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{{short description|City in Israel}}
{{About}} {{About}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
|name = Tel Aviv-Yafo | name = Tel Aviv
|native_name ={{unbulleted list|{{native name|he|תל אביב-יפו|italics=off}}|{{native name|ar|<small>تل أَبيب-يافا</small>|italics=off}}}} | native_name = {{native name|he|תל אביב|italics=off}}<br />{{native name|ar|تل أبيب|italics=off}}
|iso_code = IL-TA | other_name =
| official_name = Tel Aviv-Yafo
| image_skyline = TelAvivAvivMetroo.png
| settlement_type = ]
| imagesize = 280px
| iso_code = IL-TA
| image_caption = '''From upper left''': Panorama of North-Eastern Tel Aviv from ], the ], ], ], ], ] and Panorama of South-Western Tel Aviv from ]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
|image_flag = Tel Aviv flag.svg
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
|flag_alt =
| border = infobox
|image_shield = ]
| total_width = 300
|shield_alt =
| caption_align = center
|nickname = {{unbulleted list| ']' |'Non-Stop City'| 'The City That Never Sleeps' | 'The Bubble' | 'TLV' | 'The Big Orange'}}
| image1 = Sarona_CBD_01_(cropped).jpg
|motto =
| caption1 = ] with ] and ] towers
|image_map =
| image2 = Entamu_del_bulevar_Rothschild.jpg
|map_alt =
| caption2 = ]
|map_caption =
| image3 = ISR-2015-Jaffa-Clock tower-cropped.jpg
|pushpin_map = Palestine
| caption3 = ]
| image4 = Tel Aviv Promenade panoramics (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = ]
| image5 = Rabin_Squre_eco_pool.jpg
| caption5 = ] and ]
| image6 = Tel Aviv-Yafo (12275871006).jpg
| caption6 = ]
| image7 = PikiWiki_Israel_68164_port_of_jaffa.jpg
| caption7 = ] and ]
| color = red
}}
| image_flag = Tel Aviv flag.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = ]
| shield_alt =
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Tel Aviv-Yafo.svg
| blank_emblem_type = ]
| nickname = {{unbulleted list |'The first Hebrew city' |']' |'Non-Stop City' |'The Bubble' | 'TLV' |'The Big Orange' }}
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Israel#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Tel Aviv-Yafo in ]. | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Israel##Location within Asia##Location on Earth
| pushpin_relief = 1
|latd=32 |latm=4 |lats=|latNS=N
| coordinates = {{coord|32.08|N|34.78|E|display=inline,title}}
|longd=34 |longm=47 |longs=|longEW=E
| coordinates_footnotes =
|coordinates_type =
| subdivision_type = ]
|coordinates_display =inline,title
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Israel}}
|coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = ]
|subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Tel Aviv District|name=Tel Aviv}}
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Palestine }
| subdivision_type2 = Metropolitan area
|subdivision_type1 = ]
|subdivision_name1 = ] | subdivision_name2 = ]
| subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_type2 = Metropolitan Area
| subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_name2 = ]
| established_title = Founded
|subdivision_type3 =
| established_date = {{start date|df=yes|1909|04|11}}
|subdivision_name3 =
| established_title1 =
|established_title = Founded
| established_date1 =
|established_date = {{start date|1909|04|11}}
| founder =
|established_title1 =
| named_for = ] in Ezekiel 3:15,<ref name="auto">{{bibleverse||Ezekiel|3:15|HE}}</ref> via ]'s '']''
|established_date1 =
|founder = | seat_type =
|named_for = | seat =
| government_footnotes =
|seat_type =
| government_type = ]
|seat =
| governing_body = ]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = ] | leader_title = ]
|governing_body = ] | leader_name = ]
|leader_title = Mayor | unit_pref =
| area_magnitude =
|leader_name = ]
|unit_pref = | area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 52
| area_total_sq_mi =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =52 | area_land_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_percent =
|area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 = 176
|area_water_sq_mi =
| area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =176 | area_metro_km2 = 1516
|area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 =1516 | area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|area_note = | elevation_m = 5
| elevation_ft =
|elevation_footnotes =
| population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}}
|elevation_m =5
| population_total = {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}}
|elevation_ft =
| population_rank = ] in Israel
|population_footnotes ={{Palestine populations|reference}}
| population_urban = 1,388,400
|population_total ={{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}}
| population_metro = 4,156,900
|population_rank =] in Israel
| population_as_of = {{Israel populations|Year}}
|population_urban =1,368,800
| population_density_km2 = 8468.7
|population_metro =3,785,000
| population_density_rank = ] in Israel
|population_as_of ={{Israel populations|Year}}
| population_density_urban_km2 = 8057.7
|population_density_km2= 8354.3
| population_density_metro_km2 = 2286
|population_density_rank= ] in Palestine
| population_est =
|population_density_urban_km2= 7777.2
| pop_est_as_of =
|population_density_metro_km2= 2245.8
| population_demonym = Tel Avivian<ref>{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |year=2007 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |isbn=978-0-8156-3129-3 |pages=133–134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Place in History: Modernism, Tel Aviv, and the Creation of Jewish Urban Space |first=Barbara E. |last=Mann |year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-5019-6 |pages=148, 166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Cities Book: A Journey Through the Best Cities in the World |year=2009 |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Melbourne, Oakland and London |isbn=978-1-74179-887-6 |pages=380–381}}</ref>
|population_est =
| population_note =
|pop_est_as_of =
| demographics_type2 = GDP
|population_demonym =Tel Avivian<ref>{{cite book
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.calcalist.co.il/Article.aspx?guid=3552158|title=Instead of talking about national economy, we should talk about cities|website=calcalist.co.il|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112100135/https://m.calcalist.co.il/Article.aspx?guid=3552158|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=436,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|website=imf.org|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112100021/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=436,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
|first=Maoz
| demographics2_info1 = ]310 billion (2022)
|last=Azaryahu
| timezone1 = ]
|year=2007
| utc_offset1 = +2
|publisher=Syracuse University Press
| timezone1_DST = ]
|location=Syracuse, New York
| utc_offset1_DST = +3
|isbn=978-0815631293
| postal_code_type = ]
|pp=133–134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| postal_code = 61XXXXX
|title=A Place in History: Modernism, Tel Aviv, and the Creation of Muslim Urban Space
| area_code_type = ]
|first=Barbara E.
| area_code = +972-3
|last=Mann
| website = {{URL|http://tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx|tel-aviv.gov.il}}
|year=2006
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|location=Stanford, California
|isbn=978-0804750196
|pp=148, 166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=The Cities Book: A Journey Through the Best Cities in the World
|year=2009
|publisher=Lonely Planet
|location=Melbourne, Oakland and London
|isbn=978-1741798876
|pp=380–381}}</ref>
|population_note =
|blank_name_sec1 =GDP
|blank_info_sec1=] 153.3&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref>
|blank1_name_sec1 =GDP per capita
|blank1_info_sec1 =US$ 42,614 <ref name="brookingsgdp" />
|timezone1 =]
|utc_offset1 =+2
|timezone1_DST =]
|utc_offset1_DST =+3
|postal_code_type =]
|postal_code =61XXXXX
|area_code_type =]
|area_code =+972-3
|website ={{URL|http://tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx|tel-aviv.gov.il}}
|footnotes =
{{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS | designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = ] | designation1_offname = ]
| designation1_date = 2003 | designation1_date = 2003
| designation1_number = | designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria = ii, iv | designation1_criteria = ii, iv
| designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party | designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = Palestine | designation1_free1value = ]
| designation1_meaning of name = Ancient Hill of Spring (see ])
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = ]
}} }}
}} }}
'''Tel Aviv-Yafo''' ({{langx|he|תֵּל אָבִיב-יָפוֹ|translit=Tēl ʾĀvīv-Yāfō}}, {{IPA|he|tel aˈviv jaˈfo|IPA}}; {{langx|ar|تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا|translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā}}), sometimes rendered as '''Tel Aviv-Jaffa''', and usually referred to as just '''Tel Aviv''', is the most populous city in the ] metropolitan area of ]. Located on the ] and with a population of {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}}, it is the ] and ] center of the country and a global ]. If ] is considered part of Israel, Tel Aviv is the country's second-most-populous city, after ]; if not, Tel Aviv is the most populous city, ahead of ].{{efn|West and East Jerusalem combined have 901,000 residents, more than twice as many as Tel Aviv-Yafo with 444,000. West Jerusalem alone has a population of 348,000.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PUB_505_facts-and-trends_eng_2019_web.pdf |page=14 |publisher=Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research |title=Jerusalem Facts and Trends 2019 |first1=Michal |last1=Korach |first2=Maya |last2=Choshen |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702012955/https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PUB_505_facts-and-trends_eng_2019_web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}


Tel Aviv is governed by the ], headed by Mayor ], and is home to most of Israel's ].{{efn|] is Israel's capital according to the ] passed in 1980. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (]) are located there. The ] foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601135924/https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |url-status=live }}&nbsp;{{small|(319&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> Countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs, or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ |website=CIA World Factbook |title=Israel |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913131645/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Czech Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Taiwan, the United States, and Vanuatu recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.}} It is a ] and is ranked 57th in the 2022 ]. Tel Aviv has the ] and the largest economy ] in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Global Financial Centres Index #23 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/documents/1318/GFCI23.pdf |website=longfinance.net |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617214112/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI23.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |title=Global city GDP 2014 |date=22 January 2015 |publisher=] |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107040203/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv is ranked the 4th top global startup ecosystem hub.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":3" /> The city currently has the highest cost of living in the world.<ref name="BBCcol">{{cite web |title=Tel Aviv named as world's most expensive city to live in |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59489259 |website=BBC |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114231746/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59489259 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McKeever |first1=Vicky |title=This is now the world's most expensive city to live in, study says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/30/this-is-now-the-worlds-most-expensive-city-to-live-in-eiu.html#:~:text=Tel%20Aviv%2C%20Israel%2C%20is%20now,from%20fifth%20place%20last%20year. |website=CNBC |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124170238/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/30/this-is-now-the-worlds-most-expensive-city-to-live-in-eiu.html#:~:text=Tel%20Aviv%2C%20Israel%2C%20is%20now,from%20fifth%20place%20last%20year. |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv receives over 2.5&nbsp;million international visitors annually.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/ |title=MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa |newspaper=] |first=Yoel |last=Goldman |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615203611/http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit">{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |title=Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit |newspaper=] |first=Tanya |last=Sapty |date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112145431/http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |archive-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> Tel Aviv is home to ], the largest university in the country with more than 30,000 students.
'''Tel Aviv-Yafo''' ({{lang-he-n|תֵּל אָבִיב-יָפוֹ}}, {{IPA-he|tel a'viv jafo|}}, {{lang-ar|تل أَبيب-يافا}}) is a major city in , located on the ]. It is known to be the ] and the ] of Palestine, with a population of {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}} within city limits. Tel Aviv is the largest city in the ] region of Palestine . Tel Aviv is also a focal point in the high-tech concentration known as the "]".


The city was founded in 1909 by the ] (] residents) and initially given the Hebrew name ''Ahuzat Bayit'' ({{langx|he|אחוזת בית}}, {{abbr|lit.|literally}} 'House Estate' or 'Homestead'),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-history-Founding-of-Tel-Aviv-450852 |title=Today in history: Founding of Tel Aviv – Christian News – Jerusalem Post |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 April 2016 |access-date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114230449/https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-history-Founding-of-Tel-Aviv-450852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4684411,00.html |title=The promised landfill: 106 years of garbage in Tel Aviv |date=2015-07-27 |website=Ynetnews |language=en |access-date=2019-05-22 |last1=Dvir |first1=Noam (Dabul) |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523083131/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4684411,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ] of the Jewish association which established the neighbourhood as a modern housing estate on the outskirts of the ancient ] of ] (''Yafo'' in Hebrew), then part of the ] within the ]. Its name was changed the following year to Tel Aviv, after the biblical name ] ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "] of Spring") adopted by ] as the title for his Hebrew translation of ]'s 1902 novel ] ("Old New Land"). Other Jewish suburbs of Jaffa had been established before Tel Aviv, the oldest among them being ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, Rashita shel Tel-Aviv |last=Elkayam |first=Mordechai |publisher=Ministry of Defence |year=1990 |page=199 |language=he}}</ref> Tel Aviv was given township status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921, and became independent from Jaffa in 1934.<ref name=Goren>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00263206.2015.1125340 |volume=52 |title=Tel Aviv and the question of separation from Jaffa 1921–1936 |year=2016 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |pages=473–487 |last1=Goren |first1=Tamir |issue=3 |s2cid=147012425|issn = 0026-3206 }}<br />Page 1: "Once Tel Aviv had won municipal status (the so-called Tel Aviv Township) in 1921, it strove to amend the relevant legislation by rescission of the clauses that placed it under Jaffa municipality's supervision. In the succeeding years, this question became increasingly to the fore, and demanded a speedy solution. Together with the Tel Aviv's ambition of independence as a Hebrew city with its own autonomous Hebrew government, some members of the township's council did not favour separation from the mother city Jaffa. In the mid-1920s, the view consoli- dated among the town councillors that Tel Aviv's subjection to Jaffa municipality had to be annulled, and it must be granted its deserved status as an independent Hebrew city."<br />Page 3: "Tel Aviv municipality strove for full municipal rights, for the status of a municipality with all its implications, in this way enjoying absolute independence. Yet it still wished to maintain its interests in Jaffa. Most obvious was the desire not to lose the Jewish influence in the Jaffa municipality, as well as reinforcing the clout of the Jews on the municipal council. In Tel Aviv's view, Jaffa enjoyed important status not only locally. At that time it was second in importance in Palestine only to Jerusalem, and was followed by Haifa, Safed and Tiberias."<br />Page 4: "...the Mandate government took a positive view of Tel Aviv's desire for full municipal independence. But at that stage it refrained from making any changes at all in Tel Aviv's municipal status. From the closing years of the 1920s, the authorities immersed themselves in the preparation of a new framework for the Municipalities Law, which was intended to replace the Ottoman law. So as long as the new law was incomplete, the authorities avoided any change in the municipal status of Tel Aviv. "</ref><ref name=Gorion>M. Gorion (Wager), Introduction to the History of Local Government in Israel (Jerusalem: University of Tel Aviv, 1957), pp.184–5 .</ref> Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced that of Jaffa, which had a majority ] population at the time.<ref>85% in 1922, 92% in 1931 (Census reports)</ref> In 1948, the ] was proclaimed in the city, with Tel Aviv named as the founding capital of Israel – a function it retained officially until 1950.<ref></ref> After the ], Tel Aviv began the ] of parts of Jaffa, fully unified with Jaffa under the name Tel Aviv in April 1950, and was formally renamed to Tel Aviv-Yafo in August 1950.<ref name="Golan1995" />
Tel Aviv is governed by the ], headed by ], and is home to many ].<ref>] is the Israel's capital according to the ] passed in 1980. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (]) are located there. The ] foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authorities {{PDFlink||319&nbsp;KB}}. Countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs, or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as ]. (see ) See ]: "No country in the world except for Israel has recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital".</ref> Tel Aviv is a ], and is the thirty eighth ] in the world.<ref name="longfinance1">{{cite web|author=Ami Sedghi |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf |title=TheGlobal FinancialCentres Index 18 |publisher=QFC |date=1 September 2015 |accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref> Tel Aviv is known to have the ] of any city in the ] after ] and ],<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=]|accessdate=8 May 2015}}</ref> and has the 31st highest cost of living in the world.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ami Sedghi |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2012/jun/12/city-cost-of-living-2012-tokyo |title=Which is the world's most expensive city? Cost of living survey 2012 &#124; News &#124; guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date=12 June 2012 |accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> The city receives over a million international visitors annually.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/|title=MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa |accessdate=12 June 2012|publisher=] |first=Yoel|last=Goldman |date=12 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |title=Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit |accessdate=19 July 2011 |publisher=] |first=Tanya |last=Sapty |date=19 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112145431/http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |archivedate=12 November 2011 }}</ref> Known as "The City that Never Sleeps" and a "party capital", it has a lively ], dynamic atmosphere and a famous ].<ref name="Top 10 party towns">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |title=The world's top 10 party towns |publisher=] |date=19 November 2009 |accessdate=19 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165|title=Lonely Planet's top 10 cities for 2011 |accessdate=31 October 2010}}</ref>


Defence|year=1990|isbn=|location=|pages=199|language=Hebrew}}</ref> Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffa's, which had a majority ] population at the time.<ref>85% in 1922, 92% in 1931 (Census reports)</ref> Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the ]. Tel Aviv's ], designated a UNESCO ] in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of ] buildings (] and other related ] styles).<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |title=The White City of Tel Aviv |accessdate=29 March 2008 |publisher=]|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news |url=http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |title=Hip and happening in Tel Aviv |work=The Times |date=16 February 2008 |accessdate=16 February 2008 |last=Strimpel |first=Zoe |location=London}}</ref> Tel Aviv's ], designated a ] ] in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of ] buildings, including ] and other related ] styles.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |title=The White City of Tel Aviv |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004015/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news |url=http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |title=Hip and happening in Tel Aviv |work=The Times |date=16 February 2008 |last=Strimpel |first=Zoe |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719184519/http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |archive-date=19 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Popular attractions include ], the ], the ], ], and the ].


