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{{Short description|Ancient ethnic group in modern Turkey}}] and the ], on the east of the river ].]]
⚫ ] by ], 1624]]


The '''Tibareni''' (Greek: '''Τιβαρηνοί'''<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"></ref> and '''Τιβαρανοί'''<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"/>; ''']''', '''Thobeles''' in ]) were a people residing on the coast of ] referred to in ], ], ] and other classical authors. The '''Tibareni''' (Greek: Τιβαρηνοί,<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"></ref> Τιβαρανοί<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"/>) were a people residing on the coast of ] referred to in ], ], ] and other classical authors. The Tibareni were believed to be of ] origin,<ref name=Scholiast>Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 2.378, 1010</ref><ref name=Xeonophon>{{Cite AnabasisX|5.5.2}}</ref><ref>'']''</ref><ref name=Stephanus>{{cite Stephanus|''s.v.'' Τιβαρηνία}}</ref> but modern scholars generally identify them as ].<ref>Rapp, S. H., & Crego, P. (2011). Languages and cultures of Eastern Christianity. Ashgate.</ref><ref>Morritt, R.D. (2010) Stones that Speak. EBSCO ebook academic collection. Cambridge Scholars Pub.](9781443821766) p.99</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Toumanoff |first=Cyril |title=Studies in Christian Caucasian History |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=1963 |pages=56}}</ref> ]ians are often thought to represent the same ethnic group.<ref name="Alfonso"/>


They occupied the country between the ] and the ], on the east of the river ], and the country was called Tibarenia ({{lang-grc|Τιβαρηνία}}).<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"/> Tibareni occupied the country between the ] and the ], on the east of the river ], and the country was called Tibarenia ({{langx|grc|Τιβαρηνία}}).<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"/>
They are mentioned as early as the time of Herodotus,<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|3.94}}</ref> and were believed to be of ] origin.<ref name=Scholiast>Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 2.378, 1010</ref><ref name=Xeonophon>{{Cite AnabasisX|5.5.2}}</ref><ref>'']''</ref><ref name=Stephanus>{{cite Stephanus|''s.v.'' Τιβαρηνία}}</ref> ] describes them as inhabiting the mountains branching off from the Montes Moschici and Colchici, and mentions ] as their principal town.<ref>{{Cite Strabo|xi. p.527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny|6.4}}</ref> They appear to have been a harmless and happy people, who performed all their duties in a joyous manner.<ref name=Scholiast/><ref name=Stephanus/><ref>Anon. ''Peripl. P. E.'' p. 12; {{cite Mela|1.19}}</ref> Their arms consisted of wooden helmets, small shields, and short spears with long points.<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|7.78}}</ref> Xenophon and his Greeks spent three days in travelling through their country.<ref>{{Cite AnabasisX|7.8.25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|14.30}}</ref><ref>Dionys. Per. 767; {{cite Mela|1.2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Strabo|ii. p.129, vii. p. 309, xi. p. 549, xii. p. 555}}</ref> They are mentioned as early as the time of Herodotus.<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|3.94}}</ref> According to the ancient Greeks, the Tibareni were ].<ref name="Alfonso">Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 185. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE</ref> ] describes them as inhabiting the mountains branching off from the Montes Moschici and Colchici, and mentions ] as their principal town.<ref>{{Cite Strabo|xi. p.527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny|6.4}}</ref> They appear to have been a harmless and happy people, who performed all their duties in a joyous manner.<ref name=Scholiast/><ref name=Stephanus/><ref>Anon. ''Peripl. P. E.'' p. 12; {{cite Mela|1.19}}</ref> Their arms consisted of wooden helmets, small shields, and short spears with long points.<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|7.78}}</ref> Xenophon and his Greeks spent three days in travelling through their country.<ref>{{Cite AnabasisX|7.8.25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|14.30}}</ref><ref>Dionys. Per. 767; {{cite Mela|1.2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Strabo|ii. p.129, vii. p. 309, xi. p. 549, xii. p. 555}}</ref>


