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{{short description|Court order whereby custody of a child is awarded to both parties}}
{{About|the joint custody worldwide|the US view of joint custody|Joint custody (United States)|the American Dad! episode|Joint Custody (American Dad!)}} {{About|both legal and physical custody|joint physical custody|Shared parenting|the American Dad! episode|Joint Custody (American Dad!)}}
{{Family law}} {{Family law}}


'''Joint custody''' is a form of ] pursuant to which custody rights are awarded to both parents. Joint custody may refer to '']'', '']'', or both combined. In joint legal custody, both ]s of a ] share major decision making regarding for example education, medical care and religious upbringing. '''Joint custody''' is a form of ] pursuant to which custody rights are awarded to both parents. Joint custody may refer to '']'', ''joint legal custody'', or both combined.


In joint legal custody, both ]s of a ] share major decision making regarding for example education, medical care and religious upbringing. In joint physical custody, also called '']'' or '']'', the child spends equal or close to equal amount of time with both parents.
⚫ In joint physical custody, also called '']'' or '']'', the child spends equal or close to equal amount of time with both parents. After a ] or ], parents may have joint physical custody as well as joint legal custody of their children, or commonly, they may have joint legal custody while one parent has sole physical custody, or rarely, they may have joint physical custody while one parent have sole legal custody.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/J/JointCustody.aspx|title=Joint Custody Definition|publisher=Duhaime's Law Dictionary}}</ref><ref name="Georgia Code Section 19-9-6">See, e.g., {{cite web|title=Georgia Code Title 19. Domestic Relations § 19-9-6|url=http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-19-domestic-relations/ga-code-sect-19-9-6.html|website=Findlaw|publisher=Thomson Reuters|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="al">{{cite web|last1=Larson|first1=Aaron|title=What is Child Custody|url=https://www.expertlaw.com/library/family-law-and-divorce/what-child-custody|website=ExpertLaw|accessdate=2 October 2017|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>


⚫ After a ] or ], parents may have joint physical custody as well as joint legal custody of their children, or commonly, they may have joint legal custody while one parent has sole physical custody, or rarely, they may have joint physical custody while one parent have sole legal custody.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/J/JointCustody.aspx|title=Joint Custody Definition|publisher=Duhaime's Law Dictionary}}</ref><ref name="Georgia Code Section 19-9-6">See, e.g., {{cite web|title=Georgia Code Title 19. Domestic Relations § 19-9-6|url=http://codes.findlaw.com/ga/title-19-domestic-relations/ga-code-sect-19-9-6.html|website=Findlaw|publisher=Thomson Reuters|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref>
⚫ The opposite of joint physical custody is '']'', where the child primarily lives with one parent while the other parent may have ] to regularly see his or her child. Joint physical custody is different from '']'', where some siblings live with one parent while other siblings live with the other parent.


⚫ The opposite of joint physical custody is '']'', where the child primarily lives with one parent while the other parent may have ] to regularly see his or her child. Joint physical custody is different from '']'', where some siblings live with one parent while other siblings live with the other parent.
⚫ ==History of joint custody==

In ], prior to the nineteenth century, ] considered children to be the property of their father.<ref name="Joint Custody and Shared Parenting">{{cite book|author=Jay Folberg|title=Joint Custody and Shared Parenting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrrsVQWYPb8C&pg=PA4|accessdate=18 October 2011|date=23 August 1991|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-0-89862-481-6|pages=4–5}}</ref><ref name="Divorce Decisions Workbook: A Planning and Action Guide to the Practical Side of Divorce">{{cite book|author1=Margorie Louise Engel|author2=Diana Delhi Gould|title=Divorce Decisions Workbook: A Planning and Action Guide to the Practical Side of Divorce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMiE_TtnmgsC&pg=PA107|accessdate=19 October 2011|date=1 January 1992|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-019571-4|pages=107–108}}</ref> However, the economic and social changes that occurred during the nineteenth century led to a shift in ideas about the dynamics of the ].<ref name="Joint Custody and Shared Parenting"/> ] separated the home and the workplace, keeping fathers away from their children in order to earn wages and provide for their family.<ref name="Joint Custody and Shared Parenting"/> Conversely, mothers were expected to stay in the home and care for the household and the children.<ref name="Joint Custody and Shared Parenting"/> Important social changes such as ] and ] theories allowed for ideas surrounding the importance of maternal care.<ref name="Joint Custody and Shared Parenting" />
==History==
The concept of a child did not exist until ] proposed the concept of a child. Children were considered small adults and were treated like adults around the age of 7 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Folberg,Jay |title= L'Enfant et lah Vie familiale sous l' Ancien Regime |publisher= Pron, Livres Vintage |date=1960}} </ref>. Also, in ancient times, it was customary for the mother to have ] of a young child until the child reached the age of 7 <ref name="Subjection">{{cite book | author= ] | title = The legal subjection of men | publisher = ] | location = London | year = 1908 | orig-year = 1896 | url = http://www.menstribune.com/Belfort_Bax.html | oclc = 875136389 }}
* Reprinted as {{cite book | last = Bax | first = E. Belfort | title = The legal subjection of men (classic reprint) | publisher = Forgotten Books | location = London | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781330657508 }} </ref>. In the 19th century, parental authority was generally given to the mother, unless the court found the mother to be an ineligible parent<ref>.</ref>.

