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{{Short description|Varieties of the Dutch Language}}
{{expand Dutch|topic=|otherarticle=Nederlandse dialecten|date=November 2012}}
{{Dutch dialects}} {{Dutch dialects}}
'''Dutch dialects and varieties''' are primarily the ]s and ] that are both ] with the ] and spoken in the same language area as the ]. They are remarkably diverse and are found within Europe mainly in the ] and ].
] (= Dutch{{Dubious|date=February 2009}}) dialects. However, ] in Germany should be included as the 7th variety. See the more detailed map below]]
]
'''Dutch dialects''' are primarily the dialects that are both cognate with the ] and are spoken in the same language area as the ]. Dutch dialects are remarkably diverse and are found in the Netherlands and northern Belgium.


The province of ] is bilingual. The ], distinct from Dutch, is spoken here along with standard Dutch and the Stadsfries dialect. A (West) Frisian standard language has also been developed. The Dutch province of ] is ]. The ], distinct from Dutch, is spoken here along with Standard Dutch and the ]. A West Frisian standard language has also been developed.


==First dichotomy== ==First dichotomy==
] ]
]
In the east there is an extensive ] dialect area: the provinces of ] (]), ] and ] are almost exclusively Low Saxon, and a major part of the province of ] also belongs to it. The ] river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being ] and being very close to neighbouring ], is still regarded as Dutch, because of the superordination of the Dutch standard language in this area ever since the seventeenth century; in other words, this group is Dutch ] but not ].
]
Dutch dialects can be divided into two main language groups:


* ''']''' (Dutch: ''Nederfrankisch'') language area in the South and West of the Netherlands (first map to the left).
==Extension across the borders==
* ''']''' (Dutch: ''Nedersaksisch'') language area in the east of the Netherlands (second map to the left): in ], ], ], major parts of ], and parts of ], ] and ].
*], spoken in ] (Netherlands), as well as the closely related ] in adjacent ] (Germany), has been influenced by the ] and takes a special position within the ].
*] (Zuid-Gelders) is a dialect spoken in ] (Netherlands) and in adjacent parts of ] (Germany).
*] (Brabants) is a dialect spoken in ], ] (Belgium) and ] (Netherlands).
*] (Limburgs) is spoken in ] as well as in ] and extends across the German border.
*] (Vlaams) is spoken in ] and ] (Belgium), ] (Netherlands) and historically also in ] (France).
*] (Zeeuws) is spoken in most of ] (Netherlands) and is a transitional regional language between West Flemish and Hollandic. In the eastern part of Zeelandic Flanders, East Flemish is spoken.


