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The '''Upper Galilee''' ({{lang-he|הגליל העליון}}, ''HaGalil Ha'Elyon''; {{lang-ar|الجليل الأعلى}}, ''Al Jaleel Al A'alaa'') is a geographical region located in northern ]. Part of the larger ] region, it is characterized by its higher elevations and mountainous terrain. The term "Upper Galilee" is ancient, and has been in use since the end of the ]. From a political perspective, the Upper Galilee is situated within the administrative boundaries of the ]. The '''Upper Galilee''' ({{langx|he|הגליל העליון}}, ''HaGalil Ha'Elyon''; {{langx|ar|الجليل الأعلى}}, ''Al Jaleel Al A'alaa'') is a geographical region located in northern ] and ]. Part of the larger ] region, it is characterized by its higher elevations and mountainous terrain. The term "Upper Galilee" is ancient, and has been in use since the end of the ]. From a political perspective, the Upper Galilee is situated within the administrative boundaries of the ] of Israel.


The Upper Galilee is known for its natural beauty, including lush landscapes, ], and scenic vistas. Significant natural sites include ] and the ]. It's also an area where vineyards and wineries thrive, producing quality wines. ] stands as the highest point in the area, reaching an elevation of 1,208 meters above sea level. ] is a main city in the region. The Upper Galilee is known for its natural beauty, including lush landscapes, ], and scenic vistas. Significant natural sites include ] and the ]. It's also an area where vineyards and wineries thrive, producing quality wines. ] stands as the highest point in the area, reaching an elevation of 1,208 meters above sea level. ] is a main city in the region and also hosts an ] that was a major center of ].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hecht Museum |title=After the School Of Paris |year=2013 |isbn=9789655350272 |location=Israel |language=en, he}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ofrat |first=Gideon |title=The Golden Age of Painting in Safed |publisher=Sifriat HaPoalim |year=1987 |location=Tel Aviv |language=Hebrew}}</ref>


Several historical definitions have expanded the Upper Galilee's boundaries to encompass portions of ] as well. Although historical definitions encompass parts of southern Lebanon within the boundaries of the Upper Galilee, the Lebanese government does not use the term "Galilee" for any part of its territory.


== Boundaries == == Boundaries ==
Originally, the term "Upper Galilee" referred to a larger region, encompassing the mountainous regions of what is today northern Israel and ]. The boundaries of this region were the ] in the north, the ] in the west, the ] in the south (from which it is separated by the ]), and the upper ] and the ] in the east.<ref name="ariel">{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Vilnai, Ze'ev|title=Upper Galilee|encyclopedia=Ariel Encyclopedia|volume=2|pages=1364–67|publisher=Am Oved|location=Israel|year=1976|language=he}}</ref> Originally, the term "Upper Galilee" referred to a larger region, encompassing the mountainous regions of what is today northern Israel and ]. The boundaries of this region were the ] in the north, the ] in the west, the ] in the south (from which it is separated by the ]), and the upper ] and the ] in the east.<ref name="ariel">{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Vilnai, Ze'ev|title=Upper Galilee|encyclopedia=Ariel Encyclopedia|volume=2|pages=1364–67|publisher=Am Oved|location=Israel|year=1976|language=he}}</ref>


According to the first century Jewish historian ], the bounds of Upper Galilee stretched from ] in the Beit HaKerem Valley to ] (Peki'in) in the north.<ref>M. Aviam & P. Richardson, "Josephus' Galilee in Archaeological Perspective", published in: {{Cite book | publisher = BRILL| isbn = 9004117938 |editor-last= Mason |editor-first= Steve |editor-link = Steve Mason (biblical scholar) | series = Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary | volume = 9 |title = Life of Josephus | date = 2001 |at= pp. 179;182}}; Josephus, ''De Bello Judaico'' (]) II, 577; III, 46 (''Wars of the Jews'' )</ref> The extent of this region is approximately 470&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>Eric M. Meyers, "Galilean Regionalism as a Factor in Historical Reconstruction," in: '']'' (No. 221, 1976), p. 95</ref> According to the first century Jewish historian ], the bounds of Upper Galilee stretched from ] in the Beit HaKerem Valley to ] (Peki'in) in the north, and from Meloth to ].<ref>M. Aviam & P. Richardson, "Josephus' Galilee in Archaeological Perspective", published in: {{Cite book | publisher = BRILL| isbn = 9004117938 |editor-last= Mason |editor-first= Steve |editor-link = Steve Mason (biblical scholar) | series = Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary | volume = 9 |title = Life of Josephus | date = 2001 |at= pp. 179;182}}; Josephus, ''De Bello Judaico'' (]) II, 577; III, 46 (''Wars of the Jews'' )</ref> The extent of this region is approximately 470&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>Eric M. Meyers, "Galilean Regionalism as a Factor in Historical Reconstruction," in: '']'' (No. 221, 1976), p. 95</ref>