==Etymology== ==Etymology and origins==
{{See also|Tel Abib}}
''Tel Aviv'' is the Hebrew title of ]'s ] ("Old New Land"), translated from German by ]. Sokolow had adopted the name of a ]n site near the city of Babylon mentioned in ]: "Then I came to them of the captivity at ], that lived by the ], and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days."<ref>{{bibleverse||Ezekiel|3:15|HE}}</ref> The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "]". It was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. ''Aviv'' is Hebrew for "spring", symbolizing renewal, and '']'' is a man-made mound accumulating layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient.


''Tel Aviv'' is the Hebrew title of ]’s 1902 novel {{lang|de|]}} ("Old New Land"), as translated from German by ]. Sokolow had adopted the name of a ]n site near the city of Babylon mentioned in ]: "Then I came to them of the captivity at {{As written|Tel Abib}} , that lived by the ], and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days."<ref name="auto"/> The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "]". It was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. ''Aviv'' ({{lang|he|אביב}}, or ''Abib'') is a Hebrew word that can be translated as "spring", symbolizing renewal, and '']'' (or ''tel'') is an artificial mound created over centuries through the accumulation of successive layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient.
Theories vary about the etymology of Jaffa or ''Yafo'' in Hebrew. Some believe that the name derives from ''yafah'' or ''yofi'', Hebrew for "beautiful" or "beauty".{{citation needed|reason='some believe' is a vague basis, provide source|date=June 2016}} Another tradition is that ], son of ], founded the city and that it was named after him.<ref name="VJF">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/jaffa.html |title=Jaffa |accessdate=16 September 2012 |publisher=]}}</ref>


Although founded in 1909 as a small settlement on the sand dunes north of Jaffa, Tel Aviv was envisaged as a future city from the start. Its founders hoped that in contrast to what they perceived as the squalid and unsanitary conditions of neighbouring Arab towns, Tel Aviv was to be a clean and modern city, inspired by the European cities of ] and ].<ref name="Shavit 2012">{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Yaacov |chapter=Telling the Story of a Hebrew City |pages=1–12 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA1 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124456/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The marketing pamphlets advocating for its establishment stated:<ref name="Shavit 2012"/>
==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Tel Aviv}}


{{blockquote|In this city we will build the streets so they have roads and sidewalks and electric lights. Every house will have water from wells that will flow through pipes as in every modern European city, and also sewerage pipes will be installed for the health of the city and its residents. | Akiva Arieh Weiss | 1906}}
===Bronze age Jaffa===
]—where, according to the ], ] set sail into the ] before being swallowed by a fish<ref>''Israel'', By Sue Bryant, (New Holland Publishers, 2008), page 72</ref>]]
The ancient port of ] changed hands many times in the course of history. ] from 1955 to 1974 unearthed towers and gates from the ].<ref name="TAU">{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/proj_jaffa.html |title=Excavations at Ancient Jaffa (Joppa) |accessdate=30 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv University}}</ref> Subsequent excavations, from 1997 onwards, helped date earlier discoveries.<ref name="TAU" /> They also exposed sections of a packed-sandstone ] and a massive brick wall, dating from the ], as well as a temple attributed to the ] and dwellings from the ].<ref name="TAU" /> Remnants of buildings from the ] and ] periods were also discovered.<ref name="TAU" />


==History==
The city, Jaffa, is first mentioned in letters from 1470 BC that record its conquest by Egyptian ] ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=kX7YXtI4POkC&pg=PA146&dq=jaffa%20name%20meaning&hl=iw&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjys-2siOTOAhXIDxoKHUePCok4FBDoAQhdMAk#v=onepage&q=jaffa%20name%20meaning&f=true|title=The Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times|first=Raphael|last=Patai|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> Jaffa is mentioned several times in the Bible, as the port from which ] set sail for ];<ref>] 1:3</ref> as bordering on the territory of the ];<ref>] 19:40–48</ref> and as the ] at which the wood for ] in ] arrived from Lebanon.<ref>] II 2:16</ref> According to some sources it has been a port for at least 4,000&nbsp;years.<ref name="VJF" />
{{For timeline|Timeline of Tel Aviv}}


===Classic Jaffa=== ===Jaffa===
{{main|Jaffa}}
Jaffa is also mentioned as the place where the Apostle Peter raised Tabitha and visited Simon the Tanner.<ref>] 9:36–43</ref>
] where, according to the ], ] set sail into the ] before being swallowed by a fish<ref>{{cite book |title=Israel |first=Sue |last=Bryant |publisher=New Holland Publishers |date=2008 |page=72 |edition=fourth |isbn=978-1-84773-012-1}}</ref>|left]]
The ] of ] is modern-day Tel Aviv-Yafo's only urban centre that existed in early modern times. Jaffa was an important port city in the region for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows signs of human settlement there starting in roughly 7,500 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palyam.org/About_us/displaySOHarticle?name=Jaffa&id=t00102b&bl=b00102b |title=Jaffa |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313073111/http://www.palyam.org/About_us/displaySOHarticle?name=Jaffa&id=t00102b&bl=b00102b |archive-date=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city was established around 1,800 BC at the latest. Its natural harbour has been used since the ]. By the time Tel Aviv was founded as a separate city during ] rule of the region, Jaffa had been ruled by the ]ites, ], ], ], ], ], ], ]ns, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]s before coming under Ottoman rule in 1515. It had been fought over numerous times. The city is mentioned in ancient Egyptian documents, as well as the ].


Other ancient sites in Tel Aviv include: ], ], ], ], and ].
In the early state of the ], ], the Roman ] of ], assembled the ] ] reinforced with units of III ''Gallica'', IIII ''Scythica'', and VI ''Ferrata'', plus auxiliaries and allies (a total of approximately 30,000 soldiers) in order to restore order in the neighbouring province. In late 66, The Syrian legion captured Narbata and also took Sipporis, which surrendered with no fight. Gallus later reached Acre in Western Galilee, and then marched on Caesarea and Jaffa, where he massacred some 8,400 people, razing the city to the ground.


During the ] in the 1880s, when Jewish immigrants began arriving in the region in significant numbers, new Jewish neighborhoods were founded outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv. The first was ], founded in 1887 by ] due to overcrowding in Jaffa and built on lands owned by ].<ref name=":0"/> Other neighborhoods were ] (1890), ] (1896), ] (1899), ] (1904), ] (1906), and others. Once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa.
In mid-67, Jews, who were driven out of Galilee rebuilt ], which had been destroyed earlier by Cestius Gallus. Surrounded and cut off by the Romans, they rebuilt the city walls, and used a light flotilla to demoralize commerce and interrupt the grain supply to Rome from ].<ref name="malkin-hohlfelder">{{cite book|title=Mediterranean Cities: Historical Perspectives|author1=Malkin, Irad |author2=Hohlfelder, Robert L. |page=81|date= 1 September 1988|isbn=978-0-7146-3353-4|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CZt8xkmEwVwC&pg=PA81&dq=in+roman+wars+%22jewish+pirates%22&cd=3#v=onepage&q=jewish%20pirates&f=false|accessdate=22 April 2010}}</ref>


===Foundation in Late Ottoman period (1904–1917)===
In his '']'' Josephus wrote:
{{quote|They also built themselves a great many piratical ships, and turned pirates upon the seas near to Syria, and Phoenicia, and Egypt, and made those seas unnavigable to all men.<ref name="War 3.9.2">{{Cite Josephus|text=wars|bookno=3|NorW=W|Wchapter=9|chunkid=2|pace=1|per=1|1=J.|2=BJ|3=3.9.2}}</ref>}}


{{Quote box
===Crusades and Caliphates===
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In 1099, the Catholic armies of the ], led by ], occupied Jaffa, which had been abandoned by the Muslims, fortified the town and improved its harbor.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of the Crusades Vol 1: The First Crusade |last=Runciman|first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |publisher=Penguin|year=1951|location=London |pages=282, 308 |isbn=978-0-14-013706-4}}</ref> As the ]y of Jaffa, the town soon became important as the main sea supply route for the ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of the Crusades Vol 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem|last=Runciman|first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman|publisher=Penguin|year=1952|location=London |pages=191–92 |isbn=978-0-14-013704-0}}</ref> Jaffa was captured by ] in 1187 but swiftly re-taken by ] in 1191, who added to its defenses.<ref name="RuncimanV3">{{Cite book |title=A History of the Crusades Vol 3: The Kingdom of Acre|last=Runciman|first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |publisher=Penguin|year=1954|location=London |pages=70–71, 186, 324 |isbn=978-0-14-013705-7}}</ref> In 1223, ] added further fortifications.<ref name="RuncimanV3" /> Crusader domination ended in 1268, when the ] Sultan ] captured the town, destroyed its harbor and razed its fortifications.<ref name="RuncimanV3" /><ref name="Kark">{{Cite book |title=Jaffa: A City in Evolution 1799–1917|last=Kark |first=Ruth |publisher=Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi|year=1990|location=Jerusalem|pages=8–10 |isbn=9789652170651}}</ref> In 1336, when a new Crusade was being planned, ] had the harbor destroyed to prevent the Franks from landing there.<ref name="EI">{{cite book |title= Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition |editor= PN Bearman|at= Yafi|display-editors=etal}}</ref> For the same reason, both the town and the harbor were destroyed in 1345.<ref name="EI" /> In the 16th&nbsp;century, Jaffa was conquered by the ] and was administered as a village in the ].<ref name="Kark" />
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
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{{flagcountry|UK}} 1917–1948
* ] 1917–1920
* ] 1920–1948
{{flag|Israel}} 1948–present
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]
], 1913]]
The ] led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of ] and banded together to form the ''Ahuzat Bayit'' (lit. "homestead") society. One of the society's goals was to form a "Hebrew urban centre in a healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mythical Dimensions of the Tel-Aviv Century |first=Iris |last=Araviot |journal=The International Journal of the Arts in Society |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=237–258 |doi=10.18848/1833-1866/CGP/v06i02/35994}}</ref> The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the ].<ref name="JewishVL">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/tahist.html |title=From Spring Hill to Independence |encyclopedia=] |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514175515/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/tahist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali (Karm al-Jabali) near Jaffa by ], a Dutch citizen, who registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibition on Jewish land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web |last=Azoulay |first=Yuval |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |title=Jacobus Street, corner of Oblivion |work=Haaretz |date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 October 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404193456/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |url-status=live }}</ref> ], later Tel Aviv's first ], also joined the Ahuzat Bayit society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |title=Dizengoff, Meir |publisher=] |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113202104/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bridger |first=David |title=The New Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Behrman House, Inc |year=1906 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117 |isbn=978-0-87441-120-1 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409160749/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref> His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with Arabs.<ref name="Economist">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |title=Economist City Guide-Tel Aviv |newspaper=] |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012143130/http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}


On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv. The lottery was organised by ], president of the building society.<ref name="AzaryahuTroen2012">{{cite book |last=Azaryahu |first=Maoz |chapter=Tel Aviv's Birthdays: Anniversary Celebrations, 1929–1959 |page=31 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kosharek |first=Noah |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |title=Seashell lottery |work=Haaretz |date=20 April 2009 |access-date=20 April 2009 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121145822/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second box. A photographer, Abraham Soskin (b. 1881 in Russia, made '']'' 1906<ref>Nicole Levin, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113105454/https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/abraham-soskin-snapshots-of-history/ |date=13 January 2024 }}, Times of Israel, 26 Dec 2021. Accessed 13 Jan 2024.</ref>), documented the event. The first water well was later dug at this site, located on what is today ], across from Dizengoff House.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |title=Tel-Aviv Centennial – "Ahuzat-Bayit Land Lottery |website=English.israelphilately.org.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019220608/http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Within a year, ], ], ], ], and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66&nbsp;houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed.<ref name="JewishVL" /> At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the ], founded in Jaffa in 1906.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The cornerstone for the building was laid on 28 July 1909. The town was originally named Ahuzat Bayit. On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The flag and city arms of Tel Aviv (see above) contain under the red Star of David 2 words from the biblical book of Jeremiah: "I (God) will build You up again and you will be rebuilt." (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water for each house, and street lights.<ref name="brit">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |title=The White City: Tel Aviv And Its Bauhaus Tradition |last=Bernthal |first=Ron |magazine=Travel Writer's Magazine |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108053105/http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |archive-date=8 January 2008}}</ref>
=== Ottoman Era ===
] besieged the city in 1799 and killed scores of inhabitants; a plague epidemic followed, decimating the remaining population.<ref name="Kark" /> The surrendering garrison of several thousand Muslims was massacred.<ref>{{cite book |author= Jacques-François Moit |title= Mémoires pour servir à l'historoire des expéditions en Egypte et en Syrie |year= 1814}}, quoted in {{cite journal |author= Véronique Nahoum-Grappe |title= The anthropology of extreme violence: the crime of desecration |journal= International Social Science Journal |volume= 54 |issue= 174 |year= 2002 |pages= 549–557 |doi= 10.1111/1468-2451.00409}}</ref>
]
Jaffa began to grow as an ] in the early 18th century, when the Ottoman government in ] intervened to guard the port and reduce attacks by Bedouins and pirates.<ref name="Kark" /> However, the real expansion came during the 19th century, when the population grew from 2,500 in 1806 to 17,000 in 1886.<ref name="Economist">{{cite journal |url=http://www.economist.com/topics/tel-aviv?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-History |title=Economist City Guide-Tel Aviv |journal=] |accessdate=21 January 2008}} {{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} {{dead link|date=August 2016}}</ref>


By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than {{cvt|1|km2|acre|0}}.<ref name="JewishVL" /> In 1915 a census of Tel Aviv was conducted, recording a population 2,679.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isragen.org.il/siteFiles/1/153/6574.asp |title=1915 Census of Tel-Aviv |access-date=27 March 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101002438/http://www.isragen.org.il/siteFiles/1/153/6574.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, growth halted in 1917 when the ] authorities ] as a wartime measure.<ref name="JewishVL" /> A report published in ''The New York Times'' by United States Consul Garrels in ] described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed chiefly at the Jewish population.<ref name="Turkish">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa |title=The New York Times Current History |publisher=] |year=1917 |page=167 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816034429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa |archive-date=16 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the British took control of Palestine.
From 1800 to 1870, many of Jaffa's old walls and towers were torn down to allow for expansion.<ref name="Haaretz20080115">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/944906.html |title=Archaeological discoveries may prove barrier to Jaffa port rejuvenation |accessdate=21 January 2008 |date=15 January 2008 |work=] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118110844/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/944906.html |archivedate=18 January 2008 }}</ref> The ], {{convert|2.5|m|ft}} high, remained intact until the 1930s, when it was built over during a renovation of the port by the ] authorities.<ref name="Haaretz20080115" /> Trade with Europe began to develop in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=pG8LmsJAUPcC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=jaffa%20trade%20with%20europe&source=bl&ots=beLtF1i53G&sig=klasvlzDmJ9nxw1Q7ZS0wA2ewl8&hl=iw&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiuyJfZiuTOAhXEthoKHdJCBwAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=jaffa%20trade%20with%20europe&f=true|title=Overthrowing Geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948|first=Mark|last=LeVine|date=2 May 2005|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> In the 1860s Jaffa's ] community was consisted mainly of Jews from Morocco and Turkey, and small numbers of ].


The town had rapidly become an attraction to immigrants, with a local activist writing:<ref>{{cite book |last=Shavit |first=Yaacov |chapter=Telling the Story of a Hebrew City |page=8 |title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities |editor-last1=Azaryahu |editor-first1=Maoz |editor-first2=Selwyn |editor-last2=Ilan Troen |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA8 |isbn=978-0-253-22357-9 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124435/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Pre-Tel Aviv neighborhoods===
Since 1886, Jewish settlers had founded new neighborhoods outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv. The first was ], built on lands owned by ].<ref name=":0"/> Other neighborhoods were ] (1890), ] (1896), ] (1899), ] (1904), ] (1906), and others. Once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa.