⚫ ==Joint legal custody==
⚫ In joint legal custody, both parents share decision-making rights with regard to matters that may have a significant impact on their children's lives, such as where a child should attend school, the choice of a primary care physician or therapist for the child, and medical treatments.<ref>See, e.g., {{cite web|title=Basics of Custody & Visitation Orders|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/17975.htm|website=California Courts|accessdate=2 October 2017}}</ref> Both parents also have the ability right access to their children's records, such as educational records, health records, and other records.<ref name="Marriage, Divorce, and Children's Adjustment">{{cite book|author=Robert E. Emery|title=Marriage, Divorce, and Children's Adjustment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_O6ZReudfQC&pg=PA79|accessdate=2 November 2011|year=1999|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-0252-2|pages=79–124}}</ref> Under sole physical custody arrangements, joint legal custody has been found to have beneficial effects on children compared to sole legal custody.<ref>Gunnoe ML, Braver SL. The effects of joint legal custody on mothers, fathers, and children, controlling for factors that predispose a sole maternal vs. joint legal award. Law and Human Behavior, 2001, 25:25–43.</ref>

==Joint physical custody==
{{main|Shared parenting}}
⚫ In joint physical custody, the child lives an equal amount of time with both parents or for considerable amount of time with each parent.<ref name="Kaplan">{{cite book|author=Kaplan PMBR|title=Kaplan PMBR FINALS: Family Law: Core Concepts and Key Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzevfXoDc4MC|accessdate=15 October 2011|date=7 July 2009|publisher=Kaplan Publishing|isbn=978-1-60714-098-6|pages=22–23}}</ref> Typically, the family court issues a ] that defines the time that the child will spend with each parent.<ref name = "Oregon Laws">See, e.g., {{cite web|author= Oregon State Legislature|url=https://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/107.102|title=ORS 107.102 Parenting plan|year=1997|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref>

The percentage of joint physical versus sole physical custody varies between countries. In a comparative survey from 2005/06, covering children ages 11 to 15, it was highest in Sweden with 17% and lowest in Turkey and Ukraine with only 1%.<ref name=Bjarnason>Bjarnason T, Arnarsson AA. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119035729/http://www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc/documents/2011__ja__bjarnason__joint_custody__jcfm_426.pdf |date=2017-11-19 }}, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 2011, 42:871-890.</ref>

Studies suggest that joint custody may significantly contribute to a child's wellbeing, with lower rates of mental health issues and substance abuse, better school performance, better physical health and better family relationships as compared to children in households where one parent has sole physical custody.<ref name=braver>{{cite journal |last1=Braver |first1=Sanford L. |last2=Lamb |first2=Michael E. |title=Shared Parenting After Parental Separation: The Views of 12 Experts |journal=Journal of Divorce & Remarriage |date=10 April 2018 |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=372–387 |doi=10.1080/10502556.2018.1454195|s2cid=149843380 }}</ref> On the whole, studies show that children experience better outcomes in joint custody arrangements and where they have good access to both parents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baude |first1=Amandine |last2=Pearson |first2=Jessica |last3=Drapeau |first3=Sylvie |title=Child Adjustment in Joint Physical Custody Versus Sole Custody: A Meta-Analytic Review |journal=Journal of Divorce & Remarriage |date=27 June 2016 |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=338–360 |doi=10.1080/10502556.2016.1185203|s2cid=147782279 }}</ref> While not all studies of joint custody have resulted in similar findings, none have found that harm results from joint custody.<ref name=braver />


