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| {{short description|Male chicken}} | |||
| {{Other uses}} | |||
| {{redirect2|Cockadoodledoo|Cocka-doodle-doo|the nursery rhyme|Cock a doodle doo}} | |||
| {{pp-move-indef}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}} | |||
| ]) on the Hawaiian island of Kauai]] | |||
| A '''rooster''', also known as a '''cockerel''' or '''cock (that’s a bad language word!)''', is a male ] bird, with cockerel being younger and rooster being an adult male ] (''Gallus gallus domesticus''). | |||
| {{Short description|Male chicken}} | |||
| According to Merriam-Webster, the term "rooster" (i.e. a roosting bird) originated in the mid- or late 18th century as a euphemism to avoid the sexual connotation of the original English "cock",<ref> https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rooster </ref> <ref name="Rawson"> "Why Do We Say...? Rooster", ''American Heritage'', Aug./Sept. 2006.</ref><ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary"> Entry for ''rooster (n.)'', May 2019 </ref> and is widely used throughout North America. "Roosting" is the action of perching aloft to sleep at night, which is done by both sexes. | |||
| {{Rcat shell|{{R hatnote}}{{R pw}}{{R from gender}}}} | |||
| Sperm transfer occurs by ]l contact between the male and female, in a maneuver known as the "cloacal kiss".<ref name="Briskie1997">{{cite journal|last=Briskie|first=J. V.|author2=R. Montgomerie |title=Sexual Selection and the Intromittent Organ of Birds|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|year=1997|volume=28|issue=1|pages=73–86 |doi=10.2307/3677097|jstor=3677097}}</ref> The rooster is ], but cannot guard several nests of eggs at once. He guards the general area where his hens are ]ing, and attacks other roosters that enter his territory. During the daytime, a rooster often sits on a high perch, usually {{convert|3|to|5|ft|m|1|abbr=in|order=flip}} off the ground, to serve as a lookout for his group (hence the term "rooster"). He sounds a distinctive alarm call if predators are nearby and will frequently crow to assert his territory. | |||
| ==Crowing== | |||
| ] at a crowing contest]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] crowing. Note the characteristic neck bending that always takes place during crowing.]] | |||
| Roosters almost always start crowing before four months of age. Although it is possible for a hen to crow as well, crowing (together with hackles development) is one of the clearest signs of being a rooster.<ref>{{cite web|last=Read|first=Gina|title=Sexing Chickens|url=http://successwithpoultry.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/sexing-chickens.html|work=Keeping Chickens Newsletter|publisher=keepingchickensnewsletter.com|access-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> | |||
| The rooster is often portrayed as crowing at the break of dawn ("cock-a-doodle-doo"). However, while many roosters crow shortly after waking up, this idea is not exactly true. A rooster can and will crow at any time of the day. Some roosters are especially vociferous, crowing almost constantly, while others only crow a few times a day. These differences are dependent both upon the rooster's breed and individual personality. A rooster can often be seen sitting on fence posts or other objects, where he crows to proclaim his territory. | |||
| Roosters have several other calls as well, and can cluck, similar to the hen. Roosters occasionally make a patterned series of clucks to attract hens to a source of food, the same way a mother hen does for her chicks. | |||
| ===Rooster crowing contests=== | |||
| Rooster crowing contests are a traditional sport in several countries, such as Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium,<ref> Stefaan De Groote, ''Het Nieuwsblad'', 27. June 2011 (in Dutch). Accessed October 2015</ref> the United States, ] and Japan. The oldest contests are held with ]. Depending on the breed, either the duration of the crowing or the times the rooster crows within a certain time is measured. | |||
| ==Capons== | |||
| {{Main|Capon}} | |||
| A capon is a castrated rooster. In the caponization procedure, the bird's ] are completely removed; a surgical procedure is required for this as the rooster's sexual organs are internal. As a result of this procedure, certain male physical characteristics will experience stunted development: | |||
| *The comb and wattles cease growing after castration, giving a capon's head a dwarfed appearance. | |||
| *The hackle, tail and saddle ]s grow unusually long. | |||
| Caponization also affects the disposition of the bird. Removal of the bird's testes eliminates the male sex ]s, lessening the male sex instincts and changing their behaviour: the birds become more docile, less active, and tend not to fight. | |||
| This procedure produces a unique type of poultry meat which is favoured by a specialized market. The meat of normal uncastrated roosters has a tendency to become coarse, stringy and tough as the birds age. This process does not occur in the capon. As caponized roosters grow more slowly than intact males, they accumulate more body fat. The concentration of fat in both the light and dark areas of the capon meat is greater than in that of the uncastrated males. Overall, it is often thought that capon meat is more tender, juicy, and flavorful than regular chicken. | |||
| ==Cockfighting== | |||
| {{Main|Cockfight}} | |||
| ] | |||
| A cockfight is a contest held in a ring called a cockpit between two ]s or cocks, with the first use of the word gamecock (denoting use of the cock in game, sport, pastime or entertainment) appearing in 1646.<ref> – first use of word – 1646</ref> after the term "cock of the game" used by George Wilson, in the earliest known book on the secular sport of ]ing in ''The Commendation of Cocks and Cock Fighting'' in 1607. Gamecocks are not typical farm chickens. The cocks are specially ] and trained for increased stamina and strength. The comb and ] are removed from a young gamecock because, if left intact, they would be a disadvantage during a match. This process is called ]. Sometimes the cocks are given drugs to increase their stamina or thicken their blood, which increases their chances of winning. Cockfighting is considered a traditional sporting event by some, and an example of ] by others and is therefore outlawed in most countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/11/26/cf.opinion.cockfighting/index.html |title=Should cockfighting be outlawed in Oklahoma? |date=26 November 2002 |access-date=17 August 2009 |work=CNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619150618/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/11/26/cf.opinion.cockfighting/index.html |archive-date=19 June 2009}}</ref> Usually wagers are made on the outcome of the match, with the surviving or last-bird-standing being declared the winner. | |||
