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| | birth_date = 1290–1292{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani'' pp.}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNtjIJmhoIkC&dq=absurd+hasan+gangu&pg=PA16 |title= History of the Deccan |page= 15 |publisher= Mittal Publications |date= 1990|quote=This man was called Hasan. He was born in the year 1290 (A.D.) and was in very humble circumstances.}}</ref> | | birth_date = 1290–1292{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|loc=''Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani'' pp.}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNtjIJmhoIkC&dq=absurd+hasan+gangu&pg=PA16 |title= History of the Deccan |page= 15 |publisher= Mittal Publications |date= 1990|quote=This man was called Hasan. He was born in the year 1290 (A.D.) and was in very humble circumstances.}}</ref> | ||
| | name = Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah | | name = Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah | ||
| | image = |
| image = | ||
| | title = Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah | | title = Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah | ||
| | succession = 1st ] | | succession = 1st ] | ||
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| '''Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah''' ({{ |
'''Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah''' ({{Langx|fa|علاء الدين بهمن شاه}}; died 10 February 1358)<ref>{{Citation|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-gangu|title=Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani|editor-first1=Mehrdad|editor-last1= Shokoohy}}</ref> whose original name was '''Zafar Khan''' or '''Hasan Gangu''', was the founder of the ]. | ||
| ==Ancestry and early life== | ==Ancestry and early life== | ||
| Hasan Gangu, the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate, was either of ] or ] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins|first=Everett|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1 |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=9781476608884 |pages=257 |language=English|quote=Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=181}}: "The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr|first=Gordon|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9781843449232|pages=160|language=English|quote=In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).}}</ref> ] states him to be a ] adventurer, who claimed descent from ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ḥasan Gāngu |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-gangu|website=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref> ] |
Hasan Gangu, the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate, was either of ] or ] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins|first=Everett|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1 |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=9781476608884 |pages=257 |language=English|quote=Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=181}}: "The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr|first=Gordon|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9781843449232|pages=160|language=English|quote=In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).}}</ref> ] states him to be a ] adventurer, who claimed descent from ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ḥasan Gāngu |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-gangu|website=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref> ], known for his studies on ], stated that he was an Afghan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English}}</ref> According to the medieval historian ], his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink|first=Andre|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |publisher=BRILL|year=1991|isbn=9781843449232|pages=144|language=English}}</ref> Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named ] (hence the name Hasan Gangu),<ref name="Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada 1972 p. 100">Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada. ''A Dictionary of Indian History'' (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972) p. 100</ref><ref name="https://books.google.se/books?id">{{cite book|last1=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1|url=https://archive.org/details/agewarsreligione00nola|url-access=limited|date=2006|pages=}}</ref> and says that he was from North India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03lDAAAAYAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+inhabitant+of+delhi+native+of+delhi |title= The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate |author= Chopdar |page=248 |date= 1951 }}</ref> Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend,{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=177}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=248}} but ], who was the court chronicler of Sultan ], as well as some other scholars also called him Hasan Gangu.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/248/mode/2up?q=gangu |title= History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |author= Chopdar |date= 20 April 1967 |publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=248 }}</ref> Ferishta mentions that later poets "who wanted to flatter him" called Hasan a descendant of Bahram Gur, but considers it implausible.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116007/page/n55/mode/2up?q=bahman|title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii |page=3 |author= Prashad, Baini|date= 1939 |publisher= Banasthali }}</ref> Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of ] origin,<ref name=b/> and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahmin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtoAayu603kC&dq=his+name+derives+from+corruption+of+word+Brahman&pg=RA1-PA253 |title=Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization |date=1994-07-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |language=en}}</ref> with Hasan being a Hindu Brahmin who became Muslim.<ref name=a>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi: A Study of Urdu|publisher= ] |date=2000|isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 }}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title= Hindu Muslim Communalism |page=140 |author= Jayanta Gaḍakarī |date=2000 }}</ref> However this view has been discredited by S. A. Q. Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en|pages=60–63}}</ref> | ||
| In 1339, Zafar Khan participated in an uprising against the ]. This turned out unsuccessful; he and his allies were exiled to ] the same year. He managed to return to the Deccan, and in 1346 he participated in a siege of ], at the time under Tughlaq control. The siege proved successful.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Eaton, Richard|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/921054505|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7|pages=40–42|oclc=921054505}}</ref> | In 1339, Zafar Khan participated in an uprising against the ].{{Specify|date=November 2024|reason=specify the leader(s) of uprising}}{{Where|date=November 2024}} This turned out unsuccessful; he and his allies were exiled to ] the same year. He managed to return to the Deccan, and in 1346 he participated in a siege of ], at the time under Tughlaq control. The siege proved successful.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Eaton, Richard|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/921054505|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7|pages=40–42|oclc=921054505}}</ref> | ||
| He was made a governor. Zafar Khan rose to power during the ] and in 1347 he was made commander of an army in ]. On 3 August 1347, the Afghan noble Nasir-ud-Din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh, whom the rebel '']'' of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345, abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting in the establishment of the Bahmani Sultanate with its headquarters at Hasanabad (]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed Farooqui |first=Salma |title=Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |publisher=Pearson |year=2011 |isbn=9789332500983 |pages=150}}</ref><ref> | He was made a governor. Zafar Khan rose to power during the ] and in 1347 he was made commander of an army in ]. On 3 August 1347, the Afghan noble Nasir-ud-Din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh, whom the rebel '']'' of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345, abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting in the establishment of the Bahmani Sultanate with its headquarters at Hasanabad (]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed Farooqui |first=Salma |title=Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |publisher=Pearson |year=2011 |isbn=9789332500983 |pages=150}}</ref><ref> | ||
| Mahajan, V.D. (1991). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.279–80 | Mahajan, V.D. (1991). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.279–80 | ||
| </ref><ref name="Bhattacharya. p. 928">Bhattacharya. ''Indian History''. p. 928</ref> He was in charge of a three city '']'', with his main rule at ].<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Indian History Congress |title=Proceedings, Indian History Congress |edition=Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjFWAAAAYAAJ&q=history+of+hukkeri |access-date=4 June 2019 |language=en |date=2007 |page=1443}}</ref> |
</ref><ref name="Bhattacharya. p. 928">Bhattacharya. ''Indian History''. p. 928</ref> He was in charge of a three city '']'', with his main rule at ].<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Indian History Congress |title=Proceedings, Indian History Congress |edition=Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjFWAAAAYAAJ&q=history+of+hukkeri |access-date=4 June 2019 |language=en |date=2007 |page=1443}}</ref> | ||
| == Military campaigns== | == Military campaigns== | ||
| Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah aspired to expand his dominion as far as ], Ma'abar, or the ], and subsequently aimed to conquer territories such as ], ], ], and Delhi itself. However, his advisor, Malik Saifuddin Ghori, cautioned against this endeavor, citing the dense jungles and challenging terrain in the southern regions as unsuitable for a successful campaign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |pages= |
Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah aspired to expand his dominion as far as ], Ma'abar, or the ], and subsequently aimed to conquer territories such as ], ], ], and Delhi itself. However, his advisor, Malik Saifuddin Ghori, cautioned against this endeavor, citing the dense jungles and challenging terrain in the southern regions as unsuitable for a successful campaign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |pages=51–52 |language=en}}</ref> Instead, Malik advised the king to first pacify the ] before advancing towards Malwa and Gujarat. Following this counsel, the king directed his military commanders to subdue various areas in the Deccan still held by those opposing his rule. Husain Gurshasp was tasked with ] and ] (Nanded), Raziud-din Qutb ul-Mulk with the southwest, Malik Maqbul (now Qir Khan) with Kalyani, Sikandar Khan with ], and Ainu’d-din Kwaja-i Jahan led the army from ] to ].<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| === Capture of Kodgir === | === Capture of Kodgir === | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
| === Subjugation of Southwest region === | === Subjugation of Southwest region === | ||
| Qutb ul-Mulk, dispatched to the southwest, successfully seized control of Maram, Mahendri, and ], renaming the latter as Sayedabad. He issued a decree granting pardon to all who pledged allegiance. Furthermore, Qutb returned all confiscated possessions to their rightful owners and ensured the safety of local Hindu landlords. He strictly prohibited any plunder by his troops. Despite commanding a relatively small army, Qutb ul-Mulk's efficient leadership brought the entire region under the protection of ].{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=53}} | Qutb ul-Mulk, dispatched to the southwest, successfully seized control of Maram, Mahendri, and ], renaming the latter as Sayedabad. He issued a decree granting pardon to all who pledged allegiance. Furthermore, Qutb returned all confiscated possessions to their rightful owners and ensured the safety of local Hindu landlords. He strictly prohibited any plunder by his troops. Despite commanding a relatively small army, Qutb ul-Mulk's efficient leadership brought the entire region under the protection of ].{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=53}} | ||
| === Siege of Kalyan fort === | === Siege of Kalyan fort === | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
| ==Reign== | ==Reign== | ||
| ] | |||
| Upon establishing an independent kingdom, Zafar Khan took the title of ''Abu'l-Muzaffar Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah''.<ref name="Bhattacharya. p. 928"/>{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1972|p=100}} He gave Ismail Mukh a ''jagir'' near ] and later conferred to him the highest title of his kingdom, '']''. But Narayana, a local Hindu chieftain still succeeded in turning Ismail against Bahman Shah for a short period before he poisoned Ismail.{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|pp=249–250}} | Upon establishing an independent kingdom, Zafar Khan took the title of ''Abu'l-Muzaffar Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah''.<ref name="Bhattacharya. p. 928"/>{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1972|p=100}} He gave Ismail Mukh a ''jagir'' near ] and later conferred to him the highest title of his kingdom, '']''. But Narayana, a local Hindu chieftain still succeeded in turning Ismail against Bahman Shah for a short period before he poisoned Ismail.{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|pp=249–250}} | ||
| Line 49: | Line 50: | ||
| He was succeeded by his son ] after his death in 1358.<ref name="Bhattacharya. p. 929"/> | He was succeeded by his son ] after his death in 1358.<ref name="Bhattacharya. p. 929"/> | ||
| == Architecture == | |||
| {{Short description|Moon tower}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} | |||
| {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}} | |||
| {{Infobox historic site | |||
| | name = Chand Minar | |||
| | image = Daultabad Fort.jpg | |||
| | caption = The Tower of the Moon as viewed from Daulatabad-Deogiri fort | |||
| | type = ] | |||
| | locmapin = | |||
| | coordinates = {{Coord|19.944416|75.217429|display=title,inline}} | |||
| | location = ], ] | |||
| | area = | |||
| | built = 1445 C.E | |||
| | built_for = ] | |||
| | architect = | |||
| | architecture = Persian | |||
| | governing_body = | |||
| | owner = | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Chand Minar''' or the '''Tower of the Moon''' is a medieval tower in ], India. The tower is located in the state of ] near the Daulatabad-Deogiri fort complex. It was erected in 1445 C.E by King ] to commemorate his capture of the fort. Chand Minar bears resemblance to the ] of Delhi and was inspired from it. | |||
| The Chand Minar is considered to be among the finest specimens of ] in Southern India. It is 63 metres high and is divided into 4 storeys and 24 chambers. A small mosque or praying hall sits at the base of the tower, which is covered with Persian blue tiles. The Tower also displays some indigenous Indian architectural features such as the brackets supporting its balconies<ref>{{cite book|last1=DESAI|first1=ZIYAUD-DIN A.|title=Indo-Islamic architecture|date=2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123024066|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yIPDgAAQBAJ|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> The tower's height makes it visible from every corner of the Daulatabad Fort.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Desai|first1=Salil|title=Fort of fatal surprises & deadly innovations|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/travel/fort-of-fatal-surprises-deadly-innovations/146319.html|access-date=31 March 2018|newspaper=The Tribune|date=17 October 2015}}</ref> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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| }} | }} | ||
| {{s-end}} | {{s-end}} | ||
| {{Bahmani Sultanate}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Ala-Ud-Din Bahman Shah}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Ala-Ud-Din Bahman Shah}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:18, 26 November 2024
Founder of the Bahmani Sultanate
| Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah | |||||
| 1st Bahmani Sultan | |||||
| Monarch | 3 August 1347 – 10 February 1358 | ||||
| Successor | Mohammed Shah I | ||||
| Born | Zafar Khan 1290–1292 | ||||
| Died | 10 February 1358(1358-02-10) (aged 65–66) | ||||
| Burial | Haft Gumbaz | ||||
| Issue | Sultan Muhammed Shah I, Prince Mahmud, Prince Dawood | ||||
| |||||
Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah (Persian: علاء الدين بهمن شاه; died 10 February 1358) whose original name was Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu, was the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate.
Ancestry and early life
Hasan Gangu, the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate, was either of Afghan or Turk origin. Encyclopedia Iranica states him to be a Khorasani adventurer, who claimed descent from Bahram Gur. Andre Wink, known for his studies on India, stated that he was an Afghan. According to the medieval historian Ferishta, his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth. Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu (hence the name Hasan Gangu), and says that he was from North India. Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Ziauddin Barani, who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, as well as some other scholars also called him Hasan Gangu. Ferishta mentions that later poets "who wanted to flatter him" called Hasan a descendant of Bahram Gur, but considers it implausible. Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahmin origin, and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahmin, with Hasan being a Hindu Brahmin who became Muslim. However this view has been discredited by S. A. Q. Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable.
In 1339, Zafar Khan participated in an uprising against the Tughlaqs. This turned out unsuccessful; he and his allies were exiled to Afghanistan the same year. He managed to return to the Deccan, and in 1346 he participated in a siege of Gulbarga, at the time under Tughlaq control. The siege proved successful.
He was made a governor. Zafar Khan rose to power during the Rebellion of Ismail Mukh and in 1347 he was made commander of an army in Daulatabad. On 3 August 1347, the Afghan noble Nasir-ud-Din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh, whom the rebel amirs of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345, abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting in the establishment of the Bahmani Sultanate with its headquarters at Hasanabad (Gulbarga). He was in charge of a three city jagir, with his main rule at Miraj.
Military campaigns
Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah aspired to expand his dominion as far as Rameshwaram, Ma'abar, or the Coromandel Coast, and subsequently aimed to conquer territories such as Malwa, Gujarat, Gwalior, and Delhi itself. However, his advisor, Malik Saifuddin Ghori, cautioned against this endeavor, citing the dense jungles and challenging terrain in the southern regions as unsuitable for a successful campaign. Instead, Malik advised the king to first pacify the Deccan plateau before advancing towards Malwa and Gujarat. Following this counsel, the king directed his military commanders to subdue various areas in the Deccan still held by those opposing his rule. Husain Gurshasp was tasked with Kotgir and Qandhar (Nanded), Raziud-din Qutb ul-Mulk with the southwest, Malik Maqbul (now Qir Khan) with Kalyani, Sikandar Khan with Telangana, and Ainu’d-din Kwaja-i Jahan led the army from Miraj to Gulbarga.
Capture of Kodgir
The initial campaign was led by Gurshasp, who learned en route to Kodgir that the Tughlaq garrison stationed at Qandhar had switched allegiance to a new ruler, prompting the Hindu general Akraj to flee into the forests. Gurshasp then proceeded towards Qandhar, where he personally accepted the garrison's allegiance on behalf of Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah. Subsequently, he advanced towards Kodgir, compelling its garrison to surrender and securing the city without resorting to plunder, opting instead to safeguard both the city and its populace.
Subjugation of Southwest region
Qutb ul-Mulk, dispatched to the southwest, successfully seized control of Maram, Mahendri, and Akkalkot, renaming the latter as Sayedabad. He issued a decree granting pardon to all who pledged allegiance. Furthermore, Qutb returned all confiscated possessions to their rightful owners and ensured the safety of local Hindu landlords. He strictly prohibited any plunder by his troops. Despite commanding a relatively small army, Qutb ul-Mulk's efficient leadership brought the entire region under the protection of Daulatabad.
Siege of Kalyan fort
Qir Khan embarked on the mission to seize the formidable Kalyan fort, later known as the Basavakalyan fort, but encountered resistance as it was unprepared to yield. Following a grueling five-month siege, the Tughlaq garrison finally capitulated. Qir Khan accepted their surrender, ensuring the safety of all lives and properties within the fort.
Reign
Upon establishing an independent kingdom, Zafar Khan took the title of Abu'l-Muzaffar Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah. He gave Ismail Mukh a jagir near Jamkhandi and later conferred to him the highest title of his kingdom, Amir-ul-Umara. But Narayana, a local Hindu chieftain still succeeded in turning Ismail against Bahman Shah for a short period before he poisoned Ismail.
Bahman Shah led his first campaign against Warangal in 1350 and forced its ruler Kapaya Nayaka to cede to him the fortress of Kaulas. His kingdom was divided into four provinces and he appointed a governor for each province. During his reign Hasan fought many wars with Vijayanagara. By the time of his death the kingdom stretched from north to south from the Wainganga River to Krishna and east to west from Bhongir to Daulatabad.
He was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I after his death in 1358.
References
- Sherwani 1946, Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani pp.69.
- History of the Deccan. Mittal Publications. 1990. p. 15.
This man was called Hasan. He was born in the year 1290 (A.D.) and was in very humble circumstances.
- Briggs 1909, Death of Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani pp. 297.
- Shokoohy, Mehrdad (ed.), "Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani", Encyclopædia Iranica
- Jenkins, Everett (2015). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1. McFarland. p. 257. ISBN 9781476608884.
Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.
- Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 181: "The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat."
- Kerr, Gordon (2017). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Oldcastle Books Ltd. p. 160. ISBN 9781843449232.
In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).
- "Ḥasan Gāngu". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9781108417747.
- Wink, Andre (1991). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 144. ISBN 9781843449232.
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| Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title Dynasty founded |
Bahmani Sultan 3 August 1347 – 10 February 1358 |
Succeeded byMohammed Shah I |
| Bahmani Sultanate | |
|---|---|
| Sultans | |
| Architecture | |
| Tarafdars | |