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{{Antisemitism}} |
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'''Blood libels''' are accusations that ]s use human blood in religious rituals. Historically these are accusations that the blood of ] children is especially coveted. In many cases, ]s served as the basis for a ], in which the alleged victim of human sacrifice was elevated to the status of ], and in some cases, ]. Although the first known instance of blood libel is found in the writings of ], who claimed that the Jews sacrificed ] victims in the ], no further incidents are recorded until the ], when blood libels began to proliferate. These libels have persisted from then through to the 21st century. |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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==Descriptions of alleged ritual murder == |
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{{R from merge}} |
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] |
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In general, the "procedure" for the alleged sacrifice was something like this: a child, normally a boy who had not yet reached ], was kidnapped or sometimes bought and taken to a hidden place (the house of a prominent member of the Jewish community, a synagogue, a cellar, etc.) where he would be kept hidden until the time of his death. Preparations for the sacrifice included the gathering of attendees from near and far and constructing or readying the instruments of ] and ].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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At the time of the sacrifice (usually night), the crowd would gather at the place of execution (in some accounts the synagogue itself) and engage in a mock tribunal to try the child. The boy would be presented to the tribunal naked and tied (sometimes gagged) at the judge's order. He would eventually be condemned to death. Many forms of torture would be inflicted during the boy's "trial", including some of those used by the ] on suspects of ]. Some of the alleged tortures were: |
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*cutting |
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*mutilation (including ]) |
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*piercing with needles |
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*punching |
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*slapping |
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*] |
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*suspension by the hands or feet (]) |
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*whipping |
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The boy would be insulted and mocked throughout. |
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In the end, the half-dead boy would be crowned with thorns and tied or nailed to a wooden cross (]). The cross would be raised and the blood dripping from the boy's wounds, particularly those on his hands, feet, and genitals, would be caught in bowls or glasses. |
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Finally, the boy would be killed with a thrust through the heart from a spear, sword, or dagger. His dead body would be removed from the cross and concealed or disposed of, but in some instances rituals of black magic would be performed on it. This method, with some variations, can be found in all the descriptions of alleged ritual murder by Jews. |
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The earlier stories describe only the torture and agony of the victim and suggest that the child's death was the sole purpose of the ritual. Over time and as the libel proliferated, the focus shifted to the supposed need to collect the victim's blood for mystical purposes. |
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The story of ] (d. 1144) is the first known case of ritual murder being alleged by a Christian monk. It does not mention the collection of William's blood for any purpose. The story of ] (d. 1255) said that after the boy was dead, his body was removed from the cross and laid on a table. His belly was cut open and his entrails removed for some occult purpose, such as a ]. The story of ] (d. 1475) highly stressed how the boy was held on a large bowl so all his blood could be collected. |
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== Actual Jewish practices regarding blood and sacrifice == |
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The descriptions of torture and human sacrifice in the ] blood libels run contrary to many of the actual teachings of Judaism. |
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Most obviously, the ] in the ] ] forbid murder. In addition, the use of blood (human or otherwise) in cooking is prohibited by ], or Kosher dietary laws. Blood and other discharges from the human body are ritually unclean.({{bibleverse||Lev|15|31}}) Blood from slaughtered animals may not be consumed, and must be drained out of the animal and buried. ({{bibleverse||Lev|17:12-13|31}}) According to the book of Leviticus, blood from sacrificed animals may only be placed on the altar of the ] (which no longer existed at the time of any of these alleged events). Furthermore, humans, since they do not have cloven hooves nor do they chew the cud, are not considered a Kosher animal. |
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While animal sacrifice was part of the practice of ancient Judaism, the ] (Old Testament) and ] portray ] as one of the evils that separated the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews.({{bibleverse||Deut|12:31|31}}, {{bibleverse|2|Kings|16:3|31}}) Jews were prohibited from engaging in these rituals and were punished for doing so ({{bibleverse||Ex|34:15|31}}, {{bibleverse||Lev|20:2|31}}, {{bibleverse||Deut|18:12|31}}, {{bibleverse||Jer|7:31|31}}). In fact, ritual cleanliness for priests prohibited even being in the same room as a human corpse ({{bibleverse||Lev|21:11|31}}). |