| There are religious significance and aspects of the rooster and the ] which are exampled by the religious belief of Tabuh Rah, a religious and spiritual cockfight where a rooster is used in religious custom by allowing him to fight against another rooster in the ] spiritual appeasement exercise of Tabuh Rah, a form of ], where ] fights usually take place outside the ] and follow an ancient and complex ritual as set out in the sacred lontar manuscripts.<ref>, (Footprint – Travel Guides) 2001</ref> Similarly within the religious schema of Christianity and the cockfight within a religious, spiritual and sacred context, there are numerous representations of the rooster or the cock and the cockfight as a religious vessel found in the ] from the earliest period<ref name="Rev. John McClintock page 6">{{cite book|title=Cyclopaedia of biblical, theological and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 12|author=Rev. John McClintock|author2=James Strong|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1891|page=6}}</ref> as well as similar illustrations of cocks in fighting stance<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|title=Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Christian Art |url=https://archive.org/details/SymbolsAndEmblems |author=Louisa Twining|page=188|year=1885}}</ref> taken from the ]. | |||
| ==The cockerel "waltz"== | |||
| ] | |||
| The cockerel "waltz", when the cockerel struts in a half circle with one wing extended down, is an aggressive approach signifying to females his dominance, and usually, the female will submit by running or moving away from the cockerel in acknowledgement. On rare occasions, the hen will attempt to fight the cockerel for dominance. Once dominance is established, the cockerel will rarely waltz again. When other cockerels are in the hen yard, this waltz is used significantly more and most cockerels will waltz together if dominance has not been established; either one will back off, or the two cockerels will fight. The cockerel will waltz again if he is taken out of the pen for a period, usually 24 hours, and put back. | |||
| Some more aggressive cockerels will drop and extend both wings and puff out all their body feathers to give the hens or other cocks the impression of a larger size, and charge through the hen yard. | |||
| ==Religion and spiritual belief systems== | |||
| ] | |||
| Since antiquity, the rooster has been, and still is, a sacred animal in some cultures<ref name="AdlerLawler">{{cite magazine |author=Jerry Adler |author2=Andrew Lawler |date=June 2012 |title=How the Chicken Conquered the World |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-chicken-conquered-the-world-87583657/?no-ist= |magazine=Smithsonian}}</ref> and deeply embedded within various religious belief systems and ]. The term "Persian bird" for the cock would appear to have been given by the Greeks after Persian contact "because of his great importance and his religious use among the Persians",<ref>{{cite journal |last=Peters |first=John P. |date=1913 |title=The Cock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGUPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=33 |page=381 |doi=10.2307/592841 |jstor=592841}}</ref> but even long before that time, in ], during the Kianian Period, from about 2000 BC to about 700 BC, "the cock was the most sacred"<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book|title=Zoroastrian Civilization – From the Earliest Times to the Downfall of the last Zoroastrian Empire 651 A.D.|url=https://archive.org/details/zoroastriancivi00dhalgoog|author=Maneckji Nusservanji Dhalla|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1922}}</ref>. | |||
| ===Animism, shamanism and tribal religions=== | |||
| In ], understandings and interpretations of indigenous beliefs of the veneration of spirits and deities remain strong and for many who are practicing Christians there is still the veneration of the traditional spirits (]) as in northern Philippines. ] beliefs extend to the rooster and the ], "a popular form of fertility worship among almost all Southeast Asians"<ref>Using Spirit Worship to Infuse Southeast Asia into the K-16 Classroom – Marc Jason Gilbert, Department of History and Sociology, North Georgia College and State University {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203160532/http://tuninst.net/Myanmar/Nat-worship/nat-in-classroom/nat-in-classroom.htm |date=3 December 2012}}</ref> further considered by some within the ] ethic as a form of ] or ]. Aluk or Aluk To Dolo a ] of ] as a part of ], within the ] society and the people of ], embrace religious rituals such as the funeral ceremony where a ] is an integral part of the religious ceremony and considered sacred within that spiritual realm.<ref>incito tour – PT. INCITO PRIMA – Re: Funeral Ceremony in Toraja – Authorized by: Department of Law and Human Rights of Republic of Indonesia {{cite web |url=http://www.incitoprima.com/details.php?catid=5&aid=5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702191516/http://www.incitoprima.com/details.php?catid=5&aid=5 |archive-date=2 July 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
