone of Brain Linked to Men's Sexual Orientation\|work= ]\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/30/us/zone-of-brain-linked-to-men-s-sexual-orientation.html}}</ref>

			<ref name=Rosario>{{cite book\|last=Rosario\|first=Vernon\|date=1997\|title=Science and Homosexualities\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=0-415-91502-3}}</ref>

			<ref name=Nimmons>{{cite web\|first=David\|last=Nimmons\|title=Sex and the Brain\|publisher=]\|date= 1 Mar 1994\|url= https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/sex-and-the-brain}}</ref>

			<ref name=barinaga>{{cite journal\|last=Barinaga\|first=Marcia\|date= 30 Aug 1991\|title= Is homosexuality biological?\|journal=]\|volume=253\|issue=5023\|pages=956–957\|doi=10.1126/science.1887225\|pmid=1887225\|bibcode=1991Sci...253..956B\|s2cid=5811642}}</ref>

			<ref name=ordover>{{cite book\|last=Ordover\|first=Nancy\|date=2003\|title=American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism\|publisher=University of Minnesota Press\|isbn=0-8166-3559-5}}</ref>

			<ref name=Biography>{{cite web\|url= http://www.simonlevay.com/Home/biography\|first=Simon\|last=LeVay\|title=Biography\|access-date=7 Sep 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420100211/http://www.simonlevay.com/Home/biography\|archive-date=20 Apr 2016}}</ref>

			<ref name=Chickens>{{cite news\|first1=S\|last1=LeVay\|first2=C\|last2=Meier\|first3=P\|last3=Glees\|title=Effects of tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate on spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves of chicken\|publisher=Acta Neuropathol\|volume=17\|pages=103–113\|date=1971}}</ref>

			<ref name=LeVayThesis>{{cite thesis\|last=LeVay\|first=Simon\|title=Eine elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung am Corpus geniculatum laterale des Affen: die synaptischen Verbindungen und die Effekte der Augenenukleation\|type=Doctoral\|publisher=University of Göttingen, Germany\|date= 1971}}</ref>

			<ref name=Koymasky>{{cite web\|url=http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biol2/levay01.html\|first1=Matt\|last1=Koymanski\|first2=Andrej\|last2=Koymanski\|date=12 Aug 2006\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908063257/http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biol2/levay01.html\|archive-date=8 Sep 2018\|title=The Living Room Biographies}}</ref>

			<ref name=Ellingwood1994>{{cite web\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-05-05-we-53866-story.html
			\|first=Ken\|last=Ellingwood\|date=5 May 1994\| title=Social Studies: Scientists Simon LeVay Heads New College That explores Contributions of Gay Community – Now All He Needs is a Building \|website=]\|access-date=5 Sep 2018}}</ref>

			<ref name=NobelHubel>{{cite web\|title=David H. Hubel – Biographical\|publisher=Nobel Media AB\|date=1981\|access-date=22 Oct 2019\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/hubel/biographical/}}</ref>

			<ref name=Zacks>{{cite web\|first=Rebecca\|last=Zacks\|title=LeVay Shares Thoughts on 'Gay Gene' Research\|publisher=The Tech\|date=7 Jun 1996\|access-date=22 Oct 2019\|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1981/hubel/biographical/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110043442/http://tech.mit.edu/V116/N27/levay.27n.html\|archive-date=10 Jan 2018\|volume=116\|issue=27}}</ref>

			<ref name=Newsweek1992>{{cite web\|title=Homosexuality: Born or bred?\|publisher=]\|date=23 Feb 1992\|url=https://www.newsweek.com/homosexuality-born-or-bred-200636\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712180137/https://www.newsweek.com/homosexuality-born-or-bred-200636\|archive-date=12 Jul 2019}}</ref>

			<ref name=UCLAStudy>{{cite journal \|first1=Laura \|last1=Allen \|first2=Melissa \|last2=Hines \|first3=James \|last3=Shryne \|first4=Roger \|last4=Gorski \|title=Two Sexually Dimorphic Cell Groups in the Human Brain \|volume=9 \|issue=2 \|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience \|date=Feb 1989 \|pages=497–506 \|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-02-00497.1989 \|pmid=2918374 \|pmc=6569815 \|url=https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/9/2/497.full.pdf}}</ref>