== Classifications ==
==Holland and the Randstad==
In ''Driemaandelijkse bladen'' (2002) the following phonetically based division of dialects in the Netherlands is given:<ref>Wilbert (Jan) Heeringa, ''Over de indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen. Een nieuwe methode getoetst'', in: ''Driemaandelijkse bladen'', jaargang 54, 2002 or ''Driemaandelijkse bladen voor taal en volksleven in het oosten van Nederland'', vol. 54, nr. 1-4, 2002, pp. 111–148, here p. 133f. (Heeringa: → cp. ). In this paper, Heeringa refers to: Cor & Geer Hoppenbrouwers, ''De indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen: Dialecten van 156 steden en dorpen geklasseerd volgens de FFM'' , 2001</ref>
In ], ] is spoken, though the original forms of this dialect (which were heavily influenced by a Frisian ]) are now relatively rare; the urban dialects of the ], which are Hollandic dialects, do not diverge from standard Dutch very much, but there is a clear difference between the city dialects of ], ], ] or ].
# {{lang|nl|Nedersaksisch}}
]) and to the East (])]]
## {{Smallcaps|], North Drents, Middle or Central Drents and Westerwolds, ]}} ({{lang|nl|{{Smallcaps|Gronings en Noord-Drents, Midden-Drents en Westerwolds, Twents}}}})
In some rural Hollandic areas more authentic Hollandic dialects are still being used, especially north of Amsterdam.
## {{lang|nl|Zuid-Drents en Noord-Overijssels, Terrassen naar de Twentse kern}}
Another group of dialects based on Hollandic is that spoken in the cities and larger towns of ], where it partially displaced ] in the 16th century and is known as ] ("Urban Frisian").
# ''Frisian'' ({{lang|nl|Fries}})
## ''Frisian'' ({{lang|nl|Fries}})
### ] ({{lang|nl|de Friese dialecten}})
### ], Kollumerlands, ], ] ({{lang|nl|Stadfries, Kollumerlands, Bildts, Stellingwerfs}})
## Veluws transitional dialects ({{lang|nl|Veluwse overgangsdialecten}})
# Hollandic, North Brabantian ({{lang|nl|Hollands, Noord-Brabants}})
## Hollandic ({{lang|nl|Hollands}})
### North Hollandic ({{lang|nl|Noord-Hollands}})
### South Hollandic and Utrechts ({{lang|nl|Zuid-Hollands en Utrechts}})
## North Brabantian ({{lang|nl|Noord-Brabants}})
### {{Smallcaps|East Brabantian}} ({{lang|nl|{{Smallcaps|Oost-Brabants}}}})
### dialects in the ''Gelders Rivierengebied'', West Brabantian ({{lang|nl|dialecten in het Gelders Rivierengebied, West-Brabants}}),
# North Belgian ({{lang|nl|Noord-Belgisch}})
## {{Smallcaps|Central Brabantian}} ({{lang|nl|{{Smallcaps|Centraal Brabants}}}})
## Peripheral Brabantian ({{lang|nl|Periferisch Brabants}})
### Zeelandic ({{lang|nl|Zeeuws}})
### Brabantian ({{lang|nl|Brabants}})
## Peripheral Flemish ({{lang|nl|Periferisch Vlaams}})
## {{Smallcaps|Central Vlaams}} ({{lang|nl|{{Smallcaps|Centraal Vlaams}}}})
# Limburgish ({{lang|nl|Limburgs}})

Heeringa (2004) distinguished (names as in Heeringa):<ref>Wilbert (Jan) Heeringa, ''Chapter 9: Measuring Dutch dialect distances'', of the doctor's thesis: ''Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance'', series: ''Groningen Dissertations in Linguistics (GRODIL)'' 46, 2004, (esp.) p. 231, 215 & 230 (, , )</ref>
* Frisian
* Frisian mixed varieties (including ] ({{lang|nl|Stad(s)fries}}) and ])
* ]
* Overijssel
* Southwest Limburg
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Limburg
* Northeast Luik


==Minority languages== ==Minority languages==
{{See also|Languages of the Netherlands}}
] has the status of official regional language in the ] (but not in ]). It receives protection by chapter 2 of the ]. ] has been influenced by the ] dialects like the ] dialect: ], and has had a somewhat different development since the late Middle Ages.
Germanic languages that have the status of official ] or ] and are protected by the ] in the ] are ], ] and ].<ref>Council of Europe: , see ''Reservations and declarations''</ref>


=== Limburgish ===
Limburgish and ] have been elevated by the Netherlands (and by Germany) to the legal status of ''streektaal'' (]) according to the ], which causes some native speakers to consider them separate languages.
] receives protection by chapter 2 of the charter. In ], where Limburgish is spoken as well, it does not receive such recognition or protection because Belgium did not sign the charter. ] has been influenced by the ] dialects like the ] dialect ] and has had a somewhat different development since the late Middle Ages.


=== Dutch Low Saxon ===
] is very much alive in the province of ], although it is not so popular in the city of the same name.
] also receives protection by chapter 2 of the charter. In some ], depending on the state, ] receives protection by chapter 2 or 3.

=== West Frisian ===
] receives protection by chapter 3 of the charter. It evolved from the same ] branch as ] and ] and is less akin to Dutch.