In present-day usage, the ] mainly refers only to the northern part of the ] that is under Israeli sovereignty. That is, the term today does not include the portion of ] up to the Litani River, or the corresponding stretches of the ] to the west, or the ] to the east. These are considered to be separate geographical areas that are not part of “Upper Galilee.”{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} In present-day usage, the ] mainly refers only to the northern part of the ] that is under Israeli sovereignty. That is, the term today does not include the portion of ] up to the Litani River, or the corresponding stretches of the ] to the west, or the ] to the east. These are considered to be separate geographical areas that are not part of “Upper Galilee.”{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}


==History== ==History==
{{See also|Galilee#history}}


=== Ancient times === === Ancient times ===
The Upper Galilee is home to numerous significant ], dating from ] and ] times. Those include the synagogues of ],<ref>{{Citation |last=Aviam |first=Mordechai |title=THE ANCIENT SYNAGOGUES AT BARʿAM |date=2001-01-01 |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004294172/B9789004294172-s008.xml |work=Judaism in Late Antiquity 3. Where we Stand: Issues and Debates in Ancient Judaism |pages=155–177 |editor-last=Avery-Peck |editor-first=Alan |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004294172_008 |isbn=978-90-04-29417-2 |editor2-last=Neusner |editor2-first=Jacob}}</ref> ],<ref>] and ], "Excavations at Ancient Nabratein: Synagogue and Environs," Meiron Excavation Project Reports - MEPR 6, Eisenbrauns, 2009.</ref> ],<ref>{{cite book |last=Hachlili |first=Rachel |title=Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research |publisher=BRILL |year=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25772-6 |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1, Ancient Near East; vol. 105 = Handbuch der Orientalistik |pages=586, 588 |chapter=Dating of the Upper Galilee Synagogues |access-date=8 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRjhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA588}}</ref> ],<ref></ref> ],<ref name="NegevGibson2005">{{cite book |author1=Avraham Negev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA118 |title=Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land |author2=Shimon Gibson |date=July 2005 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8264-8571-7 |page=118 |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> ]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1998 |editor-last=Urman |editor-first=Dan |editor2-last=Flesher |editor2-first=Paul V.M. |title=Ancient Synagogues (2 vols) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004511323 |journal= |pages=62-63 |doi=10.1163/9789004511323}}</ref> and a few others. The Upper Galilee is home to numerous significant ], dating from ] and ] times. Those include the synagogues of ],<ref>{{Citation |last=Aviam |first=Mordechai |title=THE ANCIENT SYNAGOGUES AT BARʿAM |date=2001-01-01 |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004294172/B9789004294172-s008.xml |work=Judaism in Late Antiquity 3. Where we Stand: Issues and Debates in Ancient Judaism |pages=155–177 |editor-last=Avery-Peck |editor-first=Alan |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004294172_008 |isbn=978-90-04-29417-2 |editor2-last=Neusner |editor2-first=Jacob}}</ref> ],<ref>] and ], "Excavations at Ancient Nabratein: Synagogue and Environs," Meiron Excavation Project Reports - MEPR 6, Eisenbrauns, 2009.</ref> ],<ref>{{cite book |last=Hachlili |first=Rachel |title=Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research |publisher=BRILL |year=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25772-6 |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1, Ancient Near East; vol. 105 = Handbuch der Orientalistik |pages=586, 588 |chapter=Dating of the Upper Galilee Synagogues |access-date=8 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRjhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA588}}</ref> ],<ref></ref> ],<ref name="NegevGibson2005">{{cite book |author1=Avraham Negev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA118 |title=Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land |author2=Shimon Gibson |date=July 2005 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8264-8571-7 |page=118 |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> ]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1998 |editor-last=Urman |editor-first=Dan |editor2-last=Flesher |editor2-first=Paul V.M. |title=Ancient Synagogues (2 vols) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004511323 |journal=Brill |pages=62–63 |doi=10.1163/9789004511323|isbn=978-90-04-11254-4 }}</ref> and a few others. Remains of synagogues has also been found in ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Avi-Yonah |first=Michael |date=1976 |title=Gazetteer of Roman Palestine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43587090 |journal=Qedem |volume=5 |pages=89 |jstor=43587090 |issn=0333-5844}}</ref> and ].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=XXIII. ʿAlma |date=2023-03-20 |work=Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924 |pages=146–149 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110715774-031/html |access-date=2024-02-23 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110715774-031 |isbn=978-3-11-071577-4}}</ref>


=== Modern period === === Modern period ===
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2022}} {{More citations needed section|date=January 2022}}
] in the Lebanese Upper Galilee]] ] in the Lebanese Upper Galilee]]

Following the dissolution of the ] and the ] in which the ] promised to create "A Jewish National Home" in Palestine, the ] Movement presented to the ] a document calling for including in the ] the entire territory up to the ] — with a view to this becoming eventually part of a future Jewish state. Following the dissolution of the ] and the ] in which the ] promised to create "A Jewish National Home" in Palestine, the ] Movement presented to the ] a document calling for including in the ] the entire territory up to the ] — with a view to this becoming eventually part of a future Jewish state.


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{{Wide image|Har Ari panorama.jpg|1200px|A panoramic view taken from ] in the Upper Galilee towards the Lower Galilee}} {{Wide image|Har Ari panorama.jpg|1200px|A panoramic view taken from ] in the Upper Galilee towards the Lower Galilee}}

== In art ==
{{See also|Artists Quarter of Safed}}
The Upper Galilee region, specifically the city of ] was a centre of Israeli and Jewish art since 1920 when the ] painter, ] visited the region and was the first to settle in Safed where he later established an art school.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=ארי |first=מיכל בן |date=2009-03-02 |title=שיר שחלמתי על צפת |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/article/3675655 |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=Ynet |language=he}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Barzel |first=Amnon |title=Frenel Isaac Alexandre |publisher=Masada |year=1974 |location=Israel |pages=16 |language=English}}</ref> In Safed was established the ]. Safed harbored mysticism and was reminiscent of picturesque villages, which drew artists such as Frenkel, ], ], ] and others.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name="FRENKEL FRENEL MUSEUM">{{Cite web |title=FRENKEL FRENEL MUSEUM |url=https://www.frenkel-frenel.org/The_official_Isaac_Frenkel-Frenel_web_site/Welcome.html |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=www.frenkel-frenel.org}}</ref> Artists were drawn to the upper galilee due to its mountainous landscapes and "mysticsm". Prior to the air conditioner, Safed also attracted artists due to its climatic conditions which were more comfortable than Tel Aviv during the summer.<ref name=":3" /> Safed also offered different themes for the artists, from the Klezmer musicians to the Hasidim and the city itself.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Ofrat |first=Gideon |title=The Art and Artists of Safed |pages=89–90 |language=Hebrew}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Hecht Museum |title=After the School Of Paris |year=2013 |isbn=9789655350272 |location=Israel |language=en, he}}</ref> ] was also an object in artworks by Jewish artists with artists such as Frenkel and ] painting serene or fiery scenes of sunset over the mountain.<ref name=":32" />


== Gallery == == Gallery ==
<gallery widths="150px" heights="120px" perrow="5"> <gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
Image:Upper Galilee 123.JPG|Mountainous area in the Upper Galilee Image:Upper Galilee 123.JPG|Mountainous area in the Upper Galilee
Image:Baydar.jpg|] in the Lebanese Upper Galilee Image:Baydar.jpg|] in the Lebanese Upper Galilee
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==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
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{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


⚫ ]
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] ]
] ]
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Latest revision as of 08:48, 22 October 2024