| In several myths the cock has the power to revive the dead or to make a wish come true and is well known in Torajan cosmology.<ref>The Tongkonan – Large 'Houses of Origin' – indahnesia.com is a non-governmental website created in 1999 for information of Indonesian travellers.</ref> ], an animist folk religion of the ] branch of the ], accepted as a form of ] by the Indonesian government, includes the belief of a supreme deity as well as the rooster and cockfight in relation to that of the spiritual and religious and some with the belief that humans become the fighting cocks of god, with the Iban further believing the rooster and cockfight was introduced to them by god.<ref>Iban Cultural Heritage, History and Traditions – THE HOUSE OF SENGALANG BURONG -Gregory Nyanggau Mawar, Iban Cultural Heritage website </ref> ] a festival of the Dayaks includes the cockfight and the waving of a rooster over offerings while asking for guidance and blessings with the rooster being sacrificed and the blood included in spiritual offering,<ref>Words and photos from Nazreen Tajul Arif and Virtual Malaysia – The Official e-Tourism Portal for The Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817070611/http://www.virtualmalaysia.com/article/celebrating%20borneo%60s%20harvest%20festivals.html |date=17 August 2011}}</ref> while the ''Tiwah'' festival involves the sacrifice of many animals including the ] as offerings to the Supreme God.<ref>{{cite book|last=Greer|first=Charles Douglas|title=Religions of Man: Facts, Fibs, Fears and Fables|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, Indiana|year=2008|page=135|isbn=978-1-4389-0831-1}}</ref> ], an ] of the ] in southeastern ] requires consecration before religious use with offerings which include the sacrificial blood of a rooster or ram for the spirit. | |||
| ] | |||
| ] (i.e. ]) are ], ]ists and ]ers with beliefs being affected in varying degrees by ], ] and ]. At the Miao New Year there may be the sacrifice of domestic animals and there may be cockfights.<ref>{{cite web|title=ANIMISM AND SHAMANISM IN EAST ASIA (JAPAN, KOREA, CHINA) |author=Jeffrey Hays |url=http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1920&catid=55&subcatid=350 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013022/http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1920&catid=55&subcatid=350 |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> The ] of Southeast Guizhou will cover the rooster with a piece of red cloth and then hold it up to worship and sacrifice to the Heaven and the Earth. In ] in the Hmong culture, a shaman may use a rooster in religious ceremony as it is said that the rooster shields the shaman from "evil" spirits by making him invisible as the evil spirits only see the rooster's spirit. In a 2010 trial of a Sheboygan Wisconsin Hmong who was charged with staging a cockfight, it was stated that the roosters were "kept for both food and religious purposes",<ref> WHBL News 8 April 2010</ref> resulting in an acquittal.<ref> WHBL News 9 April 2010</ref> In Viet Nam fighting roosters or fighting cocks are colloquially called "sacred chickens".<ref>Battle of the Chickens (choi ga) – Source: Vietnam Nation Administration of Tourism – vietnamtravels.vn/Vietnam-travel-information/Battle-of-the-Chickens-choi-ga.htm</ref> | |||
| ] which originated in Cuba from native Caribbean culture, Catholicism, and the Yoruba religion of West Africa "ritually sacrifices chickens".<ref name="AdlerLawler" /> ] believe the rooster is sacrificed as a substitute for man, it being thought that the cock when sacrificed "bears the sins of the man"<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gurdon |first=Major P. R. T. |date=1904 |title=Note on the Khasis, Syntengs, and allied Tribes, inhabiting the Khasi and Jaintia Hills District in Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5N_RAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA63 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |publisher=Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India) |volume=71, Part 3 |page=63}}</ref> (See also similarity of Kapport in Judaism) ] oral history tells of ] lowering ] down from the sky, the ancestor of all people, bringing with him a rooster, some dirt, and a palm seed. The dirt was thrown into the water and the cock scratched it to form land, and the seed grew into a tree with sixteen limbs, the original sixteen kingdoms.<ref>Art and Life in Africa Project – The University of Iowa – The School of Art and Art History – 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220174539/http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/yoruba.html |date=20 February 2014}}</ref> "The sacrifice of a cock and a ritual cockfight was part of the ] festivities in honour of the ] goddess ]".<ref name="merciangathering">{{cite web|url=http://www.merciangathering.com/familiars.htm|title= Power Animals, Allies and Totem Animals – Anna Franklin |publisher=merciangathering.com|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> In the 20th century, Imbolc was resurrected as a religious festival in ], specifically in ], ] and ].<ref name="Danaher1">{{cite book|author=Danaher, Kevin|author-link=Kevin Danaher|year=1972|title=The Year in Ireland: Irish calendar customs|place=Dublin|publisher=Mercier|isbn=1-85635-093-2|page=38|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/yearinireland00kevi}}</ref><ref name="McNeill">McNeill, F. Marian (1959, 1961) ''The Silver Bough'', Vol. 1–4. Glasgow: William MacLellan; Vol. 2, pp. 11–42</ref> | |||
| ===Astro-mythology=== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] askos in the form of a rooster, 4th century B.C., ], ]]] | |||
| It is understood that the constellations of the zodiac within the belief system of ], "the religion of the stars",<ref name="Lewis2003">{{cite book|author=James R Lewis|title=The Astrology Book: The Encyclopedia of Heavenly Influences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPMnUMhZzswC&q=is+astrology+religion&pg=PT597|date=1 March 2003|publisher=Visible Ink Press|isbn=978-1-57859-301-9|page=597}}</ref> originated in the ancient land of ] (including modern day ]). The lore of the True Shepherd of Anu (SIPA.ZI.AN.NA – ] and his accompanying animal symbol, the Rooster, with both representing the herald of the gods, being their divinely ordained role to communicate messages of the gods.<ref name="White2007">{{cite book|author=Gavin White|title=Babylonian Star-lore: an Illustrated Guide to the Star-lore and Constellations of Ancient Babylonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAuTreDJKdoC&q=which+necessitated+their+journeying+between+the+worlds&pg=PA42|date=1 June 2007|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-84753-561-0|page=42}}</ref> "The Heavenly Shepherd" or "True Shepherd of Anu" – Anu being the chief god of the heavenly realms.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John H. Rogers |date=1998 |title=Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association |volume=108 |pages= 9–28 |bibcode=1998JBAA..108....9R}}</ref> On the star map the figure of the Rooster was shown below and behind the figure of the True Shepherd, both representing the herald of the gods, in his bird and human forms respectively.