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| {{Short description|Lithuanian rabbi (1829–1908)}} | |||
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{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}} | ||
| {{Distinguish|Jehiel Michel Epstein (17th century)}} | |||
| {{Infobox Jewish leader | {{Infobox Jewish leader | ||
| | honorific-prefix = Rabbi | | honorific-prefix = Rabbi | ||
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| '''Yechiel Michel ha-Levi Epstein''' ({{ |
'''Yechiel Michel ha-Levi Epstein''' ({{langx|he|יחיאל מיכל הלוי אפשטיין}}) | ||
| (24 January 1829 – 25 March 1908), often called "the ''Aruch haShulchan''" after his magnum opus, ], was a ] and '']'' (authority in ]) in ]. |
(24 January 1829 – 25 March 1908), often called "the ''Aruch haShulchan''" after his magnum opus, '']'', was a ] and '']'' (authority in ]) in ]. | ||
| ==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| Line 28: | Line 29: | ||
| {{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=37-38}} | {{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=37-38}} | ||
| He had one brother, Benjamin Beinush Epstein, who lived in ]. The two brothers stayed in touch over the years, and when Epstein needed to travel to Saint |
He had one brother, Benjamin Beinush Epstein, who lived in ]. The two brothers stayed in touch over the years, and when Epstein needed to travel to Saint Petersburg—usually to submit his writings to the ] before publishing—he would stay at his brother's house. | ||
| {{sfn|Henkin|2018|p=38}} | {{sfn|Henkin|2018|p=38}} | ||
| As a child, Epstein studied in a traditional ]. His original intent was to follow in his father's footsteps: to work as a merchant, while dedicating time to daily ]. In his youth, he engaged in trade and was fluent in Russian, a skill not commonly found in rabbis at that time. However, Rabbi Eliyahu Goldberg, rabbi of the nearby town of |
As a child, Epstein studied in a traditional ]. His original intent was to follow in his father's footsteps: to work as a merchant, while dedicating time to daily ]. In his youth, he engaged in trade and was fluent in Russian, a skill not commonly found in rabbis at that time. However, Rabbi Eliyahu Goldberg, rabbi of the nearby town of ] (and a student of Rabbi ]), took an interest in the youth; the rabbi convinced Epstein to leave commerce and dedicate himself to Torah study. Soon after, Epstein left for the famed ], where he studied for two years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Epstein |first1=Baruch|author-link=Baruch Epstein|title=Makor Baruch |date=1928|page=1195}}</ref> | ||
| In Volozhin he met and started a lifelong friendship with ] (the ''Netziv''), who later became the '']'' (head) of the |
In Volozhin, he met and started a lifelong friendship with Rabbi ] (the ''Netziv''), who later became the '']'' (head) of the Volozhin Yeshiva. After finishing his studies there, Epstein married Berlin's sister Michlah. (Epstein later became Berlin's father-in-law, when Berlin remarried to Epstein's daughter Batya Miriam after the death of his first wife.) | ||
| After his marriage, Epstein returned to |
After his marriage, Epstein returned to Babruysk, and he taught in the Altshul yeshiva there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bar-Ilan |first1=Meir|author-link=Meir Bar-Ilan |title=From Volozhin to Jerusalem |date=1939|page=276}}</ref> | ||
| He received '']'' (]nic ordination) from Rabbi Eliyahu Goldberg, who had been appointed rabbi and ] of the ] community of |
He received '']'' (]nic ordination) from Rabbi Eliyahu Goldberg, who had been appointed rabbi and ] of the ] community of Babruysk in 1852. | ||
| By 1862, Epstein was serving as a ] on Goldberg's ].{{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=47-49}} Most of the family's income, however, came from his wife's fabric store. When eulogizing his wife, Epstein |
By 1862, Epstein was serving as a ] on Goldberg's ].{{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=47-49}} Most of the family's income, however, came from his wife's fabric store. When eulogizing his wife, Epstein remarked—perhaps in exaggeration—that for 30 years Michlah ran the family store, and he did not even know where the store was located.{{sfn|Henkin|2018|p=46}} | ||