==Holland and the Randstad==
In ], ] is spoken, but the original forms of the dialect, which were heavily influenced by a West Frisian ] and, from the 16th century, by ] dialects, are now relatively rare. The urban dialects of the ], which are Hollandic dialects, do not diverge from standard Dutch very much, but there is a clear difference between the city dialects of ], ], ] and ].

In some rural Hollandic areas, more authentic Hollandic dialects are still being used, especially north of Amsterdam.

Another group of dialects based on Hollandic is that spoken in the cities and the larger towns of ], where it partially displaced ] in the 16th century and is known as ] ("Urban Frisian").

==Extension across the borders==
* ], spoken in ] (Netherlands), as well as the closely related ] in adjacent ] (Germany), has been influenced by the ] and takes a special position within Dutch Low Saxon.
* ] (Kleverlands) is a dialect spoken in ] (Netherlands) and in adjacent parts of ] (Germany).
* ] ({{lang|nl|Brabants}}) is a dialect spoken in ], ] (Belgium) and ] (Netherlands).
* ] ({{lang|nl|Westvlaams}}) is spoken in ] (Belgium), the western part of ] (Netherlands) and historically also in ] (France).
* ] ({{lang|nl|Oostvlaams}}) is spoken in ] (Belgium) and the eastern part of ] (Netherlands).
* ] (Limburgish: ''Limburgs'' or ''Lèmburgs''; Dutch: ''{{lang|nl|Limburgs}}'') is spoken in ] as well as in ] and extends across the German border. It is however not a Dutch dialect but a separate related language. The mixed dialect of Dutch-Limburgish unlike Limburgish proper does not typically extend into Germany beyond Selfkant.


==Recent use== ==Recent use==
Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%). In Belgium, however, dialects are very much alive; many senior citizens there are unable to speak standard Dutch. Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); West Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Driessen |first1=Geert |url=http://www.geertdriessen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/rap2012-ontwikkeling-dialecten-driessen.pdf |title=Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011 |date=2012 |publisher=ITS, Radboud University Nijmegen |pages=3 |language=nl}}</ref> In Belgium, however, dialects are very much alive; many senior citizens there are unable to speak standard Dutch.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}


==Flanders== ==Flanders==
In ], there are four main dialect groups: In ], there are four main dialect groups:
*] (West-Vlaams) including ] in the far North of France, * ] ({{lang|nl|West-Vlaams}}) including ] in the far North of France,
*] (Oost-Vlaams), * ] ({{lang|nl|Oost-Vlaams}}),
*] (Brabants), which includes several main dialect branches, including Antwerpian, and * ] ({{lang|nl|Brabants}}), which includes several main dialect branches, including Antwerpian, and
*] (Limburgs). * ] ({{lang|nl|Limburgs}}).
Some of these dialects, especially West and East Flemish, have incorporated some French ]s in everyday language. An example is ''fourchette'' in various forms (originally a French word meaning fork), instead of ''vork''. Brussels is especially heavily influenced by French because roughly 85% of the inhabitants of ] speak French. Some of these dialects, especially West and East Flemish, have incorporated some French ]s in everyday language. An example is ''fourchette'' in various forms (originally a French word meaning fork), instead of ''vork''. Brussels is especially heavily influenced by French because roughly 85% of the inhabitants of ] speak French.
The Limburgish in Belgium is closely related to Dutch Limburgish. An oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, when they speak AN, their pronunciation of the "soft g" sound (the ]) is almost identical to that of the "h" sound (the ]), thus, the words ''held'' (hero) and ''geld'' (money) sound nearly the same, except that the latter word has a 'y' /j/ sound embedded into the "soft g". When they speak their local dialect, however, their "g" is almost the "h" of the Algemeen Nederlands, and they do not pronounce the "h". Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. ] in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Limburgish in Belgium is closely related to Dutch Limburgish. An oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, when they speak AN, their pronunciation of the "soft g" sound (the ]) is almost identical to that of the "h" sound (the ]), thus, the words ''held'' (hero) and ''geld'' (money) sound nearly the same, except that the latter word has a 'y' /j/ sound embedded into the "soft g". When they speak their local dialect, however, their "g" is almost the "h" of the Algemeen Nederlands, and they do not pronounce the "h". Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. ] in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions.
]


The ] dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does ]. West Flemish is also spoken in ] (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in ] (a small area that borders Belgium). The ] dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does ]. West Flemish is also spoken in ] (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in ] (a small area that borders Belgium).


==Sister and daughter languages== ==Non-European dialects, and daughter languages==
{{See also|List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages|Dutch-based creole languages}}
Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that ] and ] are 'deviant' dialects of Dutch. In fact, they are separate and different languages, a ] and a ], respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from Dutch, but had influences from various ] in ]. However, it is still largely ] with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same ] branch as ] and is less akin to Dutch.


Outside of Europe, there are multiple dialects and daughter languages of Dutch spoken by the population in the non-European parts of the ] and the former ].
==Non-continental dialects==
*Until the early 20th century, variants of Dutch were still spoken by some descendants of ]. ] in particular had an active Dutch community with a highly divergent dialect that was spoken as recently as the 1950s. See ] for more on this dialect.
*In ], a derivation of ] called the ] exists.
*Despite its name, ] is not a Dutch dialect - it is actually German-based.
*] is a ] variety with influences and elements of Dutch.
*] today also has some people in small colonies who speak Dutch-based dialects.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}


=== Dutch Caribbean ===
The ] are part of the ]. The region consists of the ] (], ] and ]), three overseas ] inside the country of the ], plus three ] inside the Kingdom, namely ], ], and ]. Dutch is one of the official languages in all four of the constituent countries of the Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlands in het Caribisch gebied en Suriname - Taalunie |url=https://taalunie.org/dossiers/22/nederlands-in-het-caribisch-gebied-en-suriname |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=taalunie.org |language=nl}}</ref> however English and a Portuguese-based creole-language, called ], are the most spoken languages on the Dutch Caribbean.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Statistiek |first=Centraal Bureau voor de |title=Caribisch Nederland; gesproken talen en voertaal, persoonskenmerken |url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/cijfers/detail/82867NED?q=nederlandse%20taal%20gesproken |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek |date=27 September 2022 |language=nl-NL}}</ref> The Dutch dialects in the Dutch Caribbean differ from island to island.

[[File:Map of the Dutch World.svg|thumb|World map of Dutch-speaking countries:
{{legend|#171d57|Official and majority mother tongue}}
{{legend|#303cb4|Official (administrative) but minority language}}{{legend|#6873d7|Afrikaans (daughter language) official}}{{legend|#9fceff|Countries where some knowledge persists}}|270x270px]]

As of 2021 data the percentage of Dutch speakers in the populations of the Dutch Caribbean are:<ref name=":0" />

* Caribbean Netherlands: 56,8%
* Bonaire: 76,6%
* Saba: 33.0%
* Sint Eustatius: 38.3%

=== Suriname ===
] is a Dutch dialect spoken as a native language by about 80% of the bilingual population in ]. Dutch is the sole official language of Suriname.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlands in het Caribisch gebied en Suriname - Taalunie |url=https://taalunie.org/dossiers/22/nederlands-in-het-caribisch-gebied-en-suriname |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=taalunie.org |language=nl}}</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
] is still spoken by some older residents in the former Dutch colonies of ], ], where they speak a 19th to 20th century Dutch dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia and South Africa - Taalunie |url=https://taalunie.org/informatie/259/indonesia-and-south-africa |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=taalunie.org |language=nl}}</ref>

=== North America ===
Until the early 20th century, variants of Dutch were still spoken by some descendants of ]. Nowadays, there are only a few semi-speakers of these dialects left, or the dialect went extinct already.
* ], in particular, had an active Dutch community with a highly divergent dialect spoken as recently as the 1950s, the ] dialect.
* In ], the ] dialect is spoken. There were only a few speakers in 2011.
* ] is a now extinct ] language mainly spoken during the 17th century west of ] in the area around the ], by the Dutch colonists who traded with or to a lesser extent mixed with the local population from the ].


