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{{Short description|King of Denmark (1523-33); King of Norway (1524-33)}} {{Short description|King of Denmark (1523–33); King of Norway (1524–33)}}
{{expand Danish|topic=bio|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty {{Infobox royalty
| name = Frederick I | name = Frederick I
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| image = Frederik1dk.jpg | image = Frederik1dk.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Frederick attributed to ], 1539. No portraits of the King painted during his lifetime are known.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=]|title=Jacob Binck|author=Kolstrup, Inger-Lise|access-date=29 April 2021|url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Jacob_Binck}}</ref> | caption = Portrait of Frederick attributed to ], 1539. No portraits of the King painted during his lifetime are known.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=]|title=Jacob Binck|author=Kolstrup, Inger-Lise|access-date=29 April 2021|url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Jacob_Binck}}</ref>
| reign = 1523<ref>Frederick was provisionally declared king on 26 March 1523, which was confirmed at Roskilde on 5 August. Copenhagen surrendered to his forces in January 1524.</ref>&nbsp;– 10 April 1533 | reign = 1523<ref>Frederick was provisionally declared king on 26 March 1523, which was confirmed at Roskilde on 5 August. After a siege that began on 10 June 1523, Copenhagen surrendered to [his forces on 6 January 1524, see https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/
Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk.</ref>&nbsp;– 10 April 1533
| coronation = 7 August 1524<br/>] | coronation = 7 August 1524<br/>]
| predecessor = ] | predecessor = ]
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| predecessor1 = ] | predecessor1 = ]
| successor1 = ] | successor1 = ]
| spouse = ]<br>] | succession2 = ]]
| reign2 = 1482&nbsp;– 10 April 1533
⚫ | issue = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br />]
| predecessor2 = ]
| successor2 = ]
| regent2 = ] (until 1490)
| reg-type2 = Co-duke
| spouses = {{marriage|]|1502|1514|end=died}}<br/>{{marriage|]|1518}}
⚫ | issue = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br />]
| issue-link = #Family and children | issue-link = #Family and children
| issue-pipe = among others... | issue-pipe = among others...
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| death_place = ] | death_place = ]
| burial_place= ] | burial_place= ]
| religion = ] | religion = ]
}} }}
'''Frederick I''' (] and {{Lang-no|Frederik}}; {{Lang-de|Friedrich}}; {{Lang-sv|Fredrik}}; 7 October 1471&nbsp;– 10 April 1533) was ] and ]. He was the last ] monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced ] after the ]. As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such. Therefore, he was styled ''King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway''. Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternatively by the names Christian and Frederick, which has continued up to the reign of the current monarch, ].<ref>{{citation | language = da | place = DK | url = http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=frederik1 | title = Frederik 1 | publisher = Gravsted}}.</ref><ref></ref> '''Frederick I''' (] and {{Langx|no|Frederik}}; {{Langx|de|Friedrich}}; {{Langx|sv|Fredrik}}; 7 October 1471&nbsp;– 10 April 1533) was ] and ]. He was the last ] monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced ] after the ]. As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such. Therefore, he was styled ''King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway''. Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternatively by the names Christian and Frederick.<ref>{{citation | language = da | place = DK | url = http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=frederik1 | title = Frederik 1 | publisher = Gravsted}}.</ref><ref></ref>


==Background== ==Background==
Frederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King ], Norway and ] (1426–81) and of ] (1430–95). Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of ] and ] in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King ]. In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers.<ref>{{citation | publisher = Runeberg | language = da | url = http://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/8/0865.html | contribution = Frederik I, Konge i Danmark og Norge | title = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon}}.</ref> Frederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King ], Norway and ] (1426–81) and of ] (1430–95). Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of ] and ] in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King ]. In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers.<ref>{{citation | publisher = Runeberg | language = da | url = https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/8/0865.html | contribution = Frederik I, Konge i Danmark og Norge | title = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon}}.</ref>