| In 1864, at the age of 35, Epstein was appointed rabbi of ] (east of ], now ]), a town with a large number of ], mainly adherents of ] and ]. Several months after arriving in Novozybkov, Epstein traveled to ] where he visited Rabbi ], also known as the Tzemach Tzedek, the third ] (spiritual leader) of the ] ] Jews.{{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=55-58,321-348}} His major endeavor during this period was writing his first work, ''Ohr |
In 1864, at the age of 35, Epstein was appointed rabbi of ] (east of ], now ]), a town with a large number of ], mainly adherents of ] and ]. Several months after arriving in Novozybkov, Epstein traveled to ] where he visited Rabbi ], also known as the Tzemach Tzedek, the third ] (spiritual leader) of the ] ] Jews.{{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=55-58,321-348}} His major endeavor during this period was writing his first work, ''Ohr LaYesharim'', a commentary to ''Sefer HaYashar'' of ]. He printed the first volume of this work in 1869, but lacked the funds to publish more.{{sfn|Henkin|2018|p=61}} | ||
| In 1874, after ten years as rabbi in Novozybkov, Epstein was appointed as the rabbi of ], where he would serve for 34 years, until his death. Here, he was recognized as a '']'' (decisor of ]), and he was to compose most of his writings in Navahrudak. | In 1874, after ten years as rabbi in Novozybkov, Epstein was appointed as the rabbi of ], where he would serve for 34 years, until his death. Here, he was recognized as a '']'' (decisor of ]), and he was to compose most of his writings in Navahrudak. | ||
| Epstein was involved in many charitable endeavors. He was particularly close to Rabbi ], the chief rabbi of Jerusalem, and wrote extensively on the obligation of all Jews to support the ] charity that Rabbi Salant founded in Israel in 1860. | Epstein was involved in many charitable endeavors. He was particularly close to Rabbi ], the chief rabbi of Jerusalem, and wrote extensively on the obligation of all Jews to support the ] charity that Rabbi Salant founded in Israel in 1860. | ||
| Epstein died on 22 Adar II 5668 (25 March 1908) and is buried in Navahrudak.{{sfn|Henkin|2018|p=224}} | Epstein died on 22 ] 5668 (25 March 1908) and is buried in Navahrudak.{{sfn|Henkin|2018|p=224}} | ||
| ==Children== | ==Children== | ||
| The Epsteins had 5 children: | The Epsteins had 5 children: | ||
| * '''Eidel Kahanov''', his first born, married a wealth merchant from ]. | * '''Eidel Kahanov''', his first born, married a wealth merchant from ]. | ||
| * '''Rabbi Dov Ber Epstein''', the eldest son, moved to ] in 1902, where he served in a number of public positions. | * '''Rabbi {{Ill|Dov Ber Epstein|he|דובער אפשטיין}}''', the eldest son, moved to ] in 1902, where he served in a number of public positions. | ||
| * '''Brina Walbrinska''' took over publishing her |
* '''Brina Walbrinska''' took over publishing her father's works after his death. She was also on the executive board of the Navahrudak orphanage. | ||
| * '''Batya Miriam Berlin''' divorced her first husband, a young man from a wealthy family, several months after the wedding, as he was unwilling to fulfill his promise to dedicate himself to Torah study. When Rabbi ]'s first wife |
* '''Batya Miriam Berlin''' divorced her first husband, a young man from a wealthy family, several months after the wedding, as he was unwilling to fulfill his promise to dedicate himself to Torah study. When Rabbi ]'s first wife died several years later, she happily agreed to marry him, even though the ] was 30 years her senior.{{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=213-216}} Among their children was Rabbi ]. | ||
| * '''Rabbi ]''' was a bookkeeper by profession but produced a number of scholarly and popular works, most notably the '']''. | * '''Rabbi ]''' was a bookkeeper by profession but produced a number of scholarly and popular works, most notably the '']''. | ||
| Line 59: | Line 60: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| * '']'' - his magnum opus, a code of ] tracing the origins of each law and custom, clarifying the opinions of the ] and arriving at a '']'' (decision) - often supported by (and sometimes in disagreement with) the ]. | * '']'' - his magnum opus, a code of ] tracing the origins of each law and custom, clarifying the opinions of the ] and arriving at a '']'' (decision) - often supported by (and sometimes in disagreement with) the ]. Regarded by some as the most comprehensive, seminal, and original modern restatement of Jewish law since ]. {{sfn|Broyde|Pill|2021}}{{pn|date=April 2022}} | ||
| * '']'' (''Laying the Table of the Future'') - a parallel work to Arukh HaShulkhan, summarising and analysing the laws that will apply in Messianic times. This work became more relevant when Jewish farming communities were re-established in ], since many agricultural laws which apply only in Israel are covered in this work. | * '']'' (''Laying the Table of the Future'') - a parallel work to Arukh HaShulkhan, summarising and analysing the laws that will apply in Messianic times. This work became more relevant when Jewish farming communities were re-established in ], since many agricultural laws which apply only in Israel are covered in this work. | ||
| * ''Ohr |
* ''Ohr la-Yesharim'' - his first work, a commentary on the classic work ''Sefer ha-Yashar'' by the ] ]. | ||
| * ''Meichal ha-Mayim'' - a commentary on the ]. | * ''Meichal ha-Mayim'' - a commentary on the ]. | ||
| * ''Leil Shimurim'' - a commentary on the ] for ]. | * ''Leil Shimurim'' - a commentary on the ] for ]. | ||
| Line 69: | Line 70: | ||
| As a well-known authority of ], many young scholars asked to receive his '']'' (]nic ordination). | As a well-known authority of ], many young scholars asked to receive his '']'' (]nic ordination). | ||
| Below is a partial list of prominent rabbis whom Epstein ordained:{{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=365-370}} | Below is a partial list of prominent rabbis whom Epstein ordained:{{sfn|Henkin|2018|pp=365-370}} | ||
| * ], the first ] ] of British ]. | * ], the first ] ] of British ]. | ||
| * ], the rabbi of ] and ] of the ] in ]. | * ], the rabbi of ] and ] of the ] in ]. | ||
| * ], prominent Orthodox rabbi and ]. | * ], prominent Orthodox rabbi and ]. | ||
| Line 83: | Line 84: | ||
| * {{Cite book|last=Henkin|first=Eitam|title=Set a Table Before Me|publisher=Maggid Books|year=2018|isbn=978-965-526-260-5|location=Jerusalem}} | * {{Cite book|last=Henkin|first=Eitam|title=Set a Table Before Me|publisher=Maggid Books|year=2018|isbn=978-965-526-260-5|location=Jerusalem}} | ||
| * {{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Chaim|title=The Torah Profile: A Treasury of Biographical Sketches|editor=Rabbi Nisson Wolpin |publisher=Mesorah Publications|year=1988|isbn=0-89906-860-X|location=Brooklyn, New York}} | * {{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Chaim|title=The Torah Profile: A Treasury of Biographical Sketches|editor=Rabbi Nisson Wolpin |publisher=Mesorah Publications|year=1988|isbn=0-89906-860-X|location=Brooklyn, New York}} | ||
| * {{Cite book|last1=Broyde|first1=Michael|last2=Pill|first2=Shlomo|title=Setting the Table: An Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Rabbi Yechiel Mikhel |
* {{Cite book|last1=Broyde|first1=Michael|last2=Pill|first2=Shlomo|title=Setting the Table: An Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Rabbi Yechiel Mikhel Epstein's Arukh HaShulhan|publisher=Academic Studies Press|year=2021|isbn=978-164-469-070-3}} | ||
| == External links== | == External links== | ||
| * | * | ||
| *] (Hebrew text) | *] (Hebrew text) | ||
| *] (incomplete English translation) | *] (incomplete English translation) | ||
| * | * | ||
| * - Daily study cycle at | * - Daily study cycle at | ||
| * | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904074030/http://www.halachaonline.com/ |date=2005-09-04 }} | ||
| * has most of the Aruch HaShulchan scanned in pdf format (search for ערוך השלחן) | * has most of the Aruch HaShulchan scanned in pdf format (search for ערוך השלחן) | ||
| Line 107: | Line 108: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:17, 25 October 2024
Lithuanian rabbi (1829–1908) | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Yechiel Michel Epstein" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| RabbiYechiel Michel Epstein | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Title | Author of Aruch HaShulchan |
| Personal life | |
| Born | 24 January 1829 Babruysk |
| Died | 25 March 1908(1908-03-25) (aged 79) Navahrudak |
| Alma mater | Volozhin yeshiva |
| Occupation | Posek |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Denomination | Orthodox |
Yechiel Michel ha-Levi Epstein (Hebrew: יחיאל מיכל הלוי אפשטיין) (24 January 1829 – 25 March 1908), often called "the Aruch haShulchan" after his magnum opus, Aruch HaShulchan, was a Rabbi and posek (authority in Jewish law) in Lithuania.