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
*Bont, Antonius Petrus de (1958) ''Dialekt van Kempenland'' 3 Deel Assen: van Gorcum, 1958-60. 1962, 1985 * Bont, Antonius Petrus de (1958) ''Dialekt van Kempenland'' 3 Deel Assen: van Gorcum, 1958–60. 1962, 1985


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

*Ad Welschen 2000-2005: Course ''Dutch Society and Culture'', International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam
==Bibliography==
* Cornelissen, Georg (2003): ''Kleine niederrheinische Sprachgeschichte (1300-1900): eine regionale Sprachgeschichte für das deutsch-niederländische Grenzgebiet zwischen Arnheim und Krefeld'' {{de icon}}
* Driessen, Geert (2012): ''''. Nijmegen: ITS. * Driessen, Geert (2012): ''''. Nijmegen: ITS.
* Elmentaler, Michael ( ? ): "Die Schreibsprachgeschichte des Niederrheins. Forschungsprojekt der Uni Duisburg", in: ''Sprache und Literatur am Niederrhein'', (Schriftenreihe der Niederrhein-Akademie Bd. 3, 15-34).{{de icon}} * Elmentaler, Michael (1998 ): "Die Schreibsprachgeschichte des Niederrheins. Forschungsprojekt der Uni Duisburg", in: ''Sprache und Literatur am Niederrhein'', (Schriftenreihe der Niederrhein-Akademie Bd. 3, 15–34). {{in lang|de}}
*Frins, Jean (2005): ''Syntaktische Besonderheiten im Aachener Dreiländereck. Eine Übersicht begleitet von einer Analyse aus politisch-gesellschaftlicher Sicht''. Groningen: RUG Repro {{de icon}} * Frins, Jean (2005): ''Syntaktische Besonderheiten im Aachener Dreiländereck. Eine Übersicht begleitet von einer Analyse aus politisch-gesellschaftlicher Sicht''. Groningen: RUG Repro {{in lang|de}}
*Frins, Jean (2006): ''Karolingisch-Fränkisch. Die ''plattdůtsche'' Volkssprache im Aachener Dreiländereck''. Groningen: RUG Repro {{de icon}} * Frins, Jean (2006): ''Karolingisch-Fränkisch. Die ''plattdůtsche'' Volkssprache im Aachener Dreiländereck''. Groningen: RUG Repro {{in lang|de}}
*Frings, Theodor (1916): ''Mittelfränkisch-niederfränkische Studien I. Das ripuarisch-niederfränkische Übergangsgebiet. II. Zur Geschichte des Niederfränkischen'' in: ''Beiträge zur Geschichte und Sprache der deutschen Literatur'' 41 (1916), 193-271; 42, 177-248. * Frings, Theodor (1916): ''Mittelfränkisch-niederfränkische Studien. I. Das ripuarisch-niederfränkische Übergangsgebiet. II. Zur Geschichte des Niederfränkischen'', in: ''Beiträge zur Geschichte und Sprache der deutschen Literatur'' 41 (1916), 193–271; 42, 177–248.
*Hansche, Irmgard (2004): ''Atlas zur Geschichte des Niederrheins'' (= Schriftenreihe der Niederrhein-Akademie; 4). Bottrop/Essen: Peter Pomp. ISBN 3-89355-200-6 * Hansche, Irmgard (2004): ''Atlas zur Geschichte des Niederrheins'' (= Schriftenreihe der Niederrhein-Akademie; 4). Bottrop/Essen: Peter Pomp. {{ISBN|3-89355-200-6}}
*Ludwig, Uwe & Schilp, Thomas (eds.) (2004): ''Mittelalter an Rhein und Maas. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins. Dieter Geuenich zum 60. Geburtstag'' (= Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur Nordwesteuropas; 8). Münster/New York/München/Berlin: Waxmann. ISBN 3-8309-1380-X * Ludwig, Uwe & Schilp, Thomas (eds.) (2004): ''Mittelalter an Rhein und Maas. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins. Dieter Geuenich zum 60. Geburtstag'' (= Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur Nordwesteuropas; 8). Münster/New York/München/Berlin: Waxmann. {{ISBN|3-8309-1380-X}}
*Mihm, Arend (1992): Sprache und Geschichte am unteren Niederrhein, in: ''Jahrbuch des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung''; 1992, 88-122. * Mihm, Arend (1992): ''Sprache und Geschichte am unteren Niederrhein'', in: ''Jahrbuch des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung''; 1992, 88–122.
* Mihm, Arend (2000): "Rheinmaasländische Sprachgeschichte von 1500 bis 1650", in: Jürgen Macha, Elmar Neuss, Robert Peters (eds.): ''Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprachgeschichte''. Köln (= Niederdeutsche Studien 46), 139-164. * Mihm, Arend (2000): ''Rheinmaasländische Sprachgeschichte von 1500 bis 1650'', in: Jürgen Macha, Elmar Neuss, Robert Peters (eds.): ''Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprachgeschichte''. Köln (= Niederdeutsche Studien 46), 139–164.
* Tervooren, Helmut (2005): ''Van der Masen tot op den Rijn. Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der volkssprachlichen mittelalterlichen Literatur im Raum von Rhein und Maas''. Geldern: Erich Schmidt ISBN 3-503-07958-0 * Tervooren, Helmut (2005): ''Van der Masen tot op den Rijn. Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der volkssprachlichen mittelalterlichen Literatur im Raum von Rhein und Maas''. Geldern: Erich Schmidt {{ISBN|3-503-07958-0}}