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Proponents of the blood libel, such as British ] ] ("Jewish Ritual Murder" 1938) and sympathetic contemporaries, claim that proof of ritual murder is contained within scripture. The ] site www.JRBooksOnline.com lists ] as proof that Jews engaged in ritual child murder, citing the line "Happy is he who takes their little ones and dashes them against the stones" (www.jrbooksonline.com/leese). However, a more literal rendering of line 137:9 is "How blessed will be the one who grabs your babies ]"] and smashes them on a rock!", and mainstream Bible scholars interpret this as a reference to Jewish tribulations at the hands of Babylon, which ends with a curse against the oppressor. |
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== Notable instances == |
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There were a great many blood libel accusations and trials of Jews until the modern day. Relatively few of them are discussed here. |
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===Alexandria, first century AD=== |
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The first recorded blood libel against Jews was by the classical Greek author ], who claimed that Jews sacrificed Greek victims in ]. |
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=== England, 1144 === |
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March 20 (Passover), the first blood libel in Europe against Jews. Jews of ] were accused of both ] and ] after a boy (]) was found dead with stab wounds. The legend was turned into a cult, with William acquiring the status of martyr and crowds of pilgrims bringing wealth to the local church. In ], the Jewish deputation attending the coronation of ] was attacked by the crowd. ]s in London followed and spread around England. On Feb 6 ], all the Norwich Jews were found slaughtered in their houses, except a few who found refuge in the castle. Jews would later be expelled from all of England in ] and not allowed to return until ]. |
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Professor ] of the ] of Jerusalem published an article in 1993 that argues that the 12th century blood libel myth may have originated from Christian views of Jewish behavior during the ]. Some Jews committed suicide and killed their own children in acts of martyrdom in the face of crusaders. Yuval investigated Christian reports of these events and found that they were greatly distorted with claims that if Jews could kill their own children they could also kill Christian children. Yuval rejects the blood libel story as a Christian fantasy that was impossible due to the precarious nature of the Jewish minority's existence in Christian Europe.<ref>{{web cite| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/827036.html | title = And if it's not good for the Jews? | author = Lily Galili | publisher = Ha'aretz | date = February 18, 2007 | accessdate = 2007-02-18}}</ref><ref>''Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages'' by Israel J. Yuval; translated by Barbara Harshav and Jonathan Chipman, University of California Press, 2006) |
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=== Belgium, c. 1250 === |
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An early blood libel against Jews appears in ''Bonum Universale de Apibus'' ii. 29, § 23, by ] (a monastery near Cambray). Thomas wrote "It is quite certain that the Jews of every province annually decide by lot which congregation or city is to send Christian blood to the other congregations." |
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Thomas also believed that since the time when the Jews called out to ], "His blood be on us, and on our children" (Matt. 27:25), they have been afflicted with hemorrhages: |
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"A very learned Jew, who in our day has been converted to the (Christian) faith, informs us that one enjoying the reputation of a prophet among them, toward the close of his life, made the following prediction: 'Be assured that relief from this secret ailment, to which you are exposed, can only be obtained through Christian blood ("''solo sanguine Christiano''").' This suggestion was followed by the ever-blind and impious Jews, who instituted the custom of annually shedding Christian blood in every province, in order that they might recover from their malady." |
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Thomas added that the Jews had misunderstood the words of their prophet, who by his expression "''solo sanguine Christiano''" had meant not the blood of any Christian, but that of Jesus—the only true remedy for all physical and spiritual suffering. |
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Thomas did not mention the name of the "very learned" proselyte, but it may have been ] of ], who in 1240 had a disputation on the ] with ], and who in 1242 caused the burning of numerous Talmudic manuscripts in Paris. It is known that Thomas was personally acquainted with this Nicholas. |
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===England, 1255=== |
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The case of ] is mentioned by ], and thus has become well known. A child of eight years, named Hugh, son of a woman named Beatrice, disappeared at Lincoln on the 31st of July. His body was discovered on the 29th of August, covered with filth, in a pit or well belonging to a Jewish man named Copin or Koppin. |
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On being promised by John of Lexington, a judge, who happened to be present, that his life should be spared, Copin is said to have confessed that the boy had been crucified by the Jews, who had assembled at Lincoln for that purpose. ]., on reaching Lincoln some five weeks afterward, at the beginning of October, refused to carry out the promise of John of Lexington, and had Copin executed and ninety-one of the Jews of Lincoln seized and sent up to London, where eighteen of them were executed. The rest were pardoned at the intercession of the Franciscans (Jacobs, "Jewish Ideals," pp. 192-224). |
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===Germany, 1267=== |