Biography
Yechiel Michel Epstein was born on 24 January 1829 in Babruysk, Russian Empire (presently in Belarus) to Aharon Yitzchak and Rashka Epstein. His father Aharon Yitzchak Epstein was a builder and contractor who spend much of his time traveling for his work, which were often projects of the Czarist government.
He had one brother, Benjamin Beinush Epstein, who lived in Saint Petersburg. The two brothers stayed in touch over the years, and when Epstein needed to travel to Saint Petersburg—usually to submit his writings to the Russian censor before publishing—he would stay at his brother's house.
As a child, Epstein studied in a traditional Cheder. His original intent was to follow in his father's footsteps: to work as a merchant, while dedicating time to daily Torah study. In his youth, he engaged in trade and was fluent in Russian, a skill not commonly found in rabbis at that time. However, Rabbi Eliyahu Goldberg, rabbi of the nearby town of Parichi (and a student of Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin), took an interest in the youth; the rabbi convinced Epstein to leave commerce and dedicate himself to Torah study. Soon after, Epstein left for the famed Volozhin yeshiva, where he studied for two years.
In Volozhin, he met and started a lifelong friendship with Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin (the Netziv), who later became the rosh yeshiva (head) of the Volozhin Yeshiva. After finishing his studies there, Epstein married Berlin's sister Michlah. (Epstein later became Berlin's father-in-law, when Berlin remarried to Epstein's daughter Batya Miriam after the death of his first wife.)
After his marriage, Epstein returned to Babruysk, and he taught in the Altshul yeshiva there. He received semicha (rabbinic ordination) from Rabbi Eliyahu Goldberg, who had been appointed rabbi and Av Beit Din of the Mitnagged community of Babruysk in 1852.
By 1862, Epstein was serving as a dayan (religious judge) on Goldberg's beit din. Most of the family's income, however, came from his wife's fabric store. When eulogizing his wife, Epstein remarked—perhaps in exaggeration—that for 30 years Michlah ran the family store, and he did not even know where the store was located.
In 1864, at the age of 35, Epstein was appointed rabbi of Novozybkov (east of Gomel, now Bryansk region), a town with a large number of Hasidic Jews, mainly adherents of Chabad Lubavitch and Chernobyl. Several months after arriving in Novozybkov, Epstein traveled to Lubavitch where he visited Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, also known as the Tzemach Tzedek, the third rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic Jews. His major endeavor during this period was writing his first work, Ohr LaYesharim, a commentary to Sefer HaYashar of Rabbeinu Tam. He printed the first volume of this work in 1869, but lacked the funds to publish more.
In 1874, after ten years as rabbi in Novozybkov, Epstein was appointed as the rabbi of Navahrudak, where he would serve for 34 years, until his death. Here, he was recognized as a posek (decisor of Jewish law), and he was to compose most of his writings in Navahrudak.
Epstein was involved in many charitable endeavors. He was particularly close to Rabbi Shmuel Salant, the chief rabbi of Jerusalem, and wrote extensively on the obligation of all Jews to support the Rabbi Meir Baal Haneis charity that Rabbi Salant founded in Israel in 1860.
Epstein died on 22 Adar II 5668 (25 March 1908) and is buried in Navahrudak.
Children
The Epsteins had 5 children:
- Eidel Kahanov, his first born, married a wealth merchant from Odessa.
- Rabbi Dov Ber Epstein [he], the eldest son, moved to Jerusalem in 1902, where he served in a number of public positions.
- Brina Walbrinska took over publishing her father's works after his death. She was also on the executive board of the Navahrudak orphanage.
