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{{More citations needed|date=July 2011}} | ||
| {{More footnotes|date=July 2011}} | {{More footnotes|date=July 2011}} | ||
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| {{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| | type = monarch | | type = monarch | ||
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| | caption = | | caption = | ||
| | succession = ] | | succession = ] | ||
| | reign = |
| reign = 1030–1035 | ||
| | coronation = | | coronation = | ||
| | predecessor = ] | | predecessor = ] | ||
| | successor = ] | | successor = ] | ||
| | regent = ] |
| regent = {{plainlist| | ||
| *] | |||
| *]}} | |||
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| reg-type = {{plainlist| | ||
| *Co-King | |||
| *Regent}} | |||
| | spouse = | | spouse = | ||
| | issue = | | issue = | ||
| | issue-link = | | issue-link = | ||
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| | house = ] | | house = ] | ||
| | father = ] | | father = ] | ||
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| '''Svein Knutsson''' ( |
'''Svein Knutsson''' ({{langx|non|Sveinn Knútsson}} {{IPA-non|ˈswɛinː ˈknuːtsˌson|}}; c. 1016–1035) was the son of ], king of Denmark, Norway, and England, and his first wife ], a ]n noblewoman. In 1017 Cnut married ], but there is no evidence that Ælfgifu was repudiated, and in 1030 Cnut sent her and Svein as regents to rule Norway. However, their rule was considered oppressive by the Norwegians. They imposed new taxes and harsh laws that made them unpopular and they were expelled in 1034.<ref>Pauline Stafford, , ''Oxford Online Dictionary of Biography'', 2004</ref><ref>M. K. Lawson, , ''Oxford Online Dictionary of Biography'', 2005</ref><ref name="Derry">Derry, T. K., '''', University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 40.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://snl.no/Svein_Alfivason|title= Svein Alfivason|work=Store norske leksikon |author= Bjørn Bandlien |access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref> | ||
| ==Names== | ==Names== | ||
| Svein Knutsson is also mentioned as '''Sveinn Alfífuson''' (]) and under the ] ''óforsynjukonungr'' ("unforeseen king").{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} In ], his name is ''Svein Knutsson''; in ], ''Svend Knudsen''. Many variations of the name are used, including ] and '''Sweyn''', from the Anglo-Saxon ]. He was the second ruler of Norway by this name, after his grandfather ]. | Svein Knutsson is also mentioned as '''Sveinn Alfífuson''' (]) and under the ] ''óforsynjukonungr'' ("unforeseen king").{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} In ], his name is ''Svein Knutsson''; in ], ''Svend Knudsen''. Many variations of the name are used, including ] and '''Sweyn''', from the Anglo-Saxon ]. He was the second ruler of Norway by this name, after his grandfather ].{{cn|date=November 2020}} | ||
| ==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| In 1029 ], Cnut's vassal ruler of Norway, was lost at sea and ], who had been deposed as king of Norway by Cnut, tried to recapture the kingdom, but he was defeated and killed at the ]. Cnut then sent Svein and Ælfgifu to Norway, with Ælfgifu ruling as regent on behalf of her fourteen-year-old son.<ref>''Ango-Saxon England'' (Frank Stenton, Oxford University Press, 3rd Edition 1971, p. 398.)</ref> This came as a great disappointment to a number of Norwegians who had wished to take the place of the ] (''Ladejarls''). Nobles like ] and ] were especially disappointed because they both believed that Cnut had promised they could take power.{{ |
In 1029 ], Cnut's vassal ruler of Norway, was lost at sea and ], who had been deposed as king of Norway by Cnut, tried to recapture the kingdom, but he was defeated and killed at the ]. Cnut then sent Svein and Ælfgifu to Norway, with Ælfgifu ruling as regent on behalf of her fourteen-year-old son.<ref>''Ango-Saxon England'' (Frank Stenton, Oxford University Press, 3rd Edition 1971, p. 398.)</ref> This came as a great disappointment to a number of Norwegians who had wished to take the place of the ] (''Ladejarls''). Nobles like ] and ] were especially disappointed because they both believed that Cnut had promised they could take power.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nbl.snl.no/Svein_Alfivason|title= Svein Alfivason|publisher= Norsk biografisk leksikon |access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref> | ||
| The 1030s were difficult years in Europe. Danish policy in Norway changed |