			<ref name=Salon2010>{{cite web\|first=Schuyler\|last=Velasco\|title="Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why": Where does homosexuality come from?\|work=]\|url=https://www.salon.com/2010/10/24/simon_levay_gay_brain/\|date=24 Oct 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401175500/https://www.salon.com/2010/10/24/simon_levay_gay_brain/\|archive-date=1 Apr 2019}}</ref>

			<ref name=Advocate2015>{{cite web\|first=Brenden\|last=Shucart\|date=1 Sep 2015\|title=Why Are We Gay?\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.advocate.com/print-issue/current-issue/2015/09/01/why-are-we-gay\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325071225/https://www.advocate.com/print-issue/current-issue/2015/09/01/why-are-we-gay\|archive-date=25 Mar 2017}}</ref>

			<ref name=Huffpost>{{cite web\|title=Contributor:Simon LeVay\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/simon-levay}}</ref>

			<ref name=NYMag>{{cite web\|title=The Science of Gaydar\|first=David\|last=France\|publisher=New York Media Lmtd\|website=nymag.com\|date=15 June 2007 \|url=http://nymag.com/news/features/33520/\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014183040/http://nymag.com/news/features/33520/\|archive-date=14 Oct 2019}}</ref>

			<ref name=HerseyOpEd>{{cite web\|first=Richard\|last=Hersey\|title=Opinion: Offer AZT at Cost\|work=]\|date=9 Apr 1987\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/25/opinion/l-offer-azt-at-cost-560287.html}}</ref>

			<ref name=Gross1987>{{cite web\|first=Jane\|last=Gross\|date=15 May 1987\|title=Aids Victims' Frantic Search for Cure\|work=]\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/15/nyregion/aids-victims-frantic-search-for-cure.html}}</ref>

			<ref name=Sciencing>{{cite web\|first=Chris\|last=Deziel\|title=The Effects of a Small Sample Size Limitation\|date=13 Mar 2018\|publisher=Sciencing\|url=https://sciencing.com/effects-small-sample-size-limitation-8545371.html}}</ref>

			<ref name=Milk>{{cite web\|title=Out of the Closet, Into the Heart\|url=https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2018/5/4/out-of-the-closet-into-the-heart\|website=The Attic\|date=16 October 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731074533/https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2018/5/4/out-of-the-closet-into-the-heart\|archive-date=31 Jul 2019\|access-date=25 Oct 2019}}</ref>

			<ref name=AB101>{{cite web\|first1=Scott\|last1=Harris\|first2=George\|last2=Ramos\|date=1 Oct 1991\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-01-mn-3522-story.html\|work=Los Angeles Times\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820115516/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-01-mn-3522-story.html\|archive-date=20 Aug 2019\|title=Gay Activists Vent Rage Over Wilson's Veto : Protest: Governor's rejection of job discrimination bill sparks violence. Thousands of demonstrators march in Los Angeles and San Francisco.}}</ref>

			<ref name=Smith1992>{{cite web\|first=Bruce\|last=Smith\|title=Support for Gay Studies School Builds : Education: West Hollywood donates classroom space. Interest is high among prospective faculty.\|work=Los Angeles Times\|date=4 Mar 1992\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-04-me-3274-story.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025211425/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-04-me-3274-story.html\|archive-date=25 Oct 2019\|access-date=25 Oct 2019}}</ref>

			<ref name=Boxall1992>{{cite web\|first=Bettina\|last=Boxall\|date=20 Sep 1992\|title=Institute for Gay Studies Has Modest Beginnings, High Hopes : Education: The school was created by a transportation planner and a neuroscientist. Enrollment has been far lower than expected.\|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-me-1862-story.html\|work=Los Angeles Times\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026010656/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-me-1862-story.html\|archive-date=26 Oct 2019}}</ref>

			<ref name=IRSList>{{cite news\|title=Cumulative List of Organizations Described in Section 170 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986\|volume=2\|author=Department of the Treasury\|publisher=Internal Revenue Service\|date=1995}}</ref>

			<ref name="leVay">{{cite book\|first=Simon\|last=LeVay\|date=1993\|title=The Sexual Brain\|publisher=MIT Press\|location=Cambridge\|isbn=0-262-62093-6}}</ref>