{{Language varieties}}


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Latest revision as of 21:37, 20 November 2024

Varieties of the Dutch Language
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This article is a part of a series on
Dutch
Low Saxon dialects
West Low Franconian dialects
East Low Franconian dialects

Dutch dialects and varieties are primarily the dialects and varieties that are both cognate with the Dutch language and spoken in the same language area as the Standard Dutch. They are remarkably diverse and are found within Europe mainly in the Netherlands and northern Belgium.

The Dutch province of Friesland is bilingual. The West Frisian language, distinct from Dutch, is spoken here along with Standard Dutch and the Stadsfries Dutch. A West Frisian standard language has also been developed.

First dichotomy

Low Franconian dialects in Europe
Low Saxon dialects in the Netherlands
Traditional division of Dutch dialects

Dutch dialects can be divided into two main language groups:

Classifications

In Driemaandelijkse bladen (2002) the following phonetically based division of dialects in the Netherlands is given:

  1. Nedersaksisch
    1. Gronings, North Drents, Middle or Central Drents and Westerwolds, Tweants (Gronings en Noord-Drents, Midden-Drents en Westerwolds, Twents)
    2. Zuid-Drents en Noord-Overijssels, Terrassen naar de Twentse kern
  2. Frisian (Fries)
    1. Frisian (Fries)
      1. West Frisian dialects (de Friese dialecten)
      2. Stadsfries, Kollumerlands, Bildts, Stellingwerfs (Stadfries, Kollumerlands, Bildts, Stellingwerfs)
    2. Veluws transitional dialects (Veluwse overgangsdialecten)
  3. Hollandic, North Brabantian (Hollands, Noord-Brabants)
    1. Hollandic (Hollands)
      1. North Hollandic (Noord-Hollands)
      2. South Hollandic and Utrechts (Zuid-Hollands en Utrechts)
    2. North Brabantian (Noord-Brabants)
      1. East Brabantian (Oost-Brabants)
      2. dialects in the Gelders Rivierengebied, West Brabantian (dialecten in het Gelders Rivierengebied, West-Brabants),
  4. North Belgian (Noord-Belgisch)
    1. Central Brabantian (Centraal Brabants)
    2. Peripheral Brabantian (Periferisch Brabants)
      1. Zeelandic (Zeeuws)
      2. Brabantian (Brabants)
    3. Peripheral Flemish (Periferisch Vlaams)
    4. Central Vlaams (Centraal Vlaams)
  5. Limburgish (Limburgs)

Heeringa (2004) distinguished (names as in Heeringa):

Minority languages

See also: Languages of the Netherlands

Germanic languages that have the status of official regional or minority language and are protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in the Netherlands are Limburgish, Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian.