The 1030s were difficult years in Europe. Danish policy in Norway changed – there was closer royal involvement and strict regulations in many areas. This created the basis of a popular resistance against the new regime which can be characterised as being of the same ilk as that which Saint Olav had earlier come up against. According to the Sagas, Ælfgifu's and Svein's tax-demands and new laws created resentment.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} | ||
| ] writes that "King Svein brought in new laws on many subjects. They were modelled on Danish laws but some were much stricter. No man was allowed to leave the country without the King's permission; if he did so his property would become the King's. A person who committed murder would lose the right to land and property. If an outlaw was due an inheritance, the King would take it. At Christmas every farmer had to give the king a measure (between 15 and 20 litres) of malt from every hearth and the thigh of a three-year-old ox, this was called ''vinjartodde'' (land tax) in Old Norse, and also a bucket of butter."<ref>]: '']'', Life of St. Olaf §240</ref> | ] writes that "King Svein brought in new laws on many subjects. They were modelled on Danish laws but some were much stricter. No man was allowed to leave the country without the King's permission; if he did so his property would become the King's. A person who committed murder would lose the right to land and property. If an outlaw was due an inheritance, the King would take it. At Christmas every farmer had to give the king a measure (between 15 and 20 litres) of malt from every hearth and the thigh of a three-year-old ox, this was called ''vinjartodde'' (land tax) in Old Norse, and also a bucket of butter."<ref>]: '']'', Life of St. Olaf §240</ref> | ||
| According to the '']'', the ] occurred during 1033 in ]. ] came with an army from England. He said he was the son of ] and therefore claimed the kingdom as his own. When word reached Sveinn Alfífuson and Aelgifu that Tryggve's invasion was imminent, they summoned the landholders of ] and the ] district to join the royal army in resisting Tryggve. Svein Knutsson and his army, probably including elite Danish troops stood against them. Sveinn and his forces made their way south to ], believing that Tryggve would attempt to slip through the ] and join his supporters in ]. Tryggve, however, landed instead in ], then sailed to ] to attack Sveinn's navy. The two fleets met off the island of ]. Svein won the Battle of Soknasund and Tryggve Olavsson was killed. |
According to the '']'', the ] occurred during 1033 in ]. ] came with an army from England. He said he was the son of ] and therefore claimed the kingdom as his own. When word reached Sveinn Alfífuson and Aelgifu that Tryggve's invasion was imminent, they summoned the landholders of ] and the ] district to join the royal army in resisting Tryggve. Svein Knutsson and his army, probably including elite Danish troops stood against them. Sveinn and his forces made their way south to ], believing that Tryggve would attempt to slip through the ] and join his supporters in ]. Tryggve, however, landed instead in ], then sailed to ] to attack Sveinn's navy. The two fleets met off the island of ]. Svein won the Battle of Soknasund and Tryggve Olavsson was killed. | ||
| Later that same winter Kalv Arnesson and ] met and decided to travel to ] to fetch Olav Haraldsson's son ]. When Magnus came to Norway the people sided with him and against the Danes. Svein had to flee home to Denmark where he died a short time later. Thus the ] of Denmark had to give up his claim on Norway.<ref></ref> | Later that same winter Kalv Arnesson and ] met and decided to travel to ] to fetch Olav Haraldsson's son ]. When Magnus came to Norway the people sided with him and against the Danes. Svein had to flee home to Denmark where he died a short time later. Thus the ] of Denmark had to give up his claim on Norway.<ref></ref> | ||
| ==As a character in Shakespeare== | ==As a character in Shakespeare== | ||
| Svein is a ] character in the first act of '']'', where Shakespeare calls him Sweno. His army arrived in Fife and began massacring Scots.<ref name="Hudson">Hudson, Henry,''Introductions To Shakespeare's Tragedies'', pp. |
In ]'s '']'', there is a character called "Sweno, the Norways' king" based on Svein.<ref>Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, '''', pp. 106-107. 2003. {{ISBN|156308953X}}. "The playwright transposes in time a foray led by Sweyn Alfivason, son of Canute II of England and Denmark and Aelfgiva of Northhampton."</ref> | ||