- Batya Miriam Berlin divorced her first husband, a young man from a wealthy family, several months after the wedding, as he was unwilling to fulfill his promise to dedicate himself to Torah study. When Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin's first wife died several years later, she happily agreed to marry him, even though the rosh yeshiva was 30 years her senior. Among their children was Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan.
- Rabbi Baruch Epstein was a bookkeeper by profession but produced a number of scholarly and popular works, most notably the Torah Temimah.
Works
- Aruch HaShulchan - his magnum opus, a code of Halakha tracing the origins of each law and custom, clarifying the opinions of the Rishonim and arriving at a psak (decision) - often supported by (and sometimes in disagreement with) the Acharonim. Regarded by some as the most comprehensive, seminal, and original modern restatement of Jewish law since Rambam.
- Aruch HaShulchan he'Atid (Laying the Table of the Future) - a parallel work to Arukh HaShulkhan, summarising and analysing the laws that will apply in Messianic times. This work became more relevant when Jewish farming communities were re-established in Israel, since many agricultural laws which apply only in Israel are covered in this work.
- Ohr la-Yesharim - his first work, a commentary on the classic work Sefer ha-Yashar by the Tosafist Rabbeinu Tam.
- Meichal ha-Mayim - a commentary on the Jerusalem Talmud.
- Leil Shimurim - a commentary on the Haggadah for Passover.
- Derashot Kol Ben Levi - a collection of sermons he delivered in the main synagogue of Navahrudak, often including long Halakhic sections.
Prominent rabbis he ordained
As a well-known authority of Halakha, many young scholars asked to receive his semicha (rabbinic ordination). Below is a partial list of prominent rabbis whom Epstein ordained:
- Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, the first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine.
- Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer, the rabbi of Slutsk and rosh yeshiva of the Etz Chaim Yeshiva in Jerusalem.
- Rabbi Yosef Eliyahu Henkin, prominent Orthodox rabbi and posek.
- Rabbi Yehezkel Abramsky, head of the London Beth Din rabbinical court and later rosh yeshiva of Slabodka yeshiva in Bnei Brak.
- Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin, the founder and chief editor of the Encyclopedia Talmudit.
- Rabbi Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman, Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva of the Ponevezh Yeshiva.
- Rabbi Yehuda Leib Maimon, Israeli rabbi, author, and leader of the Religious Zionist movement. He was Israel's first Minister of Religions.
Notes
- Henkin 2018, pp. 37–38.
- Henkin 2018, p. 38.
- Epstein, Baruch (1928). Makor Baruch. p. 1195.
- Bar-Ilan, Meir (1939). From Volozhin to Jerusalem. p. 276.
- Henkin 2018, pp. 47–49.
- Henkin 2018, p. 46.
- Henkin 2018, pp. 55–58, 321–348.
- Henkin 2018, p. 61.
- Henkin 2018, p. 224.
- Henkin 2018, pp. 213–216.
- Broyde & Pill 2021.
- Henkin 2018, pp. 365–370.
References
- Henkin, Eitam (2018). Set a Table Before Me. Jerusalem: Maggid Books. ISBN 978-965-526-260-5.
- Shapiro, Chaim (1988). Rabbi Nisson Wolpin (ed.). The Torah Profile: A Treasury of Biographical Sketches. Brooklyn, New York: Mesorah Publications. ISBN 0-89906-860-X.
- Broyde, Michael; Pill, Shlomo (2021). Setting the Table: An Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Rabbi Yechiel Mikhel Epstein's Arukh HaShulhan. Academic Studies Press. ISBN 978-164-469-070-3.
External links
- Biography of Rabbi Yechiel Mechel Epstein
- Aruch HaShulchan at Hebrew Wikitext (Hebrew text)
- Aruch HaShulchan Orach Chaim (incomplete English translation)
- A Collection of Studies on the Aruch HaShulchan, its author, and the history of its publication
- Aruch HaShulchan Yomi - Daily study cycle at AishDas
- Classes on Aruch HaShulchan Archived 2005-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
- HebrewBooks has most of the Aruch HaShulchan scanned in pdf format (search for ערוך השלחן)
| Commentators on the Jerusalem Talmud | |
|---|---|
| 16th century | |
| 17th century | |
| 18th century | |
| 19th century | |
| 20th century | |
| Lost commentaries | |
| Unpublished commentaries | |