==Japan== ==Japan==
Joint custody is not legally recognized in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=As Japan moves toward recognizing joint custody, a father nourishes hope for reunion|url=http://www.japansubculture.com/as-japan-moves-toward-recognizing-joint-custody-a-father-nourishes-hope-for-reunion/|website=Japan Subculture Research Center|accessdate=2 October 2017|date=8 August 2013}}</ref> Japanese courts favor granting custody to a primary caregiver,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Matsutani|first1=Minoru|title=Custody laws force parents to extremes|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/10/national/custody-laws-force-parents-to-extremes/#.WdJhCYopAUE|accessdate=2 October 2017|publisher=The Japan Times|date=10 October 2009}}</ref> and nearly always award custody to the parent who is in possession of the children, even in the aftermath of parental kidnapping.<ref name="pkid">{{cite news|last1=Kikuchi|first1=Daisuke|title=Parental abduction victims hold rally to push for joint custody rights|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/05/national/social-issues/parental-abduction-victims-hold-rally-push-joint-custody-rights/#.WdJhCYopAUE|accessdate=2 October 2017|publisher=The Japan Times|date=5 May 2017}}</ref> Many Japanese parents believe that recognition of joint custody rights will reduce the problem of parental kidnapping and improve parent-child relationships following a custody case.<ref name="pkid"/> Joint custody is not legally recognized in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=As Japan moves toward recognizing joint custody, a father nourishes hope for reunion|url=http://www.japansubculture.com/as-japan-moves-toward-recognizing-joint-custody-a-father-nourishes-hope-for-reunion/|website=Japan Subculture Research Center|accessdate=2 October 2017|date=8 August 2013}}</ref> Japanese courts favor granting custody to a primary caregiver,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Matsutani|first1=Minoru|title=Custody laws force parents to extremes|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/10/10/national/custody-laws-force-parents-to-extremes/#.WdJhCYopAUE|accessdate=2 October 2017|publisher=The Japan Times|date=10 October 2009}}</ref> and nearly always award custody to the parent who is in possession of the children, even in the aftermath of parental kidnapping.<ref name="pkid">{{cite news|last1=Kikuchi|first1=Daisuke|title=Parental abduction victims hold rally to push for joint custody rights|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/05/national/social-issues/parental-abduction-victims-hold-rally-push-joint-custody-rights/#.WdJhCYopAUE|accessdate=2 October 2017|publisher=The Japan Times|date=5 May 2017}}</ref> Many Japanese parents believe that recognition of joint custody rights will reduce the problem of parental kidnapping and improve parent-child relationships following a custody case.<ref name="pkid"/>


==United States== ==Spain==
{{main|Joint custody (United States)}} {{main|Joint custody (Spain)}}
In the ], many states recognize two forms of joint custody, which include ] and ].<ref name="Georgia Code Section 19-9-6" /> In a 2005/06 survey, about 6 percent of Spanish children ages 11 to 15 lived in a joint physical custody arrangement versus sole physical custody.<ref name=Bjarnason/>


''Joint physical custody'' was introduced into Spanish law in 2005, subject to agreement by both parents. Some regions, such as Aragon and Catalonia, have subsequently passed laws that makes it the preferred option.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Lendoiro |first1=Gema |title= Todo lo que debes saber sobre la custodia compartida |trans-title= Everything you should know about joint custody |url= http://www.abc.es/familia-parejas/20150228/abci-cuatodia-compartida-matrimonio-201502271351.html |publisher= Diario ABC |language=es-ES |date= 28 February 2015}}</ref>
⚫ In joint physical custody, the child's ] is with both parents.<ref name="Kaplan">{{cite book|author=Kaplan PMBR|title=Kaplan PMBR FINALS: Family Law: Core Concepts and Key Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzevfXoDc4MC|accessdate=15 October 2011|date=7 July 2009|publisher=Kaplan Publishing|isbn=978-1-60714-098-6|pages=22–23}}</ref> As with other custody cases, the custody court issues a parenting time schedule that defines the time the parent will spend with each child.<ref name = "Oregon Laws">See, e.g., {{cite web|author= Oregon State Legislature|url=https://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/107.102|title=ORS 107.102 Parenting plan|year=1997|accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref> Joint physical custody does not necessarily result in an equal division of parenting time.<ref name="al"/>