| Svein is a ] character in the first act of '']'', where Shakespeare calls him Sweno. His army arrived in Fife and began massacring Scots.<ref name="Hudson">Hudson, Henry,''Introductions To Shakespeare's Tragedies'', pp. 407–408.</ref> He besieged Macbeth in the castle of Bertha.<ref name="Hudson"/> Duncan, the Scottish king, sent food and drink to the Norwegians, but laced it with a potion that caused them to become sleepy.<ref name="Hudson"/> Macbeth then slaughtered Sweno's army, but Sweno himself escaped.<ref name="Hudson"/> Canute and the Danes arrived to avenge this defeat, but they agreed to a truce:<ref name="Hudson"/> | |||
| {{poemquote|Sweno, the Norway's king, craves composition . | |||
| nor would we deign him burial of his men |
nor would we deign him burial of his men | ||
| till he disbursed at Saint Colme's-inch |
till he disbursed at Saint Colme's-inch | ||
| ten thousand dollars to our general use. |
ten thousand dollars to our general use.<ref name="Shakespeare">Shakespeare, William, '']'', Act I</ref>}} | ||
| </blockquote> | |||
| ==Family tree== | ==Family tree== | ||
| Line 64: | Line 68: | ||
| ==Other sources== | ==Other sources== | ||
| * Gade, Kari (trans.) (2000) ''Morkinskinna: The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157)'' (Cornell University Press) ISBN |
* Gade, Kari (trans.) (2000) ''Morkinskinna: The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157)'' (Cornell University Press) {{ISBN|978-0-8014-3694-9}} | ||
| * Hollander, Lee (trans.) (2002) ''Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway'' (University of Texas Press) ISBN |
* Hollander, Lee (trans.) (2002) ''Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway'' (University of Texas Press) {{ISBN|978-0-292-73061-8}} | ||
| * Jones, Gwyn (2001) ''A History of the Vikings'' (Oxford Univ. Press) ISBN |
* Jones, Gwyn (2001) ''A History of the Vikings'' (Oxford Univ. Press) {{ISBN|978-0-19-280134-0}} | ||
| * Sephton, John (trans.) (1895) '' The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason'' (Kessinger Publishing, LLC) ISBN |
* Sephton, John (trans.) (1895) '' The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason'' (Kessinger Publishing, LLC) {{ISBN|978-1-116-79637-7}} | ||
| {{s-start}} | {{s-start}} | ||
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Revision as of 19:53, 10 November 2024
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|
| Svein Knutsson | |
|---|---|
| King of Norway | |
| Reign | 1030–1035 |
| Predecessor | Cnut I |
| Successor | Magnus I |
| |
| Born | c. 1016 |
| Died | 1035 (aged 18–19) Denmark |
| House | Jelling dynasty |
| Father | Cnut the Great |
| Mother | Ælfgifu of Northampton |
Svein Knutsson (Old Norse: Sveinn Knútsson [ˈswɛinː ˈknuːtsˌson]; c. 1016–1035) was the son of Cnut the Great, king of Denmark, Norway, and England, and his first wife Ælfgifu of Northampton, a Mercian noblewoman. In 1017 Cnut married Emma of Normandy, but there is no evidence that Ælfgifu was repudiated, and in 1030 Cnut sent her and Svein as regents to rule Norway. However, their rule was considered oppressive by the Norwegians. They imposed new taxes and harsh laws that made them unpopular and they were expelled in 1034.
Names
Svein Knutsson is also mentioned as Sveinn Alfífuson (matronym) and under the epithet óforsynjukonungr ("unforeseen king"). In Norwegian, his name is Svein Knutsson; in Danish, Svend Knudsen. Many variations of the name are used, including Sven and Sweyn, from the Anglo-Saxon Swegen. He was the second ruler of Norway by this name, after his grandfather Sweyn Forkbeard.
Biography
In 1029 Håkon Eiriksson, Cnut's vassal ruler of Norway, was lost at sea and Olaf Haraldsson, who had been deposed as king of Norway by Cnut, tried to recapture the kingdom, but he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Stiklestad. Cnut then sent Svein and Ælfgifu to Norway, with Ælfgifu ruling as regent on behalf of her fourteen-year-old son. This came as a great disappointment to a number of Norwegians who had wished to take the place of the Earls of Lade (Ladejarls). Nobles like Einar Tambarskjelve and Kalv Arnesson were especially disappointed because they both believed that Cnut had promised they could take power.
The 1030s were difficult years in Europe. Danish policy in Norway changed – there was closer royal involvement and strict regulations in many areas. This created the basis of a popular resistance against the new regime which can be characterised as being of the same ilk as that which Saint Olav had earlier come up against. According to the Sagas, Ælfgifu's and Svein's tax-demands and new laws created resentment.
Snorri writes that "King Svein brought in new laws on many subjects. They were modelled on Danish laws but some were much stricter. No man was allowed to leave the country without the King's permission; if he did so his property would become the King's. A person who committed murder would lose the right to land and property. If an outlaw was due an inheritance, the King would take it. At Christmas every farmer had to give the king a measure (between 15 and 20 litres) of malt from every hearth and the thigh of a three-year-old ox, this was called vinjartodde (land tax) in Old Norse, and also a bucket of butter."
According to the Heimskringla, the Battle of Soknasund occurred during 1033 in Ryfylke. Tryggve the Pretender came with an army from England. He said he was the son of Olav Tryggvason and therefore claimed the kingdom as his own. When word reached Sveinn Alfífuson and Aelgifu that Tryggve's invasion was imminent, they summoned the landholders of Halogaland and the Trondheim district to join the royal army in resisting Tryggve. Svein Knutsson and his army, probably including elite Danish troops stood against them. Sveinn and his forces made their way south to Agder, believing that Tryggve would attempt to slip through the Skagerrak and join his supporters in Viken. Tryggve, however, landed instead in Hordaland, then sailed to Rogaland to attack Sveinn's navy. The two fleets met off the island of Bokn. Svein won the Battle of Soknasund and Tryggve Olavsson was killed.
Later that same winter Kalv Arnesson and Einar Tambarskjelve met and decided to travel to Gardarike to fetch Olav Haraldsson's son Magnus. When Magnus came to Norway the people sided with him and against the Danes. Svein had to flee home to Denmark where he died a short time later. Thus the King of Denmark had to give up his claim on Norway.
As a character in Shakespeare
In William Shakespeare's Macbeth, there is a character called "Sweno, the Norways' king" based on Svein.
Svein is a back-story character in the first act of Macbeth, where Shakespeare calls him Sweno. His army arrived in Fife and began massacring Scots. He besieged Macbeth in the castle of Bertha. Duncan, the Scottish king, sent food and drink to the Norwegians, but laced it with a potion that caused them to become sleepy. Macbeth then slaughtered Sweno's army, but Sweno himself escaped. Canute and the Danes arrived to avenge this defeat, but they agreed to a truce:
Sweno, the Norway's king, craves composition .
nor would we deign him burial of his men
till he disbursed at Saint Colme's-inch
ten thousand dollars to our general use.
Family tree
References
- Pauline Stafford, "Ælfgifu of Northampton", Oxford Online Dictionary of Biography, 2004
- M. K. Lawson, "Cnut", Oxford Online Dictionary of Biography, 2005
- Derry, T. K., A history of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland, University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 40.
- Bjørn Bandlien. "Svein Alfivason". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- Ango-Saxon England (Frank Stenton, Oxford University Press, 3rd Edition 1971, p. 398.)
- "Svein Alfivason". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- Snorri Sturlasson: Heimskringla, Life of St. Olaf §240
- Saga of Magnus the Good (Heimskringla, translated by Samuel Laing)
- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Literary Treks: Characters on the Move, pp. 106-107. 2003. ISBN 156308953X. "The playwright transposes in time a foray led by Sweyn Alfivason, son of Canute II of England and Denmark and Aelfgiva of Northhampton."
- ^ Hudson, Henry,Introductions To Shakespeare's Tragedies, pp. 407–408.
- Shakespeare, William, The Tragedy of Macbeth, Act I
- ^ "Kings of Wessex and England 802–1066" (PDF). The official website of The British Monarchy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
Other sources
- Gade, Kari (trans.) (2000) Morkinskinna: The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157) (Cornell University Press) ISBN 978-0-8014-3694-9
- Hollander, Lee (trans.) (2002) Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway (University of Texas Press) ISBN 978-0-292-73061-8
- Jones, Gwyn (2001) A History of the Vikings (Oxford Univ. Press) ISBN 978-0-19-280134-0
- Sephton, John (trans.) (1895) The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason (Kessinger Publishing, LLC) ISBN 978-1-116-79637-7
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded byCnut the Great (de jure)as King of the Norwegians | King of Norway 1030–1035 with Cnut the Great |
Succeeded byMagnus the Good |
| Preceded byHákon Eiríksson (de facto)as Regent of Norway | ||
| Monarchs of Norway | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| I. Independent Norway Foreign and non-royal rulers in italics, disputed monarchs in brackets |
| ||
| Kalmar Union |
| ||
| Denmark–Norway |
| ||
| II. Independent Norway |
| ||
| Union with Sweden |
| ||
| III. Independent Norway |
| ||
| |||