Regional area in northern Israel
Upper Galilee
  • הגליל העליון (Hebrew)
  • الجليل الأعلى (Arabic)
Region
A lemon orchard in the GalileeA lemon orchard in the Galilee
Coordinates: 32°59′N 35°24′E / 32.983°N 35.400°E / 32.983; 35.400
Part of Israel
Native name
  • הגליל העליון (Hebrew)
  • الجليل الأعلى (Arabic)
Highest elevation1,208 m (3,963 ft) (Mount Meron)
Map of the Galilee region

The Upper Galilee (Hebrew: הגליל העליון, HaGalil Ha'Elyon; Arabic: الجليل الأعلى, Al Jaleel Al A'alaa) is a geographical region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon. Part of the larger Galilee region, it is characterized by its higher elevations and mountainous terrain. The term "Upper Galilee" is ancient, and has been in use since the end of the Second Temple period. From a political perspective, the Upper Galilee is situated within the administrative boundaries of the Northern District of Israel.

The Upper Galilee is known for its natural beauty, including lush landscapes, Mediterranean forests, and scenic vistas. Significant natural sites include Nahal Amud and the Keshet Cave. It's also an area where vineyards and wineries thrive, producing quality wines. Mount Meron stands as the highest point in the area, reaching an elevation of 1,208 meters above sea level. Safed is a main city in the region and also hosts an artists' quarter that was a major center of Israeli art.

Although historical definitions encompass parts of southern Lebanon within the boundaries of the Upper Galilee, the Lebanese government does not use the term "Galilee" for any part of its territory.

Boundaries

Originally, the term "Upper Galilee" referred to a larger region, encompassing the mountainous regions of what is today northern Israel and southern Lebanon. The boundaries of this region were the Litani River in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Lower Galilee in the south (from which it is separated by the Beit HaKerem Valley), and the upper Jordan River and the Hula Valley in the east.

According to the first century Jewish historian Josephus, the bounds of Upper Galilee stretched from Bersabe in the Beit HaKerem Valley to Baca (Peki'in) in the north, and from Meloth to Thella. The extent of this region is approximately 470 km.

In present-day usage, the toponym mainly refers only to the northern part of the Galilee that is under Israeli sovereignty. That is, the term today does not include the portion of Southern Lebanon up to the Litani River, or the corresponding stretches of the Israeli Coastal Plain to the west, or the Jordan Rift Valley to the east. These are considered to be separate geographical areas that are not part of “Upper Galilee.”

History

See also: Galilee § history

Ancient times

The Upper Galilee is home to numerous significant ancient synagogues, dating from Roman and Byzantine times. Those include the synagogues of Bar'am, Nabratein, Gush Halav, Huqoq, Chorazin, Meron and a few others. Remains of synagogues has also been found in Qision and Alma.

Modern period

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ain Ebel in the Lebanese Upper Galilee

Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the Balfour Declaration in which the British Empire promised to create "A Jewish National Home" in Palestine, the Zionist Movement presented to the Versailles Peace Conference a document calling for including in the British Mandate of Palestine the entire territory up to the Litani river — with a view to this becoming eventually part of a future Jewish state.

However, only less than half this area was actually included in British Mandatory Palestine, the final border being influenced both by diplomatic maneuverings and struggles between Britain and France and by fighting on the ground, especially the March 1920 battle of Tel Hai.

For a considerable time after the border was defined so to make the northern portion of the territory concerned part of the French mandated territory that became Lebanon, many Zionist geographers — and Israeli geographers in the state's early years — continued to speak of "The Upper Galilee" as being "the northern sub-area of the Galilee region of Israel and Lebanon".

Under this definition, "The Upper Galilee" covers an area spreading over 1,500 km, about 700 in Israel and the rest in Lebanon. This included the highland region of Belad Bechara in Jabal Amel located in South Lebanon, which was at for some time known in Hebrew as "The Lebanese Galilee". As defined in geographical terms, "it is separated from the Lower Galilee by the Beit HaKerem valley; its mountains are taller and valleys are deeper than those in the Lower Galilee; its tallest peak is Har Meron at 1,208 m above sea level. Safed is one of the major cities in this region".

In recent decades, however, this usage has virtually disappeared from the general Israeli discourse, the term "Upper Galilee" being used solely in reference to the part located in Israel.