In 1500, he had convinced his brother King John to conquer ]. A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the ] for which his brother briefly was king. In addition, numerous German ] took part. The expedition failed miserably, however, in the ], where one-third of all ]s of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/6/0247.html|title= Ditmarsken (Dithmarschen, "de tyske Marsklande") |publisher = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> In 1500, he had convinced his brother King John to conquer ]. A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the ] for which his brother briefly was king. In addition, numerous German ] took part. The expedition failed miserably, however, in the ], where one-third of all ]s of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/6/0247.html|title= Ditmarsken (Dithmarschen, "de tyske Marsklande") |publisher = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>


==Reign== ==Reign==
When his brother, ] died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew ]. In 1523, Christian was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate as king of Denmark and Norway, and Frederick took the throne of Denmark in 1523 and was elected king of Norway in 1524. It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish. After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at ], a castle and estate in the city of ].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=5595&s=n&str=Hanss%20met%20gudz%20nade|title= Kong Hans When his brother, ] died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew ]. In 1523, Christian was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate as king of Denmark and Norway, and Frederick took the throne of Denmark in 1523 and was elected king of Norway in 1524. It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish. After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at ], a castle and estate in the city of ].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=5595&s=n&str=Hanss%20met%20gudz%20nade|title= Kong Hans
|publisher =Diplomatarium Norvegicum|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> |publisher =Diplomatarium Norvegicum|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>


In 1524 and 1525, Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in ], ] and ] who demanded the restoration of Christian II. The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when ], the governor (''statholder'') of ], invaded ] in an attempt to restore Christian II to power. He raised 8000 men who besieged ] (''Helsingborgs slott''), a castle in ]. Frederick's general, ], moved his army to ] and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525.<ref>{{citation | publisher = Runeberg | url = http://runeberg.org/dbl/5/0285.html | contribution = Frederik I, 1471–1533 | title = Konge (Dansk biografisk Lexikon)}}.</ref> In 1524 and 1525, Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in ], ] and ] who demanded the restoration of Christian II. The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when ], the governor (''statholder'') of ], invaded ] in an attempt to restore Christian II to power. He raised 8000 men who besieged ] (''Helsingborgs slott''), a castle in ]. Frederick's general, ], moved his army to ] and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525.<ref>{{citation | publisher = Runeberg | url = https://runeberg.org/dbl/5/0285.html | contribution = Frederik I, 1471–1533 | title = Konge (Dansk biografisk Lexikon)}}.</ref>


] ]
] ]
Frederick played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teaching throughout Denmark. In his coronation charter, he was made the solemn protector (''værner'') of ]. In that role, he asserted his right to select bishops for the Roman Catholic dioceses in the country. Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach. For example, he ordered that Lutherans and Roman Catholics share the same churches and encouraged the first publication of the ] in the Danish language. In 1526, when Lutheran Reformer ] was threatened with arrest and trial for heresy, Frederick appointed him his personal ] to give him immunity.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://denstoredanske.dk/Sprog%2C_religion_og_filosofi/Religion_og_mystik/Danske_folkekirke/Hans_Tausen|title= Hans Tausen|publisher = Den Store Danske Frederick played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teachings throughout Denmark. In his coronation charter, he was made the solemn protector (''værner'') of the ]. In that role, he asserted his right to select bishops for the Catholic dioceses in the country. Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach. For example, he ordered that Catholics and Lutherans share the same churches and encouraged the first publication of the ] in the Danish language. In 1526, when Lutheran Reformer ] was threatened with arrest and trial for heresy, Frederick appointed him his personal ] to give him immunity.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://denstoredanske.dk/Sprog%2C_religion_og_filosofi/Religion_og_mystik/Danske_folkekirke/Hans_Tausen|title= Hans Tausen|publisher = Den Store Danske
|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>