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At ], Baden, the corpse of a seven-year-old girl was found in the river by fishermen. The Jews were suspected, and when they were led to the corpse, blood allegedly began to flow from the wounds; led to it a second time, the face of the child became flushed, and both arms were raised. In addition to these miracles, there was the testimony of the daughter of the wicked woman who had sold the child to the Jews. |
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A regular judicial examination did not take place; it is probable that the above-mentioned "wicked woman" was the murderess. That a judicial murder was then and there committed against the Jews in consequence of the accusation is evident from the manner in which the ] "Memorbuch" and the synagogal poems refer to the incident (], ''Das Martyrologium des Nürnberger Memorbuches'' (1898), pp. 15, 128-130). |
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===Alsace, 1270=== |
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At Weissenburg, a miracle alone decided the charge against the Jews. According to the accusation, the Jews had suspended a child (whose body was found in the Lauter river) by the feet, and had opened every artery in its body in order to obtain all the blood. Again, supernatural claims were made: the child's wounds were said to have bled for five days afterward, despite its treatment. |
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===Germany, 1286=== |
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At Oberwesel, "miracles" again constituted the only evidence against the Jews. The corpse of the eleven-year-old Werner is said to have floated up the Rhine (against the current) as far as Bacharach, emitting a radiance, and being invested with healing powers. In consequence, the Jews of Oberwesel and many other adjacent localities were severely persecuted during the years 1286-89. Emperor Rudolph I., to whom the Jews had appealed for protection, issued a public proclamation to the effect that great wrong had been done to the Jews, and that the corpse of Werner was to be burned and the ashes scattered to the winds. |
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===Switzerland, early 1400s=== |
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The statement was made, in the "Chronicle" of ] of ], that at Bern in ] the Jews had tortured and murdered a boy called Rudolph. The historical impossibility of this widely credited story was demonstrated by Jakob Stammler, pastor of Bern, in ] (see "Katholische Schweizer-Blätter," Lucerne, 1888). |
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===Tyrol, Austria 1462=== |
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At Rinn, near Innsbruck, a boy named Andreas Oxner (also known as Anderl von Rinn) was said to have been bought by Jewish merchants and cruelly murdered by them in a forest near the city, his blood being carefully collected in vessels. The accusation of drawing off the blood (without murder) was not made until the beginning of the seventeenth century, when the cult was founded. The older inscription in the church of Rinn, dating from 1575, is distorted by fabulous embellishments; as, for example, that the money which had been paid for the boy to his godfather was found to have turned into leaves, and that a lily blossomed upon his grave. The cult continued until it was officially prohibited in ] by the Bishop of Innsbruck. (source ). |
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===Trentino, Italy, 1475=== |
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], aged two, disappeared, and his father alleged that he had been kidnapped and murdered by the local Jewish community. Fifteen local Jews were sentenced to death and burned. Simon was regarded as a saint, and was canonized by ] in ]. His status as a saint was removed in ] by ], though his murder is still promoted as a fact by a handful of extremists. |
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===Spain, 1491=== |
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], also known as ] or the ], was a four-years-old Christian boy supposedly murdered by two Jews and three ]s (converts to Christianity). In total, eight men were executed. It is now believed{{Fact|date=February 2007}} that this case was constructed by the ] to facilitate the ]. He was canonized by ] in 1805. Christopher has since been removed from the canon, though once again, a handful of individuals still claim the validity of this case. |
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===Hungary, 1494=== |
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In a case at Tyrnau (Nagyszombat, today ], ]), the absurdity, even the impossibility, of the statements forced by torture from women and children shows that the accused preferred death as a means of escape from the torture, and admitted everything that was asked of them. They even said that Jewish men menstruated, and that the latter therefore practiced the drinking of Christian blood as a remedy. |
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===Hungary, 1529=== |
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At Bösing (Bazin, today ], ]), it was charged that a nine-year-old boy had been bled to death, suffering cruel torture; thirty Jews confessed to the crime and were publicly burned. The true facts of the case were disclosed later, when the child was found alive in Vienna. He had been stolen by the accuser, Count Wolf of Bazin, as an easy but fiendish means of ridding himself of his Jewish creditors at Bazin. |
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===Sandomierz, 1698, 1710 === |
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There were two instances in ]: |
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*1698 - Jew Berek was tortured and killed. |
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*1710 - probably 10 Jews were tortured and killed. |
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In both cases priester Żuchowski was responsible. He financed a painting presenting blood libel, by French painter Charles Gabriel de Prevot. |
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According to Jewish tradition the case took place in 1712. |
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===Syria, 1840=== |
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The ]: In February, at Damascus, a Catholic monk named Father Thomas and his servant were murdered. In this instance, also, confessions were obtained only after the infliction of torture. |
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===Rhodes, 1840=== |
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In the ], the Jews of ], then in the ], were accused of murdering a ] Christian boy. The libel was supported by the local governor and the European consuls posted to Rhodes. Several Jews were arrested and tortured, and the entire Jewish quarter was blockaded for twelve days. An investigation carried out by the central Ottoman government found the Jews to be innocent. |
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===Hungary, 1882=== |
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In the ], the Jews of the village ] were accused with the ritual murder of a fourteen-year-old Christian girl, Eszter Solymosi. The case was one of the main causes of the rise of anti-Semitism in the country. The accused persons were eventually acquitted. |
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===Bohemia, 1899=== |
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The ]: ], a Jewish vagabond, was accused of murdering a nineteen-year-old Christian woman, Anežka Hrůzová, with a slash to the throat. Despite the absurdity of the charge and the relatively progressive nature of society in ], Hilsner was convicted and sentenced to death. He was later convicted of an additional unsolved murder, also involving a Christian woman. In 1901, the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. ], a prominent Austro-Czech philosophy professor and future president of ], spearheaded Hilsner's defense. He was later blamed by Czech media because of this. In March 1918, Hilsner was pardoned by Austrian emperor ]. He was never exonerated, and the true guilty parties were never found. |
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===Shiraz, 1910=== |
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]: the Jews of ], ], were falsely accused of murdering a Muslim girl. The entire Jewish quarter was pillaged; the pogrom left 12 Jews dead and about 50 injured. |
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===Russia, 1911=== |
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The ]: In ], a Jewish factory manager, Mendel Beilis, was accused of murdering a Christian child and using his blood in ]s. He was acquitted by an all-Christian jury after a sensational trial in 1913. |
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===Kielce, 1946=== |
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The ] against Holocaust survivors in Poland was sparked by an accusation of blood libel. |
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== Modern blood libels == |
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=== In Arab and Muslim nations === |
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{{main|Arabs and anti-Semitism|Islam and anti-Semitism}} |
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Blood libel stories have appeared a number of times in the state-sponsored media of a number of Arab and Muslim nations, their television shows and websites. Books alleging occurrences of Jewish blood libel are not uncommon. |
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* ''The Matzah Of Zion'' was written by the Syrian Defense Minister, ] in ]. The book concentrates on two issues: renewed ritual murder accusations against the Jews in the ] of 1840, and '']''.<ref>Frankel, Jonathan. ''The Damascus Affair: "Ritual Murder," Politics, and the Jews in 1840'', pp. 418, 421. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-521-48396-4</ref> On ], ], the ] based ] paper '']'' reported that the book was undergoing its eighth reprint and was being translated into ], ], and ]. |
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* In ] an Egyptian film company produced and aired a film called ''Horseman Without a Horse'', partly based on Tlass's book. The book was cited at a ] conferences in ] by a Syrian delegate. |
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* Multiple branches of the ]n government, including the Damascus Police Command and the Department of Antiquities and Museums, the security ministry, the culture ministry, created an anti-Semitic television TV series called ''Ash-Shatat'' ("The Diaspora".) This series originally aired in Syria and in Lebanon late 2003, and was broadcast by ''Al-Manar'', a satellite television network owned by ]. This TV series is based on the anti-Semitic forgery ''The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'', shows the Jewish people as engaging in a conspiracy to rule the world, and presents Jews as people who murder Christian children, drain their blood, and use this blood to bake ]. <ref> February 2005</ref> <ref> (US Embassy in Morrocco)</ref> <ref> RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION. QUESTION OF VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD. PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. UN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS. 60th session. E/CN.4/2004/NGO/5. 10 February 2004</ref> |
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* On ], 2005, in a discussion with ] political analysts aired on Jaam-e Jam 2 Iranian TV, the author of the book ''The History of the Jews'' who works for the '']'' Dr. Hasan Hanizadeh said in particular: |
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<blockquote>"Unfortunately, the West has forgotten two horrendous incidents, carried out by the Jews in 19th-century Europe - in Paris and London, to be precise. In 1883, about 150 French children were murdered in a horrible way in the suburbs of Paris, before the Jewish Passover holiday. Later research showed that the Jews had killed them and taken their blood. ... A similar incident took place in London, when many English children were killed by Jewish rabbis. ..."<ref></ref><ref>{{cite news |
