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Iberian War
Part of the Byzantine–Sasanian Wars
The Roman-Persian frontier in the 4th to 7th centuries
Date 526–532 AD Location Iberia, Transcaucasus, Upper Mesopotamia Result Inconclusive Treaty of Eternal Peace Sasanians retained Iberia Byzantines retained Lazica
Belligerents
Byzantine Empire Iberia Ghassanids Huns Heruli Aksumites Kinda	Sasanian Empire Lakhmids Sabirs
Commanders and leaders
Justin I Justinian I Belisarius Sittas Gregory Hermogenes Pharas John of Lydia Sunicas Tzath I of Lazica Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith † Al-Harith ibn Jabalah Dorotheus Domnentiolus (POW) Al-Harith of Kinda † Aïgan Simmas Ascan	Kavadh I Perozes Xerxes Azarethes Bawi Mihr-Mihroe Chanaranges Baresmanas † Pityaxes Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man Aratius

The Iberian War was fought from 526 to 532 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines. Conflict erupted among tensions over tribute and the spice trade.

The Sasanians maintained the upper hand until 530 but the Byzantines recovered their position in battles at Dara and Satala while their Ghassanid allies defeated the Sasanian-aligned Lakhmids. A Sasanian victory at Callinicum in 531 continued the war for another year until the empires signed the "Perpetual Peace".

Origin

After the Anastasian War, a seven-year truce was agreed on, yet it lasted for nearly twenty years. Even during the war in 505, Emperor Anastasius I had already started fortifying Dara as a counter to the Persian fortress city of Nisibis for a looming conflict. Fearing the security of his succession, the elderly Kavadh I (r. 488–531) proposed the adoption of his favoured son Khosrow I by the Emperor Justin I. Whilst initially optimistic of the proposal, Procopius writes that Justin rejected the adoption out of a fear that Khosrow could use it as pretext to claim the Roman Empire.

According to Procopius, Kavadh I tried to force the Christian Iberians to become Zoroastrians, and in 523, under the leadership of Gourgen, they rose in revolt against Persia, following the example of the neighboring Christian kingdom of Lazica. Gourgen received pledges by Justin I that he would defend Iberia.

War

Violence escalated at various points where the power of the two empires met: in 525 a Roman fleet transported an Aksumite army to conquer Himyarite Yemen and in 525–526, Persia's Arab allies, the Lakhmids, raided Roman territories on the edge of the desert. The Romans were interested in gaining influence in Yemen to protect Christian interests there (see Christian community of Najran) as well as to dominate the spice and silk trade routes to India which were under Persian control.

By 526–527, overt fighting between the two empires had broken out in the Transcaucasus region and upper Mesopotamia. Following the emperor Justin I's death in 527, Justinian I acceded to the imperial throne. The early years of war favored the Persians, by 527 the Iberian revolt had been crushed, a Roman offensive against Nisibis and Thebetha in that year failed and forces attempting to fortify Thannuris and Melabasa were prevented from doing so by Persian attacks.

In 528, the Persians pressed on from Iberia to capture forts in eastern Lazica. Attempting to remedy the deficiencies revealed by these Persian successes, Justinian reorganised the eastern armies by dividing the command of the magister militum of the East in two and appointing a separate magister militum of Armenia over the northern portion. Belisarius's forces were defeated by Xerxes during the battle of Thannuris and he had to retreat to Dara.

In response to damaging raids on Syria by the Lakhmids from 528-529, Justinian reorganised the loose network of Arab rulers employed by the Romans under the sole leadership of Ghassanid leader Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, who was raised to the rank of Vir gloriosus. Such reform mirrored the more centralised approach of Persia, who's own Arabic clients had been organised under Lakhmid leader Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man.

In 530, Belisarius led the Romans to victory over a much larger Persian force under Perozes at the Battle of Dara, while Sittas and Dorotheus defeated a Persian army under Mihr-Mihroe at the Battle of Satala. In 531, Belisarius was defeated by Persian and Lakhmid forces at the Battle of Callinicum but during the summer, the Romans captured some forts in Armenia and repulsed a Persian offensive. The Roman failure at Callinicum was followed by a commission of inquiry; Belisarius was dismissed from his post. Azarethes, the Persians' commander at Callinicum, was also stripped of his ranks due to his failure to capture any significant fortification.

Truce

Justinian's envoy, Hermogenes, visited Kavadh to re-open negotiations but without success. Justinian tried to form an alliance with the Axumites of Ethiopia and the Himyarites of Yemen against the Persians but his alliance proposal failed. The Persians conducted the Siege of Martyropolis but abandoned it as Kavadh died shortly afterwards and in spring 532, new negotiations began between the Roman envoys and the new Persian king, Khosrow I.

, who needed to devote his attention to securing his position. In spring 532 negotiations began in earnest to end the war.

See also

• Aksumite–Persian wars
• Lazic War

References

1. Neusner 1970, p. 76–77.
2. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, pp. 96–97.
3. Barker 1966, p. 118.
4. "SASANIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
5. Greatrex & Lieu 2002, pp. 81–82.
6. Borgeraze, A. (2012). "Revolt of Gourgen". Georgia (in Georgian). Vol. II. Tbilisi. pp. 211–212.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
7. Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 82.
8. Magill, Frank N. (2012). The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography. Routledge. p. 560b. ISBN 9781136593130.
9. Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 84.
10. Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 85.
11. Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 83.
12. Conor Whately, Battles and Generals: Combat, Culture, and Didacticism in Procopius, 2006, Netherlands, p.238
13. Greg Fisher, Rome, Persia, and Arabia: shaping the Middle East from Pompey to Muhammad, pp.114-115
14. Greatrex & Lieu 2002, pp. 92–96.
15. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 93.
16. Smith, Sidney (1954). "Events in Arabia in the 6th Century A. D.". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 16 (3): 425–468. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00086791. JSTOR 608617. S2CID 163004552.

Sources

• Barker, John W. (1966). Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-29-903944-8.
• Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). "Justinian's First Persian War and the Eternal Peace". The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 82–97. ISBN 978-0-415-14687-6.
• Hughes, Ian (2009). Belisarius: The Last Roman General. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781844158331.
• Neusner, Jacob (1970). A History of the Jews in Babylonia, Part 5. Later Sasanian Times. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-50893-4.
• Fisher, Greg (2019). Rome, Persia, and Arabia: shaping the Middle East from Pompey to Muhammad. Routledge. ISBN 9780429356483.

• Iberian War
• Wars of Justinian I
• Roman–Sasanian Wars
• Ancient history of Georgia (country)
• 6th-century conflicts
• 520s conflicts
• 530s conflicts
• 6th century in Iran
• 6th century in Georgia (country)
• 520s in the Byzantine Empire
• 530s in the Byzantine Empire
• Wars of Khosrow I
• Wars involving the Sasanian Empire