<ref name="Babylonian Star-lore' 2008">''Babylonian Star-lore'' by Gavin White, Solaria Pubs, 2008, pages 218ff & 170</ref> ], an idol of the ]ns, ], ], and ], whose name means, "a dunghill cock".<ref name="Babylonian Star-lore' 2008"/> (], Brewer, 1900) Astrological mythology of the Assyrians and Babylonians was that the idol "Nergal represents the planet Mars, which was ever the emblem of bloodshed".<ref name="Calmet1837">{{cite book|author=Augustin Calmet|author-link=Antoine Augustin Calmet|title=Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLFUAAAAYAAJ&q=astrology+nergal+cock&pg=PA700|year=1837|publisher=Crocker and Brewster|page=700}}</ref> The ] is the tenth of the twelve animal ]s in the ]. It is suggested that the Pleiades are called the hens of ] or of ] by Norse peoples.<ref> One of the most original and authoritative source on the matter, Richard Hinkley Allen's book: "Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning" writes: ''A common figure for these stars, everywhere popular for many centuries, is that of a Hen with her Chickens, — another instance of the constant association of the Pleiades with flocking birds, and here especially appropriate from their compact grouping"''</ref> That the three stars of ]'s belt was called the ] of Frigg seems undoubtable<ref>Institute of Language & Folklore (Cultural department of the Kingdom of Sweden): {{cite web |url=http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/sprak/dialekter/aktuellt-dialektord/metadata-dialekt-arkivbox/dialektord/2015-01-01-friggarocken-eller-stjarnorna-i-orions-balte.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126090441/http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/sprak/dialekter/aktuellt-dialektord/metadata-dialekt-arkivbox/dialektord/2015-01-01-friggarocken-eller-stjarnorna-i-orions-balte.html |archive-date=26 January 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> -. See also ] in Divination. | |||
| ===Norse mythology=== | |||
| In ], the crowing of three particular roosters occur at the beginning of the foretold events of ]. In the ''Poetic Edda'' poem '']'', references to Ragnarök begin from stanza 40 until 58, with the rest of the poem describing the aftermath. In the poem, a '']''—a Nore seeress—recites information to the wisdom-seeking god ]. In stanza 41, the völva says: | |||
| {| | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="padding: 1pt 10pt;" | | |||
| <small>Old Norse:</small> | |||
| :Fylliz fiǫrvi | |||
| :feigra manna, | |||
| :rýðr ragna siǫt | |||
| :rauðom dreyra. | |||
| :Svǫrt verða sólskin | |||
| :of sumor eptir, | |||
| :veðr ǫll válynd. | |||
| :Vitoð ér enn, eða hvat?<ref name="DRONKE-18">]. (Trans.) (1997). ''The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems'', p. 18. ]. {{ISBN|0-19-811181-9}}.</ref> | |||
| | style="padding: 1pt 10pt;" | | |||
| <small>English:</small> | |||
| :It sates itself on the life-blood | |||
| :of fated men, | |||
| :paints red the powers' homes | |||
| :with crimson gore. | |||
| :Black become the sun's beams | |||
| :in the summers that follow, | |||
| :weathers all treacherous. | |||
| :Do you still seek to know? And what?<ref name="DRONKE-18"/> | |||
| |} | |||
| The völva then describes three roosters crowing: In stanza 42, the ] ] ] sits on a ] and cheerfully plays his ] while the crimson rooster ] (] "hider, deceiver"<ref name="ORCHARD-43">Orchard, Andy (1997). ''Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend'', p. 43. ]. {{ISBN|0-304-34520-2}}.</ref>) crows in the forest ]. The golden rooster ] crows to the ] in ], and the third, unnamed soot-red rooster crows in the halls of the underworld location of ] in stanza 43.<ref name="LARRINGTON-9">Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). ''The Poetic Edda'', p. 9. ]. {{ISBN|0-19-283946-2}}.</ref> The poem '']'' also mentions a rooster by the name of ].<ref name="VIDOPNIR">] (Trans.) (1907). ''The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson'', p. 98. ].</ref> According to the poem, the rooster sits atop the tree ], likely another name for the central cosmological tree ].<ref name="MIMAMEIDR-YGGDRASIL">] (2007) translated by Angela Hall. ''Dictionary of Northern Mythology'', p. 216 & 154. ] {{ISBN|0-85991-513-1}}</ref> | |||
| ===Buddhism=== | |||
| ] ] is an ancient Buddhist temple that also incorporates elements of Hindu cosmology includes "a depiction of a cockfight" within the walls of the temple.<ref>Sacred Destinations is an online travel guide to sacred sites, pilgrimages, holy places, religious history, sacred places, historical religious sites ""</ref> which continues today within a debate of "religious sanctity"<ref>Cockfighting – A DIE-HARD Tradition ""</ref> With the rambling strutting roosters of the Buddhist temple of Wat Suwankhiri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/phuket-province/sights/other/wat-suwankhiri|title=Lonely Planet Thailand – Wat Suwankhiri|author=Lonely Planet|work=Lonely Planet}}</ref> on a ] cliff nearby, during April, ] becomes a site of the ] with ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Joe Cummings|title=Thailand: A Travel Survival Kit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmm6AAAAIAAJ&q=Songkran+Festival+cockfight|edition=8th|date=August 1999|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|page=380|isbn=9780864426369}}</ref> Sacred Buddhist amulets are made within that religious schema, created and blessed in various temples in ], many depicting ] with cocks in fighting stance, sacred within that religion. The bird that symbolises ] in ] is sometimes said to be a cock. | |||
| ===Divination=== | |||
| Divination, a part of many religions is derived from the Latin ''divinare'' "to foresee, to be inspired by a god"<ref name="Moorpheus">{{cite book|author=Moorpheus|title=Secret of Secrets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xzIppp2zzoC&q=Latin+divinare+%22to+foresee%2C+to+be+inspired+by+a+god&pg=PA39|publisher=Secret of Secrets|page=39|id=GGKEY:Z88NX1H78C9}} divinare definition</ref><ref name="Paxson2012">{{cite book|author=Diana L. Paxson|title=The Way of the Oracle: Recovering the Practices of the Past to Find Answers for Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufpAnReK-ScC|date=1 March 2012|publisher=Weiser Books|isbn=978-1-60925-629-6|page=xii}}</ref> and as a part of divination comes alectryomancy, which means rooster and ] respectively, with the intent of communication between the gods and man in which the diviner observes a cock, pecking at grain, with Judaism forbidding acts of divination in the Hebrew Bible {{bibleref2|Deuteronomy|18:10-12}}. Alectormancy though is also sacrificing a sacred rooster, with the use of the sacred rooster through alectryomancy further understood within that religious character and likewise defined as the rooster fight or ] or cockfighting<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Perthensis; Or Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, &c. Intended to Supersede the Use of Other Books of Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvVPAAAAMAAJ&q=Alectryomancy+cockfight&pg=PA394|edition=2nd|volume=1|year=1816|publisher=John Brown|page=394}}</ref> with the intent of communication between the gods and man. ] (Cock Astrology) is a form of ] based on the rooster fight and commonly believed in coastal districts of ], India. It is prevalent in the state, especially in the districts of ], ], ] and ] and the ] festival. | |||
| ===Hinduism=== | |||
| {{main|Hinduism}} | |||
| ] with ] and Seval (rooster), coin of the ] 200 BCE]] | |||
| ] war god ] is depicted with a rooster on his flag. A demon ] was split into two and the halves turned into the peacock (his mount) and the rooster in his flag. ] includes the religious belief of Tabuh Rah, a religious cockfight where a rooster is used to fight against another rooster. The altar and deity Ida Ratu Saung may be seen with a fighting cock in his hand<ref name="Geertz2004">{{cite book|author=Hildred Geertz|title=The Life of a Balinese Temple: Artistry, Imagination, and History in a Peasant Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbrPXcurKxAC&q=saung%2C+cockfight&pg=PA83|date=January 2004|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2533-1|pages=86–87}}</ref> with the spilling of blood being necessary as purification to appease the evil spirits. Ritual fights usually take place outside the ] proper and follow an ancient and complex ritual as set out in the sacred lontar manuscripts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indonesia Handbook|edition=3rd|author=Joshua Eliot|author2=Liz Capaldi|author3=Jane Bickersteth|publisher=Footprint – Travel Guides|year=2001|page=450|isbn=1900949512}}</ref> Likewise a popular Hindu ritual form of worship of ] in ], India is the blood offering to the ] gods. Despite being forbidden in the ] philosophy of sattvic Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism,<ref></ref> Theyyam deities are propitiated through the rooster sacrifice where the religious cockfight is a religious exercise of offering blood to the Theyyam gods. ] or ] is a Hindu harvest festival. In southern state of ] and western state of ], an event of the celebrations is rooster fighting also known as Seval Sandai or Kozhi kettu. It is also practiced in ].<ref> ''The Hindu'' – KERALA – 10 January 2008</ref> Kozhi kettu organized as part of religious events are permitted.<ref> ''The Hindu'' Mangalore – 8 September 2011</ref> | |||
| ===Samaritanism=== | |||
| {{main|Samaritans}} | |||
| The Samaritans or 'Cutheans' are an ethnic group with a long history, once widely distributed and powerful. From Assyria they extended to India, China, Arabia Petraea and Abyssinia. They were also introduced by the Assyrian Empire into Samaria, in a policy of mass deportations. They had their Samaritan Temple on ], opposite the Temple in Jerusalem, and they worshipped the Mesopotamian deity ]: his emblem was a ''cock'' (rooster).<ref>(], 17:30). "According to the rabbis, his emblem was a cock".</ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ===Judaism=== | |||
| The ] (iii. 22b, 23a, 49b), the book of ] ] and collection of writings on the ] written by first century tannaic sage ] (Rashbi), tells of a celestial manifestation, which causes the crowing of the roosters; known also in the ], is "blessed be He who has given the cock intelligence", (Ber. 60b).<ref>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=BARUCH, APOCALYPSE OF (Greek) |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2563-baruch-apocalypse-of-greek|first= |last= |volume= |page=}}</ref> and as well as Job 38:36 in the ] Bible. Not only "In the rabbinic literature, the cockcrow is used as general marking of time",<ref> The Chronology of the Crucifixion – A Comparison of the Gospel Accounts – Tim Hegg TorahResource – 2009</ref> but also some of the Sages interpreted the "cockcrow" to mean the voice of the Temple officer who summoned all priests, ], and ] to their duties and used as such because the Hebrew gever was used also to mean a "rooster" in addition to the meaning of "man, strong man".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chronology of the Crucifixion – A comparison of the Gospel Accounts|author=Tim Hegg|publisher=TorahResource|year=2009}}</ref> | |||
| The ] likewise provides the statement "Had the Torah not been given to us, we would have learned modesty from cats, honest toil from ants, chastity from doves and gallantry from cocks"<ref> A Treasury of ]ish Quotations By Joseph L. Baron – 1985</ref> – (Jonathan ben Nappaha. ]: Erubin 100b), which may be further understood as to that of the gallantry of cocks being taken in the context of a religious instilling vessel of "a girt one of the loins" (]) that which is "stately in his stride" and "move with stately bearing" within the ] 30:29-31. Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon (]) identifies the definitive trait of "a cock girded about the loins" within ] 30:31(]) as "the honesty of their behavior and their success",<ref>PROVERBS 10-31, Volume 18 – Michael V. Fox – Yale University Press 2009 – 704 pages</ref> identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious and spiritual instilling schema of purpose and use, within Judeo-Christian traditions. The Hebrew term zarzir, which literally means "girt"; "that which is girt in the loins" (BDB 267 s.v.) is recognized in the Targum as well as the Chaldaic, Syriac, Arabic, LXX and Vulgate with all referencing the fighting rooster or fighting cock as the religious vessel. | |||
| The ancient Hebrew versions identified the Hebrew "a girt one of the loins" of Proverbs 30:31 as a rooster, "which most of the old translations and Rabbis understood to be a fighting cock",<ref> Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament HALOT 1:281 s.v. zarzir</ref> with also the Arabic sarsar or sirsir being an onomatopoeticon or onomatopoeia for rooster (alektor) as the Hebrew zarzir of Proverbs 30:31. "Rooster (Gallus domesticus) bones were identified at Lachish dating to early Iron II",<ref>{{cite book|title=Life in Biblical Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeinbiblicalis0000king|url-access=registration|author=Douglas A Knight|author2=Philip J. King|author3=Lawrence E. Stager}}</ref> but even earlier not to be ruled out, which corresponds was well with "as for Palestine, the earliest chicken bones are present in Iron Age I strata in Lachish and Tell Hasben".<ref> Every Living Thing – Daily Use of Animals in Ancient Israel by Oded Borowski</ref> Further we see the rooster placed within the ], known in Hebrew as the Shield of David or ] and recognized of Jewish identity and Judaism. In excavations at Gibeon, near Jerusalem, dating to the seventh century B.C., potsherds were found incised with cocks and "some of them placed within the six-pointed star of the Magen David".<ref> Early Records of the Domestic Fowl in Ancient Judea by Mikhaetl Taran published in 1975 in IBIS, The International Journal of Avian Science</ref> The seal of Jaazaniah carries the insignia of a rooster from the ruins of the biblical Judean kingdom at ], with the inscription of "belonging to Jaazaniah, servant to the king".,<ref> A history of ancient Israel and Judah by James Maxwell Miller and John Haralson Hayes</ref><ref> The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, edited by E. Stern, vol. 3, 1098–1102. Jerusalem: Carta, 1993</ref> the first known representation of the ] in Palestine, and from I] 25:23, we know of one Jaazaniah the Maschathit, who was an official under Gedalish at Mizpah. | |||
| ] said the inhabitants of ] carried the emblem of the rooster on the end of their lances and relates that origin to ], who awarded a Carian who was said to have killed ] at the battle of ] in 401 B.C "the privilege of carrying ever after a golden cock upon his spear before the first ranks of the army in all expeditions"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/persanpersia/achaemenidhakhmaneshiyndynasty550-3|title=Hakhamaneshiyan(Achaemenid) Dynasty – Cyrus the great}}</ref> and the ] also wore crested helmets at the time of ], for which reason "the Persians gave the Carians the name of cocks".<ref name="Gubernatis1872">{{cite book|author=Angelo De Gubernatis|author-link=Angelo de Gubernatis |title=Zoological Mythology: Or, The Legends of Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVQZAAAAYAAJ&q=carians&pg=PA279|year=1872|publisher=Trübner & Company|page=290|isbn=9780598541055 }}</ref> It is Carites in ] 11 who were used by ] to protect ] son of ] of the line of ], ancestor to ] from ]. In the Jewish religious practice of ], a rooster as a religious vessel is swung around the head and then slaughtered on the afternoon before ], the ]. The meat is the distributed among the poor for their pre-fast meal. The purpose of the ritual is the expiation of sins of the man as the animal symbolically receives all the man's sins, which is based on the reconciliation of Isaiah 1:18. The religious practice is mentioned for the first time by ], Gaon of the Academy of Sura in ], in 853 C.E., who describes it as a custom of the Babylonian Jews and further explained by Jewish scholars in the ninth century by that since the ] word geber (Gever)<ref> Complete Jewish Bible by David H. Stern -1998</ref> means both "man" and "rooster" the rooster may act or serve as a palpable substitute as a religious vessel in place of the man with the practice also having been as a custom of the Persian Jews. | |||
| ===Christianity=== | |||
| ] | |||
| ]) in Rome dating to 600 C.E. Notice the ] denoting the status of being ] within that religious schema.]] | |||
| In ], one of the two predominately Christian nations in southeast Asia (the Philippines being the other), for some, the roof of the house is reserved for ] and ], the lower portion remains for the ] and usually occupied by animals, and the cock is admired because of courage and perseverance, with the courage of a man compared with that of the cock, with the cockfight occurring regularly and "many ] designs include the cock".<ref> Symbols – Tais, Houses, Cock – East Timor Mission – Mary MacKillop – St Marys NSW </ref> Reverend Dr. ]'s thoughts and words spreading the Christian ] while in Indonesia of, this morning I say to myself, "I will try to bring the gospel of Christ through the medium of cockfighting!"<ref name="Koyama1999">{{cite book|author=Reverend Dr. Kōsuke Koyama|author-link=Kosuke Koyama|title=Water Buffalo Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfLYAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Orbis Books|isbn=978-1-57075-256-8|page=xv|chapter=Preface to the first edition|orig-year=1974}}</ref> may be further understood not only in the spiritual understandings of many in Indonesia but further in the light of numerous representations of the rooster or cock as a ] vessel found in the ] from the earliest period<ref name="Rev. John McClintock page 6"/> including a painting from the Catacomb of St. Priscilla (mentioned in all the ancient ] sources and known as the "Queen of the Catacombs" in antiquity) reproduced in ]'s folio of 1754, where the ] is depicted as feeding the lambs, with a crowing cock on His right and left hand.<ref> The Hymns of Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens Prudentius – p.125 Publisher: Echo Library – 2008 – {{ISBN|9781406866100}}</ref> | |||
| Likewise as well within the Christian "Tomb of the Cocks" in ], which was a ] Arab village located 13 miles northwest of the city of ] and part of the Kingdom of ], "we find two spirited cocks painted in red in the spandrels with a cross just over the center of the arch".<ref> A Painted Christian Tomb at Beit Jibrin – Warren J. Moulton – Publisher: The American Schools of Oriental Research – Vol. 2/3, (1921/1922), pp. 95-102</ref> Similarly a multitude of ] are found with the rooster and the ] with the understanding of striving for resurrection and eternal life in ]. This sacred subject carved on early Christian tombs, where the sepulchral carvings have an important purpose, "a ]ful wish for immortality, with the victory of the cock and his supporting genius analogous to the hope of ], the victory of the ] over death".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Forsyth |first=Ilene H. |date=April 1978 |title=The Theme of Cockfighting in Burgundian Romanesque Sculpture |journal=Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies |publisher=Medieval Academy of America |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=252–282 |doi=10.2307/2853398 |jstor=2853398|s2cid=162491664 }}</ref> | |||
| Similar illustrations of cocks in fighting stance <ref name="ReferenceA" /> are found within the ] as well as the fighting cocks ]s in the Basilica of St. Andoche in ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-roman.net/saulieu/saulieu.htm|title=L'abbatiale Saint-Andoche}}</ref> and the ] provides "alternate documentation"<ref name="Seidel1999">{{cite book|author=Linda Seidel|title=Legends in Limestone: Lazarus, Gislebertus, and the Cathedral of Autun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkLoi4Hd_ZMC&q=sleeping+faithful|date=15 October 1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74515-2|page=135}}</ref> of the rooster and the religious, spiritual and ]. All four canonical gospels state that, either during or after the ], Jesus foretold of ] (]) and that he would deny Christ three times before the cock's crow.<ref> It was after the supper in the accounts of {{bibleverse||Matthew|26:31-35|NKJV}} and {{bibleverse||Mark|11:27-31|NKJV}}</ref> ], ] and pre-eminent ] understood "]" of the rooster to include that as described by ] in DeOrdine as that which "in every motion of these animals unendowed with reason there was nothing ungraceful since, of course, another higher reason was guiding everything they did".<ref> Cockfight – A Case Book – Allen Dundes</ref> In the sixth century, it is reputed that ] declared the cock the emblem of Christianity saying the rooster was "the most suitable emblem of Christianity",<ref name="Forlong2003">{{cite book|author=J. G. R. Forlong|author-link=James Forlong|title=Encyclopedia of Religions Or Faiths of Man, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfQQ6hWz37EC&q=Pope+Gregory+the+most+suitable+emblem+cock&pg=PA471|date=1 February 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-4307-4|page=471|orig-year=1906}}</ref> being "the emblem of St Peter".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Forlong+%22emblem+of+St+Peter%22|title=John G. R. Forlong, ''Encyclopedia of Religions'': A-d – Page 471}}</ref><ref name="WalfordCox1888">{{cite magazine |editor1=] |editor2=] |editor3=George Latimer Apperson |date=1888 |title=Vanes and Weathercocks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeAmWNkmpHUC&pg=PA202 |magazine=The Antiquary: A Magazine Devoted to the Study of the Past |publisher=Elliot Stock |volume=17 |page=202}}</ref> Some say that it was as a result of this that the cock began to be used as a ] on church steeples, and some a ] enactment of the ninth century ordered the figure of the cock to be placed on every church steeple.<ref> The Philadelphia Museum bulletin, Volumes 1-5 – By Pennsylvania Museum of Art, Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art – p 14 – 1906 </ref> | |||
| It is known that ] had the figure of the cock placed on the ] or old ] basilica<ref>ST PETER'S BASILICA.ORG – Providing information on St. Peter's Basilica and Square in the Vatican City – The Treasury Museum </ref> and has served as a religious ] and reminder of ] of Christ since that time, with some churches still having the rooster on the steeple today. Alternative theories about the origin of weathercocks on church steeples are that it was an emblem of the vigilance of the clergy calling the people to prayer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Forster+Circle+%22devised+as+an+emblem%22|title=Thomas Ignatius M. Forster, ''Circle of the Seasons'', p. 18}}</ref> that it was derived from the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Shepard+Walsh+%22derived+from+the+Goths%22|title=William Shepard Walsh, ''A Handy Book of Curious Information''}}</ref> and is only possibly a ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=William+White+%22steeples+may+possibly%22|title=William White, ''Notes and Queries''}}</ref> and that it is an emblem of the sun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=Jennings+%22innumerable+weathercocks%22|title=Hargrave Jennings, ''Phallicism'', p. 72}}</ref> The Vatican Persian cock denoting a sacred and religious vessel acknowledged by and from the ], "a girt one of the loins" of ] 30:31, the Hebrew zarzir, Arabic sarsar, Greek alektor, French coq, Persian bird, Persian cock or the acknowledged rooster from the Hebrew ], the Christian ], the Holy Scriptures of ], ] and of the Apostles ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| The ] of Jesus Christ may still further be viewed through "A Dictionary of the Bible" which tells us that "] (ca. 522–443 ]), mentions the cock, ] (ca. 800–750 ]) names a man "gever" the word for a cock and ] (ca. 446 ] – ca. 386 ]) calls it a Persian bird."<ref> A Dictionary of the Bible by James Hastings M.A. D.D., John Alexander Selbie M.A., Andrew Bruce Davidson, Samuel Rolles Driver D.D., Henry Barclay Swete D.I.</ref> In the ] of the 1070s, originally of the ] and now exhibited at ''Musée de la Tapisserie de Bayeux'' in ], ], there is a depiction of a man installing a rooster on ]. The ] is the first stone set in the construction of a masonry foundation and over time it became a ] stone with the laying of the stone being generally important metaphorically in ]. Frazer (2006: p. 106) in '']'' tells us that, "In modern Greece, when the foundation of a new building is being laid, it is the custom to kill a cock, a ram, or a lamb, and to let its blood flow on the foundation-stone". | |||
| ===Islam=== | |||
| The understanding of the divine spiritual endowment of the rooster within ], may be evidenced in the words of ] of that ] in one of the six canonical hadith collections of ], stating that of "when you hear the crowing of cocks, ask for Allah's Blessings for they have seen an angel".<ref>Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 54, Number 522</ref> | |||
| ===Shintoism=== | |||
| Many roosters are found around ], with the rooster being associated with the sun goddess ].<ref>Ise Shrine (Ise Jingu), Ise – Sacred-destinations an ecumenical guide ""</ref> | |||
| ===Taoism=== | |||
