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| {{short description|Piano sonata by Beethoven}} | |||
| ].]] | ].]] | ||
| ⚫ | ]'s '''Piano Sonata No. 26 in E{{music|flat}} major, ] 81a''', known as '''''Les Adieux''''' ("The Farewell"), was written during the years 1809 and 1810. | ||
| {{Listen|filename=Klaviersonate Nr. 26 Les Adieux op. 81a - I. Adagio, Allegro.ogg|filename2=Klaviersonate Nr. 26 Les Adieux Es-Dur op. 81a - II. Andante espressivo.ogg|filename3=Klaviersonate Nr. 26 Les Adieux Es-Dur op. 81a - III.Vivacissamente.ogg|title=I. Das Lebewohl|title2=II. Abwesenheit|title3=III. Das Wiedersehen|description3=Played by ] in 1932}} | |||
| ⚫ | ]'s '''Piano Sonata No. 26 in E{{music|flat}} major, ] 81a''', known as '''''Les Adieux''''' ("The Farewell"), was written during the years 1809 and 1810. This sonata was influenced by ]'s ]. | ||
| ⚫ | The title ''{{lang|fr|Les Adieux}}'' implies a ] nature. The French attack on Vienna, led by ] in 1809, forced Beethoven's patron, ], to leave the city. Yet, there is some uncertainty about this nature of the piece — or at least, about the degree to which Beethoven wished this programmatic nature |
||
| ⚫ | The title ''{{lang|fr|Les Adieux}}'' implies a ] nature. The French attack on Vienna, led by ] in 1809, forced Beethoven's patron, ], to leave the city. Yet, there is some uncertainty about this nature of the piece — or at least, about the degree to which Beethoven wished this programmatic nature should be known. He titled the three movements "{{lang|de|Lebewohl}}", "{{lang|de|Abwesenheit}}", and "{{lang|de|Wiedersehen}}" ('farewell', 'absence', and 'reunion'), and reportedly regarded the French "{{lang|fr|Adieux}}" (said to whole assemblies or cities) as a poor translation of the feeling of the German "{{lang|de|Lebewohl}}" (said heartfully to a single person).<ref>Kolodin, 1975.</ref> Indeed, Beethoven wrote the syllables "{{lang|de|Le-be-wohl}}" over the first three chords.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaynes|first1=Edwin Thompson|title=The Physical Basis of Music|date=1991|publisher=Unpublished|page=798|url=http://bayes.wustl.edu/etj/music.html|accessdate=20 July 2015}}</ref> | ||
| On the first 1811 publication, a dedication was added reading "On the departure of his Imperial Highness, for the Archduke Rudolph in admiration". | On the first 1811 publication, a dedication was added reading "On the departure of his Imperial Highness, for the Archduke Rudolph in admiration". | ||
| An average performance of the piece lasts about 17 minutes. The sonata is one of Beethoven's most challenging sonatas because of the mature emotions that must be conveyed throughout. It is also the bridge between his middle period and his later period and is considered the third great sonata of the middle period. | An average performance of the piece lasts about 17 minutes. The sonata is one of Beethoven's most challenging sonatas because of the mature emotions that must be conveyed throughout as well as the technical difficulties involved. It is also the bridge between his middle period and his later period and is considered the third great sonata of the middle period. | ||
| The autograph manuscript of the sonata is preserved in the ]. | |||
| ==Form== | ==Form== | ||
| The three movements of ''Les Adieux'' were originally written in German and French, and the last two movements are described in German because of the unusual tempo. The translation in English shown in italic as below: | |||
| {{ordered list|list_style_type=upper-roman | {{ordered list|list_style_type=upper-roman | ||
| |Das Lebewohl (Les Adieux – ''The Farewell''): Adagio – Allegro (E{{flat}} major) | |Das Lebewohl (Les Adieux – ''The Farewell''): Adagio – Allegro (in E{{flat}} major) | ||
| |Abwesenheit (L'Absence – ''The Absence''): Andante espressivo (In gehender Bewegung, doch mit viel Ausdruck – ''In walking motion, but with much expression'') (C minor) | |Abwesenheit (L'Absence – ''The Absence''): Andante espressivo (In gehender Bewegung, doch mit viel Ausdruck – ''In walking motion, but with much expression'') (in ]) | ||
| |Das Wiedersehen (Le Retour – ''The Return''): Vivacissimamente (Im lebhaftesten Zeitmaße – ''The liveliest time measurements'') (E{{flat}} major)}} | |Das Wiedersehen (Le Retour – ''The Return''): Vivacissimamente (Im lebhaftesten Zeitmaße – ''The liveliest time measurements'') (in E{{flat}} major)}} | ||
| ===Das Lebewohl=== | ===I. Das Lebewohl=== | ||
| :] | :] | ||
| The sonata opens in a {{music|time|2|4}} time ] with a short, simple ] of three chords, at first forming an ], over which are written the three syllables ''Le-be-wohl'' ("Fare-thee-well"). This motif is the basis upon which both the first and the second subject groups are drawn. As soon as the ] is over and the ] begins, the time signature changes to {{music|cuttime}} (alla breve) and the score is marked Allegro. | The sonata opens in a {{music|time|2|4}} time ] with a short, simple ] of three chords, at first forming an ], over which are written the three syllables ''Le-be-wohl'' ("Fare-thee-well"). This motif is the basis upon which both the first and the second subject groups are drawn. As soon as the ] is over and the ] begins, the time signature changes to {{music|cuttime}} (alla breve) and the score is marked Allegro. | ||