Limburgish

Limburgish receives protection by chapter 2 of the charter. In Belgium, where Limburgish is spoken as well, it does not receive such recognition or protection because Belgium did not sign the charter. Limburgish has been influenced by the Ripuarian dialects like the Cologne dialect Kölsch and has had a somewhat different development since the late Middle Ages.

Dutch Low Saxon

Dutch Low Saxon also receives protection by chapter 2 of the charter. In some states of Germany, depending on the state, Low German receives protection by chapter 2 or 3.

West Frisian

West Frisian receives protection by chapter 3 of the charter. It evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Anglo-Saxon and Old Saxon and is less akin to Dutch.

Holland and the Randstad

In Holland, Hollandic is spoken, but the original forms of the dialect, which were heavily influenced by a West Frisian substratum and, from the 16th century, by Brabantian dialects, are now relatively rare. The urban dialects of the Randstad, which are Hollandic dialects, do not diverge from standard Dutch very much, but there is a clear difference between the city dialects of Rotterdam, The Hague, Amsterdam and Utrecht.

In some rural Hollandic areas, more authentic Hollandic dialects are still being used, especially north of Amsterdam.

Another group of dialects based on Hollandic is that spoken in the cities and the larger towns of Friesland, where it partially displaced West Frisian in the 16th century and is known as Stadsfries ("Urban Frisian").

Extension across the borders

Recent use

Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); West Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%). In Belgium, however, dialects are very much alive; many senior citizens there are unable to speak standard Dutch.

Flanders

In Flanders, there are four main dialect groups:

Some of these dialects, especially West and East Flemish, have incorporated some French loanwords in everyday language. An example is fourchette in various forms (originally a French word meaning fork), instead of vork. Brussels is especially heavily influenced by French because roughly 85% of the inhabitants of Brussels speak French. The Limburgish in Belgium is closely related to Dutch Limburgish. An oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, when they speak AN, their pronunciation of the "soft g" sound (the voiced velar fricative) is almost identical to that of the "h" sound (the voiced glottal fricative), thus, the words held (hero) and geld (money) sound nearly the same, except that the latter word has a 'y' /j/ sound embedded into the "soft g". When they speak their local dialect, however, their "g" is almost the "h" of the Algemeen Nederlands, and they do not pronounce the "h". Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions.

The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

Non-European dialects, and daughter languages

See also: List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages and Dutch-based creole languages

Outside of Europe, there are multiple dialects and daughter languages of Dutch spoken by the population in the non-European parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the former Dutch colonies.

Dutch Caribbean

The Dutch Caribbean are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The region consists of the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba), three overseas special municipalities inside the country of the Netherlands, plus three constituent countries inside the Kingdom, namely Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. Dutch is one of the official languages in all four of the constituent countries of the Kingdom, however English and a Portuguese-based creole-language, called Papiamento, are the most spoken languages on the Dutch Caribbean. The Dutch dialects in the Dutch Caribbean differ from island to island.

World map of Dutch-speaking countries:   Official and majority mother tongue   Official (administrative) but minority language  Afrikaans (daughter language) official  Countries where some knowledge persists

As of 2021 data the percentage of Dutch speakers in the populations of the Dutch Caribbean are:

  • Caribbean Netherlands: 56,8%
  • Bonaire: 76,6%
  • Saba: 33.0%
  • Sint Eustatius: 38.3%

Suriname

Surinamese Dutch is a Dutch dialect spoken as a native language by about 80% of the bilingual population in Suriname. Dutch is the sole official language of Suriname.

Indonesia

Indonesian Dutch is still spoken by some older residents in the former Dutch colonies of Indonesia, Dutch East Indies, where they speak a 19th to 20th century Dutch dialect.

North America

Until the early 20th century, variants of Dutch were still spoken by some descendants of Dutch colonies in the United States. Nowadays, there are only a few semi-speakers of these dialects left, or the dialect went extinct already.

Further reading

  • Bont, Antonius Petrus de (1958) Dialekt van Kempenland 3 Deel Assen: van Gorcum, 1958–60. 1962, 1985

References

  1. Wilbert (Jan) Heeringa, Over de indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen. Een nieuwe methode getoetst, in: Driemaandelijkse bladen, jaargang 54, 2002 or Driemaandelijkse bladen voor taal en volksleven in het oosten van Nederland, vol. 54, nr. 1-4, 2002, pp. 111–148, here p. 133f. (Heeringa: Papers → cp. PDF). In this paper, Heeringa refers to: Cor & Geer Hoppenbrouwers, De indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen: Dialecten van 156 steden en dorpen geklasseerd volgens de FFM , 2001
  2. Wilbert (Jan) Heeringa, Chapter 9: Measuring Dutch dialect distances, of the doctor's thesis: Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance, series: Groningen Dissertations in Linguistics (GRODIL) 46, 2004, (esp.) p. 231, 215 & 230 (thesis, chapter 9 (PDF), alternative source)
  3. Council of Europe: Details of Treaty No.148: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, see Reservations and declarations
  4. Driessen, Geert (2012). Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011 (PDF) (in Dutch). ITS, Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 3.
  5. "Nederlands in het Caribisch gebied en Suriname - Taalunie". taalunie.org (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  6. ^ Statistiek, Centraal Bureau voor de (27 September 2022). "Caribisch Nederland; gesproken talen en voertaal, persoonskenmerken". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  7. "Nederlands in het Caribisch gebied en Suriname - Taalunie". taalunie.org (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  8. "Indonesia and South Africa - Taalunie". taalunie.org (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-05-31.

Bibliography

  • Driessen, Geert (2012): Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011. Nijmegen: ITS.
  • Elmentaler, Michael (1998 ): "Die Schreibsprachgeschichte des Niederrheins. Forschungsprojekt der Uni Duisburg", in: Sprache und Literatur am Niederrhein, (Schriftenreihe der Niederrhein-Akademie Bd. 3, 15–34). (in German)
  • Frins, Jean (2005): Syntaktische Besonderheiten im Aachener Dreiländereck. Eine Übersicht begleitet von einer Analyse aus politisch-gesellschaftlicher Sicht. Groningen: RUG Repro (in German)
  • Frins, Jean (2006): Karolingisch-Fränkisch. Die plattdůtsche Volkssprache im Aachener Dreiländereck. Groningen: RUG Repro (in German)
  • Frings, Theodor (1916): Mittelfränkisch-niederfränkische Studien. I. Das ripuarisch-niederfränkische Übergangsgebiet. II. Zur Geschichte des Niederfränkischen, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte und Sprache der deutschen Literatur 41 (1916), 193–271; 42, 177–248.
  • Hansche, Irmgard (2004): Atlas zur Geschichte des Niederrheins (= Schriftenreihe der Niederrhein-Akademie; 4). Bottrop/Essen: Peter Pomp. ISBN 3-89355-200-6
  • Ludwig, Uwe & Schilp, Thomas (eds.) (2004): Mittelalter an Rhein und Maas. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins. Dieter Geuenich zum 60. Geburtstag (= Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur Nordwesteuropas; 8). Münster/New York/München/Berlin: Waxmann. ISBN 3-8309-1380-X
  • Mihm, Arend (1992): Sprache und Geschichte am unteren Niederrhein, in: Jahrbuch des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung; 1992, 88–122.
  • Mihm, Arend (2000): Rheinmaasländische Sprachgeschichte von 1500 bis 1650, in: Jürgen Macha, Elmar Neuss, Robert Peters (eds.): Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprachgeschichte. Köln (= Niederdeutsche Studien 46), 139–164.
  • Tervooren, Helmut (2005): Van der Masen tot op den Rijn. Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der volkssprachlichen mittelalterlichen Literatur im Raum von Rhein und Maas. Geldern: Erich Schmidt ISBN 3-503-07958-0


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