==United Kingdom==
⚫ In joint legal custody, both parents share decision-making rights with regard to matters that may have a significant impact on their children's lives, such as where a child should attend school, the choice of a primary care physician or therapist for the child, and non-emergency medical treatment.<ref>See, e.g., {{cite web|title=Basics of Custody & Visitation Orders|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/17975.htm|website=California Courts|accessdate=2 October 2017}}</ref> Both parents also have the ability right access to their children's records, such as educational records, health records, and other records.<ref name="Marriage, Divorce, and Children's Adjustment">{{cite book|author=Robert E. Emery|title=Marriage, Divorce, and Children's Adjustment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_O6ZReudfQC&pg=PA79|accessdate=2 November 2011|year=1999|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-0252-2|pages=79–124}}</ref>
{{main|Shared residency in England}}
In the United Kingdom in 2005/06, about 7 percent of 11-15 year old children lived in a joint physical versus sole physical custody arrangement.<ref name=Bjarnason/>

==United States==
{{main|Joint custody (United States)}}
In the United States, joint legal custody is common while joint physical custody is rare.<ref name=Braver>Sanford L. Braver and ], , Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, April 2018</ref> According to a 2005/06 survey, about 5 percent of American children ages 11 to 15 lived in a joint physical custody arrangement versus sole physical custody.<ref name=Bjarnason/> Kentucky is the only state with a legal ] in favor of joint physical custody.<ref>Jason Petrie, , LegiScan, 2018.</ref><ref>, The Daily Independent, August 28, 2018.</ref>


==References== ==References==
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==See also== ==See also==
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Latest revision as of 12:54, 6 November 2024

Court order whereby custody of a child is awarded to both parties This article is about both legal and physical custody. For joint physical custody, see Shared parenting. For the American Dad! episode, see Joint Custody (American Dad!).
Family law
Family
Marriage and other unions and status
Validity of marriages
Dissolution of marriages
Children's issues
Private international law
Family and criminal code
(or criminal law)

Joint custody is a form of child custody pursuant to which custody rights are awarded to both parents. Joint custody may refer to joint physical custody, joint legal custody, or both combined.

In joint legal custody, both parents of a child share major decision making regarding for example education, medical care and religious upbringing. In joint physical custody, also called shared parenting or shared residency, the child spends equal or close to equal amount of time with both parents.

After a divorce or separation, parents may have joint physical custody as well as joint legal custody of their children, or commonly, they may have joint legal custody while one parent has sole physical custody, or rarely, they may have joint physical custody while one parent have sole legal custody.

The opposite of joint physical custody is sole custody, where the child primarily lives with one parent while the other parent may have visitation rights to regularly see his or her child. Joint physical custody is different from split custody, where some siblings live with one parent while other siblings live with the other parent.

History

The concept of a child did not exist until Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed the concept of a child. Children were considered small adults and were treated like adults around the age of 7 . Also, in ancient times, it was customary for the mother to have custody of a young child until the child reached the age of 7 . In the 19th century, parental authority was generally given to the mother, unless the court found the mother to be an ineligible parent.

Joint legal custody

In joint legal custody, both parents share decision-making rights with regard to matters that may have a significant impact on their children's lives, such as where a child should attend school, the choice of a primary care physician or therapist for the child, and medical treatments. Both parents also have the ability right access to their children's records, such as educational records, health records, and other records. Under sole physical custody arrangements, joint legal custody has been found to have beneficial effects on children compared to sole legal custody.

Joint physical custody

Main article: Shared parenting

In joint physical custody, the child lives an equal amount of time with both parents or for considerable amount of time with each parent. Typically, the family court issues a parenting schedule that defines the time that the child will spend with each parent.

The percentage of joint physical versus sole physical custody varies between countries. In a comparative survey from 2005/06, covering children ages 11 to 15, it was highest in Sweden with 17% and lowest in Turkey and Ukraine with only 1%.

Studies suggest that joint custody may significantly contribute to a child's wellbeing, with lower rates of mental health issues and substance abuse, better school performance, better physical health and better family relationships as compared to children in households where one parent has sole physical custody. On the whole, studies show that children experience better outcomes in joint custody arrangements and where they have good access to both parents. While not all studies of joint custody have resulted in similar findings, none have found that harm results from joint custody.

Japan

Joint custody is not legally recognized in Japan. Japanese courts favor granting custody to a primary caregiver, and nearly always award custody to the parent who is in possession of the children, even in the aftermath of parental kidnapping. Many Japanese parents believe that recognition of joint custody rights will reduce the problem of parental kidnapping and improve parent-child relationships following a custody case.

Spain

Main article: Joint custody (Spain)

In a 2005/06 survey, about 6 percent of Spanish children ages 11 to 15 lived in a joint physical custody arrangement versus sole physical custody.

Joint physical custody was introduced into Spanish law in 2005, subject to agreement by both parents. Some regions, such as Aragon and Catalonia, have subsequently passed laws that makes it the preferred option.

United Kingdom

Main article: Shared residency in England

In the United Kingdom in 2005/06, about 7 percent of 11-15 year old children lived in a joint physical versus sole physical custody arrangement.

United States

Main article: Joint custody (United States)

In the United States, joint legal custody is common while joint physical custody is rare. According to a 2005/06 survey, about 5 percent of American children ages 11 to 15 lived in a joint physical custody arrangement versus sole physical custody. Kentucky is the only state with a legal rebuttable presumption in favor of joint physical custody.

References

  1. "Joint Custody Definition". Duhaime's Law Dictionary.
  2. See, e.g., "Georgia Code Title 19. Domestic Relations § 19-9-6". Findlaw. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  3. Folberg,Jay (1960). L'Enfant et lah Vie familiale sous l' Ancien Regime. Pron, Livres Vintage.
  4. Ernest Belfort Bax (1908) . The legal subjection of men. London: The New Age Press. OCLC 875136389.
    • Reprinted as Bax, E. Belfort (2015). The legal subjection of men (classic reprint). London: Forgotten Books. ISBN 9781330657508.
  5. .Preference in 19th Century American Law
  6. See, e.g., "Basics of Custody & Visitation Orders". California Courts. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  7. Robert E. Emery (1999). Marriage, Divorce, and Children's Adjustment. SAGE. pp. 79–124. ISBN 978-0-7619-0252-2. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  8. Gunnoe ML, Braver SL. The effects of joint legal custody on mothers, fathers, and children, controlling for factors that predispose a sole maternal vs. joint legal award. Law and Human Behavior, 2001, 25:25–43.
  9. Kaplan PMBR (7 July 2009). Kaplan PMBR FINALS: Family Law: Core Concepts and Key Questions. Kaplan Publishing. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-60714-098-6. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  10. See, e.g., Oregon State Legislature (1997). "ORS 107.102 Parenting plan". Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  11. ^ Bjarnason T, Arnarsson AA. Joint Physical Custody and Communication with Parents: A Cross-National Study of Children in 36 Western Countries Archived 2017-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 2011, 42:871-890.
  12. ^ Braver, Sanford L.; Lamb, Michael E. (10 April 2018). "Shared Parenting After Parental Separation: The Views of 12 Experts". Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 59 (5): 372–387. doi:10.1080/10502556.2018.1454195. S2CID 149843380.
  13. Baude, Amandine; Pearson, Jessica; Drapeau, Sylvie (27 June 2016). "Child Adjustment in Joint Physical Custody Versus Sole Custody: A Meta-Analytic Review". Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 57 (5): 338–360. doi:10.1080/10502556.2016.1185203. S2CID 147782279.
  14. "As Japan moves toward recognizing joint custody, a father nourishes hope for reunion". Japan Subculture Research Center. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  15. Matsutani, Minoru (10 October 2009). "Custody laws force parents to extremes". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  16. ^ Kikuchi, Daisuke (5 May 2017). "Parental abduction victims hold rally to push for joint custody rights". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  17. Lendoiro, Gema (28 February 2015). "Todo lo que debes saber sobre la custodia compartida" [Everything you should know about joint custody] (in European Spanish). Diario ABC.
  18. Sanford L. Braver and Michael E. Lamb, Shared Parenting After Parental Separation: The Views of 12 Experts, Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, April 2018
  19. Jason Petrie, Kentucky House Bill 528, LegiScan, 2018.
  20. Shared parenting law long overdue, The Daily Independent, August 28, 2018.

See also

Categories: