Misplaced Pages

Wadi Murabba'at: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 23:20, 25 September 2020 editArminden (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users56,019 edits →Textual materialsTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit← Previous edit Latest revision as of 00:29, 22 November 2024 edit undoZero0000 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Administrators41,888 edits →top: not in Israel even by Israeli law. cut it out 
(21 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Archaeological site in present day Israel}}
] ]
'''Wadi Murabba'at''', also known as '''Nahal Darga''', is a ravine cut by a seasonal stream which runs from the ] east of ] past the ] down to the ] 18&nbsp;km south of ] in the ]. It was here in caves that Jewish fighters hid out during the ], leaving behind documents that include some letters signed by ].<ref></ref> '''Wadi Murabba'at''', also known as '''Nahal Darga''', is a ravine in the ], cut by a seasonal stream which runs from the ] east of ] past the ] down to the ] 18&nbsp;km south of ] in the West Bank. It was here in caves that Jewish fighters hid out during the ], leaving behind documents that include some letters signed by ].<ref>Ben-Yosef (1979), pp. 27–28</ref><ref></ref>


==Discovery and analysis of the caves== ==Discovery and analysis of the caves==
When the Ta'amireh ] tribe that discovered the first ], learned how valuable the texts they found were, they began to search for other sites that might contain more ]s. This led in the autumn of 1951 to the discovery of caves high up in the near vertical rock face of the Wadi Murabba'at. With the confirmation that the new texts had come from Murabba'at, ] and ] commenced official excavations there in January 1952.<ref>Allegro, ''The Dead Sea Scrolls'', pp. 35–36.</ref> Four caves were examined. When the ] ] tribe that discovered the first ] learned how valuable the texts they found were, they began to search for other sites that might contain more ]s. This led in the autumn of 1951 to the discovery of caves high up in the near vertical rock face of the Wadi Murabba'at. With the confirmation that the new texts had come from Murabba'at, ] and ] commenced official excavations there in January 1952.<ref>Allegro, ''The Dead Sea Scrolls'', pp. 35–36.</ref> Four caves were examined.


Remains were discovered that reflected habitation, usually temporary, during the ], the ] (including a ] ]), the ], and the Roman period. The Roman period is represented by a large amount of pottery and numerous weapons, including the blade of a '']'' (a Roman javelin). Numerous ] whorls were found, suggesting the presence of women working with yarn, and a coin hoard which included 149 ]n ]s, 51 imperial ]s and 33 ]as of ]. Most of the coins were minted in ]. The spindle whorls and the coins suggest a lengthy encampment by bar Kochba forces in the area, while the Roman objects point to the settlement being overrun by Roman forces.<ref>Stern 2000, p. 582.</ref> Remains were discovered that reflected habitation, usually temporary, during the ], the ] (including a ] ]), the ], and the Roman period. The Roman period is represented by a large amount of pottery and numerous weapons, including the blade of a '']'' (a Roman javelin). Numerous ] whorls were found, suggesting the presence of women working with yarn, and a coin hoard which included 149 ]n ]s, 51 imperial ]s and 33 ]as of ]. Most of the coins were minted in ]. The spindle whorls and the coins suggest a lengthy encampment by bar Kochba forces in the area, while the Roman objects point to the settlement being overrun by Roman forces.<ref>Stern 2000, p. 582.</ref>


The Murabba'at area was surveyed by ] in 1968 leading to the discovery of a fifth cave. In 1993 Hanan Eshel and Z. Greenhut discovered a cemetery which resembles that at ].<ref>Stern 2000, pp. 581–582.</ref> The Murabba'at area was surveyed by ] in 1968 leading to the discovery of a fifth cave. In 1993 Hanan Eshel and Z. Greenhut discovered a cemetery which resembles that at ].<ref>Stern 2000, pp. 581–582.</ref>


==Textual materials== ==Textual materials==
From the Roman period there is an inventory of about 120 documents which cover the decades leading up to the Bar Kochba revolt. Many of these are legal documents including deeds of land sale, marriage contracts, a debt acknowledgement and a writ of divorce. Fragments of biblical texts including ], ] and ] were found, as well as the remains of a Hebrew ] scroll.<ref>Stern 2000, pp. 583–585.</ref> From the Roman period there is an inventory of about 120 documents which cover the decades leading up to the Bar Kochba revolt. Many of these are legal documents including deeds of land sale, marriage contracts, a debt acknowledgement and a writ of divorce. Fragments of biblical texts including ], ] and ] were found, as well as the remains of a Hebrew ] scroll.<ref>Stern 2000, pp. 583–585.</ref>


===List of manuscripts from Cave 1=== ===List of manuscripts from Cave 1===
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|- |-
Line 61: Line 62:
|- |-
|MurMez |MurMez
|] |]
|Mur5 |Mur5
|Contains ] 13:1–16 |Contains ] 13:1–16
Line 71: Line 72:
|- |-
|Mur6 |Mur6
|Unidentified Literary Text |Unidentified literary text
|Mur6 |Mur6
| |
Line 90: Line 91:


===Letter from Simon Bar Kochba=== ===Letter from Simon Bar Kochba===
The following letter, translated by ], is addressed to Yeshua ben Galgola, who was the military commander of the fortress called ] which lay between Wadi Murabba'at and Jerusalem. The letter provides Bar Kochba's real name. The following letter, translated by ], is addressed to Joshua ben Galgola, who was the military commander of the ] fortress, which lay between Wadi Murabba'at and Jerusalem. The letter provides Bar Kochba's real name.


:Simon ben Kosebah to Joshua ben Galgola and the men of thy company; greetings. I call heaven to bear witness against me: ''if'' any one of the Galileans whom you have protected (or, delivered) cause trou, I shall put fetters on your feet as I did to Ben Aphlul – Simon ben Kosebah (...)<ref>Translation by John Allegro, ''The Dead Sea Scrolls'', p. 173.</ref> :Simon ben Kosebah to Joshua ben Galgola and the men of thy company; greetings. I call heaven to bear witness against me: ''if'' any one of the Galileans whom you have protected (or, delivered) cause trou, I shall put fetters on your feet as I did to Ben Aphlul – Simon ben Kosebah (...)<ref>Translation by John Allegro, ''The Dead Sea Scrolls'', p. 173.</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|refs= {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=":0">OakTree Software, Inc. ''Accordance 10: Bible Software''. 2008.</ref> <ref name=":0">OakTree Software, Inc. ''Accordance 10: Bible Software''. 2008.</ref>
}} }}
Line 102: Line 103:
* Allegro, John M., ''The Dead Sea Scrolls'' (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1956) * Allegro, John M., ''The Dead Sea Scrolls'' (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1956)
* Benoit, P., Milik, J.T., and de Vaux, R., ''Les Grottes de Murabbaat'' (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961)(for text and photographs) * Benoit, P., Milik, J.T., and de Vaux, R., ''Les Grottes de Murabbaat'' (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961)(for text and photographs)
* {{cite book |author-last=Ben-Yosef |author-first=Sefi |author-link=:he:ספי בן-יוסף |editor=Yitzhaki, Arieh|contribution=Man's History (Toldot ha-Adam)|title=Israel Guide - The Judean Desert and The Jordan Valley (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)|volume=5 |publisher=Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence |location=Jerusalem|year=1979|language=he|oclc=745203905 }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive|title = Leon Levy Collection|last1 = |first1 = |last2 = |first2 = |date = |website = Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library|publisher = ]|accessdate = 2015-01-22}} * {{cite web |url = http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive|title = Leon Levy Collection|website = Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library|publisher = ]|access-date = 2015-01-22}}
* Stern, Ephraim (Archaeology), Eshel, Hanan (Written material), "Murabba'at, Wadi", in ''Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls'', Schiffman, Lawrence H., VanderKam, James C. (eds.), Vol. 1 (Oxford, 2000), pp.&nbsp;581–586. * Stern, Ephraim (Archaeology), Eshel, Hanan (Written material), "Murabba'at, Wadi", in ''Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls'', Schiffman, Lawrence H., VanderKam, James C. (eds.), Vol. 1 (Oxford, 2000), pp.&nbsp;581–586.


{{Dead Sea Scrolls}} {{Dead Sea Scrolls}}
{{Bar Kokhba revolt}}
{{Authority control}}


{{coord|31|35|18|N|35|22|22|E|source:hewiki_type:landmark_region:IL|display=title}} {{Coord|31|35|18|N|35|22|22|E|source:hewiki_type:landmark_region:IL|display=title}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 00:29, 22 November 2024

Archaeological site in present day Israel
Nahal Darga

Wadi Murabba'at, also known as Nahal Darga, is a ravine in the West Bank, cut by a seasonal stream which runs from the Judean Desert east of Bethlehem past the Herodium down to the Dead Sea 18 km south of Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank. It was here in caves that Jewish fighters hid out during the Bar Kochba revolt, leaving behind documents that include some letters signed by Simon Bar Kochba.

Discovery and analysis of the caves

When the Ta'amireh Bedouin tribe that discovered the first cave at Qumran learned how valuable the texts they found were, they began to search for other sites that might contain more scrolls. This led in the autumn of 1951 to the discovery of caves high up in the near vertical rock face of the Wadi Murabba'at. With the confirmation that the new texts had come from Murabba'at, Gerald Lankester Harding and Roland de Vaux commenced official excavations there in January 1952. Four caves were examined.

Remains were discovered that reflected habitation, usually temporary, during the Chalcolithic period, the Bronze Age (including a Hyksos scarab), the Iron Age, and the Roman period. The Roman period is represented by a large amount of pottery and numerous weapons, including the blade of a pilum (a Roman javelin). Numerous spindle whorls were found, suggesting the presence of women working with yarn, and a coin hoard which included 149 Nabataean drachmas, 51 imperial dinars and 33 tetradrachmas of Trajan. Most of the coins were minted in Antioch. The spindle whorls and the coins suggest a lengthy encampment by bar Kochba forces in the area, while the Roman objects point to the settlement being overrun by Roman forces.

The Murabba'at area was surveyed by Pessah Bar-Adon in 1968 leading to the discovery of a fifth cave. In 1993 Hanan Eshel and Z. Greenhut discovered a cemetery which resembles that at Qumran.

Textual materials

From the Roman period there is an inventory of about 120 documents which cover the decades leading up to the Bar Kochba revolt. Many of these are legal documents including deeds of land sale, marriage contracts, a debt acknowledgement and a writ of divorce. Fragments of biblical texts including Genesis, Deuteronomy and Isaiah were found, as well as the remains of a Hebrew Minor Prophets scroll.

List of manuscripts from Cave 1

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Wadi Murabba'at Cave 1

Mur1 Pentateuch? Mur1 Genesis 32:4–5, 30, 33–33:1; 34:5–7, 30–35:1, 4–7

Exodus 6:5–11

Hebrew Roman Parts of Genesis, Exodus, and Numbers.
MurDeut Deuteronomy Mur2 Deuteronomy 10:1–3 Hebrew 20–84 CE

Roman

MurIsa Isaiah Mur3 Hebrew Roman
MurPhyl Phylacteries Mur4 Contains Exodus 13:1–16

Deuteronomy 11:13–21; 6:4–9

Hebrew Roman
MurMez Mezuzah Mur5 Contains Exodus 13:1–16

Deuteronomy 11:13–21; 6:4–9

Hebrew Roman
Mur6 Unidentified literary text Mur6
MurXII Minor Prophets Mur88 Hebrew Roman (Square script)

Letter from Simon Bar Kochba

The following letter, translated by John Allegro, is addressed to Joshua ben Galgola, who was the military commander of the Herodium fortress, which lay between Wadi Murabba'at and Jerusalem. The letter provides Bar Kochba's real name.

Simon ben Kosebah to Joshua ben Galgola and the men of thy company; greetings. I call heaven to bear witness against me: if any one of the Galileans whom you have protected (or, delivered) cause trou, I shall put fetters on your feet as I did to Ben Aphlul – Simon ben Kosebah (...)

References

  1. Ben-Yosef (1979), pp. 27–28
  2. Dare to delve into Nahal Darga
  3. Allegro, The Dead Sea Scrolls, pp. 35–36.
  4. Stern 2000, p. 582.
  5. Stern 2000, pp. 581–582.
  6. Stern 2000, pp. 583–585.
  7. MUR1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  8. ^ OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
  9. MUR2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  10. MUR3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  11. MUR4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  12. MUR5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  13. MUR6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  14. MUR88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  15. Translation by John Allegro, The Dead Sea Scrolls, p. 173.

Bibliography

  • Allegro, John M., The Dead Sea Scrolls (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1956)
  • Benoit, P., Milik, J.T., and de Vaux, R., Les Grottes de Murabbaat (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961)(for text and photographs)
  • Ben-Yosef, Sefi (1979). "Man's History (Toldot ha-Adam)". In Yitzhaki, Arieh (ed.). Israel Guide - The Judean Desert and The Jordan Valley (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 5. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. OCLC 745203905.
  • "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  • Stern, Ephraim (Archaeology), Eshel, Hanan (Written material), "Murabba'at, Wadi", in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Schiffman, Lawrence H., VanderKam, James C. (eds.), Vol. 1 (Oxford, 2000), pp. 581–586.
Dead Sea Scrolls
Texts
Places
Issues
Scholars
Other
Bar Kokhba revolt
Part of the Jewish–Roman wars
Origins Bar Kokhba coin displaying the Temple in Jerusalem
Military engagements
Belligerents and leaders
Bar Kokhba state
Roman Empire
Archaeology
Bar Kokhba hiding complexes
Bar Kokhba refuge caves
Small findings
Aftermath
Related topics

31°35′18″N 35°22′22″E / 31.58833°N 35.37278°E / 31.58833; 35.37278

Categories: