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{{short description|Hindu denomination}}
__NOTOC__
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Kaumaram
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| image = File:Gombak Selangor Batu-Caves-01.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance to ], Malaysia, with the Murugan statue
| population =
| religions =
| scriptures = ], ], ]
| languages = ]{{•}}]{{•}}others
| related-c =], ], ], ]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://murugan.org/research/seethalakshmi.htm | title=Karttikeya worship in Bengal }}</ref><ref></ref>
| regions = ]{{•}}] {{•}}]{{•}}]
| tablehdr =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| website ={{url|kaumaram.com/}}<br>{{url|murugan.org/}}
| notes =
|related=]}}
{{Kaumaram}} {{Kaumaram}}
] symbol in ]. Om in the Tamil script is seen in most Murugan temples.]]
{{Hinduism}}
'''Kaumaram''' is a Hindu denomination which focuses on the deity Kumara, also known as Murugan, Skanda, Subramaniyam or ]. Most devotees of Kumara also revere members of his family: Parvati, Shiva and Ganesha. The important theological texts relating to Kumara are a part of the ] canon. This sub-tradition is found in South India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and among the ] worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA417|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=417–418, 137, 198–199, 241, 425}}</ref> '''Kaumaram''' ({{Langx|ta|கௌமாரம்}}, {{Langx|sa|कौमारम्|translit=Kaumāraṃ}}) is a ] that primarily venerates the ] deity of war, ], also known as Kumaran, ] (in ]), Arumugan'','' and Subrahmanyan. Devotees of Kumaran, called Kaumaras, also revere members of his family: ], ], and ], as well his consorts, ] and ], the daughters of ] in Tamil tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sc |first=Subhash C. Biswas D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKQOBQAAQBAJ&dq=vishnu+devasena+sundaravalli&pg=PA149 |title=India the Land of Gods |date=2014-09-29 |publisher=PartridgeIndia |isbn=978-1-4828-3655-4 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref> The important theological texts relating to Kumara are a part of the ] canon. This sub-tradition is found among the ], ], and the ], in South India, Sri Lanka, and among the ] worldwide.<ref name="Dalal">{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA417 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=417–418, 137, 198–199, 241, 425}}</ref> The love story of Kumara/Murugan and his wife ], a girl from a local tribe, is popular in ], where Kumara acquired the status of a national god.<ref name="Zvelebil">{{cite book |author=Kamil V. Zvelebil |chapter=Murugan and Valli |title=Tiru Murugan |location=Madras |publisher=Ulakat Tamilaraycci Niruvanam |year=1981 |pages=40–46 |chapter-url=http://www.murugan.org/research/zvelebil.htm}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name="term"|The term ''Kaumaram'' also means "childhood, youth" in Hindu texts, as in verse 2.13 of the '']''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Winthrop Sargeant |author2=Christopher Key Chapple |title=The Bhagavad Gita: Revised Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgitasuny00chri|url-access=registration |year=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-87395-831-8 |page=}}</ref> It is sometimes a substitute for ] stage of life.<ref>{{cite book |author=Suresh Chandra |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&pg=PA63 |year=1998 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-039-9 |page=63}}</ref>}}


== Legend ==
The term ''Kaumaram'' also means "childhood, youth" in Hindu texts, as in verse 2.13 of the '']''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Winthrop Sargeant|author2=Christopher Key Chapple|title=The Bhagavad Gita: Revised Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHTmRSnoGp4C|year=1984|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-87395-831-8|page=98}}</ref> It is sometimes a substitute for ] stage of life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suresh Chandra|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&pg=PA63|year=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|page=63}}</ref>
In the '']'', Kartikeya is regarded to be the first son of Shiva who was incubated by the ]s, the six maidens representing the ],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vālmīki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kD84WlAtggkC&pg=PA399 |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Bālakāṇḍa |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-3162-9 |pages=399 |language=en}}</ref> and the '']'' state that six children thus fused into one when embraced by Parvati, becoming a six-headed Kartikeya. Born to negate the boon gained by ] that he could be slain by none other than a son of Shiva, Kartikeya defeats the ] in battle and restores order.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Komilla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTMkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kartikeya+born+Taraka&pg=PT61 |title=Nakshatras: The Stars Beyond the Zodiac |date=2014-05-01 |publisher=The Wessex Astrologer |isbn=978-1-902405-97-1 |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the ], the Tamil iteration of the '']'', Kartikeya was the second son of ] and ], and the younger brother to ]. According to this tradition, he emerged from six sparks emanating from the additional ] of Shiva.