			<ref name="LeVayMIT">{{cite book\|first=Simon\|last=LeVay\|date=1996\|title=Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality\|publisher=MIT Press\|location=Cambridge\|isbn=0-262-12199-9}}</ref>

			<ref name="LeVayAlbrick">{{cite book\|first=Simon\|last=LeVay\|date=1997\|title=Albrick's Gold\|publisher= Headline Book Publishing\|isbn=0-7472-7687-0}}</ref>

			<ref name="SDGLN">{{cite news\|last=Staples\|first=A. Latham\|date=2010-10-11\|title="Gay Brain" scientist returns to San Diego for Oct. 12-13 book signings\|publisher=San Diego Gay & Lesbian News\|url=http://sdgln.com/entertainment/2010/10/11/gay-brain-scientist-returns-san-diego-oct-12-13-book-signings\|access-date=2010-10-11}}</ref>

			<ref name="LeVayCOF">{{cite book\|first=Simon\|last=LeVay\|date=1996\|title=City of Friends\|publisher=MIT Press\|location=Cambridge\|isbn=0-262-12194-8}}</ref>

			<ref name="bynereview">Byne W (June 7, 2006). ''Human Sexuality'' (book review). ''Journal of the American Medical Association''</ref>

			<ref name="FSSS">{{cite news\|author=Rutgers University\|date=12 Nov 2007\|title=Rutgers College of Nursing emerita professor Beverly Whipple receives FSSS book award \|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-11/ru-rco111207.php}}</ref>

			}}

			==External links==
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			{{Wikiquote}}
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Latest revision as of 05:54, 25 September 2024

British-American neuroscientist (born 1943)

Simon LeVay
Simon LeVay at the 2010 Texas Book Festival
Born	(1943-08-28) 28 August 1943 (age 81) Oxford, England
Nationality	British
Citizenship	English, American
Alma mater	University of Cambridge (B.A.) University of Göttingen (PhD)
Scientific career
Fields	Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Human Sexuality
Institutions	Harvard Medical School Salk Institute University of California, San Diego Stanford University

Website	www.simonlevay.com

Simon LeVay (born 28 August 1943 in Oxford, England) is a British-American neuroscientist.

He received a bachelor's degree in natural sciences from the University of Cambridge in 1966, a Ph.D. in Neuroanatomy at the University of Göttingen in Germany, and completed his postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard Medical School in 1974.

LeVay held positions in neurobiology at the Harvard Medical School from 1974 to 1984. He then worked at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies from 1984 to 1993 while holding an Associate Professorship in Biology at the University of California, San Diego. Much of his early work focused on the visual cortex in animals.

While working at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, LeVay published an article in Science that compared the size of the "Interstitial Nucleus of the Anterior Hypothalamus" (INAH3) in a group of gay men to a group of straight men and women. This was the first scientific study ever published that showed brain differences based on sexual orientation. The study results were featured on PBS, Newsweek, Nightline, Donahue, and The Oprah Winfrey Show.

In 1992, he took a leave of absence from Salk to help form the Institute of Gay and Lesbian Education (IGLE) in West Hollywood with Chris Patrouch and Lauren Jardine. He never returned.

LeVay has spoken extensively on the topic of human sexuality at a number of venues and published a number of books. In 2003 he became a lecturer in Human Sexuality Studies at Stanford University.

Personal life

Simon LeVay was born on 28 August 1943 in Oxford, England. LeVay spent most of his childhood in West Dulwich where he attended Dulwich Preparatory School. LeVay went on to attend Dulwich College where he specialized in Latin, Greek, and Ancient History while excelling in cycling. It was at Dulwich College where LeVay also admitted to himself that he was gay.

Education

Before moving on to higher education, LeVay spent a gap year in Göttingen Germany where he worked as a technician in an electron microscope lab, learned German, and published a scientific article on the spinal cord of chickens. When the gap year was complete, LeVay returned to England, where he was admitted into Cambridge University. After graduating with a B.A. in natural sciences, he continued the clinical portion of his medical education at the University College Hospital in London before dropping out of medical school altogether.

LeVay returned to the lab in Göttingen and enrolled in graduate school, where he published his doctoral thesis on the visual system before graduating with a Ph.D. in neuroanatomy in 1971. At the University of Göttingen, LeVay met an American exchange student from the University of California, Berkeley named Richard Hersey and fell in love. When Hersey left Germany and returned to the United States, LeVay followed him and began looking at postdoctoral positions in Boston, New York, and Wisconsin. He eventually got a job at Harvard Medical School working in the lab of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. LeVay and Hersey spent a year traveling in the United States before Hersey returned to Berkeley, and LeVay started his life in Boston.

Career

LeVay completed his postdoc at Harvard Medical School and began teaching in the Neurobiology Department.

In 1984, LeVay accepted a job at the Salk Institute in San Diego, California where he studied the brain's role in vision. He also began working as an Associate Professor in Biology at the University of California.

LeVay took a leave of absence to take care of Hersey, who had contracted AIDS. After Hersey died of the disease in 1990, LeVay returned to Salk with little interest in continuing his work on the visual centers of the brain. "Richard and I had spent 21 years together," LeVay said during an interview with a reporter from Discover magazine. "It was while looking after him that I decided I wanted to do something different with my life ... I had an emotional need to do something more personal, something connected with my gay identity."

In 1991, LeVay published an article in Science that compared a structure in the hypothalamus called INAH3 in the brains of male homosexuals to that found in a group of heterosexual men and heterosexual women. He found that this region of the brain in gay men was similar to that found in straight women.

In 1992, LeVay took a second leave of absence from Salk to help form the Institute of Gay and Lesbian Education (IGLE) in West Hollywood with Chris Patrouch and Lauren Jardine. He never returned. After IGLE folded, LeVay would go on to speak on the topic of human sexuality at a number of venues and published books.

In 2003 he became a lecturer in Human Sexuality Studies at Stanford University.

INAH3 research

Researchers had been comparing the brains of men and women since the 1980s, but the article that caught LeVay's attention was published by a group at UCLA. In the study, the researchers compared the hypothalami of 11 men to 11 women. Of particular interest to LeVay was an area the researchers called the "Interstitial Nucleus of the Anterior Hypothalamus" (INAH3), a part of the brain that had been found to help regulate sexual behavior. The UCLA team found that INAH3 was, on average, twice as large in men as it was in women. This made LeVay wonder if he would see differences in this grouping of cells based on sexual orientation as well.

"I was already working on structure and function in one part of the brain, so working on the sexual part of the brain wasn't a big switch."

Over a period of nine months, LeVay performed surgery on the brains of 41 cadavers: 18 gay men (plus 1 bisexual male), 16 straight men, and 6 straight women. To ensure that the process was fully blinded, he'd had each brain numerically encoded to conceal the sexual orientations of each donor.

In 1991, LeVay published "A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men" in Science. On average, LeVay found that the INAH3 in the brains of heterosexual men were more than twice as large as those found in the brains of homosexuals. In fact, the INAH3 size of the homosexual group was the same as that of the women. LeVay wrote that "his finding indicates that INAH is dimorphic with sexual orientation, at least in men, and suggests that sexual orientation has a biological substrate."

This was the first scientific study that looked specifically at differences between brains on the basis of sexual orientation. Because of this, LeVay's finding attracted a lot of media attention. The study results were featured on PBS, Newsweek, Nightline, Donahue, and The Oprah Winfrey Show.

The results received pushback from some religious groups as well as from members of the LGBT community. There were also several criticisms from scientists:

HIV can attack the central nervous system, and nearly all of the gay men in LeVay's study had died of AIDS. What effect, if any, did HIV have on this region of the brain? Were the perceived differences the result of biology or because of HIV's actions on the brain?
LeVay's study only considered 41 brain samples. Too few data points can make study results unreliable.
In straight males, LeVay found that the INAH3 structure was about the size of a grain of sand. In women (and in gay men), it was almost non-existent. Because of the extremely small size, these structures could be difficult to precisely measure in tissue slices.
LeVay's data showed a range of size values for INAH3 in both the homosexual and heterosexual brains. Some of the gay men had larger INAH3 structures, some of the straight men had smaller structures, and the numbers overlapped. Anne Fausto-Sterling at Brown University said, "If LeVay picked a nucleus size in the middle, he couldn't tell if it was heterosexual or homosexual."
The brain influences the way the person acts, but the environment can influence brain structures. There was not enough information about the people in the study to know whether the results were biological in nature, or whether the behavior of the gay participants caused that region of the brain to change over time.

LeVay himself cautioned against misinterpreting his findings: "I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn't show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brain."

In an interview with Newsweek in 1992, he said, "What I reported was a difference in the brain structure of the hypothalamus. We can't say on the basis of that what makes people gay or straight. But it opens the door to find the answer to that question."

Institute of Gay and Lesbian Education

After Governor Pete Wilson vetoed California Bill AB101 which would have extended civil rights protections to the LGBT community, LeVay became active in the community. While attending a gay political group, he met a planner in West Hollywood by the name of Chris Patrouch. In their conversations Patrouch pitched the idea of creating a new educational institution in West Hollywood that would be gay friendly. LeVay liked the idea so much that he took a leave of absence from Salk in 1992 to help.

They were planning to call the institution the "Harvey Milk University" after the first openly gay elected supervisor of San Francisco that had been assassinated by Dan White in 1987. However, they eventually formed the West Hollywood Institute of Gay and Lesbian Education (IGLE) with Lauren Jardine. The West Hollywood City Counsel unanimously passed a resolution giving IGLE free space in a building owned by the city and IGLE began offering classes in 1992.

IGLE did not meet enrollment expectations that first year. Boxall reports that 14 of 22 classes that had been listed in the course catalog had been canceled due to lack of enrollment. Two years later IGLE's administrators were still struggling with whether the school was going to concentrate on teaching classes focused on gay and lesbian studies, or whether it was going to focus on teaching conventional subjects to LGBT students.

Patrouch and LeVay had been hoping to get their courses accredited and start offering degrees, but the situation proved untenable and IGLE shut down in 1996.

Books

The Sexual Brain

Main article: The Sexual Brain

The Sexual Brain, published in 1993, was LeVay's first book. It discussed brain mechanisms involved in sexual behavior and feelings.

Queer Science

Main article: Queer Science

Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality, published in 1996, was a survey of sexual orientation research. It discussed the work of pioneering sexologists such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and Magnus Hirschfeld, Sigmund Freud and his followers, behaviorism, and LeVay's own research on INAH3 and its possible implications.

Albrick's Gold

Albrick's Gold, published in 1997, was a science fiction novel, whose main character, Roger Cavendish, is partially based on Simon LeVay.

Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why

Main article: Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why

Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation, first published in 2010, details findings from over 650 studies on sexual orientation, including findings he had not considered: "I didn't expect the avenue of research about birth order, that gay men tend to be late born in families, and that women aren't as fixed in their sexual orientation as are men." A second edition was released in 2016. In 2010, Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why won the Bonnie and Vern L. Bullough Award which is given by the Foundation for the Scientific Study of Sexuality to the most distinguished book written for the professional sexological community.

Other books

LeVay has also co-authored a textbook on human sexuality and books on earthquakes, volcanoes, Parkinson's disease, and extraterrestrial life. Human Sexuality (now in its third edition) was described in one review as "an exceptional book that addresses nearly every aspect of sexuality from multiple theoretical, historical, and cultural perspectives."

Works

LeVay S (1993). The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6
LeVay S, Nonas E (1995). City of Friends: A Portrait of the Gay and Lesbian Community in America. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12194-8
LeVay S (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12199-9
LeVay S (1997). Albrick's Gold. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7687-0
Sieh K, LeVay, S (1998). The Earth in Turmoil: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Their Impact on Humankind. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3151-7
Koerner, D, LeVay, S (2000). Here Be Dragons: The Scientific Quest for Extraterrestrial Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512852-4
Freed, C, LeVay, S (2002). Healing the Brain: A Doctor's Controversial Quest for a Cell Therapy to Cure Parkinson's Disease. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7091-5
LeVay S, (2008). When Science Goes Wrong, Plume. ISBN 0-452-28932-7
LeVay S, Baldwin J (Fourth ed., 2012). Human Sexuality. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-570-3
LeVay S, Baldwin J, Baldwin J (Fifth ed., 2021). Discovering Human Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197522578
LeVay S, (Second ed., 2016). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190297374
LeVay S, (2013). The Donation of Constantine: A Novel. Los Angeles: Lambourn Books. ISBN 978-1470132156
LeVay S, (2023). Attraction, Love, Sex: The Inside Story. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231204507

References

^ LeVay, Simon. "Simon LeVay CV". Retrieved 7 September 2018.
"Contributor:Simon LeVay". HuffPost.
^ Nimmons, David (1 March 1994). "Sex and the Brain". Discover Magazine.
^ LeVay, Simon. "Biography". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
^ Ellingwood, Ken (5 May 1994). "Social Studies: Scientists Simon LeVay Heads New College That explores Contributions of Gay Community – Now All He Needs is a Building". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
LeVay, S; Meier, C; Glees, P (1971). "Effects of tri-ortho-cresyl-phosphate on spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves of chicken". Vol. 17. Acta Neuropathol. pp. 103–113.
^ LeVay, Simon (1971). Eine elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung am Corpus geniculatum laterale des Affen: die synaptischen Verbindungen und die Effekte der Augenenukleation (Doctoral). University of Göttingen, Germany.
"David H. Hubel – Biographical". Nobel Media AB. 1981. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
^ Zacks, Rebecca (7 June 1996). "LeVay Shares Thoughts on 'Gay Gene' Research". The Tech. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
^ Koymanski, Matt; Koymanski, Andrej (12 August 2006). "The Living Room Biographies". Archived from the original on 8 September 2018.
^ Angier, Natalie (30 August 1991). "Zone of Brain Linked to Men's Sexual Orientation". New York Times.
^ LeVay, Simon (1996). City of Friends. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12194-8.
Gross, Jane (15 May 1987). "Aids Victims' Frantic Search for Cure". The New York Times.
Hersey, Richard (9 April 1987). "Opinion: Offer AZT at Cost". The New York Times.
Rosario, Vernon (1997). Science and Homosexualities. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91502-3.
^ "Homosexuality: Born or bred?". Newsweek. 23 February 1992. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019.
France, David (15 June 2007). "The Science of Gaydar". nymag.com. New York Media Lmtd. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
^ LeVay, Simon (1991). "A difference in hypothalamic structure between homosexual and heterosexual men". Science. 253 (5023): 1034–1037. doi:10.1126/science.1887219. PMID 1887219. S2CID 1674111.
^ Staples, A. Latham (11 October 2010). ""Gay Brain" scientist returns to San Diego for Oct. 12-13 book signings". San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
^ Allen, Laura; Hines, Melissa; Shryne, James; Gorski, Roger (February 1989). "Two Sexually Dimorphic Cell Groups in the Human Brain" (PDF). The Journal of Neuroscience. 9 (2): 497–506. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-02-00497.1989. PMC 6569815. PMID 2918374.
Shucart, Brenden (1 September 2015). "Why Are We Gay?". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017.
^ Velasco, Schuyler (24 October 2010). ""Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why": Where does homosexuality come from?". Salon. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019.
Deziel, Chris (13 March 2018). "The Effects of a Small Sample Size Limitation". Sciencing.
Ordover, Nancy (2003). American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3559-5.
Barinaga, Marcia (30 August 1991). "Is homosexuality biological?". Science. 253 (5023): 956–957. Bibcode:1991Sci...253..956B. doi:10.1126/science.1887225. PMID 1887225. S2CID 5811642.
Harris, Scott; Ramos, George (1 October 1991). "Gay Activists Vent Rage Over Wilson's Veto : Protest: Governor's rejection of job discrimination bill sparks violence. Thousands of demonstrators march in Los Angeles and San Francisco". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019.
"Out of the Closet, Into the Heart". The Attic. 16 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
^ Smith, Bruce (4 March 1992). "Support for Gay Studies School Builds : Education: West Hollywood donates classroom space. Interest is high among prospective faculty". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
^ Boxall, Bettina (20 September 1992). "Institute for Gay Studies Has Modest Beginnings, High Hopes : Education: The school was created by a transportation planner and a neuroscientist. Enrollment has been far lower than expected". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019.
Department of the Treasury (1995). "Cumulative List of Organizations Described in Section 170 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986". Vol. 2. Internal Revenue Service.
LeVay, Simon (1993). The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6.
LeVay, Simon (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12199-9.
LeVay, Simon (1997). Albrick's Gold. Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7687-0.
Rutgers University (12 November 2007). "Rutgers College of Nursing emerita professor Beverly Whipple receives FSSS book award".
Byne W (June 7, 2006). Human Sexuality (book review). Journal of the American Medical Association

External links

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