These three tribes{{which?|date=September 2019}} still neighbored each other, along the ] coast of ] (ancient ]), as late as in ] times. Tibareni, along with the other Proto-Georgian tribes were subjugated by the ] in the 6th-5th centuries BC and were incorporated into the ].{{fact|date=September 2019}} All three tribes — Tibareni, Chalybes and Mosynoeci — still neighbored each other, along the ] coast of ] (ancient ]), as late as in ] times. Tibareni, along with the neighbouring tribes, were subjugated by the ] in the 6th-5th centuries BC and were incorporated into the ].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia |year=2012 |pages=19}}</ref>

⚫ ==See also==
*], ], ], ]
*]ians
⚫ ] by ], 1624]]


==References== ==References==
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{{DGRG|title=Tibareni}} {{DGRG|title=Tibareni}}


⚫ {{coord missing|Georgia (country)}}
⚫ ==See also==
{{Ancient Georgians}}
*]
*]
*]
*]


⚫ ]

⚫ {{coord missing|Georgia (country)}}
⚫ ]
] ]
] ]


{{AncientGreece-stub}} {{AncientGreece-stub}}

Latest revision as of 08:01, 29 October 2024

Ancient ethnic group in modern Turkey
Tibareni occupied the country between the Chalybes and the Mosynoeci, on the east of the river Iris.

The Tibareni (Greek: Τιβαρηνοί, Τιβαρανοί) were a people residing on the coast of ancient Pontus referred to in Herodotus, Xenophon, Strabo and other classical authors. The Tibareni were believed to be of Scythian origin, but modern scholars generally identify them as proto-Kartvelian. Tabalians are often thought to represent the same ethnic group.

Tibareni occupied the country between the Chalybes and the Mosynoeci, on the east of the river Iris, and the country was called Tibarenia (Ancient Greek: Τιβαρηνία). They are mentioned as early as the time of Herodotus. According to the ancient Greeks, the Tibareni were Scythians. Strabo describes them as inhabiting the mountains branching off from the Montes Moschici and Colchici, and mentions Cotyura as their principal town. They appear to have been a harmless and happy people, who performed all their duties in a joyous manner. Their arms consisted of wooden helmets, small shields, and short spears with long points. Xenophon and his Greeks spent three days in travelling through their country.

All three tribes — Tibareni, Chalybes and Mosynoeci — still neighbored each other, along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia (ancient Pontus), as late as in Roman times. Tibareni, along with the neighbouring tribes, were subjugated by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th-5th centuries BC and were incorporated into the 19th satrapy.

See also

Tibarenia in a map of the voyage of the Argonauts by Abraham Ortelius, 1624

References

  1. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, § T622.6
  2. ^ Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 2.378, 1010
  3. Xenophon. Anabasis. Vol. 5.5.2.
  4. Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
  5. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Τιβαρηνία.
  6. Rapp, S. H., & Crego, P. (2011). Languages and cultures of Eastern Christianity. Ashgate.
  7. Morritt, R.D. (2010) Stones that Speak. EBSCO ebook academic collection. Cambridge Scholars Pub.](9781443821766) p.99
  8. Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Georgetown University Press. p. 56.
  9. ^ Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 185. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE
  10. Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 3.94.
  11. Strabo. Geographica. Vol. xi. p.527. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
  12. Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 6.4.
  13. Anon. Peripl. P. E. p. 12; Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis. Vol. 1.19.
  14. Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 7.78.
  15. Xenophon. Anabasis. Vol. 7.8.25.
  16. Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). Vol. 14.30.
  17. Dionys. Per. 767; Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis. Vol. 1.2.
  18. Strabo. Geographica. Vol. ii. p.129, vii. p. 309, xi. p. 549, xii. p. 555. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
  19. Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 19.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Tibareni". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

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