| In ], Hanshi and the spring ] festival were when fires were not used and then relit. Since fire, like the cock a yang symbol and symbol of the sun, was temporarily extinguished and then relit. In a Tao religious aspect, to have a rooster fight another rooster, was the same in substance as a fire-renewal custom, where the rooster and the cockfight then takes its place as an indispensable spring ritual, and "Taoism, which assessed it positively in this form, can be thought to have guaranteed its continued existence".<ref> A Brush with the Spur: Robert Joe Cutter on the Chinese Cockfight, (review-article of The Brush and the Spur: Chinese Culture and the Cockfight), in Journal of the American Oriental Society, 113.3 (1993), pp. 444-49""</ref> The Hanshi festival was eventually moved to coincide with the ] or the ] which still includes the rooster and cockfight.<ref> Qingming Riverside Landscape Garden – Cultural-China.com, Shanghai, People's Republic of China "{{cite web |url=http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/Scenery88bye362.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812045704/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/Scenery88bye362.html |archive-date=12 August 2015 |df=dmy-all}}"</ref> | |||
| ===Zoroastrianism=== | |||
| ], claimed to be "the oldest of the revealed world-religions"<ref> The Religion Toolkit – A Complete Guide to Religious Studies By John Morreall, Tamara Sonn – Published September 2011</ref> and founded by the Prophet ] (or Zarathustra) opposed ]s but held the rooster as a "symbol of light"<ref name="Spencer1995">{{cite book|title=The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism|author=Colin Spencer|date=15 May 1995|page=60}}</ref> and associated the cock with "]"<ref name="Spencer1995"/> because of his heraldic actions. In ] during the ], from about 2000 B.C. to about 700 B.C., among domestic birds, "the cock was the most sacred"<ref name="ReferenceB"/> and within that religion, the devout, "had a cock to guard him and ward off ]".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chicken Book: Being an Inquiry into the Rise and Fall, Use and Abuse, Triumph and Tragedy of Gallus Domesticus|author=Page Smith|author-link=Page Smith|author2=Charles Daniel|author3=Ilene H. Forsyth|date=27 April 2000|page=61|orig-year=1975}}</ref> | |||
| ==Emblems== | |||
| ] features a red rooster]] | |||
| ] (], Russia)]] | |||
| The cockerel was already of symbolic importance in ] at the time of the invasion of ] and was associated with the god ].{{cn|date=June 2019}} Today the ] is an emblem of France. The rooster is also an emblem of ] and the Turkish city of ]. Among ], ] was sometimes represented as a cock, with its beak as a phallus and its wattles as testicles. The cock or a man with rooster attributes was similarly used as an erotic symbol, ''Priapus Gallinaceus''<ref>, 22 March 2012, accessed 8 June 2013.</ref> The ] in Scotland use the cock as their badge. Their ] is ''Argent three cocks gules'', and their motto is ACCENDIT CANTU (]: He rouses us with song).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotclans.com/scottish_clans/clan_cockburn/|title=Cockburn Clan Home Page|publisher=Scottish Clans|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> A fighting cockerel on a ball is the symbol of ]. The cockerel wears a pair of spurs which is a reference to the club's nickname. It has been present on their crest and shield since 1901. | |||
| Additionally, the cockerel is the emblem of Turkish sports club ], which was founded in 1966. Also, the supporters of the club are called cockerels. Another football club that uses a rooster as its symbol is the Clube Atlético Mineiro, from Brazil. The supporters of the club and the supporters of other Brazilian clubs, often refer to Mineiro as "Galo", which means rooster in Portuguese. The "Crazy Rooster", a symbol of Clube Atlético Mineiro. In Australia, the ], who play in the ] have adopted the cockerel as its emblem. The Roosters' emblem is a cock with its comb fashioned to represent the ]. ] in the ] features roosters on its coat of arms, which is a pun on the name of the college's founder, ].<ref name="Coats of Arms: Jesus College, Cambridge">{{cite web|title=Coats of Arms: Jesus College, Cambridge|url=http://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/about-jesus-college/college-charter/coat-of-arms/|access-date=20 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806092549/http://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/about-jesus-college/college-charter/coat-of-arms/|archive-date=6 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ] features a Gamecock, or fighting cockerel, as its mascot for all athletic programs. The ] features a rooster holding an axe. The emblem of ] is a black rooster.<ref>{{cite web|title=Il Gallo Nero si rifà il look|url=http://www.chianticlassico.com/2013/02/il-gallo-nero-si-rifa-il-look/|publisher=Consorzio del Vino Chianti Classico Gallo Nero|language=it|date=February 2013|access-date=31 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331162022/http://www.chianticlassico.com/2013/02/il-gallo-nero-si-rifa-il-look/|archive-date=31 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A black cockerel was believed in medieval times to be a symbol of ] along with the ],<ref>Name of the Rose (1986), based on the 1980 Spanish novel of the same name,</ref> with the rooster "used as symbols of either virtue or vice"<ref name="Fahlbusch2008">{{cite book|author=Erwin Fahlbusch|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Heraldic+beasts+rooster&pg=PA263|volume=5|year=2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2|page=263}}</ref> until modern times. | |||
| ==Image gallery== | |||
| <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5"> | |||
| File:Rooster04 adjusted.jpg|A rooster | |||
| File:Coq Belle-Ile.jpg|A full grown rooster | |||
| File:The Rooster.jpg|An Indian rooster | |||
| File:Rooster 1 AB.jpg|A ] rooster | |||
| File:Coq Cou nu FR 2013.jpg|] rooster in France | |||
| File:Roosters preparing to fight.jpg|Two roosters about to fight | |||
| File:Bantam Rooster.jpg|] rooster | |||
| File:Cockerel (5606894854).jpg|] | |||
| File:Canterino Gallo.jpg|Crowing ] | |||
| File:Joseph Crawhall - Spanish Cock And Snail.jpg | |||
| File:Brown Leghorn rooster in Australia.jpg|] rooster | |||
| File:Faverolles cock and hen close-up.jpg|] and female | |||
| File:0 Versailles musée de l'Histoire de France - Fontaine du Coq et du Renard.JPG|Cock fountaine of the "Bosquet du Labyrinth" in ]. | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{wiktionary|rooster|cockerel|cock}} | |||
| {{commons category-inline|Roosters}} | |||
| {{Chicken}} | |||
| {{Heraldic creatures}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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