Starting in 1527, Frederick authorized the closure of Franciscan ] and monasteries in 28 Danish cities. He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the Roman Catholic hierarchy and nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Roman Catholic nobles.<ref name= Kronike>{{citation | language = da | title = Krønike om Gråbrødrenes Udjagelse}}.</ref> Starting in 1527, Frederick authorized the closure of ] ] and monasteries in 28 Danish cities. He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the ] and nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Catholic nobles.<ref name= Kronike>{{citation | language = da | title = Krønike om Gråbrødrenes Udjagelse}}.</ref>
During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Protestants and Roman Catholics. In 1532, he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to invade Norway, and to make himself king of the country. Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in ]. Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Roman Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the ] (''Grevens Fejde'').<ref>{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/10/0125.html|title= Grevens Fejde|publisher = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Catholics and Protestants. In 1532, he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to invade Norway, and to make himself king of the country. Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in ]. Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the ] (''Grevens Fejde'').<ref>{{cite web|url= https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/10/0125.html|title= Grevens Fejde|publisher = Salmonsens konversationsleksikon
|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>


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# ] (12 August 1503&nbsp;– 1 January 1559)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian3|title= Christian 3|publisher = gravsted.dk|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> # ] (12 August 1503&nbsp;– 1 January 1559)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gravsted.dk/person.php?navn=christian3|title= Christian 3|publisher = gravsted.dk|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>
# ] (1 August 1504&nbsp;– 11 April 1547),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0309.html|title= Dorothea, Hertuginde af Preussen, 1504–47|publisher = Dansk biografisk Lexikon # ] (1 August 1504&nbsp;– 11 April 1547),<ref>{{cite web|url= https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0309.html|title= Dorothea, Hertuginde af Preussen, 1504–47|publisher = Dansk biografisk Lexikon
|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married 1 July 1526 to ]. |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married 1 July 1526 to ].


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# ] (28 June 1521&nbsp;– 2 October 1580)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_4rk_0006-PDF/hto_4rk_0006_77079.pdf|title= Hertug Hans den ældre i Haderslev # ] (28 June 1521&nbsp;– 2 October 1580)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_4rk_0006-PDF/hto_4rk_0006_77079.pdf|title= Hertug Hans den ældre i Haderslev
|publisher = Historisk Tidsskrift|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> |publisher = Historisk Tidsskrift|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>
# ] (14 October 1524&nbsp;– 15 October 1586),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0499.html|title= Elisabeth, 1524–86, Hertuginde af Meklenborg|publisher =Dansk biografisk Lexikon # ] (14 October 1524&nbsp;– 15 October 1586),<ref>{{cite web|url= https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0499.html|title= Elisabeth, 1524–86, Hertuginde af Meklenborg|publisher =Dansk biografisk Lexikon
|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married: |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married:
## on 26 August 1543 to ]. ## on 26 August 1543 to ].
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|publisher = Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> |publisher = Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie |access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref>
# Anna of Denmark (1527&nbsp;– 4 June 1535) # Anna of Denmark (1527&nbsp;– 4 June 1535)
# ] (1528&nbsp;– 11 November 1575),<ref>{{cite web|url= http://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0308.html # ] (1528&nbsp;– 11 November 1575),<ref>{{cite web|url= https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0308.html
|title= Dorothea, Hertuginde af Meklenborg, 1528–75 |publisher = Dansk biografisk Lexikon|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married on 27 October 1573 to ]. |title= Dorothea, Hertuginde af Meklenborg, 1528–75 |publisher = Dansk biografisk Lexikon|access-date= August 15, 2016}}</ref> married on 27 October 1573 to ].
# ] (13 April 1532&nbsp;– 27 October 1556), Prince-Bishop of ] and Bishop of Schleswig. # ] (13 April 1532&nbsp;– 27 October 1556), Prince-Bishop of ] and Bishop of Schleswig.

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
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|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Frederick I of Denmark'''
|2= 2. ]
|3= 3. ]
|4= 4. ]
|5= 5. ]
|6= 6. ]
|7= 7. Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg
|8= 8. ]
|9= 9. Agnes von Honstein
|10= 10. ]
|11= 11. ]
|12= 12. ]
|13= 13. ]
|14= 14. ]
|15= 15. Barbara of Legnica
}}



==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
{{commons category|Frederick I of Denmark}} {{commons category|Frederick I of Denmark}}
* at the website of the ] * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314224944/http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/The-Royal-Lineage |date=2015-03-14 }} at the website of the ]


{{s-start}} {{s-start}}
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{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


]
] ]
] ]
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] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 21:14, 16 November 2024

King of Denmark (1523–33); King of Norway (1524–33)
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Frederick I
Portrait of Frederick attributed to Jacob Binck, 1539. No portraits of the King painted during his lifetime are known.
King of Denmark (more...)
Reign1523 – 10 April 1533
Coronation7 August 1524
Copenhagen Cathedral
PredecessorChristian II
SuccessorChristian III
King of Norway
Reign1524 – 10 April 1533
PredecessorChristian II
SuccessorChristian III
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein
Reign1482 – 10 April 1533
PredecessorChristian II
SuccessorChristian III
Co-dukeJohn (until 1490)
Born7 October 1471
Haderslevhus
Died10 April 1533(1533-04-10) (aged 61)
Gottorf Castle
BurialSchleswig Cathedral
Spouses Anna of Brandenburg ​ ​(m. 1502; died 1514)​
Sophie of Pomerania ​(m. 1518)​
Issue
among others...		Christian III of Denmark
Dorothea, Duchess of Prussia
John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev
Elizabeth, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Dorothea, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Frederick, Bishop of Hildesheim and Schleswig
HouseOldenburg
FatherChristian I of Denmark
MotherDorothea of Brandenburg
ReligionCatholicism

Frederick I (Danish and Norwegian: Frederik; German: Friedrich; Swedish: Fredrik; 7 October 1471 – 10 April 1533) was King of Denmark and Norway. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced Lutheranism after the Protestant Reformation. As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such. Therefore, he was styled King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway. Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternatively by the names Christian and Frederick.

Background

Frederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1426–81) and of Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430–95). Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King John of Denmark. In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers.

In 1500, he had convinced his brother King John to conquer Dithmarschen. A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the Kalmar Union for which his brother briefly was king. In addition, numerous German mercenaries took part. The expedition failed miserably, however, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt, where one-third of all knights of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives.

Reign

When his brother, King John died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew Christian II. In 1523, Christian was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate as king of Denmark and Norway, and Frederick took the throne of Denmark in 1523 and was elected king of Norway in 1524. It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish. After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at Gottorp, a castle and estate in the city of Schleswig.

In 1524 and 1525, Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in Agder, Jutland and Scania who demanded the restoration of Christian II. The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when Søren Norby, the governor (statholder) of Gotland, invaded Blekinge in an attempt to restore Christian II to power. He raised 8000 men who besieged Kärnan (Helsingborgs slott), a castle in Helsingborg. Frederick's general, Johann Rantzau, moved his army to Scania and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525.

Gold coin or medal of Frederick I. Shows him together with Sophia on the obverse, and coat of arms on the reverse.
Sophie of Pomerania

Frederick played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teachings throughout Denmark. In his coronation charter, he was made the solemn protector (værner) of the Catholic Church in Denmark. In that role, he asserted his right to select bishops for the Catholic dioceses in the country. Christian II had been intolerant of Protestant teaching, but Frederick took a more opportunist approach. For example, he ordered that Catholics and Lutherans share the same churches and encouraged the first publication of the Bible in the Danish language. In 1526, when Lutheran Reformer Hans Tausen was threatened with arrest and trial for heresy, Frederick appointed him his personal chaplain to give him immunity.

Starting in 1527, Frederick authorized the closure of Franciscan houses and monasteries in 28 Danish cities. He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the Catholic hierarchy and nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Catholic nobles.

During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Catholics and Protestants. In 1532, he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to invade Norway, and to make himself king of the country. Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in Schleswig Cathedral. Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde).

Family and children

On 10 April 1502, Frederick married Anna of Brandenburg (1487–1514), the daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia. The couple had two children:

  1. Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559)
  2. Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), married 1 July 1526 to Albert, Duke of Prussia.

Frederick's wife Anna died on 5 May 1514, 26 years old. Four years later on 9 October 1518 at Kiel, Frederick married Sophie of Pomerania (20 years old; 1498–1568), a daughter of Bogislaw "the Great", Duke of Pomerania. Sophie and Frederick had six children:

  1. John II of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (28 June 1521 – 2 October 1580)
  2. Elizabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586), married:
    1. on 26 August 1543 to Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
    2. on 14 February 1556 to Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.
  3. Adolf of Denmark, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (25 January 1526 – 1 October 1586)
  4. Anna of Denmark (1527 – 4 June 1535)
  5. Dorothea of Denmark (1528 – 11 November 1575), married on 27 October 1573 to Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch.
  6. Frederick of Denmark (13 April 1532 – 27 October 1556), Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim and Bishop of Schleswig.

Ancestors

Ancestors of Frederick I of Denmark
8. Christian V, Count of Oldenburg
4. Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg
9. Agnes von Honstein
2. Christian I of Denmark
10. Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg
5. Hedvig of Holstein
11. Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick
1. Frederick I of Denmark
12. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
6. John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
13. Elisabeth of Bavaria
3. Dorothea of Brandenburg
14. Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg
7. Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg
15. Barbara of Legnica


References

Citations

  1. Kolstrup, Inger-Lise. "Jacob Binck". Den Store Danske Encyklopædi. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  2. Frederick was provisionally declared king on 26 March 1523, which was confirmed at Roskilde on 5 August. After a siege that began on 10 June 1523, Copenhagen surrendered to [his forces on 6 January 1524, see https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/ Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk.
  3. Frederik 1 (in Danish), DK: Gravsted.
  4. Frederik 1 – utdypning (Store norske leksikon)
  5. "Frederik I, Konge i Danmark og Norge", Salmonsens konversationsleksikon (in Danish), Runeberg.
  6. "Ditmarsken (Dithmarschen, "de tyske Marsklande")". Salmonsens konversationsleksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  7. "Kong Hans". Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  8. "Frederik I, 1471–1533", Konge (Dansk biografisk Lexikon), Runeberg.
  9. "Hans Tausen". Den Store Danske. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  10. Krønike om Gråbrødrenes Udjagelse (in Danish).
  11. "Grevens Fejde". Salmonsens konversationsleksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  12. "Christian 3". gravsted.dk. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  13. "Dorothea, Hertuginde af Preussen, 1504–47". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  14. "Hertug Hans den ældre i Haderslev" (PDF). Historisk Tidsskrift. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  15. "Elisabeth, 1524–86, Hertuginde af Meklenborg". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  16. "Adolf, Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein". Adolf I. (Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf). Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. 1875. p. 111. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  17. "Dorothea, Hertuginde af Meklenborg, 1528–75". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.

Bibliography

  • Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Frederik 1.". Politikens bog om danske monarker [Politiken's book about Danish monarchs] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 111–113. ISBN 87-567-5772-7.

External links

Frederick IHouse of OldenburgBorn: 7 October 1471 Died: 10 April 1533
Regnal titles
Preceded byChristian II King of Denmark
1523–1533 		Succeeded byChristian III
King of Norway
1524–1533
Preceded byChristian I Duke of Holstein and Schleswig
1490–1533
with John I (1490–1513)
Christian II (1513–1523)
Christian III (1523–1533)
Monarchs of Denmark
Knýtlinga
c. 916 – 1042
Fairhair
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Estridsen
1376–1412
Pomerania
1397–1439
Palatinate-Neumarkt
1440–1448
Oldenburg
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