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|author = Steven Stalinsky |
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|url = http://www.nysun.com/article/30846?page_no=2 |
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|title = Passover and the Blood Libel |
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|work = The New York Sun |
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|publisher = The New York Sun, One SL, LLC |
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|page = Foreign, page 6 |
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|date = 2006-04-12 |
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|accessdate = 2007-01-14 |
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}}</ref></blockquote> |
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* In a twist on the libel of Jews using blood in matzah, a Passover food, in 2002, a Saudi newspaper <ref> (Saudi Government Daily) March 13, 2002 (Translated my MEM-RI. Special Dispatch No. 354)</ref> claimed that Jews use blood in ]en, triangular cookies eaten on the Jewish holiday of ]. The story celebrated on Purim, recounted in the ], takes place in ancient ] (modern-day Iran). |
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* A 2004 story from Iran speaks of Jewish doctors stealing organs of ] children in ] hospitals: <ref> by Susan Jones (CNSNews) December 23, 2004</ref> |
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Some Arab writers have condemned these blood libels. The Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram published a series of articles by Osam Al-Baz, a senior advisor to Egyptian President ]. Amongst other things, Osam Al-Baz explained the origins of the anti-Jewish blood libel. He said that Arabs and Muslims have never been anti-Semitic, as a group, but accepted that a few Arab writers and media figures attack Jews "on the basis of the racist fallacies and myths that originated in Europe". He urged people not to succumb to "myths" such as the blood libel. <ref></ref> |
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=== In Russia === |
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{{main|History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union}} |
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In early January, 2005, some 20 members of the ]n State Duma publicly made a blood libel against the Jewish people. They approached the Prosecutor General’s Office, and demanded that Russia "ban all Jewish organizations”. They accused all Jewish groups of being extremists, and of being “anti-Christian and inhumane, which practices extend even to ritual murders”. |
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Alluding to previous anti-Semitic Russian court decrees which accused the Jews of ritual murder, they wrote that “Many facts of such religious extremism were proven in courts.” The accusation included traditional anti-Semitic canards, such as “the whole democratic world today is under the financial and political control of international Jewry. And we do not want our Russia to be among such unfree countries”. |
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This demand was published as an open letter to the prosecutor general, in ''Rus Pravoslavnaya'' ({{lang-ru|Русь православная}}, "Orthodox Russia"), a right-wing conservative newspaper. This group consisted of members of the ultra-nationalist ], the ], and the nationalist ], with some 500 supporters. Their supporters included editors of nationalist newspapers as well as journalists. By the end of the month this group had received stiff criticism, and retracted its demand. |
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== Views of the Catholic Church == |
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The Church's attitude towards these accusations and the cults venerating children supposedly killed by Jews varied. The church sometimes opposed them, but it generally did little to stop them, and in some cases gave its clear approval. ] permitted the continuation of the cult of Anderl von Rinn as a local cult, but refused to canonize him as a ]. On the other hand, ] issued a letter rejecting the blood libel accusations (source ). |
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==References== |
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<div class= |
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"references-small"> |
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<references/></div> |
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==Further reading== |
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*] article on "Blood Libel" |
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* ISBN 0-87668-179-8 The Beilis Transcripts. The Anti-Semitic Trial that Shook the World. by Ezekiel Leikin |
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* R. Po-chia Hsia, "The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany" (New Haven: Yale UP, 1988). ISBN 0-300-04120-9 (cloth), ISBN 0-300-04746-0 (pbk.). |
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*{{cite book |
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|last = Dundes |
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|first = Alan |
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|year = 1991 |
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|title = The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore |
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|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press |
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|id = ISBN 978-0299131142 |
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}} |
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}} |
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==External links== |
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* in '']'' |
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{{Link FA|de}} |
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{{Link FA|he}} |
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