| Line 24: | Line 28: | ||
| The movement has a surprisingly long ] which occupies over a quarter of the movement's length. The coda encompasses both the subjects in a display of powerful mastery over composition. Typically the movement played with the expected repeats lasts a little over 7 minutes. | The movement has a surprisingly long ] which occupies over a quarter of the movement's length. The coda encompasses both the subjects in a display of powerful mastery over composition. Typically the movement played with the expected repeats lasts a little over 7 minutes. | ||
| ===Abwesenheit=== | ===II. Abwesenheit=== | ||
| :] | :] | ||
| The ''Andante espressivo'' is harmonically built on variations of the diminished chord and the appoggiatura. The movement is very emotional and is often played with ] that would be found in later composers such as ] and ]. Much of the subject matter is rhythmically repeated consecutively as well as sectionally, perhaps to emphasise the feelings of uncomfortable solitude and fear of no return. The arrival of the dominant seventh chord at the end of movement signals the return to the tonic key, but remains unresolved until the triumphant appearance of the main theme in the final movement (which begins ''attacca''). Typically the movement lasts just under 4 minutes. | The ''Andante espressivo'' is harmonically built on variations of the diminished chord and the appoggiatura. The movement is very emotional and is often played with ] that would be found in later composers such as ] and ]. Much of the subject matter is rhythmically repeated consecutively as well as sectionally, perhaps to emphasise the feelings of uncomfortable solitude and fear of no return. The arrival of the dominant seventh chord at the end of movement signals the return to the tonic key, but remains unresolved until the triumphant appearance of the main theme in the final movement (which begins ''attacca''). Typically the movement lasts just under 4 minutes. | ||
| ===Das Wiedersehen=== | ===III. Das Wiedersehen=== | ||
| :] | :] | ||
| ⚫ | The finale, also in ], starts joyfully on a B{{music|flat}} dominant 7th chord, in {{music|time|6|8}} time. After the startling introduction, the first subject appears in the right hand and is immediately transferred to the left hand then repeated twice with an elaboration of the arrangement in the right hand. Before the second subject group arrives, there is one remarkable bridge passage, introducing a phrase that goes from G{{music|flat}} major to F major chords, first through distinctive ] ], then in a more delicate, fine ] arrangement. | ||
| ==Relation to Dussek's Sonata== | |||
| It has been said that this sonata was influenced by ]. | |||
| The pianist ] said that Dussek's sonata could "have been a model for the Les Adieux Sonata by Beethoven ten years later." Marvin further points out the similarities in motives and form in Beethoven's sonata to Dussek's.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Archambault |first1=Paul |title=In the Footsteps of Jan Ladislav Dussek: An Interview by Paul Archambault |journal=Syracuse Scholar |date=1979 |volume= 1 |issue=1 |url=https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=suscholar#:~:text=The%20Invocation%20Sonata%20was%20Dussek's,on%20which%20it%20was%20written.}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | The finale, also in ], starts joyfully on a B{{music|flat}} dominant 7th chord, in {{music|time|6|8}} time. After the startling introduction, the first subject |
||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 50: | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * : Beethoven's autograph manuscript in the Jagiellonian Library. | |||
| * by ] on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 81a | * by ] on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 81a | ||
| * {{IMSLP2|work=Piano Sonata No.26, Op.81a (Beethoven, Ludwig van)|cname=Piano Sonata No. 26}} | * {{IMSLP2|work=Piano Sonata No.26, Op.81a (Beethoven, Ludwig van)|cname=Piano Sonata No. 26}} | ||
| * {{VHV|file=beethoven/sonatas/sonata26-1.krn|cname=Piano sonata no. 26 in E♭ major, op. 81a}} | |||
| * from the ] | * from the ] | ||
Latest revision as of 08:11, 21 October 2024
Piano sonata by Beethoven
II. Abwesenheit
III. Das Wiedersehen Played by Artur Schnabel in 1932
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Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 26 in E♭ major, Op. 81a, known as Les Adieux ("The Farewell"), was written during the years 1809 and 1810. This sonata was influenced by Jan Ladislav Dussek's sonata with the same nickname.
The title Les Adieux implies a programmatic nature. The French attack on Vienna, led by Napoléon Bonaparte in 1809, forced Beethoven's patron, Archduke Rudolph, to leave the city. Yet, there is some uncertainty about this nature of the piece — or at least, about the degree to which Beethoven wished this programmatic nature should be known. He titled the three movements "Lebewohl", "Abwesenheit", and "Wiedersehen" ('farewell', 'absence', and 'reunion'), and reportedly regarded the French "Adieux" (said to whole assemblies or cities) as a poor translation of the feeling of the German "Lebewohl" (said heartfully to a single person). Indeed, Beethoven wrote the syllables "Le-be-wohl" over the first three chords.
On the first 1811 publication, a dedication was added reading "On the departure of his Imperial Highness, for the Archduke Rudolph in admiration".
An average performance of the piece lasts about 17 minutes. The sonata is one of Beethoven's most challenging sonatas because of the mature emotions that must be conveyed throughout as well as the technical difficulties involved. It is also the bridge between his middle period and his later period and is considered the third great sonata of the middle period.
The autograph manuscript of the sonata is preserved in the Jagiellonian Library.
Form
The three movements of Les Adieux were originally written in German and French, and the last two movements are described in German because of the unusual tempo. The translation in English shown in italic as below:
- Das Lebewohl (Les Adieux – The Farewell): Adagio – Allegro (in E♭ major)
- Abwesenheit (L'Absence – The Absence): Andante espressivo (In gehender Bewegung, doch mit viel Ausdruck – In walking motion, but with much expression) (in C minor)
- Das Wiedersehen (Le Retour – The Return): Vivacissimamente (Im lebhaftesten Zeitmaße – The liveliest time measurements) (in E♭ major)
I. Das Lebewohl
The sonata opens in a
4 time Adagio with a short, simple motif of three chords, at first forming an interrupted cadence, over which are written the three syllables Le-be-wohl ("Fare-thee-well"). This motif is the basis upon which both the first and the second subject groups are drawn. As soon as the introduction is over and the exposition begins, the time signature changes to 
(alla breve) and the score is marked Allegro.
The first movement oscillates between a turbulent first subject which portrays deep disturbance and a second subject which is more lyrical in nature and gives the impression of reflections. The rhythmic figure of two short notes and a longer note which is used repeatedly in the first subject is developed inexorably through the "development" section with rich harmonies and discords which are harmonically closer to the later period of Beethoven's compositions than the middle for their intellectual penetration.
The movement has a surprisingly long coda which occupies over a quarter of the movement's length. The coda encompasses both the subjects in a display of powerful mastery over composition. Typically the movement played with the expected repeats lasts a little over 7 minutes.
II. Abwesenheit
The Andante espressivo is harmonically built on variations of the diminished chord and the appoggiatura. The movement is very emotional and is often played with rubato that would be found in later composers such as Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms. Much of the subject matter is rhythmically repeated consecutively as well as sectionally, perhaps to emphasise the feelings of uncomfortable solitude and fear of no return. The arrival of the dominant seventh chord at the end of movement signals the return to the tonic key, but remains unresolved until the triumphant appearance of the main theme in the final movement (which begins attacca). Typically the movement lasts just under 4 minutes.
III. Das Wiedersehen
The finale, also in sonata form, starts joyfully on a B♭ dominant 7th chord, in
8 time. After the startling introduction, the first subject appears in the right hand and is immediately transferred to the left hand then repeated twice with an elaboration of the arrangement in the right hand. Before the second subject group arrives, there is one remarkable bridge passage, introducing a phrase that goes from G♭ major to F major chords, first through distinctive forte arpeggios, then in a more delicate, fine piano arrangement.
Relation to Dussek's Sonata
It has been said that this sonata was influenced by Dussek's own Les Adieux.
The pianist Frederick Marvin said that Dussek's sonata could "have been a model for the Les Adieux Sonata by Beethoven ten years later." Marvin further points out the similarities in motives and form in Beethoven's sonata to Dussek's.
References
- Kolodin, 1975.
- Jaynes, Edwin Thompson (1991). The Physical Basis of Music. Unpublished. p. 798. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
- Archambault, Paul (1979). "In the Footsteps of Jan Ladislav Dussek: An Interview by Paul Archambault". Syracuse Scholar. 1 (1).
Sources
- Kolodin, Irving (1975). The Interior Beethoven. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-46626-2.
External links
- Klaviersonate As-dur Op. 26: Beethoven's autograph manuscript in the Jagiellonian Library.
- A lecture by András Schiff on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 81a
- Piano Sonata No. 26: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- Piano sonata no. 26 in E♭ major, op. 81a (interactive score) on Verovio Humdrum Viewer
- Recording by Paavali Jumppanen, piano from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
- Articles
- Sonate für Klavier (Es-Dur) Op. 81a (www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de)
- Sonate Characterisque (Op. 81) Analysis and commentary by Frederic Horace Clark - Music (Volume 15: Nov. 1898 to Apr. 1899) edited by W.S.B. Mathews; published by Music Magazine Publishing Company