A panoramic view taken from mount Ari in the Upper Galilee towards the Lower Galilee

In art

See also: Artists Quarter of Safed

The Upper Galilee region, specifically the city of Safed was a centre of Israeli and Jewish art since 1920 when the School of Paris painter, Yitzhak Frenkel visited the region and was the first to settle in Safed where he later established an art school. In Safed was established the Artists' quarter of Safed. Safed harbored mysticism and was reminiscent of picturesque villages, which drew artists such as Frenkel, Marc Chagall, Moshe Castel, Mordechai Levanon and others. Artists were drawn to the upper galilee due to its mountainous landscapes and "mysticsm". Prior to the air conditioner, Safed also attracted artists due to its climatic conditions which were more comfortable than Tel Aviv during the summer. Safed also offered different themes for the artists, from the Klezmer musicians to the Hasidim and the city itself. Mount Meron was also an object in artworks by Jewish artists with artists such as Frenkel and Rolly Schaffer painting serene or fiery scenes of sunset over the mountain.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. Hecht Museum (2013). After the School Of Paris (in English and Hebrew). Israel. ISBN 9789655350272.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Ofrat, Gideon (1987). The Golden Age of Painting in Safed (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Sifriat HaPoalim.
  3. ^ Vilnai, Ze'ev (1976). "Upper Galilee". Ariel Encyclopedia (in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Israel: Am Oved. pp. 1364–67.
  4. M. Aviam & P. Richardson, "Josephus' Galilee in Archaeological Perspective", published in: Mason, Steve, ed. (2001). Life of Josephus. Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary. Vol. 9. BRILL. pp. 179;182. ISBN 9004117938.; Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) II, 577; III, 46 (Wars of the Jews 3.3.1)
  5. Eric M. Meyers, "Galilean Regionalism as a Factor in Historical Reconstruction," in: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (No. 221, 1976), p. 95
  6. Aviam, Mordechai (2001-01-01), Avery-Peck, Alan; Neusner, Jacob (eds.), "THE ANCIENT SYNAGOGUES AT BARʿAM", Judaism in Late Antiquity 3. Where we Stand: Issues and Debates in Ancient Judaism, BRILL, pp. 155–177, doi:10.1163/9789004294172_008, ISBN 978-90-04-29417-2, retrieved 2023-09-02
  7. Eric M. Meyers and Carol Meyers, "Excavations at Ancient Nabratein: Synagogue and Environs," Meiron Excavation Project Reports - MEPR 6, Eisenbrauns, 2009.
  8. Hachlili, Rachel (2013). "Dating of the Upper Galilee Synagogues". Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1, Ancient Near East; vol. 105 = Handbuch der Orientalistik. BRILL. pp. 586, 588. ISBN 978-90-04-25772-6. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  9. Remains of Roman Period Synagogue Discovered in Galilee, July 2, 2012, Science News
  10. Avraham Negev; Shimon Gibson (July 2005). Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  11. Urman, Dan; Flesher, Paul V.M., eds. (1998). "Ancient Synagogues (2 vols)". Brill: 62–63. doi:10.1163/9789004511323. ISBN 978-90-04-11254-4.
  12. Avi-Yonah, Michael (1976). "Gazetteer of Roman Palestine". Qedem. 5: 89. ISSN 0333-5844. JSTOR 43587090.
  13. "XXIII. ʿAlma", Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924, De Gruyter, pp. 146–149, 2023-03-20, doi:10.1515/9783110715774-031, ISBN 978-3-11-071577-4, retrieved 2024-02-23
  14. Salibi, Kamal S. (1988). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 4. ISBN 1-85043-091-8.
  15. ^ ארי, מיכל בן (2009-03-02). "שיר שחלמתי על צפת". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-10-09.
  16. Barzel, Amnon (1974). Frenel Isaac Alexandre. Israel: Masada. p. 16.
  17. ^ Ofrat, Gideon. The Art and Artists of Safed (in Hebrew). pp. 89–90.
  18. "FRENKEL FRENEL MUSEUM". www.frenkel-frenel.org. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  19. Hecht Museum (2013). After the School Of Paris (in English and Hebrew). Israel. ISBN 9789655350272.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

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