In a legend, ] pretends to forget the significance of the ] ] and asks a young Kartikeya. The young boy astounds everyone by showing Shiva that it is the source of all creation. This earns him the epithet ''Svāmīnātha'', to indicate that he outdid his father.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-06 |title=Pranava mantra |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/pranava-mantra/article3287952.ece |access-date=2023-02-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Worship ==
]
Tamil Nadu has six primary temples for Kartikeya that are known by the name ], which that translates roughly as "the Six Stations".

Modes of worship include '']'' that is a form of dance, ''alagu'' which is a sharp piece of metal that one pierces on the body, carrying milk and water on the heads to offer to the deity and involves a ] diet.

] is an occasion that is celebrated in Kaumaram. This is much more prevalent in the Murugan Temple in Malaysia. Another chief period of worship is the ''Shashti''. This is a period of six days when villages in South India with primary Kartikeya deities come together for a celebration. The people involved take a vow on following a vegetarian diet for the period. The six days portray events from the life of Kartikeya. The chief parts covered are the ceremonies in which he is awarded the spear '']'' by his mother Shakthi, the killing of the asura ], and his wedding to ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skanda Shashti: Rules of worship and list of Dos and Don'ts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/skanda-shashti-rules-of-worship-and-list-of-dos-and-donts/598147 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=L |first1=Lindsey |last2=IS |title=Rituals for the Hindu God Kartikeya {{!}} Synonym |url=https://classroom.synonym.com/rituals-for-the-hindu-god-kartikeya-12087749.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=classroom.synonym.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Festivals {{!}} Murugan |url=http://www.veladumthanigaimalai.com/festivals |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.veladumthanigaimalai.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-04 |title=Significance of Thai Poosam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/significance-of-thai-poosam/article66466685.ece |access-date=2023-02-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Other than this, Karnataka, that is another prominent place for Kaumaras, would have its own mode of worship. Trekking the ] where he is believed to have attained mukti giving up his life is popular although not essentially in a very traditional manner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OUR HERITAGE KAUMARAM It has already been |url=https://www.kamakoti.org/kamakoti/details/our%20heritage%205.html |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=www.kamakoti.org}}</ref>

] has many popular ] temples like the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ]. The ] festival celebrated every year in the Nallur Kandaswamy temple in ] is popular among the ] population. ] is an important Tamil annual festival dedicated to Murugan worship in Sri Lanka.

== Literature and arts ==
According to local legends and ], ] is regarded as a veteran and a guardian of the language<ref>]</ref> that is believed to have been founded by the sage ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/agastya_-_agastya_and_the_tamil_language|title=Agastya - Agastya and The Tamil Language &#124; Global Oneness<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/agastya.htm|title=Agastya|website=mythfolklore.net|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref> with the blessings of Kartikeya. He is considered the patron of the Tamils, due to his worship being widespread among those of Tamil descent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santhanam |first=Kausalya |date=2010-07-20 |title=Documenting the folk tales of Tamil Nadu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Documenting-the-folk-tales-of-Tamil-Nadu/article16203856.ece |access-date=2021-08-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=முருகன் Murugan Devotees Lord Muruga அடியார்கள் முருகபக்தர் |url=https://www.kaumaram.com/ |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=www.kaumaram.com}}</ref>

The primary works in ] related to Kaumaram are ]m detailing the history of Kartikeya and ], a poem by the Sanskrit scholar ], that literally translates as "The Creation of Kumara" or "the Creation of the Son/Boy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Esoteric Kandar Anubhuti Introduction - N.V. Karthikeyan |url=https://kaumaram.com/articles/esoteric_anubhuti/esoteric_kandar_anubhuti_intro39.html? |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=kaumaram.com}}</ref>

] wrote a piece on Kartikeya called ''Subrahmanya Bhujangam''.

In Tamil, abundant literature is to be found both in the classical texts and in the folklore. The Skanda Puranam was translated into Tamil. Chief contributors to the classical Tamil texts include ] who wrote hymns of praise with complicated grammar patterns and ] and ].

Tamil folk music have hymns written praising the beauty and bravery of Kartikeya. Another chiefly written topic is the way he fell in love and converted his bride ]. There is a dedicated tune called "Kavadi Sindhu" that is usually used to sing such hymns. This tune became associated with celebrations and dances.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karthikeyan |first=N. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIgnAAAAMAAJ&q=kaumaram |title=Kandar Anubhuti (God-experience) of Saint Arunagirinathar |date=1972 |publisher=Dt. Tehri-Garhwal, Divine Life Society |isbn=978-81-7052-075-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=திருப்புகழ் - வம்பறாச்சில - Sri AruNagirinAthar's Thiruppugazh 350 vambaRAchchila kAnjeepuram - Songs of Praises and Glory of Lord Murugan - Experience the Magic of Muruga |url=https://www.kaumaram.com/thiru/nnt0350_u.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.kaumaram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=23rd Annual Day of Kerala Arts and Literary Association (UK) on October 26 |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=165764 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}


==References== ==References==
Line 18: Line 72:


==External links== ==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
⚫ *
* {{in lang|en}}{{in lang|ta}}
⚫ * , Dedicated to Murugan, Singapore
⚫ * {{in lang|ta}}
⚫ *, Dedicated to Murugan, Singapore


] ]
] ]
] ]



{{Hinduism-stub}} {{Hinduism-stub}}

Latest revision as of 00:30, 28 October 2024

Hindu denomination
Kaumaram
Entrance to Batu Caves, Malaysia, with the Murugan statue
Regions with significant populations
South India • Sri Lanka  • Singapore • Malaysia
Scriptures
Tiruppugal, Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai, Skanda Purana
Languages
Old Tamil • Sanskrit • others
An entry was removed here. Please see here for what to do.
Related ethnic groups
Tamils, Malayali, Sinhalese, Kannaḍigaru
Website
kaumaram.com
murugan.org
Part of a series on
Kaumaram
Deities
Symbols
Texts and scriptures
Six sacred abodes
Other temples
Tamil Nadu
Rest of India
Outside India
Festivals
Hinduism portal
The Om symbol in Tamil. Om in the Tamil script is seen in most Murugan temples.

Kaumaram (Tamil: கௌமாரம், Sanskrit: कौमारम्, romanized: Kaumāraṃ) is a Hindu denomination that primarily venerates the Hindu deity of war, Kartikeya, also known as Kumaran, Murugan (in South India), Arumugan, and Subrahmanyan. Devotees of Kumaran, called Kaumaras, also revere members of his family: Parvati, Shiva, and Ganesha, as well his consorts, Devasena and Sundaravalli, the daughters of Vishnu in Tamil tradition. The important theological texts relating to Kumara are a part of the Shaiva agama canon. This sub-tradition is found among the Tamils, Kannadigas, and the Vedda, in South India, Sri Lanka, and among the Tamil diaspora worldwide. The love story of Kumara/Murugan and his wife Valli, a girl from a local tribe, is popular in Tamil Nadu, where Kumara acquired the status of a national god.

Legend

In the Ramayana, Kartikeya is regarded to be the first son of Shiva who was incubated by the Kṛttikās, the six maidens representing the Pleiades, and the Puranas state that six children thus fused into one when embraced by Parvati, becoming a six-headed Kartikeya. Born to negate the boon gained by Tarakasura that he could be slain by none other than a son of Shiva, Kartikeya defeats the asura in battle and restores order.

According to the Kanda Puranam, the Tamil iteration of the Skanda Purana, Kartikeya was the second son of Shiva and Parvati, and the younger brother to Ganesha. According to this tradition, he emerged from six sparks emanating from the additional five manifested heads of Shiva.

In a legend, Shiva pretends to forget the significance of the mantra Om and asks a young Kartikeya. The young boy astounds everyone by showing Shiva that it is the source of all creation. This earns him the epithet Svāmīnātha, to indicate that he outdid his father.

Worship

Murugan with Devasena (right) and Valli (left).

Tamil Nadu has six primary temples for Kartikeya that are known by the name Arupadai Veedu, which that translates roughly as "the Six Stations".

Modes of worship include kavadi that is a form of dance, alagu which is a sharp piece of metal that one pierces on the body, carrying milk and water on the heads to offer to the deity and involves a sattvik diet.

Thaipusam is an occasion that is celebrated in Kaumaram. This is much more prevalent in the Murugan Temple in Malaysia. Another chief period of worship is the Shashti. This is a period of six days when villages in South India with primary Kartikeya deities come together for a celebration. The people involved take a vow on following a vegetarian diet for the period. The six days portray events from the life of Kartikeya. The chief parts covered are the ceremonies in which he is awarded the spear Vel by his mother Shakthi, the killing of the asura Surapadman, and his wedding to Valli.

Other than this, Karnataka, that is another prominent place for Kaumaras, would have its own mode of worship. Trekking the Kumara Parvatha where he is believed to have attained mukti giving up his life is popular although not essentially in a very traditional manner.

Sri Lanka has many popular Murugan temples like the Nallur Kandaswamy temple, the Thirukkovil Temple, the Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple, the Kataragama temple, and the Kilinochchi Murugan temple. The chariot festival celebrated every year in the Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna is popular among the Sri Lankan Tamil population. Karthikai Deepam is an important Tamil annual festival dedicated to Murugan worship in Sri Lanka.

Literature and arts

According to local legends and Tamil folklore, Kartikeya is regarded as a veteran and a guardian of the language that is believed to have been founded by the sage Agastya, with the blessings of Kartikeya. He is considered the patron of the Tamils, due to his worship being widespread among those of Tamil descent.

The primary works in Sanskrit related to Kaumaram are Skanda Puranam detailing the history of Kartikeya and Kumārasambhava, a poem by the Sanskrit scholar Kalidasa, that literally translates as "The Creation of Kumara" or "the Creation of the Son/Boy".

Adi Shankara wrote a piece on Kartikeya called Subrahmanya Bhujangam.

In Tamil, abundant literature is to be found both in the classical texts and in the folklore. The Skanda Puranam was translated into Tamil. Chief contributors to the classical Tamil texts include Arunagirinathar who wrote hymns of praise with complicated grammar patterns and alliteration and onomatopoeia.

Tamil folk music have hymns written praising the beauty and bravery of Kartikeya. Another chiefly written topic is the way he fell in love and converted his bride Valli. There is a dedicated tune called "Kavadi Sindhu" that is usually used to sing such hymns. This tune became associated with celebrations and dances.

See also

Notes

  1. The term Kaumaram also means "childhood, youth" in Hindu texts, as in verse 2.13 of the Bhagavad Gita. It is sometimes a substitute for Brahmacharya stage of life.

References

  1. "Karttikeya worship in Bengal".
  2. Why Arumugan worshipped only South India
  3. Sc, Subhash C. Biswas D. (2014-09-29). India the Land of Gods. PartridgeIndia. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4828-3655-4.
  4. Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 417–418, 137, 198–199, 241, 425. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  5. Kamil V. Zvelebil (1981). "Murugan and Valli". Tiru Murugan. Madras: Ulakat Tamilaraycci Niruvanam. pp. 40–46.
  6. Winthrop Sargeant; Christopher Key Chapple (1984). The Bhagavad Gita: Revised Edition. State University of New York Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-87395-831-8.
  7. Suresh Chandra (1998). Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Sarup & Sons. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-7625-039-9.
  8. Vālmīki (2007). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Bālakāṇḍa. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 399. ISBN 978-81-208-3162-9.
  9. Sutton, Komilla (2014-05-01). Nakshatras: The Stars Beyond the Zodiac. The Wessex Astrologer. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-902405-97-1.
  10. "Pranava mantra". The Hindu. 2012-04-06. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  11. "Skanda Shashti: Rules of worship and list of Dos and Don'ts". www.timesnownews.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  12. L, Lindsey; IS. "Rituals for the Hindu God Kartikeya | Synonym". classroom.synonym.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  13. "Festivals | Murugan". www.veladumthanigaimalai.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  14. "Significance of Thai Poosam". The Hindu. 2023-02-04. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  15. "OUR HERITAGE KAUMARAM It has already been". www.kamakoti.org. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  16. Kartikeya#Sangam Tamil literature
  17. "Agastya - Agastya and The Tamil Language | Global Oneness". Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  18. "Agastya". mythfolklore.net. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  19. Santhanam, Kausalya (2010-07-20). "Documenting the folk tales of Tamil Nadu". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  20. "முருகன் Murugan Devotees Lord Muruga அடியார்கள் முருகபக்தர்". www.kaumaram.com. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  21. "The Esoteric Kandar Anubhuti Introduction - N.V. Karthikeyan". kaumaram.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  22. Karthikeyan, N. V. (1972). Kandar Anubhuti (God-experience) of Saint Arunagirinathar. Dt. Tehri-Garhwal, Divine Life Society. ISBN 978-81-7052-075-7.
  23. "திருப்புகழ் - வம்பறாச்சில - Sri AruNagirinAthar's Thiruppugazh 350 vambaRAchchila kAnjeepuram - Songs of Praises and Glory of Lord Murugan - Experience the Magic of Muruga". www.kaumaram.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  24. Daily, Keralakaumudi. "23rd Annual Day of Kerala Arts and Literary Association (UK) on October 26". Keralakaumudi Daily. Retrieved 2023-02-21.

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