{{blockquote|The immigrants were attracted to Tel Aviv because they found in it all the comforts they were used to in Europe: electric light, water, a little cleanliness, cinema, opera, theatre, and also more or less advanced schools... busy streets, full restaurants, cafes open until 2 a.m., singing, music, and dancing.}}
===Ahuzat Bayit===
]
The ] led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of ] and banded together to form the ''Ahuzat Bayit'' (lit. "homestead") society. The society's goal was to form a "Hebrew urban centre in a healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=pG8LmsJAUPcC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=Ahuzat%20Bayit%20Hebrew%20urban%20in%20a%20healthy%20environment,%20planned%20according%20to%20the%20rules%20of%20aesthetics%20and%20modern%20hygiene&source=bl&ots=beLtF1j23H&sig=LxZLZrSp8C-vpwtUEYkMggCbsoU&hl=iw&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGj_qnjeTOAhVDVBQKHfhxBdkQ6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=Ahuzat%20Bayit%20Hebrew%20urban%20in%20a%20healthy%20environment,%20planned%20according%20to%20the%20rules%20of%20aesthetics%20and%20modern%20hygiene&f=false|title=Overthrowing Geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948|first=Mark|last=LeVine|date=2 May 2005|publisher=University of California Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the ].<ref name="JewishVL">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/tahist.html |title=From Spring Hill to Independence |publisher=] |accessdate=20 January 2008}}</ref> The first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali near Jaffa by Jacobus Kann, a Dutch citizen, who registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibition on Jewish land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Azoulay |first=Yuval |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/jacobus-street-corner-of-oblivion-1.273311 |title=Jacobus Street, corner of Oblivion|publisher=Haaretz.com |date=1 April 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> ], later Tel Aviv's first mayor, also joined the Ahuzat Bayit society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/dizen.html |title=Dizengoff, Meir |publisher=] |accessdate=21 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bridger |first=David |title=The New Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Behrman House, Inc |year=1906 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=hZqpCrG3qw0C&pg=PA117&dq=founder+tel-aviv |isbn=978-0-87441-120-1}}</ref> His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with Arabs.<ref name="Economist" />{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}


===British administration (1917–1934)===
] in 1936]]
] map, showing urban boundaries of Jaffa (green) and the Tel Aviv township (blue) within the Jaffa Municipality (red)<ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/>]]
On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv. The lottery was organised by ], president of the building society.<ref name="AzaryahuTroen2012">{{cite book|last1=Azaryahu|first1=Maoz|last2=Troen|first2=Selwyn Ilan|title=Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLQrEPLDkGAC&pg=PA31|accessdate=19 April 2014|year=2012|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253223579|page=31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kosharek |first=Noah |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1079400.html |title=Seashell lottery |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=20 April 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second box. A photographer, Avraham Soskin, documented the event. The first water well was later dug at this site (today Rothschild Boulevard, across from Dizengoff House).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.israelphilately.org.il/articles/content/en/000874 |title=Tel-Aviv Centennial – "Ahuzat-Bayit Land Lottery |publisher=English.israelphilately.org.il |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> Within a year, ], ], ], ], and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66&nbsp;houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed.<ref name="JewishVL" /> At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the ], founded in Jaffa in 1906.<ref name="JewishVL" /> On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The flag and city arms of Tel Aviv (see above) contain under the red Star of David 2 words from the biblical book of Jeremiah: "I (God) will build You up again and you will be rebuilt." (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water at each house, and street lights.<ref name="brit">{{cite journal|url=http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |title=The White City: Tel Aviv And Its Bauhaus Tradition |last=Bernthal |first=Ron |journal=Travel Writer's Magazine |accessdate=21 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108053105/http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/tel-aviv-and-its-bauhaus-tradition.html |archivedate=8 January 2008 }}</ref>
Tel Aviv, along with the rest of the Jaffa municipality, was conquered by the ] in late 1917 during the ] of ] and became part of British-administered ] until 1948.


Tel Aviv, established as suburb of Jaffa, received "township" or local council status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tel-Aviv-Yafo |title=Tel Aviv–Yafo &#124; History, Population, & Points of Interest |website=Britannica.com |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318060506/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tel-Aviv-Yafo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/> According to a ] conducted in 1922 by the ], Tel Aviv had a population of 15,185 (15,065 Jews, 78 Muslims and 42 Christians).<ref name="Census1922">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |title=Palestine Census (1922) |website=Archive.org}}</ref> The population of Tel Aviv had increased to around 34,000 by 1925.<ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm |title=Tel Aviv History |access-date=20 January 2008 |website=Travelnet.co.il |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505085933/http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm |archive-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> The ] recorded Tel Aviv as having a population of 46,101 (45,564 Jews, 288 with no religion, 143 Christians, and 106 Muslims) in 12,545 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. </ref>
By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than {{convert|1|km2|acre|0}}.<ref name="JewishVL" /> However, growth halted in 1917 when the ] authorities ].<ref name="JewishVL" /> A report published in ''The New York Times'' by United States Consul Garrels in ] described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed chiefly at the Jewish population.<ref name="Turkish">{{cite book|title=The New York Times Current History |publisher=The New York Times Co|year=1917|page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Lls-WnKHpccC&q=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa&dq=Consul+Garrels+in+Alexandria+new+york+times+jaffa|accessdate=15 March 2008}}</ref> Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the British took control of Palestine.


With increasing Jewish immigration during the ], friction between Arabs and Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the ] resulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.<ref> {{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.</ref> In the wake of this violence, many Jews left Jaffa for Tel Aviv.
===Under the British Mandate===
], 1925]]
], 1934]]
]
]
With increasing Jewish immigration during the ], friction between Arabs and Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the ] resulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.<ref>, with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.</ref> In the wake of this violence, many Jews left Jaffa for Tel Aviv, increasing the population of Tel Aviv from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000 by 1925.<ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm |title=Tel Aviv History |accessdate=20 January 2008 |publisher=Travelnet.co.il |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505085933/http://www.travelnet.co.il/israel/TelAviv/History.htm |archivedate=5 May 2009 }}</ref>


Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.il/books?id=dgqj1Ox8StsC&pg=PA298&lpg=PA298&dq=development%20of%20silk%20industry%20tel%20aviv&source=bl&ots=oabCoINpzH&sig=MrUzI-lunlnUCDcKy0H3HGfAU0M&hl=iw&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio2PvgguTOAhUDthoKHYy7CVQ4ChDoAQgdMAE#v=onepage&q=development%20of%20silk%20industry%20tel%20aviv&f=false|title=From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917–1939|first=Joseph B.|last=Glass|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Wayne State University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgqj1Ox8StsC&pg=PA298 |title=From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917–1939 |first=Joseph B. |last=Glass |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-2842-2 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgqj1Ox8StsC&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year. The opening ceremony of the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main streets of Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shamir |first=Ronen |date=2013 |title=Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaT3AAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-8047-8868-7 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124438/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaT3AAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year. The opening ceremony of the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main streets of Tel Aviv.<ref>Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</ref>


In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner ] drew up a ] for Tel Aviv which was adopted by the city council led by ]. Geddes's plan for developing the northern part of the district was based on ]'s ].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Levine|first1=Mark|title=Globalization, Architecture, and Town Planning in a Colonial City: The Case of Jaffa and Tel Aviv|journal=Journal of World History|date=2007|volume=18|issue=2|page=178}}</ref> The plan consisted of four main features: a hierarchical system of streets laid out in a grid, large blocks consisting of small-scale domestic dwellings, the organization of these blocks around central open spaces, and the concentration of cultural institutions to form a civic center.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Welter|first1=Volker M.|title=The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes|journal=Israel Studies|date=2009|volume=14|issue=3|page=100}}</ref> While most of the northern area of Tel Aviv was built according to this plan, the ] necessitated the construction of taller apartment buildings on a larger footprint in the city.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Welter|first1=Volker M.|title=The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes|journal=Israel Studies|date=2009|volume=14|issue=3|page=115}}</ref> In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner ] drew up the ], a ] for Tel Aviv which was adopted by the city council led by ]. Geddes's plan for developing the northern part of the township was based on ]'s ].<ref name=Levine>{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Mark |title=Globalization, Architecture, and Town Planning in a Colonial City: The Case of Jaffa and Tel Aviv |journal=Journal of World History |year=2007 |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=178 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2007.0013 |s2cid=145670872}}</ref> The plan consisted of four main features: a hierarchical system of streets laid out in a grid, large blocks consisting of small-scale domestic dwellings, the organization of these blocks around central open spaces, and the concentration of cultural institutions to form a civic center.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welter |first1=Volker M. |title=The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes |journal=Israel Studies |year=2009 |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=100 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2009.14.3.94 |s2cid=146499373}}</ref> While most of the northern area of Tel Aviv was built according to this plan, the ] necessitated the construction of taller apartment buildings on a larger footprint in the city.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welter |first1=Volker M. |title=The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes |journal=Israel Studies |year=2009 |volume=14 |issue=3 |page=115 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2009.14.3.94 |s2cid=146499373}}</ref>


] was built in 1930–31, part of a new workers' housing development. At the same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theatre and the decision of ] to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.<ref name="JewishVL" /> ] was built in 1930–31, part of a new workers' housing development. At the same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theatre and the decision of ] to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.<ref name="JewishVL" />
]


===1934 municipal independence from Jaffa===
Tel Aviv was granted municipal status in 1934.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The Jewish population rose dramatically during the ] after the Nazis came to power in Germany.<ref name="JewishVL" /> By 1937 the Jewish population of Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000, compared to Jaffa's mainly Arab 69,000&nbsp;residents. Within two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish population.<ref name="JewishVL" /> Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the ], led to the opening of a local Jewish port, ], independent of Jaffa, in 1938, (it closed on 25 October 1965). ] (later Ben Gurion Airport) and ] opened between 1937 and 1938.<ref name="Economist" />{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}
]
]]]
] in the late 1930s]]
Many ] architects trained at the ], the ] school of architecture in Germany, and left Germany during the 1930s. Some, like ], came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus and similar schools to the local conditions there, creating what is recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.<ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="Economist" />{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}
]
Tel Aviv's ] emerged in the 1930s, and became a ] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/|title=White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|date=|work=unesco.org}}</ref>
], which opened in 1941]]
Tel Aviv was hit during the Italian ]. On 9 September 1940, 137 were killed in the bombing of Tel Aviv.<ref>Maya Zamir, {{Wayback |date=20080112084944 |url=http://www.tam.co.il/7_9_2007/magazin1.htm |title=The Day of The bombing }}{{dead link|date=February 2016}}, ], 7 September 2007 {{he icon}}</ref>
Tel Aviv was granted the status of an independent municipality separate from Jaffa in 1934.<ref name=Goren/><ref name=Gorion/> The Jewish population rose dramatically during the ] after the Nazis came to power in Germany.<ref name="JewishVL" /> Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the ] led to the opening of a local Jewish port, ], independent of Jaffa, in 1938. It closed on 25 October 1965. ] (later Ben Gurion Airport) and ] opened between 1937 and 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://geography.huji.ac.il/emppp/israel%20conflict/envcnf.apn.htm | title=The Sde Dov Airport | access-date=2008-03-22 | publisher=Hebrew University | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330185558/http://geography.huji.ac.il/emppp/israel%20conflict/envcnf.apn.htm | archive-date=2008-03-30 }}</ref> According to the ], the Jewish population of Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000 by 1937, compared to Jaffa's mainly Arab 69,000&nbsp;residents, and by 1939 rose to 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish population.<ref name="JewishVL" /> The village statistics of 1938 listed Tel Aviv's population as 140,000, all Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=55 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107124512/https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many ] architects trained at the ], the ] school of architecture in Germany, and left Germany during the 1930s. Some, like ], came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus and similar schools to the local conditions there, creating what is recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.<ref name="UNESCO" />

Tel Aviv's ] emerged in the 1930s, and became a ] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/ |title=White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131729/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096/ |archive-date=31 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During World War II, Tel Aviv was ] on 9 September 1940, which killed 137 people in the city.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Zamir |url=http://www.tam.co.il/7_9_2007/magazin1.htm |title=The Day of The bombing |access-date=2009-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112084944/http://www.tam.co.il/7_9_2007/magazin1.htm |archive-date=12 January 2008 |work=Tel Aviv magazine |date=7 September 2007 |language=he}}</ref>

The ] listed Tel Aviv's population as 166,660, consisting of 166,000 Jews, 300 "other", 230 Christians, and 130 Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1945orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1945 |pages=28 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121215036/http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1945orig.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the ], Jewish ] and ] guerrillas launched repeated attacks against British military, police, and government targets in the city. In 1946, following the ], the British carried out ], in which the entire city was searched for Jewish militants and most of the residents questioned, during which the entire city was placed under curfew. During the ], Tel Aviv was placed under martial law by the British authorities for 15 days, with the residents kept under curfew for all but three hours a day as British forces scoured the city for militants. In spite of this, Jewish guerrilla attacks continued in Tel Aviv and other areas under martial law in Palestine.


According to the ] for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv, by then a city of 230,000, was included in the new ]. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a population of 101,580 people—53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800 Christians—was designated as part of the Arab state. ] broke out in the country and in particular between the neighbouring cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, which had been assigned to the Jewish and Arab states respectively. After several months of siege, on 13 May 1948, Jaffa fell and the Arab population fled en masse. According to the ] for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv was to be included in the proposed ]. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a population of 101,580 people—53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800 Christians—was designated as part of the Arab state. ] broke out in the country and in particular between the neighbouring cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, which had been assigned to the Jewish and Arab states respectively. After several months of siege, on 13 May 1948, Jaffa fell and the Arab population fled en masse.


===After Israeli independence=== ===State of Israel===
]) to witness the proclamation and signing of Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948]] ]) to witness the proclamation and signing of Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948]]
When Israel ] on 14 May 1948, the population of Tel Aviv was over 200,000.<ref name="population">{{cite journal|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton67/st02_25.pdf |title=LOCALITIES, POPULATION AND DENSITY PER SQ. KM., BY METROPOLITAN AREA(1) AND SELECTED LOCALITIES |accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel until the government moved to Jerusalem in December, 1949. Due to the international dispute over the ], most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.<ref name="VTLV">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Telaviv.html |title=Tel Aviv |accessdate=18 July 2007 |publisher=]}}</ref> In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the ] responding to Israel's 1980 ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1979-1980/119%20Foreign%20Ministry%20reaction%20to%20the%20transfer%20of%20t |title=Foreign Ministry reaction to the transfer of the Dutch embassy from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv |date=26 August 1980 |accessdate=3 June 2007 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |work=Israel's Foreign Relations: Selected Documents}}</ref> Today, all national embassies are in Tel Aviv or environs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp|title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |accessdate=18 July 2007 |publisher=Israel Science and Technology |work=Israel Science and Technology Homepage}}</ref>


After Israel ] on 14 May 1948, Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel. The city was repeatedly bombed by Egyptian warplanes and shelled by Egyptian warships during the ], killing around 150 people. The most significant attack was the ], in which 42 people were killed.<ref></ref> On 3 June 1948, the ] scored its first aerial victory over Tel Aviv when Israeli fighter pilot ] shot down two Egyptian bombers during a raid. The city was also the scene of fighting between the ] and ] during the ], in which the IDF stopped an Irgun attempt to import arms for its own use.
The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government in 1948.<ref name="Golan1995">Arnon Golan (1995), The demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa's municipal boundaries, ''Planning Perspectives'', vol. 10, pp. 383–398.</ref> The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.<ref name="Golan1995" /> The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the ], whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the ] neighborhood of ], the Palestinian village of ] and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish 'Hatikva' slum.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 25 February 1949, the depopulated Palestinian village of ] was also annexed to Tel Aviv.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 18 May 1949, ] and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.<ref name="Golan1995" /> The government voted on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayor ].<ref name="Golan1995" /> The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.<ref name="Golan1995" />


In December 1949, the Israeli government relocated to ]. Due to the international dispute over the ], most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.<ref name="VTLV">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Telaviv.html |title=Tel Aviv |access-date=18 July 2007 |encyclopedia=] |archive-date=1 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601204949/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Telaviv.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government in 1948.<ref name="Golan1995">{{cite journal |last1=Golan |first1=Arnon |year=1995 |title=The demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa's municipal boundaries |journal=Planning Perspectives |volume=10 |pages=383–398 |doi=10.1080/02665439508725830}}</ref> The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.<ref name="Golan1995" /> The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the ], whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the ] neighborhood of ], the Arab village of ] and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish Hatikva slum.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 25 February 1949, the depopulated Palestinian village of ] was also annexed to Tel Aviv.<ref name="Golan1995" /> On 18 May 1949, ] and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.<ref name="Golan1995" /> The government voted on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayor ].<ref name="Golan1995" /> The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.<ref name="Golan1995" /> Tel Aviv thus grew to {{cvt|42|km2|sqmi|sp=us|1}}. In 1949, a memorial to the 60&nbsp;founders of Tel Aviv was constructed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/africa%20and%20middle%20east/israel/tel%20aviv/entity_190378.html |title=Founders Monument and Fountain |access-date=21 January 2008 |work=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130002108/http://www.fodors.com/world/africa%20and%20middle%20east/israel/tel%20aviv/entity_190378.html |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref>
Tel Aviv thus grew to {{convert|42|km2|sqmi|sp=us|1}}. In 1949, a memorial to the 60&nbsp;founders of Tel Aviv was constructed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/africa%20and%20middle%20east/israel/tel%20aviv/entity_190378.html |title=Founders Monument and Fountain |accessdate=21 January 2008 |work=]}}</ref> Over the past 60&nbsp;years, Tel Aviv has developed into a ], liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and café culture.<ref name="Economist" />{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}
]


In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first high-rises. The ], which was completed in 1965. was Israel's ] until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing 16&nbsp;percent of the country's total.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf |title=City Profile |accessdate=30 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306032523/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2007 }}</ref> A long period of steady decline followed, however, and by the late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000.<ref name="profile" /> High property prices pushed families out and deterred young people from moving in.<ref name="profile" /> In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first high-rises. The historic ] was controversially demolished, to make way for the ], which was completed in 1965, and remained ] until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing 16&nbsp;percent of the country's total.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf |title=City Profile |access-date=30 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306032523/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/engineering/strategy/pdf/profile-main-issues.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2007}}</ref> By the early 1970s, Tel Aviv had entered a long and steady period of continuous population decline, which was accompanied by ]. By 1981, Tel Aviv had entered not just natural population decline, but an absolute population decline as well.<ref name="Interregional Migration 2012 page 164">{{cite book |title=Interregional Migration: Dynamic Theory and Comparative Analysis |editor-first1=Wolfgang |editor-last1=Weidlich |editor-first2=Günter |editor-last2=Haag |publisher=Springer |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |page=164 |isbn=9783642730498 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124436/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mLvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000.<ref name="profile" /> Construction activity had moved away from the inner ring of Tel Aviv, and had moved to its outer perimeter and adjoining cities. A mass out-migration of residents from Tel Aviv, to adjoining cities like ] and ], where better housing conditions were available, was underway by the beginning of the 1970s, and only accelerated by the ].<ref name="Interregional Migration 2012 page 164"/> Cramped housing conditions and high property prices pushed families out of Tel Aviv and deterred young people from moving in.<ref name="profile" /> From the beginning of 1970s, the common image of Tel Aviv became that of a decaying city,<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132">{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |publisher=Syracuse University Press |date=2007 |page=132}}</ref> as Tel Aviv's population fell 20%.<ref name=StrategicPlan26/>
]
At this time, gentrification began in the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv, and the old port in the north was renewed.<ref name="Economist" />{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided by ] recognition of the Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site. In the early 1990s, the decline in population was reversed, partly due to the large wave of immigrants from the ].<ref name="profile" /> Tel Aviv also began to emerge as a high-tech center.<ref name="Economist" />{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} The construction of many ] and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel Aviv was categorized as a ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf |title=Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a Deadend of the Global Economy |first=Baruch A. |last=Kipnis |year=2004 |accessdate=30 March 2008 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004017/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf |archivedate=9 April 2008 }}</ref> The city is regarded as a strong candidate for ].<ref name="GAWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html|title=Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a Deadend of the Global Economy|last=Kipnis|first=B.A. |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network at ]|date=8 October 2001 |accessdate=17 July 2007}} Cities in Transition. Ljubljana: Department of Geography, ], pp. 183–194.</ref>


In the 1970s, the apparent sense of Tel Aviv's urban decline became a theme in the work of novelists such as ], in works describing the city such as ''Sof Davar'' (''The End of Things'') and ''Zikhron Devarim'' (''The Memory of Things'').<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132"/> A symptomatic article of 1980 asked "Is Tel Aviv Dying?" and portrayed what it saw as the city's existential problems: "Residents leaving the city, businesses penetrating into residential areas, economic and social gaps, deteriorating neighbourhoods, contaminated air – Is the First Hebrew City destined for a slow death? Will it become a ghost town?".<ref name="Tel Aviv 2007 page 132"/> However, others saw this as a transitional period. By the late 1980s, attitudes to the city's future had become markedly more optimistic. It had also become a center of nightlife and discotheques for Israelis who lived in the suburbs and adjoining cities. By 1989, Tel Aviv had acquired the nickname "Nonstop City", as a reflection of the growing recognition of its nightlife and 24/7 culture, and "Nonstop City" had to some extent replaced the former moniker of "First Hebrew City".<ref>{{cite book |title=Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City |first=Maoz |last=Azaryahu |publisher=Syracuse University Press |date=2007 |page=131}}</ref> The largest project built in this era was the ], Israel's first shopping mall, which was completed in 1983. Other notable projects included the construction of ] in 1987, the opening of the ] in 1989, and the ] (opened in 1973 and located to the current building in 1989).
], Tel Aviv]]
] hangs in the ] in Tel Aviv, 1995]]
In the ] in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked by ] missiles from Iraq. Iraq hoped to provoke an Israeli military response, which could have destroyed the US–Arab alliance. The ] pressured Israel not to retaliate, and after Israel acquiesced, the US and ] rushed ]s to defend against the attacks, but they proved largely ineffective. Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and every city in the Tel Aviv area except for ] was hit. A total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks, mostly from suffocation and heart attacks,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html |title=The Gulf War |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> while approximately 230 Israelis were injured.<ref name="publicpolicy.umd.edu">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fetter | first1 = Steve | last2 = Lewis | first2 = George N. | last3 = Gronlund | first3 = Lisbeth | title = Why were Casualties so low? | journal = ] | volume = 361 | pages = 293–296 | publisher = ] | location = London | date = 28 January 1993 | url = http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4282/1/1993-Nature-Scud.pdf | doi = 10.1038/361293a0 | issue = 6410 | ref = harv| bibcode = 1993Natur.361..293F }}</ref> Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left homeless. It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with ]s or ]. As a result, the Israeli government issued ]s to its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel, some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the southeastern suburb of HaTikva erected an angel-monument as a sign of their gratitude that "it was through a great miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of a Scud rocket."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://israelplaces.christ2020.de/#q|title=Spiritual places in modern Israel|author=|date=|work=christ2020.de}}</ref>


In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the ] responding to Israel's 1980 ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1979-1980/119%20Foreign%20Ministry%20reaction%20to%20the%20transfer%20of%20t |title=Foreign Ministry reaction to the transfer of the Dutch embassy from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv |date=26 August 1980 |work=Israel's Foreign Relations: Selected Documents |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=30 December 2005 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019111032/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1979-1980/119%20Foreign%20Ministry%20reaction%20to%20the%20transfer%20of%20t |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, most national embassies are located in Tel Aviv or environs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |access-date=18 July 2007 |work=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |publisher=Israel Science and Technology |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114194830/http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s, the decline in Tel Aviv's population began to be reversed and stabilized, at first temporarily due to a wave of immigrants from the ].<ref name="profile" /> Tel Aviv absorbed 42,000 immigrants from the FSU, many educated in scientific, technological, medical and mathematical fields.<ref name=StrategicPlan26>{{cite book |author=Municipality of Tel Aviv-Yafo |date=2006 |title=The Strategic Plan for Tel Aviv Yafo |location=Israel |publisher=Strategic Planning Unit |page=26}}</ref> In this period, the number of engineers in the city doubled.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=U. |date=2012 |title=What's Next for the Start up Nation? |location=Indiana |publisher=Authorhouse |page=15}}{{Self-published source|date=June 2022|reason=Authorhouse flagged as likely self-published}}</ref> Tel Aviv soon began to emerge as a global high-tech center.<ref name="Economist" /> The construction of many ] and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel Aviv was categorized as a ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf |title=Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a {{sic |nolink=y|Deadend}} of the Global Economy |first=Baruch A. |last=Kipnis |year=2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004017/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/geo/publikacije/dela/files/Dela_21/019%20kipnis.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008 }}</ref> However, the city's municipality struggled to cope with an influx of new immigrants. Tel Aviv's tax base had been shrinking for many years, as a result of its preceding long term population decline, and this meant there was little money available at the time to invest in the city's deteriorating infrastructure and housing. In 1998, Tel Aviv was on the "verge of bankruptcy".<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Leaders |date=2013 |title=A Global City, An Interview with The Honorable Ron Huldai, Mayor, Tel Aviv-Yafo |volume=36 |issue=3}}</ref> Economic difficulties would then be compounded by a wave of Palestinian suicide bombings in the city from the mid-1990s, to the end of the Second Intifada, as well as the ], which affected the city's rapidly growing hi-tech sector. On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, ], ] at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118|title=The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right|first=Ami|last=Pedahzur|date=15 October 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-990882-0|via=Google Books|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124940/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=kings+of+israel+square+rabin&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q=kings%20of%20israel%20square%20rabin&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, ], ] at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed ].<ref name="Economist" />{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}
] being launched to intercept an Iraqi ] during the ] in 1991]]


In the ] in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked by ] missiles from Iraq. Iraq hoped to provoke an Israeli military response, which could have destroyed the US–Arab alliance. The ] pressured Israel not to retaliate, and after Israel acquiesced, the US and ] rushed ]s to defend against the attacks, but they proved largely ineffective. Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and every city in the Tel Aviv area except for ] was hit. A total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks, mostly from suffocation and heart attacks,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html |title=The Gulf War |website=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=14 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714090450/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while approximately 230 Israelis were injured.<ref name="publicpolicy.umd.edu">{{Cite journal |last1=Fetter |first1=Steve |last2=Lewis |first2=George N. |last3=Gronlund |first3=Lisbeth |author3-link=Lisbeth Gronlund |title=Why were Casualties so low? |journal=] |volume=361 |pages=293–296 |publisher=] |location=London |date=28 January 1993 |url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4282/1/1993-Nature-Scud.pdf |doi=10.1038/361293a0 |issue=6410 |bibcode=1993Natur.361..293F |hdl=1903/4282 |s2cid=4343235 |hdl-access=free |access-date=26 October 2012 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714171614/http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/4282/1/1993-Nature-Scud.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left homeless. It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with ]s or ]. As a result, the Israeli government issued ]s to its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel, some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the southeastern suburb of Hatikva erected an angel-monument as a sign of their gratitude that "it was through a great miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of a Scud rocket."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://israelplaces.christ2020.de/#q |title=Spiritual places in modern Israel |website=Christ2020.de |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116113058/http://israelplaces.christ2020.de/#q |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.<ref name="centennial">{{cite web|url=http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN/ |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year 1909–2009 |publisher=City of Tel Aviv-Yafo |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228103847/http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN |archivedate=28 February 2009 }}</ref> In addition to city- and country-wide celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website;<ref name="centennial" /> the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and biographies;<ref>{{cite web
] after the ]]]
|url=http://www.ahuzatbait.org.il/

|title=Ahuzat Bayit Collection
Since the ], Tel Aviv has suffered from ]. The first ] in Tel Aviv occurred on 19 October 1994, on the ], when a bomber killed 22 civilians and injured 50 as part of a ] suicide campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/timeline/mideast_timeline/index.html |title=Death toll |work=CNN|access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026004356/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/timeline/mideast_timeline/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 March 1996, another Hamas suicide bomber killed 13 people (12 civilians and 1 soldier), many of them children, in the ].<ref name="victims">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm |title=Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (September 1993) |date=24 September 2000 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715040430/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=Bombing in Israel:The Overview;4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61 |author=Serge Schmemann |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 March 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151625/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print |url-status=live }}</ref> Three women were killed by a Hamas terrorist in the ] on 27 March 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=34825&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501235044/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=34825&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35470&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501235100/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35470&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=1 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35084&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |website=Laad.btl.gov.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508133928/http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35084&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|language=Hebrew}}</ref>
], in which 21 Israelis, mostly teenagers, were killed]]
and ]'s ,<ref>{{cite web

|url=http://lib.stanford.edu/telaviv
One of the deadliest attacks occurred on 1 June 2001, during the ], when a suicide bomber exploded at the entrance to the ], killing 21, mostly teenagers, and injuring 132.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |title=The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion – From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax |website=Ict.org.il |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021154/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030542/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv |last=O'Sullvian |first=Arieh |date=25 November 2001 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |title=In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope |last=Fisher |first=Ian |date=29 January 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111022312/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-1258,00.html |title=Ynet – פיגוע בדולפינריום – חדשות |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724182358/http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-1258,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another Hamas suicide bomber killed six civilians and injured 70 in the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-09-19-mideast-explosion_x.htm |title= Six killed, scores wounded in suicide attack on Tel Aviv bus |work=USA Today |location=McLean, VA |issn=0734-7456 |date=19 September 2002 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223120654/https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-09-19-mideast-explosion_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/20/israel1 |title=Tel Aviv bus bomb shatters hopes of truce {{pipe}} World news {{pipe}} The Guardian |work=The Guardian |date=20 September 2002 |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |first=Jonathan |last=Steele |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403022403/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/20/israel1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2268392.stm |title=BBC NEWS {{pipe}} Middle East {{pipe}} Fatal bus blast rocks Tel Aviv |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2002 |location=London |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719093342/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2268392.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-on-a-bus-in-tel-aviv.html |title=Suicide Bomber Kills 5 on a Bus in Tel Aviv |work=The New York Times |date=20 September 2002 |issn=0362-4331 |first=Serge |last=Schmemann |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329115343/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-on-a-bus-in-tel-aviv.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html |title=CNN – Jerrold Kessel: Heart of Tel Aviv hit – 19 September 2002 |website=Archives.cnn.com |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004211435/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> Twenty-three civilians were killed and over 100 injured in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Avi%20Kotzer |title=Avi Kotzer |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526053154/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Avi%20Kotzer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Viktor%20Shebayev |title=Viktor Shebayev |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526044641/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2003/Viktor%20Shebayev |url-status=live }}</ref> ] claimed responsibility for the attack. In the ], an attack on a bar by a ] suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over 50.<ref name="jewishsf.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20891/edition_id/429/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Tel Aviv bar and bomb target slowly getting its groove back |last=Khazzoom |first=Loolwa |website=Jewishsf.com |date=29 September 2003 |access-date=30 April 2012 |archive-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301060140/http://jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20891/edition_id/429/format/html/displaystory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber killed five and wounded over 50 on 25 February 2005 ].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-26-syria-bombing_x.htm |title=Syria-based Islamic Jihad claims role for Tel Aviv bombing |work=USA Today |date=26 February 2005 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530052706/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-26-syria-bombing_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The most recent suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70 wounded in a ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_attacks.asp |title=Major Terrorist Attacks in Israel |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |archive-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114162802/http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_attacks.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2024}}
|title=Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection
|publisher=]
|accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> documenting the history of the city.


====Arab–Israeli conflict====
] ] over Tel Aviv]] ] ] over Tel Aviv]]
Since the ], Tel Aviv has suffered from ]. The first ] in Tel Aviv occurred on 19 October 1994, on the ], when a bomber killed 22 civilians and injured 50 as part of a ] suicide campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/timeline/mideast_timeline/index.html |title=Death toll |publisher=Cnn.com |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> On 6 March 1996, another Hamas suicide bomber killed 13 people (12 civilians and 1 soldier) in the ].<ref name="victims">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm |title=Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (September 1993) |date=24 September 2000 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |title=Bombing in Israel:The Overiew;4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61 |author=Serge Schmemann |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 March 2010 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/05/world/bombing-israel-overview-4th-terror-blast-israel-kills-14-mall-tel-aviv-nine-day.html?scp=1&sq=dizengoff%20center%20suicide&st=cse&pagewanted=print }}</ref> Three women were killed by a Hamas terrorist in the ] on 27 March 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=34825&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |publisher=Laad.btl.gov.il |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35470&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |publisher=Laad.btl.gov.il |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=35084&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 |title=אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה |publisher=Laad.btl.gov.il |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref>
], in which 21 Israelis, mostly teenagers, were killed.]]
One of the most deadly attacks occurred on 1 June 2001, during the ], when a suicide bomber exploded at the entrance to the ], killing 21, mostly teenagers, and injuring 132.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx |title=The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion – From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax |publisher=Ict.org.il |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html|title=No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv |last=O'Sullvian|first=Arieh|date=25 November 2001|publisher=Jerusalem Post|accessdate=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html|title=In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope|last=Fisher|first=Ian|date=29 January 2006|work=New York Times|accessdate=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-1258,00.html |title=Ynet – פיגוע בדולפינריום – חדשות |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> Another Hamas suicide bomber killed six civilians and injured 70 in the ].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-09-19-mideast-explosion_x.htm |title=USATODAY.com – Six killed, scores wounded in suicide attack on Tel Aviv bus |work=USA Today |publisher=] |location=McLean, VA |issn=0734-7456 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |date=19 September 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/sep/20/israel1 |title=Tel Aviv bus bomb shatters hopes of truce &#124; World news &#124; The Guardian |work=The Guardian |date=20 September 2002 |publisher=] |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |first=Jonathan |last=Steele}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2268392.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; Middle East &#124; Fatal bus blast rocks Tel Aviv |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2002 |publisher=] |location=London |accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/world/suicide-bomber-kills-5-on-a-bus-in-tel-aviv.html |title=Suicide Bomber Kills 5 on a Bus in Tel Aviv – New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=20 September 2002 |publisher=] |location=New York |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |first=Serge |last=Schmemann}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html |title=CNN.com – Jerrold Kessel: Heart of Tel Aviv hit – 19 September 2002 |publisher=cnn |year=2011 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004211435/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/19/kessel.otsc/index.html |archivedate=4 October 2012 }}</ref> Twenty-three civilians were killed and over 100 injured in the ].<ref></ref><ref></ref> ] claimed responsibility for the attack. In the ], an attack on a bar by a ] suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over 50.<ref name="jewishsf.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/20891/edition_id/429/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Tel Aviv bar and bomb target slowly getting its groove back |last=Khazzoom |first=Loolwa |work=jewishsf.com|date=29 September 2003 |accessdate=30 April 2012}}</ref> Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber killed five and wounded over 50 in the 25 February 2005 ].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-26-syria-bombing_x.htm |title=Syria-based Islamic Jihad claims role for Tel Aviv bombing |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=26 February 2005 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> The most recent suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70 wounded in a ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_attacks.asp |title=Major Terrorist Attacks in Israel |accessdate=19 July 2007 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref>


Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popular ] ] in Tel Aviv which was filled with 2,000<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-drives-stolen-taxi-israelis-stabs/story?id=14403744 |title=Terror Attack Outside Tel Aviv Nightclub Filled With 2,000 Teenagers |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=29 August 2011 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> ] teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing spree, injuring eight people.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Due to an ] roadblock at the entrance and immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger and fatal mass-casualty incident was avoided.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kubovich |first=Yaniv |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/terror-attack-in-tel-aviv-leaves-eight-wounded-1.381250 |title=Terror attack in Tel Aviv leaves eight wounded |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=29 August 2011 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popular ] ] in Tel Aviv which was filled with 2,000<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-drives-stolen-taxi-israelis-stabs/story?id=14403744 |title=Terror Attack Outside Tel Aviv Nightclub Filled With 2,000 Teenagers |work=ABC News |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830180738/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-drives-stolen-taxi-israelis-stabs/story?id=14403744 |url-status=live }}</ref> ] teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing spree, injuring eight people.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Due to an ] roadblock at the entrance and immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger and fatal mass-casualty incident was avoided.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kubovich |first=Yaniv |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/terror-attack-in-tel-aviv-leaves-eight-wounded-1.381250 |title=Terror attack in Tel Aviv leaves eight wounded |work=Haaretz |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016045010/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/terror-attack-in-tel-aviv-leaves-eight-wounded-1.381250 |url-status=live }}</ref>


On 21 November 2012, during ], the Tel Aviv area was targeted by rockets, and air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since the Gulf War. All of the rockets either missed populated areas or were shot down by an ] rocket defense battery stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians, three seriously.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/21/250965.html |title='Apparent explosion' rocks Tel Aviv bus: Israeli police |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=21 November 2012 |accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=292860 |title=Terrorist blows up bus in central Tel Aviv; 10 injured |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=21 November 2012 |accessdate=21 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122112016/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=292860 |archivedate=22 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162356 |title=Terrorist Attack on Bus in Tel Aviv |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=21 November 2012 |accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4309791,00.html |title=Blast on bus in heart of Tel Aviv |publisher=Ynet News |date=21 November 2012 |accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> This was described as a terrorist attack by Israel, Russia, and the United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France and Russia, whilst Hamas spokesman ] declared that the organisation "blesses" the attack.<ref name="BBC-Nov21">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20425352 | title=Israel-Gaza crisis: 'Bomb blast' on bus in Tel Aviv | publisher=BBC | date=21 November 2012 | accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> On 21 November 2012, during ], the Tel Aviv area was targeted by rockets, and air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since the ]. All of the rockets either missed populated areas or were shot down by an ] rocket defense battery stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians, three seriously.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/21/250965.html |title='Apparent explosion' rocks Tel Aviv bus: Israeli police |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121113737/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/11/21/250965.html |archive-date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=292860 |title=Terrorist blows up bus in central Tel Aviv; 10 injured |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122112016/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=292860 |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162356 |title=Terrorist Attack on Bus in Tel Aviv |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127223758/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162356 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4309791,00.html |title=Blast on bus in heart of Tel Aviv |publisher=Ynet News |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329123906/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4309791,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was described as a terrorist attack by Israel, Russia, and the United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France and Russia, whilst Hamas spokesman ] declared that the organisation "blesses" the attack.<ref name="BBC-Nov21">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20425352 |title=Israel-Gaza crisis: 'Bomb blast' on bus in Tel Aviv |publisher=BBC |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423214502/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20425352 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 300 rockets were fired towards the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area in the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Hamas launches rocket attack on Tel Aviv |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-launches-rocket-attack-on-tel-aviv-12303773 |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=Sky News |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512205454/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-launches-rocket-attack-on-tel-aviv-12303773 |url-status=live }}</ref>

]]]

New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided by ] recognition of Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site in 2003. In the early 2000s, Tel Aviv municipality focused on attracting more young residents to the city. It made significant investment in major boulevards, to create attractive pedestrian corridors. Former industrial areas like the city's previously derelict Northern ] and the ], were upgraded and transformed into leisure areas. A process of gentrification began in some of the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv and many older buildings began to be renovated.<ref name="Economist" />

The demographic profile of the city changed in the 2000s, as it began to attract a higher proportion of young residents. By 2012, 28 percent of the city's population was aged between 20 and 34 years old. Between 2007 and 2012, the city's population growth averaged 6.29 percent. As a result of its population recovery and industrial transition, the city's finances were transformed, and by 2012 it was running a budget surplus and maintained a credit rating of AAA+.<ref>{{cite web |website=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |date=2013 |title=The City in Numbers |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/AboutTheCity/Pages/CityNumbers.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217002045/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/AboutTheCity/Pages/CityNumbers.aspx |archivedate=17 December 2015}}</ref> In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tel Aviv received tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, primarily from ] and ],<ref name="autogenerated10">{{cite web |date=December 2009 |url=http://web.hevra.haifa.ac.il/~ch-strategy/images/publications/darfur_refugees.pdf |script-title=he:פליטים או מהגרי עבודה ממדינות אפריקה |language=he |trans-title=Refugees or migrant workers from African states |publisher=Research Center, National Defense College and Chaikin Chair in Geostrategy, University of Haifa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814142203/http://web.hevra.haifa.ac.il/~ch-strategy/images/publications/darfur_refugees.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> changing the demographic profile of areas of the city. In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.<ref name="centennial">{{cite web |url=http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN/ |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year 1909–2009 |publisher=City of Tel Aviv-Yafo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228103847/http://www.tlv100.co.il/EN |archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref> In addition to city- and country-wide celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website;<ref name="centennial" /> the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and biographies;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahuzatbait.org.il/ |title=Ahuzat Bayit Collection |language=he |access-date=27 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194235/http://www.ahuzatbait.org.il/ |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ]'s Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lib.stanford.edu/telaviv |title=Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection |publisher=] |access-date=2016-02-12 |archive-date=6 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606153614/http://lib.stanford.edu/telaviv |url-status=live }}</ref> documenting the history of the city. Today, the city is regarded as a strong candidate for ].<ref name="GAWC">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html |title=Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a {{sic |nolink=y|Deadend}} of the Global Economy |last=Kipnis |first=B.A. |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network at ] |date=8 October 2001 |access-date=18 July 2007 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201248/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb57.html |url-status=live }} Cities in Transition. Ljubljana: Department of Geography, ], pp. 183–194.</ref> Over the past 60&nbsp;years, Tel Aviv had developed into a ], liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and café culture.<ref name="Economist" />


==Geography== ==Geography==
] ]
Tel Aviv is located around {{Coord|32|5|N|34|48|E|}} on the ], in central Israel, the ] between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poor ]. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the ] mouth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About+Israel/Cities/Tel+Aviv.htm |title=Tel Aviv |publisher=] |accessdate=26 January 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013102915/http://jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About+Israel/Cities/Tel+Aviv.htm |archivedate= 13 October 2007}}</ref> Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist. Tel Aviv is located around {{Coord|32|5|N|34|48|E|}} on the ], in central Israel, the ] between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poor ]. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the ] mouth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About+Israel/Cities/Tel+Aviv.htm |title=Tel Aviv |publisher=] |access-date=26 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013102915/http://jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Aliyah/About%2BIsrael/Cities/Tel%2BAviv.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist.


The city is located {{convert|60|km|mi|0|sp=us}} northwest of Jerusalem and {{convert|90|km|mi|0|sp=us}} south of the city of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distances.html?n=676 |title=Cities located close to Tel Aviv |accessdate=26 January 2008 |publisher=TimeandDate.com}}</ref> Neighboring cities and towns include ] to the north, ] to the northeast, ], ], ] and ] to the east, ] to the southeast, and ] to the south.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Israel-map-Carta.asp |title=Map of Israel |accessdate=15 March 2008 |publisher=Carta}}</ref> The city is economically stratified between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered less affluent than Northern Tel Aviv with the exception of ] and some recent development on ] beach. Central Tel Aviv is home to ] and the important financial and commerce district along ]. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to ], ], and upscale residential neighborhoods such as ] and ].<ref name="yarkoni">{{cite web|last=Yarkoni |first=Amir |title=Real Estate in Tel Aviv – continued |work=Tel Aviv Insider |accessdate=22 July 2008 |url=http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624050534/http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php |archivedate=24 June 2008 }}</ref> The city is located {{cvt|60|km|mi|0|sp=us}} northwest of Jerusalem and {{cvt|90|km|mi|0|sp=us}} south of the city of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distances.html |title=Cities located close to Tel Aviv |access-date=26 January 2008 |website=TimeandDate.com |archive-date=10 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210031731/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/distances.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Neighboring cities and towns include ] to the north, ] to the northeast, ], ], ] and ] to the east, ] to the southeast, and ] to the south.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Israel-map-Carta.asp |title=Map of Israel |access-date=15 March 2008 |publisher=Carta |archive-date=23 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323045048/http://www.science.co.il/Israel-map-Carta.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is economically stratified between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered less affluent than northern Tel Aviv with the exception of ] and northern and north-western ]. Central Tel Aviv is home to ] and the important financial and commerce district along ]. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to ], ], and upscale residential neighborhoods such as ] and ].<ref name="yarkoni">{{cite web |last=Yarkoni |first=Amir |title=Real Estate in Tel Aviv – continued |work=Tel Aviv Insider |access-date=22 July 2008 |url=http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624050534/http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/real-estate-2.php |archive-date=24 June 2008}}</ref>

===Environment===
] soldiers cleaning the beaches at Tel Aviv, which have scored highly in environmental tests<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Beaches%20_2_.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, Beaches |access-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712111803/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Beaches%20_2_.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>]]

Tel Aviv is ranked as the ] in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000637815&fid=1725 |title=Tel Aviv ranked Israel's greenest city |date=11 April 2011 |newspaper=Globes |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005083637/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000637815&fid=1725 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2008, city lights are turned off annually in support of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 |title=Tel Aviv goes dark as part of global 'Earth Hour' campaign |date=30 March 2008 |newspaper=Haaretz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080330175255/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 |archive-date=30 March 2008}}</ref> In February 2009, the municipality launched a water saving campaign, including competition granting free parking for a year to the household that is found to have consumed the least water per person.<ref name=senyorwater>{{Cite news |last=Senyor |first=Eli |title=Tel Aviv launches water saving campaign |work=Ynetnews |date=22 February 2009 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3675380,00.html |access-date=27 February 2009 |archive-date=25 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225042502/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3675380,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the early 21st century, Tel Aviv's municipality transformed a derelict ] into a public park, now named "Gan HaHashmal" ("Electricity Park"), paving the way for ] and environmentally conscious designs.<ref name="FT">, by David Kaufman, '']'', 12 February 2008.</ref> In October 2008, Martin Weyl turned an old garbage dump near ], called ], into an attraction by building an arc of plastic bottles.<ref name="NYTPlastic"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151307/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/24/world/middleeast/24dump.html?_r=1&scp=4&sq=israel%20plastic&st=cse |date=30 January 2017 }}, by Isabel Kershner, 24 October 2007.</ref> The site, which was renamed ] to honor Israel's former prime minister, will serve as the centerpiece in what is to become a {{cvt|2000|acre|km2|adj=on}} ] on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, designed by German ], ].<ref name="NYTPlastic"/>

At the end of the 20th century, the city began restoring historical neighborhoods such as ] and many buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. Since 2007, the city hosts its well-known, annual ] weekend, which offers the general public free entrance to the city's famous landmarks, private houses and public buildings. In 2010, the design of the renovated Tel Aviv Port (''Nemal Tel Aviv'') won the award for outstanding landscape architecture at the European Biennial for Landscape Architecture in ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israelis-win-barcelona-landscape-architecture-prize-1.316789 |title=Israelis win Barcelona landscape prize |work=Haaretz |date=3 October 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135453/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israelis-win-barcelona-landscape-architecture-prize-1.316789 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, the Sarona Market Complex opened, following an 8-year renovation project of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sarona-from-templars-to-nazis-government-terror-and-hopefully-to-tranquility/ |title=Sarona: From Templers, to Nazis, government, terror and, hopefully, to tranquility |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=18 June 2016 |access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330023516/http://www.timesofisrael.com/sarona-from-templars-to-nazis-government-terror-and-hopefully-to-tranquility/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{wide image|Yarkon Park Aerial 01.jpg|750px|] from ] to the Mediterranean Sea}}


===Climate=== ===Climate===
] ] in Tel Aviv]]
Tel Aviv has a ] (]: Csa),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3471/|title=Climate: Tel Aviv-Yafo - Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table - Climate-Data.org|author=|date=|work=climate-data.org}}</ref> characterised by hot, humid yet rainless summers and mild, wet winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between October and May. The average annual temperature is {{convert|20.9|C}}, and the average sea temperature is {{convert|18-20|C}} during the winter, and {{convert|24-29|C}} during the summer. The city averages {{convert|528|mm|inch|sp=us|1}} of precipitation annually. Tel Aviv has a ] (]: Csa),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3471/ |title=Climate: Tel Aviv-Yafo – Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table |website=Climate-data.org |access-date=29 November 2014 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205070719/http://en.climate-data.org/location/3471/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Most precipitation falls in the form of rain between the months of October and April, with intervening dry summers, and there is almost no rainfall from June to September. The average annual temperature is {{cvt|20.9|C}}, and the average sea temperature is {{cvt|18–20|C}} during the winter, and {{cvt|24–29|C}} during the summer. The city averages {{cvt|528|mm|inch|sp=us|1}} of precipitation annually.


Summers in Tel Aviv last about five months, from June to October. Precipitation during the summer is rare, although light drizzles may occur in some early mornings. August, the warmest month, averages a high of {{convert|30.6|C}}, and a low of {{convert|25|C}}. The high relative humidity due to the location of the city by the Mediterranean Sea, in a combination with the high temperatures, creates a ] during the summer. Summer low temperatures in Tel Aviv seldom drop below {{convert|20|C}}. Summers in Tel Aviv last about five months, from June to October. August, the warmest month, averages a high of {{cvt|30.6|C}}, and a low of {{cvt|25|C}}. The high relative humidity due to the location of the city by the Mediterranean Sea, in a combination with the high temperatures, creates a ] during the summer. Summer low temperatures in Tel Aviv seldom drop below {{cvt|20|C}}.


Winters are mild and wet, with most of the annual precipitation falling within the months of December, January and February as intense rainfall and thunderstorms. In January, the coolest month, the average maximum temperature is {{convert|17.6|C}}, the mimimum temperature averages {{convert|10.2|C}}. During the colder days of winter, temperatures may reach a low of {{convert|6|C}}. Winters are mild and wet, with most of the annual precipitation falling within the months of December, January and February as intense rainfall and thunderstorms. In January, the coolest month, the average maximum temperature is {{cvt|17.6|C}}, the minimum temperature averages {{cvt|10.2|C}}. During the coldest days of winter, temperatures may vary between {{cvt|8|C}} and {{cvt|12|C}}. Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city.


Autumns and springs are characterized by sharp temperature changes, with heat waves that might be created due to hot and dry air masses that arrive from the nearby deserts. During heatwaves in autumn and springs, temperatures usually climb up to {{convert|35|C}} and even up to {{convert|40|C}}, accompanied with exceptionally low humidity. An average day during autumn and spring has a high of {{convert|23|C}} to {{convert|25|C}}, and a low of {{convert|15|C}} to {{convert|18|C}}. Autumns and springs are characterized by sharp temperature changes, with heat waves that might be created due to hot and dry air masses that arrive from the nearby deserts. During heatwaves in autumn and springs, temperatures usually climb up to {{cvt|35|C}} and even up to {{cvt|40|C}}, accompanied with exceptionally low humidity. An average day during autumn and spring has a high of {{cvt|23|C}} to {{cvt|25|C}}, and a low of {{cvt|15|C}} to {{cvt|18|C}}.


The highest recorded temperature in Tel Aviv was {{convert|46.5|C}} on 17 May 1916, and the lowest is {{convert|−1.9|C}} on 7 February 1950, during a cold wave that brought the only recorded snowfall in Tel Aviv. The highest recorded temperature in Tel Aviv was {{cvt|46.5|C}} on 17 May 1916, and the lowest is {{cvt|−1.9|C}} on 7 February 1950, during a cold wave that brought the ] in Tel Aviv.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tel Aviv mean sea temperature<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/israel/tel-aviv-november.htm|title=Tel Aviv Sea Temperature November Average, Israel – Sea Temperatures|first=Copyright Global Sea Temperatures – A-Connect|last=Ltd|date=|work=seatemperature.org}}</ref>
|-
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|- style="font-size:85%; text-align: center;"
| style="{{weather box/colt|18.8}}" | {{convert|18.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|17.6}}" | {{convert|17.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|17.8}}" | {{convert|17.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|18.6}}" | {{convert|18.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|21.2}}" | {{convert|21.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|24.9}}" | {{convert|24.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|27.4}}" | {{convert|27.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|28.6}}" | {{convert|28.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|28.2}}" | {{convert|28.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|26.3}}" | {{convert|26.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|23.2}}" | {{convert|23.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
| style="{{weather box/colt|20.6}}" | {{convert|20.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}
|}


{{Weather box {{Weather box
|location= Tel Aviv (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010) |location = Tel Aviv (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010)
|metric first= yes |metric first = yes
|single line= yes |single line = yes

|Jan record high C= 30.0 |Jan record high C= 30.0
|Feb record high C= 33.2 |Feb record high C= 33.2
Line 303: Line 298:
|Nov record high C= 35.6 |Nov record high C= 35.6
|Dec record high C= 33.5 |Dec record high C= 33.5

|Jan avg record high C= 23.6 |Jan avg record high C= 23.6
|Feb avg record high C= 25.0 |Feb avg record high C= 25.0
|Mar avg record high C= 30.4 |Mar avg record high C= 30.4
|Apr avg record high C= 35.5 |Apr avg record high C= 35.5
|May avg record high C= 32.4 |May avg record high C= 32.4
Line 315: Line 311:
|Nov avg record high C= 29.2 |Nov avg record high C= 29.2
|Dec avg record high C= 23.8 |Dec avg record high C= 23.8

|Jan humidity= 66
|time day = 1200 GMT
|Feb humidity= 64.5
|Mar humidity= 64 |Jan humidity= 72
|Apr humidity= 62 |Feb humidity= 70
|May humidity= 65.5 |Mar humidity= 65
|Apr humidity= 60
|May humidity= 63
|Jun humidity= 67 |Jun humidity= 67
|Jul humidity= 67 |Jul humidity= 70
|Aug humidity= 66 |Aug humidity= 67
|Sep humidity= 62.5 |Sep humidity= 60
|Oct humidity= 61.5 |Oct humidity= 65
|Nov humidity= 60.5 |Nov humidity= 68
|Dec humidity= 65 |Dec humidity= 73

|year humidity=
|Jan high C= 17.6 |Jan high C= 17.5
|Feb high C= 18.1 |Feb high C= 17.7
|Mar high C= 20.2 |Mar high C= 19.2
|Apr high C= 23.0 |Apr high C= 22.8
|May high C= 25.2 |May high C= 24.9
|Jun high C= 27.9 |Jun high C= 27.5
|Jul high C= 29.9 |Jul high C= 29.4
|Aug high C= 30.6 |Aug high C= 30.2
|Sep high C= 29.7 |Sep high C= 29.4
|Oct high C= 27.2 |Oct high C= 27.3
|Nov high C= 23.7 |Nov high C= 23.4
|Dec high C= 19.7 |Dec high C= 19.2

|year high C=
|Jan mean C= 13.9 |Jan mean C= 12.9
|Feb mean C= 14.4 |Feb mean C= 13.4
|Mar mean C= 16.4 |Mar mean C= 16.4
|Apr mean C= 19.2 |Apr mean C= 19.2
Line 350: Line 348:
|Aug mean C= 27.8 |Aug mean C= 27.8
|Sep mean C= 26.5 |Sep mean C= 26.5
|Oct mean C= 23.7 |Oct mean C= 22.7
|Nov mean C= 19.6 |Nov mean C= 17.6
|Dec mean C= 15.9 |Dec mean C= 13.9

|year mean C=
|Jan low C= 10.2 |Jan low C= 9.6
|Feb low C= 10.7 |Feb low C= 9.8
|Mar low C= 12.6 |Mar low C= 11.5
|Apr low C= 15.3 |Apr low C= 14.4
|May low C= 18.3 |May low C= 17.3
|Jun low C= 21.8 |Jun low C= 20.6
|Jul low C= 24.2 |Jul low C= 23.0
|Aug low C= 25.0 |Aug low C= 23.7
|Sep low C= 23.4 |Sep low C= 22.5
|Oct low C= 20.1 |Oct low C= 19.1
|Nov low C= 15.5 |Nov low C= 14.6
|Dec low C= 12.2 |Dec low C= 11.2

|year low C=
|Jan avg record low C= 6.6 |Jan avg record low C= 6.6
|Feb avg record low C= 7.3 |Feb avg record low C= 7.3
Line 379: Line 377:
|Nov avg record low C= 10.9 |Nov avg record low C= 10.9
|Dec avg record low C= 7.8 |Dec avg record low C= 7.8

|Jan record low C= -1.5
|rain colour = green
|Feb record low C= -1.9
|Mar record low C= 1.0
|Apr record low C= 2.5
|May record low C= 4.4
|Jun record low C= 10.0
|Jul record low C= 13.9
|Aug record low C= 15.0
|Sep record low C= 10.0
|Oct record low C= 7.2
|Nov record low C= 3.3
|Dec record low C= -1.1
|Jan rain mm= 147 |Jan rain mm= 147
|Feb rain mm= 111 |Feb rain mm= 111
|Mar rain mm= 62 |Mar rain mm= 62
|Apr rain mm= 16 |Apr rain mm= 16
|May rain mm= 3.6 |May rain mm= 4
|Jun rain mm= 0 |Jun rain mm= 0
|Jul rain mm= 0 |Jul rain mm= 0
|Aug rain mm= 0 |Aug rain mm= 0
|Sep rain mm= 0.7 |Sep rain mm= 1
|Oct rain mm= 34 |Oct rain mm= 34
|Nov rain mm= 81 |Nov rain mm= 81
|Dec rain mm= 127 |Dec rain mm= 127

|unit rain days=0.1 mm
|Jan rain days= 13 |unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Feb rain days= 11 |Jan rain days= 15
|Mar rain days= 8 |Feb rain days= 13
|Apr rain days= 2 |Mar rain days= 10
|May rain days= 0.8 |Apr rain days= 4
|May rain days= 2
|Jun rain days= 0 |Jun rain days= 0
|Jul rain days= 0 |Jul rain days= 0
|Aug rain days= 0 |Aug rain days= 0
|Sep rain days= 0.3 |Sep rain days= 0
|Oct rain days= 4 |Oct rain days= 6
|Nov rain days= 7 |Nov rain days= 9
|Dec rain days= 10 |Dec rain days= 12

|Jan sun= 192.2 |Jan sun= 192.2
|Feb sun= 200.1 |Feb sun= 200.1
|Mar sun= 235.6 |Mar sun= 235.6
|Apr sun= 270 |Apr sun= 270.0
|May sun= 328.6 |May sun= 328.6
|Jun sun= 357 |Jun sun= 357.0
|Jul sun= 368.9 |Jul sun= 368.9
|Aug sun= 356.5 |Aug sun= 356.5
|Sep sun= 300 |Sep sun= 300.0
|Oct sun= 279 |Oct sun= 279.0
|Nov sun= 234 |Nov sun= 234.0
|Dec sun= 189.1 |Dec sun= 189.1

|year sun=
|source 1= ''Israel Meteorological Service''<ref name="ims">{{cite web |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |title=Averages and Records for Tel Aviv (Precipitation, Temperature and Records written in the page) |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=1 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010915/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |archive-date=14 September 2010}} {{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael |title=Extremes for Tel Aviv |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710130329/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |url-status=live }} {{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/TempNormals.htm |title=Temperature average |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618145923/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/TempNormals.htm |archive-date=18 June 2013}} {{in lang|he}}</ref><ref name="Precipitation average">{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/RainNormals.htm |title=Precipitation average |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925080227/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/RainNormals.htm |archive-date=25 September 2011}} {{in lang|he}}</ref>
|source 1= ''Israel Meteorological Service''<ref name="ims">{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo|title=Averages and Records for Tel Aviv (Precipitation, Temperature and Records written in the page)|publisher=Israel Meteorological Service | accessdate=1 August 2010}}{{link language|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|source 2= '']'' for data of sunshine hours<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/tel_aviv_e.htm |title=Climatological Information for Tel Aviv, Israel |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114737/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/tel_aviv_e.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael |title=Extremes for Tel Aviv |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service| accessdate= 2 August 2015}}{{link language|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/TempNormals.htm|title=Temperature average|publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |accessdate=8 December 2011}}{{link language|he}}</ref><ref name="Precipitation average">{{cite web
|url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/ClimaticAtlas/RainNormals.htm |title=Precipitation average| accessdate= 12 July 2011}}{{link language|he}}</ref>
|source 2= '']'' for data of sunshine hours<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/tel_aviv_e.htm |title=Climatological Information for Tel Aviv, Israel|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory | accessdate= 2 August 2015}}</ref>
}} }}


{{Weather box {{Weather box
|location= Tel Aviv the West Coast (2005–2014) |location = Tel Aviv the West Coast (2005–2014)
|metric first= yes |metric first = yes
|single line= yes |single line = yes

|Jan record high C= 27.7 |Jan record high C= 27.7
|Feb record high C= 31.8 |Feb record high C= 31.8
Line 452: Line 440:
|Nov record high C= 34.0 |Nov record high C= 34.0
|Dec record high C= 29.5 |Dec record high C= 29.5

|Jan high C= 18.3 |Jan high C= 18.3
|Feb high C= 18.9 |Feb high C= 18.9
Line 464: Line 453:
|Nov high C= 23.9 |Nov high C= 23.9
|Dec high C= 20.3 |Dec high C= 20.3

|year high C=
|Jan mean C= 14.7 |Jan mean C= 14.7
|Feb mean C= 15.4 |Feb mean C= 15.4
Line 477: Line 466:
|Nov mean C= 20.2 |Nov mean C= 20.2
|Dec mean C= 16.6 |Dec mean C= 16.6

|year mean C=
|Jan low C= 11.1 |Jan low C= 11.1
|Feb low C= 11.9 |Feb low C= 11.9
Line 490: Line 479:
|Nov low C= 16.5 |Nov low C= 16.5
|Dec low C= 12.8 |Dec low C= 12.8

|year low C=
|Jan record low C= 4.2 |Jan record low C= 4.2
|Feb record low C= 5.2 |Feb record low C= 5.2
Line 503: Line 492:
|Nov record low C= 10.2 |Nov record low C= 10.2
|Dec record low C= 4.0 |Dec record low C= 4.0
|source 1= ''Israel Meteorological Service databases''<ref name="imsdb">{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.il/ims|title=Israel Meteorological Service databases|publisher=Israel Meteorological Service | accessdate= 2015}}{{link language|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/ODOT/Stations/402.htm |title=Tel Aviv the West Coast|publisher=Israel Meteorological Service| accessdate= 15 August 2007}}{{link language|he}}</ref>
}}


|source 1= ''Israel Meteorological Service databases''<ref name="imsdb">{{cite web |url=https://data.gov.il/ims |title=Israel Meteorological Service databases |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119205142/https://data.gov.il/ims |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead}} {{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/ODOT/Stations/402.htm |title=Tel Aviv the West Coast |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |access-date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024122213/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/ODOT/Stations/402.htm |url-status=live }} {{in lang|he}}</ref>
==Local government==
}}
] and ] looking northwest]]
Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city council elected for a five-year term in direct proportional elections.<ref name="govt">{{cite book
|last=Encyclopædia Britannica Staff
|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|year=1974
|page=66
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=YpZpY9plD7AC&q=tel-aviv+city+council&dq=tel-aviv+city+council
|id=
|isbn=0-85229-290-2}}</ref>


All Israeli citizens over the age of 18 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm |title=Social Services Administration |accessdate=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426095713/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm |archivedate=26 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm |title=Community Life |accessdate=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526023203/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm |archivedate=26 May 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm |title=Tourism |accessdate=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302120451/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=2 March 2008}}</ref> The Tel Aviv City Hall is located at ]. ] has been mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.<ref name="govt"/> Huldai was reelected for a fourth term in the 2013 municipal elections, defeating ] who ran at the head of the ] list.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harkov|first1=Lahav|title=Incumbent mayors victorious in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem municipal elections|url=http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Polls-close-after-low-turnout-in-Israeli-mayoral-city-council-elections-329462|accessdate=16 November 2014|work=jpost.com|date=24 October 2013}}</ref> The longest serving mayor was ], who was in office for 19&nbsp;years. The shortest serving was ], in office for two years, 1925–27.

Tel Aviv is known to be a stronghold for the left. This is especially true for the city's mostly affluent central and northern neighborhoods, though not the case for its working-class southeastern neighborhoods.<ref>Haviv Rettig Gur, , Times of Israel, April 6, 2015</ref> Outside the ]im, ] receives more votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shiner |first=Doron |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/how-they-voted-see-israel-election-results-by-city-sector-1.269923 |title=How they voted: See Israel election results by city/sector |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref>

===List of Mayors of Tel Aviv===

====Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)====
{|class="wikitable" {|class="wikitable"
|+Tel Aviv mean sea temperature ˚C (˚F)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/israel/tel-aviv-november.htm |title=Tel Aviv Sea Temperature November Average, Israel – Sea Temperatures |website=Seatemperature.org |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229080400/http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/israel/tel-aviv-november.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- |-
! !Jan
!Feb
! colspan=2 | Name
!Mar
! Term start
!Apr
! Term end
!May
! Party
!Jun
|-
! 1 !Jul
!Aug
| style="background:#0047ab;"|
!Sep
|]
!Oct
|align=center|1920
!Nov
|align=center|1925
!Dec
|]
|- style="font-size:115%; text-align: center;"
|-
| style="{{weather box/colt|18.8}}" | 18.8<br />(65.8)
! 2
| style="background:#f00;"| | style="{{weather box/colt|17.6}}" | 17.6<br />(63.7)
| style="{{weather box/colt|17.9}}" | 17.9<br />(64.2)
|]
| style="{{weather box/colt|18.6}}" | 18.6<br />(65.5)
|align=center|1925
| style="{{weather box/colt|21.2}}" | 21.2<br />(70.2)
|align=center|1928
| style="{{weather box/colt|24.9}}" | 24.9<br />(76.8)
|]
| style="{{weather box/colt|27.4}}" | 27.4<br />(81.3)
|-
| style="{{weather box/colt|28.6}}" | 28.6<br />(83.5)
! (1)
| style="background:#0047ab;"| | style="{{weather box/colt|28.2}}" | 28.2<br />(82.8)
| style="{{weather box/colt|26.3}}" | 26.3<br />(79.3)
|]
| style="{{weather box/colt|23.2}}" | 23.2<br />(73.8)
|align=center|1928
| style="{{weather box/colt|20.6}}" | 20.6<br />(69.1)
|align=center|1936
|]
|-
! 3
| style="background:#f00;"|
|]
|align=center|1936
|align=center|1936
|]
|-
! 4
| style="background:#0047ab;"|
|]
|align=center|1936
|align=center|1948
|]
|} |}


==Government==
====State of Israel (1948–present)====
{{see also|Mayor of Tel Aviv|Mayoral elections in Tel Aviv}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
] and ]]]
|-
Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city council elected for a five-year term by in direct proportional elections,<ref name="govt">{{cite book |last=Encyclopædia Britannica Staff |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |year=1974 |page=66 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpZpY9plD7AC&q=tel-aviv+city+council |isbn=978-0-85229-290-7 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409161144/https://books.google.com/books?id=YpZpY9plD7AC&q=tel-aviv+city+council |url-status=live }}</ref> and a mayor elected for the same term by direct elections under a ]. Like all other mayors in Israel, no ] exist for the Mayor of Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/24646 |title=Is There a Connection Between Corruption and Term Limits in Local Government? |publisher=The Israel Democracy Institute |date=2018-10-18 |access-date=2022-03-05 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218135659/https://en.idi.org.il/articles/24646 |url-status=live }}</ref> All Israeli citizens over the age of 17 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm |title=Social Services Administration |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426095713/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/human/index.htm |archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm |title=Community Life |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526023203/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/education/community/centers.htm |archive-date=26 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm |title=Tourism |access-date=29 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302120451/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/Tourism/Information/Index.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=2 March 2008}}</ref> The Tel Aviv City Hall is located at ]. ] has been mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.<ref name="govt"/> Huldai was reelected for a fifth term in the 2018 municipal elections, defeating former deputy ], founder of the Ha'Ir party.<ref name="ToIWootliff">{{cite news |last1=Wootliff |first1=Raoul |last2=ToI staff |title=Tel Aviv mayor fends off deputy, cruises to fifth term |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-mayor-fends-off-deputy-cruises-to-fifth-term/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=31 October 2018 |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208162858/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-mayor-fends-off-deputy-cruises-to-fifth-term/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Huldai's has become the longest-serving mayor of the city, exceeding ]'s 19-year term.<ref name="ToIWootliff" /> The shortest-serving was ], in office for two years, 1925–27.
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Mayor of Tel Aviv
! Took office
! Left office
! Party
|-
| style="background:#0047ab;"| '''1'''
|| ]
|| ]
|| 1948
|| 1953
|| ]
|-
| style="background:#0047ab;"| '''2'''
|| ]
|| ]
|| 1953
|| 1959
|| ]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{Mapai/meta/color}};" | '''3'''
|| ]
|| ]
|| 1959
|| 1969
|| ]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{Israeli Labor Party/meta/color}};" | '''4'''
|| ]
|| ]
|| 1969
|| 1974
|| ]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{Likud/meta/color}};" | '''5'''
|| ]
|| ]
|| 1974
|| 1993
|| ]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{Likud/meta/color}};" | '''6'''
|| ]
|| ]
|| 1993
|| 1998
|| ]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{Israeli Labor Party/meta/color}};" | '''7'''
|| ]
|| ]
|| 1998
|| ''Incumbent''
|| ]
|}


Politically, Tel Aviv is known to be a stronghold for the left, in both local and national issues. The left wing vote is especially prevalent in the city's mostly affluent central and northern neighborhoods, though not the case for its working-class southeastern neighborhoods which tend to vote for right wing parties in national elections.<ref>Haviv Rettig Gur, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509122619/http://www.timesofisrael.com/what-the-20th-knesset-says-about-israeli-society/ |date=9 May 2015 }}, ''The Times of Israel'', 6 April 2015</ref> Outside the ]im, ] receives more votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shiner |first=Doron |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/how-they-voted-see-israel-election-results-by-city-sector-1.269923 |title=How they voted: See Israel election results by city/sector |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721225236/http://www.haaretz.com/news/how-they-voted-see-israel-election-results-by-city-sector-1.269923 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===City council===
Following the 2013 municipal elections, Meretz gain an unprecedented 6 seats on the council. However, having been reelected as mayor, Huldai and the ] list lead the coalition, which controls 29 of 31 seats.


==Demographics==
{|class="wikitable"
]
|+ Tel Aviv City Council, 2013–2018 Term
! Party
! Seats
! Coalition Member
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|]
|6
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|Tel Aviv 1
|5
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|Rov Ha'ir (City Majority)
|4
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|Ir Le'kulanu (City for All)
|3
|Partial (2 of 3 seats, Shelley Dvir remained in the Opposition)
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|Segev-Beyachad Tel Aviv (Shas, Jewish Home, Torah Judaism)
|3
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|Ko'ach Le'gimla'im (Power to Pensioners)
|2
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|]
|2
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|Drom Ha'ir (South Tel Aviv)
|1
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|]
|1
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|Tel Aviv B'tucha (Safe Tel Aviv)
|1
|Yes
|-
|Aseifat Horim (Parents List)
|1
|No
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|] (Social Justice)
|1
|Yes
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|Mahapach Yarok (Green Revolution)
|1
|Yes
|}


Tel Aviv has a population of {{Israel populations|Tel Aviv - Yafo}} spread over a land area of {{cvt|52000|dunam|km2 sqmi}},{{Israel populations|reference}} yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square km (19,699 per square mile). According to the ] (CBS), {{As of|2009|lc=y}} Tel Aviv's population was growing at an annual rate of 0.5 percent. Jews of all backgrounds formed 91.8 percent of the population, Muslims and ] made up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belonged to other groups (including various Christian and Asian communities).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gis.cbs.gov.il/website/yishuvim/yishuvim_2005/XLS/bycode.xls |title=Tel Aviv Ethnic Breakdown |publisher=] |date=31 December 2005 |format=Excel |access-date=22 January 2008 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132427/http://gis.cbs.gov.il/website/yishuvim/yishuvim_2005/XLS/bycode.xls |url-status=live }}"Others" refers to non-Arab Christians and unclassified.</ref> As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city, many languages are spoken in addition to ]. According to some estimates, about 50,000 unregistered African and Asian ]s live in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0 |title=Migration News |access-date=22 May 2007 |publisher=UC Davis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012013249/http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> Compared with Westernised cities, crime in Tel Aviv is relatively low.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=64217 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190616053732/https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=64217 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2019 |title=Israel 2007 Crime & Safety Report: Tel Aviv |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Overseas Security Advisory Agency}}</ref>
==Education==
]]]


]
In 2006, 51,359&nbsp;children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977&nbsp;were in municipal kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.<ref name="TA Stats"/> Sixty-four percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the national average.<ref name="TA Stats"/> About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000 by 2012.<ref name="young"/> As a result, 20&nbsp;additional kindergarten classes were opened in 2008–09 in the city. A new elementary school is planned north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.<ref name="young"/>
According to Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which had an ] rate of 4.6% in 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st12_24&CYear=2015 |title=Unemployment rates in Israel, 2014, CBS (Hebrew). |website=cbs.gov.il |access-date=2016-03-06 |archive-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216085952/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st12_24&CYear=2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> is 20% above the national average.<ref name="TA Stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo in Numbers |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |date=July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124142007/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> The city's education standards are above the national average: of its 12th-grade students, 64.4 percent are eligible for ].<ref name="TA Stats"/> The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2 percent aged under 20, 18.5 percent aged 20–29, 24 percent aged 30–44, 16.2 percent aged between 45 and 59, and 19.1 percent older than 60.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_11x&CYear=2007 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007 |access-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218230924/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_11x&CYear=2007 |archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref>


Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,000, falling to 317,000 in the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from moving in.<ref name="profile"/> Since the 1990s, population has steadily grown.<ref name="profile"/> Today, the city's population is young and growing.<ref name="young">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/Tel-Aviv-getting-younger |title=Tel Aviv getting younger |work=] |date=21 January 2008 |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151214/http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/Tel-Aviv-getting-younger |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, 22,000&nbsp;people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left,<ref name="young"/> and many of the new families had young children. The population is expected to reach 535,000 in 2030;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Documents/Climate%20Adaptation%20Action%20Plan.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo Climate Adaptation Action Plan |date=2020 |website=tel-aviv.gov.il |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028220203/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Documents/Climate%20Adaptation%20Action%20Plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> meanwhile, the average age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008.<ref name="young"/> The population over age 65 stands at 14.6 percent compared with 19% in 1983.<ref name="young"/>
The first Hebrew high school, called ], was built in 1905 on Herzl Street.


===Religion===
], the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for its ], ], ] and ] departments. Together with ] in neighboring ], the student population numbers over 50,000, including a sizeable ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/ |title=Tel Aviv University |accessdate=19 July 2007 |publisher=QS Top Universities}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Education/higher_ed.html |title=Higher Education |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=19 July 2007}}</ref> Its campus is located in the neighborhood of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html |title=TAU History |publisher=] |accessdate=26 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108214143/http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html |archivedate=8 November 2007 }}</ref> Tel Aviv also has several colleges.<ref name=colleges>{{cite web
] is a largest synagogue in center of Tel Aviv]]
|title=Colleges in Israel
Tel Aviv has 544 active synagogues,<ref name=LauINN>{{cite news |last=Baruch |first=Uzi |script-title=he:תל אביב דתית יותר ממה שנהוג לחשוב |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=17 May 2009 |url=http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/189306 |language=he |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520083716/http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/189306 |url-status=live }}</ref> including historic buildings such as the ], established in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Jewish underground of Tel Aviv |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3451146,00.html |work=Ynetnews |first=Udi |last=Michelson |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=16 March 2008 |archive-date=23 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223095736/http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3451146,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, a center for secular ] and a ] opened in the city.<ref name=arfa>{{cite news |last=Arfa |first=Orit |title=Jewish learning on the rise in Tel Aviv |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 October 2006 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/Jewish-learning-on-the-rise-in-Tel-Aviv |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221075233/http://www.jpost.com/Features/Jewish-learning-on-the-rise-in-Tel-Aviv |url-status=live }}</ref> Tensions between religious and ] before the 2006 gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue.<ref name=cohen>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Avi |title=Synagogue vandalized as gay parade controversy picks up steam |work=Ynetnews |date=2 November 2006 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3322809,00.html |access-date=15 July 2008 |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830032836/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3322809,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of churches has grown to accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm |title=Tel Aviv-Jaffa |access-date=16 March 2008 |publisher=Israeli Tourism Ministry |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080303015041/http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm |archive-date=3 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, the population was 89.9% Jewish, and 4.5% Arab; among Arabs, 82.8% were Muslim, 16.4% were Christian, and 0.8% were ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2021/local_authorities19_1835/398_5000.pdf |title=Tel Aviv profile: 2019 |date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303131134/https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2021/local_authorities19_1835/398_5000.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The remaining 5 percent were not classified by religion. ] is ] of the city.<ref name=lau>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Former Chief Rabbi Lau named as chair of Yad Vashem council |work=Haaretz |date=9 November 2008 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035690.html |access-date= 22 November 2008 |archive-date= 12 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081112092702/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035690.html |url-status= dead}}</ref>
|work=Israel Science and Technology Homepage
|accessdate=15 July 2008
|url=http://www.science.co.il/Colleges.asp
}}</ref>
The ] moved from Jaffa to Tel Aviv in 1909. The school continues to operate, although it has moved to ] Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schooly.co.il/gymnasia/ |title=Gymnasia Herzlia |language=Hebrew |accessdate=2 April 2008}}{{dead link|date=February 2016}}</ref> Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include ], the second ] in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and ].


] is the largest mosque in Tel Aviv]]
==Demographics==
Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel Aviv, consists of the descendants of immigrants from all parts of the world, including ] from Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well as ] and ] from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of ] and their descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim and ] minorities in the city, several hundred ] Christians reside in the city, concentrated mainly in ]. There are also some Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and relatives. In recent years, Tel Aviv has received many non-Jewish migrants from Asia and Africa, students, foreign workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees. There are many economic migrants and refugees from African countries, primarily ] and ], located in the southern part of the city.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525043834/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0524/Israel-land-of-Jewish-refugees-riled-by-influx-of-Africans |date=25 May 2012 }} 24 May 2012</ref>
], Tel Aviv]]


===Neighborhoods===
Tel Aviv has a population of 426,138 spread over a land area of {{convert|52000|dunam|km2|1}} (20&nbsp;mi²), yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square km (19,699 per square mile). According to the ] (CBS), {{As of|2009|lc=y}} Tel Aviv's population is growing at an annual rate of 0.5 percent. Jews of all backgrounds form 91.8 percent of the population, Muslims and Arab Christians make up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belong to other groups (including various Christian and Asian communities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gis.cbs.gov.il/website/yishuvim/yishuvim_2005/XLS/bycode.xls |title=Tel Aviv Ethnic Breakdown |publisher=] |date=31 December 2005 |format=Excel |accessdate=7 July 2007}}"Others" refers to non-Arab Christians and unclassified.</ref> As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city, many languages are spoken in addition to ]. According to some estimates, about 50,000 unregistered Asian ]s live in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0 |title=Migration News |accessdate=22 May 2007 |publisher=UC Davis |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012013249/http://migration.ucdavis.edu/MN/more.php?id=1041_0_5_0 |archivedate=12 October 2007 }}</ref> Compared with Westernised cities, crime in Tel Aviv is relatively low.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=64217 |title=Israel 2007 Crime & Safety Report: Tel Aviv |accessdate=26 January 2008 |publisher=Overseas Security Advisory Agency}}{{Dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref>
{{Further|Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv}}
] and the central bus station]]


Tel Aviv is divided into nine boroughs that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient ] out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recent ] is replacing them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in nearby ], the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa. ], a district in the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includes ], is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3420369,00.html |title=Tel Aviv airport to make way for luxury project |date=3 July 2007 |last=Petersburg |first=Ofer |work=Ynetnews |access-date=19 July 2007 |archive-date=5 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705190018/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3420369%2C00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The area known as ] is the ] (IDF) headquarters and a large ].<ref name=yarkoni/> Moreover, in the past few years, ] which is beginning in Neve Tzedek has become an attraction for tourists, businesses and startups. It features a wide, tree-lined central strip with pedestrian and bike lanes. Historically, there was a demographic split between the ] northern side of the city, including the district of Ramat Aviv, and the southern, more ] and ] neighborhoods including ] and ].<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}
According to Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which has an ] of 4.6%,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st12_24&CYear=2015|title=Unemployment rates in Israel, 2014, CBS (Hebrew).|website=www.cbs.gov.il|access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> is 20% above the National Average.<ref name="TA Stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yafo in Numbers |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |accessdate=27 January 2008 |date=July 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124142007/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/cityhall/geo/6167Area.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2007 }}</ref> The city's education standards are above the national average: of its 12th-grade students, 64.4 percent are eligible for ].<ref name="TA Stats"/> The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2 percent aged under 20, 18.5 percent aged 20–29, 24 percent aged 30–44, 16.2 percent aged between 45 and 59, and 19.1 percent older than 60.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_11x&CYear=2007 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007 |accessdate=23 January 2008 |publisher=]}}</ref>


] neighborhood]]
Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,000, falling to 317,000 in the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from moving in.<ref name="profile"/> Since the mass immigration from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s, population has steadily grown.<ref name="profile"/> Today, the city's population is young and growing.<ref name="young">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/Tel-Aviv-getting-younger |title=Tel Aviv getting younger |work=] |date=21 January 2008 |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> In 2006, 22,000&nbsp;people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left,<ref name="young"/> and many of the new families had young children. The population is expected to reach 450,000 by 2025; meanwhile, the average age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008.<ref name="young"/> The population over age 65 stands at 14.6 percent compared with 19% in 1983.<ref name="young"/>
Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern Tel Aviv.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner for Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to make Florentin the ] of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the neighborhood. Street artists, such as ], installation artists such as ], and many others made the upbeat neighborhood their home base.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boulos |first=Nick |title=Show and Tel Aviv: Israel's artistic coastal city |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/middle-east/show-and-tel-aviv-israels-artistic-coastal-city-8861131.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=5 October 2013 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814211546/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/middle-east/show-and-tel-aviv-israels-artistic-coastal-city-8861131.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Forester |last2=Fischler |last3=Shmueli |first1=John |first2=Raphael |first3=Deborah |title=Israeli Planners and Designers: Profiles of Community Builders |year=2001 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |pages=33–41}}</ref> Florentin is now known as a hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayer |first=Joel |title=Tel Aviv Chic; Exploring Graffiti in Florentine |url=http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=135152 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=4 December 2011 |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023085145/http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=135152 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Religion=== ===Health===
]]] ]]]
Tel Aviv is home to ], the third-largest hospital complex in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/16/ART1/578/331.html |title=Sheba – the largest hospital in Israel |website=Nrg.co.il |access-date=2022-02-23 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514215644/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/16/ART1/578/331.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It contains Ichilov Hospital, the Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, and Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital. The city also contains ], a private hospital which offers surgical and diagnostic services in all fields of medicine and has an ] clinic.
Tel Aviv has 544 active synagogues,<ref name=LauINN>{{cite news
|last=Baruch
|first=Uzi
|script-title=he:תל אביב דתית יותר ממה שנהוג לחשוב
|work=Israel National News
|accessdate=17 May 2009
|date=17 May 2009
|url=http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/189306
|language=he}}</ref>
including historic buildings such as the ], established in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Jewish underground of Tel Aviv |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3451146,00.html |work=Ynetnews |first=Udi |last=Michelson |date=19 January 2007 |accessdate=16 March 2008}}</ref> In 2008, a center for secular ] and a ] opened in the city.<ref name=arfa>{{cite news
|last=Arfa
|first=Orit
|title=Jewish learning on the rise in Tel Aviv
|work=Jerusalem Post
|accessdate=15 July 2008
|date=21 October 2006
|url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/Jewish-learning-on-the-rise-in-Tel-Aviv
}}</ref> Tensions between religious and ] before the gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue.<ref name=cohen>{{cite news
|last=Cohen
|first=Avi
|title=Synagogue vandalized as gay parade controversy picks up steam
|work=Ynetnews
|accessdate=15 July 2008
|date=2 November 2006
|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3322809,00.html
}}</ref> The number of churches has grown to accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm |title=Tel Aviv-Jaffa |accessdate=16 March 2008 |publisher=Israeli Tourism Ministry |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080303015041/http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Destinations/Tel+Aviv/Tel+Aviv-Jaffa.htm |archivedate= 3 March 2008}}</ref> The population was 93% Jewish, 1% Muslim, and 1% Christian. The remaining 5 percent were not classified by religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_06x&CYear=2007 |title=Population by District, Sub-District and Religion |publisher=Israel CBS |work=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007 |format=PDF |year=2007 |accessdate=2 April 2008}}</ref> ] is ] of the city.<ref name=lau>{{Cite news
|last= Associated Press
|title= Former Chief Rabbi Lau named as chair of Yad Vashem council
|work= Haaretz
|accessdate=22 November 2008
|date= 9 November 2008
|url= http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035690.html
}}</ref>
], Jaffa]]
Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel Aviv consists of immigrants from all parts of the world and their descendants, including Ashkenazi Jews from Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well as Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of Ethiopian Jews and their descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim and Arab Christian minorities in the city, several hundred Armenian Christians who reside in the city are concentrated mainly in ] and some Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and relatives. In recent years, Tel Aviv has received many non-Jewish migrants, students, foreign workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees. There are many refugees from African countries located in the southern part of the city.<ref> 24 May 2012</ref>


===Neighborhoods=== ===Education===
]]]
] is a predominantly ] neighborhood in the center of Tel Aviv]]
{{Further information|Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv}} Tel Aviv is divided into nine districts that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient ] out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recent ] is replacing them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in nearby ], the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa. ], a district in the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includes ], is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3420369,00.html |title=Tel Aviv airport to make way for luxury project |accessdate=3 July 2007 |date=3 July 2007 |last=Petersburg |first=Ofer |work=Ynetnews}}</ref> The area known as ] is the ] (IDF) headquarters and a large ].<ref name=yarkoni/>
Moreover, in the past few years, ] which is located at beginning in Neve Tzedek had become an attraction both of tourist, businesses and startups. It features a wide, tree-lined central strip with pedestrian and bike lanes.
Historically, there was a demographic split between the ] northern side of the city, including the district of Ramat Aviv, and the southern, more ] and ] neighborhoods including ] and ].<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}


In 2006, 51,359&nbsp;children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977&nbsp;were in municipal kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools.<ref name="TA Stats"/> Sixty-four percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the national average.<ref name="TA Stats"/> About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000.<ref name="young"/> As a result, 20&nbsp;additional kindergarten classes were opened in 2008–09 in the city. A new elementary school is planned north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.<ref name="young"/>
Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern Tel Aviv.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner for Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to make Florentin the ] of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the neighborhood. Indeed, street artists, such as ], installation artists such as ], and many others made the upbeat neighborhood their home base.<ref>{{cite news|last=Boulos|first=Nick|title=Show and Tel Aviv: Israel's artistic coastal city|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/middle-east/show-and-tel-aviv-israels-artistic-coastal-city-8861131.html|accessdate=1 April 2014|newspaper=The Independent|date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Forester, Fischler, Shmueli|first=John, Raphael, Deborah|title=Israeli Planners and Designers: Profiles of Community Builders|year=2001|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|pages=33–41}}</ref> Florentin is now known as a hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mayer|first=Joel|title=Tel Aviv Chic; Exploring Graffiti in Florentine|url=http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=135152|accessdate=3 December 2011|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|date=4 December 2011}}</ref>


The first Hebrew high school, called ], was established in Jaffa in 1905 and moved to Tel Aviv after its founding in 1909, where a new campus on Herzl Street was constructed for it.
==Cityscape==
{{Wide image|View of Tel Aviv from the Azrieli Center (Panorama).jpg|1100px|{{centre|View of Tel Aviv from the Azrieli Center}}}}


], the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for its ], ], ] and ] departments. Together with ] in neighboring ], the student population numbers over 50,000, including a sizeable ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/ |title=Tel Aviv University |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=QS Top Universities |archive-date=27 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227112546/https://www.topuniversities.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Education/higher_ed.html |title=Higher Education |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=19 July 2007 |archive-date=15 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115175642/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Education/higher_ed.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its campus is located in the neighborhood of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html |title=TAU History |publisher=] |access-date=26 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108214143/http://www.tau.ac.il/tau-history-eng.html |archive-date=8 November 2007}}</ref> Tel Aviv also has several colleges.<ref name=colleges>{{cite web |title=Colleges in Israel |work=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |access-date=15 July 2008 |url=http://www.science.co.il/Colleges.asp |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516110304/http://www.science.co.il/Colleges.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Architecture===
The ] moved from Jaffa to old Tel Aviv in 1909 and moved to ] Street in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schooly.co.il/gymnasia/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100821091601/http://www.schooly.co.il/gymnasia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2010 |title=Gymnasia Herzlia |language=he |access-date=2 April 2008}}</ref> Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include ], the second ] in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and ].
] (left) and 1920s ] (right) architecture styles]]


==Economy==
Tel Aviv is home to different ]s that represent influential periods in its history. The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European-style single-story houses with red-tiled roofs.<ref name="arch">{{cite web |url=http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf |title=Green, White or Black City? |format=PDF |accessdate=16 March 2008 |year=2006 |publisher=Martin Wein, Emory University |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004022/http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf |archivedate= 9 April 2008}}</ref> ], the first neighborhood to be constructed outside of Jaffa is characterised by two-story sandstone buildings.<ref name="UNESCO"/> By the 1920s, a new ] came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches, domes and ornamental tiles.<ref name="arch"/> Municipal construction followed the "garden city" master plan drawn up by ]. Two- and three-story buildings were interspersed with boulevards and public parks.<ref name="arch"/>
], the ]]]
Various architectural styles, such as ], classical and modernist also exist in Tel Aviv.
Tel Aviv has been ranked as the twenty-fifth most important financial center in the world.<ref name="longfinance1">{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf |title=TheGlobal FinancialCentres Index 18 |author=Ami Sedghi |date=1 September 2015 |publisher=QFC |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227131528/http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI18_23Sep2015.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1926, the country's first shopping arcade, Passage Pensak, was built there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |title=Back to the Future / Everything's up to date in Tel Aviv. It's 1935 |work=Haaretz |access-date=25 May 2016 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803112930/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle class ] arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small port was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened. Herzl Street became a commercial thoroughfare at this time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |title=Back to the future: Everything's up to date in Tel Aviv. It's 1935 |work=Haaretz |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213180603/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Economic activities account for 17 percent of the GDP.<ref name="profile"/> In 2011, Tel Aviv had an unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233505/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000728750&fid=1725 |date=5 November 2013 }} ''Globes'', 28 February 12 14:00, Adrian Filut</ref> The city has been described as a "flourishing technological center" by '']'' and a "miniature Los Angeles" by '']''.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures#Economic_profile |title=Tel Aviv City Guide |access-date=28 May 2007 |newspaper=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233537/http://economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek">{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Stephen |author2=Matt Rees |date=9 November 1998 |title=Focus on Technology: The Hot New Tech Cities |magazine=]}} <!-- (online: 1998-11-04) "Massive immigration from Russia in the early 1990s brought the country a flood of computer scientists with advanced theoretical knowledge." --></ref> In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek as one of the 10&nbsp;most technologically influential cities in the world. Since then, high-tech industry in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop.<ref name="Newsweek"/> The Tel Aviv metropolitan area (including ] such as ] and ]) is Israel's center of high-tech, sometimes referred to as ].<ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="mercer">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/costofliving |title=Cost of living top 50 cities |publisher=] |access-date=25 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725183008/http://www.mercer.com/costofliving |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref>
====Bauhaus====
{{Main article|Bauhaus}}
]
Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's ], around the city center, contains more than 5,000&nbsp;Modernist-style buildings inspired by the ] and ].<ref name="UNESCO"/><ref name="times"/> Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and, collectively, a ] ], continued until the 1950s in the area around ].<ref name="times"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1096 |title=White City of Tel Aviv |accessdate=19 July 2007 |publisher=]}}</ref> Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931 and 1939 alone.<ref name="arch"/>
In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.<ref name="Economist"/> Some of the city's Modernist buildings were neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and restore them to their original condition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Architecture/Bauhaus.html |title=Bauhaus Architecture |publisher=] |accessdate=11 February 2008}}</ref>


In 2016, the ] (GaWC) at ] reissued an inventory of ] based on their level of advanced producer services. Tel Aviv was ranked as an ].<ref name="lboro.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2016 |work=Globalization and World Cities Research Network |access-date=18 December 2017 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===High-rise construction and towers===
{{see also|List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv}}
] complex contains some of the tallest skyscrapers in Tel Aviv.]]
The ], Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivaled Europe's tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East.


The ] ] zone opened in 1972 and the city has become a major world high tech hub. In December 2012, the city was ranked second on a list of top places to found a high tech ], just behind ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4315220,00.html |title=Tel Aviv named 2nd best high-tech center – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=5 December 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |last1=Cohen |first1=Sagi |archive-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315063702/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4315220,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Tel Aviv had more than 700 startup companies and research and development centers, and was ranked the second-most innovative city in the world, behind ] and ahead of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4352010,00.html |title=Tel Aviv ranks 2nd in innovation – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |archive-date=14 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314190323/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4352010,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |title=Skyscrapers dotting Tel Aviv landscape &#124; j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |publisher=Jweekly.com |date=29 March 1996 |accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> However, the towers were not concentrated in certain areas, and were scattered at random locations throughout the city, creating a disjointed skyline.


According to ], nine of its fifteen Israeli-born billionaires live in Israel; four live in Tel Aviv and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_10.html |title=The World's Billionaires |work=Forbes |date=8 March 2007 |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=28 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128013635/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_10.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Israels-Richest_land.html |title=Israel's 40 Richest |date=9 December 2006 |work=Forbes |last=Bin-Nun |first=Boaz |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707001059/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Israels-Richest_land.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] in Israel is high, with Tel Aviv being its most expensive city to live in. In 2021, Tel Aviv became the world's most expensive city to live in, according to the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cost of Living Index 2021 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/worldwide-cost-of-living-2021/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124174307/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/worldwide-cost-of-living-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBCcol" />
], Neve Tzedek]]
New neighborhoods, such as ], have been constructed to house apartment towers such as ] towers, designed by ]. Other districts, such as ], have been developed with office towers. Other recent additions to Tel Aviv's skyline include the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telavivinf.com/info/infoitems.asp?lang=eng&cat=1&status=completed |title=Tel Aviv Towers|accessdate=15 March 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv in Focus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=948 |title=Tel Aviv |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com |accessdate=15 March 2008}}</ref> As Tel Aviv celebrated its centennial in 2009,<ref name="Tel Aviv centennial celebrations kick off">, by Reuven Weiss, ], 3 March 2009.</ref> the city attracted a number of architects and developers, including ], ], and ].<ref name="TNC">, by Adam H. Graham, Town & Country Travel, 12 February 2008. {{wayback|url=http://www.townandcountrytravelmag.com/vacation-ideas/best-vacations/tel-aviv-israel-sp08 |date=20120402140724 |df=y }}</ref> American journalist ] reported in ] that since Tel Aviv "was named a ] site, gorgeous historic buildings from the Ottoman and Bauhaus era have been repurposed as fabulous hotels, eateries, boutiques, and design museums."<ref name="NYmag">, David Kaufman, New York Magazine, Published 28 August 2008.</ref> In November 2009, '']'' reported that Tel Aviv had 59 skyscrapers more than 100 meters tall.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mirovsky |first=Arik |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/tel-aviv-50th-in-number-of-skyscrapers-1.3931 |title=Tel Aviv 50th in number of skyscrapers |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=18 November 2009 |accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> Currently, dozens of skyscrapers have been approved or are under construction throughout the city, and many more are planned. The tallest building approved is the Egged Tower, which would become Israel's tallest building upon completion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telavivinf.com/info/infoitem.asp?item=278&lang=eng |title=Egged Tower |publisher=Telavivinf.com |accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> According to current plans, the tower is planned to have 80 floors, rise to a height of 270 meters, and will have a 50-meter spire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/building/eggedtower-telavivyaffo-israel |title=Egged Tower &#124; Buildings |location=IL / |publisher=Emporis |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>


Shopping malls in Tel Aviv include ], ] and ] and markets such as Carmel Market, Ha'Tikva Market, and Bezalel Market.
] tower]]
In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and ], and also between the ] and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the ]. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between ] and ], with the first such tower there being the ]. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.<ref>Fox, Jesse: ''Tel Aviv's skyline in 2025'' (21 May 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |title=No new skyscrapers in central Tel Aviv – Israel Business, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref>


]]]
In November 2012, it was announced that to encourage investment in the city's architecture, residential towers throughout Tel Aviv would be extended in height. Buildings in Jaffa and the southern and eastern districts may have two and a half stories added, while those on Ibn Gabirol Street might be extended by seven and a half stories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=21251 |title=New skyline for Tel Aviv, Editorial, world architecture news, architecture jobs |publisher=Worldarchitecturenews.com |date=12 November 2012 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>
]]]
]" in Tel Aviv's financial district]]


Tel Aviv is home to the ] (TASE), Israel's only ], which has reached record heights since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070621_251927.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business |title=Israel: A Hotbed of...Investment |work=] |date=21 June 2007 |last=Sandler |first=Neal |access-date=22 June 2007 |archive-date=26 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626072752/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070621_251927.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained attention for its resilience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009 Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Senor, Singer |first=Dan, Saul |title=Start Up Nation |year=2009 |publisher=Twelve |location=New York |pages=13–14}}</ref> Many international ] firms, ] institutes and high-tech companies are headquartered in the city. Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food manufacturers.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}}
==Economy==
Tel Aviv has been ranked as the twenty-fifth most important financial center in the world.<ref name="longfinance1"/> It was built on sand dunes in an area unsuitable for farming. Instead, it developed as a hub of business and scientific research.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} In 1926, the country's first shopping arcade, Passage Pensak, was built there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939|title=Back to the Future / Everything's up to date in Tel Aviv. It's 1935|author=|date=|work=haaretz.com}}</ref> By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle class ] arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small port was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened. ] became a commercial thoroughfare at this time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/back-to-the-future-everything-s-up-to-date-in-tel-aviv-it-s-1935-1.372939 |title=Back to the future: Everything's up to date in Tel Aviv. It's 1935|publisher=Haaretz.com |date=13 July 2011 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref>


Tel Aviv is ranked the 4th top global startup ecosystem hub according to the startup genome.<ref name=":04">{{Cite news |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |date=10 June 2024 |title=Tel Aviv moves up to 4th place in annual ranking of global tech ecosystems |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-moves-up-to-4th-place-in-annual-ranking-of-global-tech-ecosystems/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Genome |first=Startup |title=Startup Genome |url=https://startupgenome.com/report/gser2024 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Startup Genome |language=en}}</ref>
Economic activities account for 17 percent of the GDP.<ref name="profile"/> In 2011, Tel Aviv had an unemployment rate of 4.4 percent.<ref>''Globes'', 28 February 12 14:00, Adrian Filut</ref>
{{clear left}}
]. Its building is optimized for computer trading. Its computer systems are located in an underground bunker in case of emergencies, in which there is space for personnel to keep the exchange active during emergencies.<ref>, By GLOBES, NIV ELIS, 09/08/2014</ref>]]
The city has been described as a "flourishing technological center" by '']'' and a "miniature Los Angeles" by '']''.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite journal|url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures#Economic_profile |title=Tel Aviv City Guide |accessdate=28 May 2007 |journal=] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233537/http://economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=TLV&folder=Facts-Figures |archivedate=11 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Newsweek">{{cite journal|last=Levy|first=Stephen|date=9 November 1998|title=Focus on Technology: The Hot New Tech Cities|journal=]|author2=Matt Rees}} <!-- (online: 1998-11-04) "Massive immigration from Russia in the early 1990s brought the country a flood of computer scientists with advanced theoretical knowledge." --></ref> In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek as one of the 10&nbsp;most technologically influential cities in the world. Since then, high-tech industry in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop.<ref name="Newsweek"/> The Tel Aviv metropolitan area (including ] such as ] and ]) is Israel's center of high-tech, sometimes referred to as ].<ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="mercer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/costofliving |title=Cost of living top 50 cities |publisher=] |accessdate=25 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725183008/http://www.mercer.com/costofliving |archivedate=25 July 2008 }}</ref>


===Tourism and recreation===
Tel Aviv is home to the ] (TASE), Israel's only ], which has reached record heights since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2007/gb20070621_251927.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business |title=Israel: A Hotbed of...Investment |work=] |date=21 June 2007 |accessdate=7 July 2007 |last=Sandler |first=Neal}}</ref> The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained attention for its resilience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009 Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting<ref>{{cite book|last=Senor, Singer|first=Dan, Saul|title=Start Up Nation|year=2009|publisher=Twelve|location=New York|pages=13–14}}</ref> Many international ] firms, ] institutes and high-tech companies are headquartered in the city. Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food manufacturers.<ref name="Economist"/>{{Unreliable source?|failed=y|date=June 2013}} The city's nightlife, cultural attractions and architecture attract tourists whose spending benefits the local economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelfriendz.com/blog/tel-aviv-a-middle-eastern-metropolis-that-never-stops/ |title=Tel Aviv |accessdate=2 September 2014 |publisher=Travel Friendz}}</ref>
Tel Aviv receives about 2.5&nbsp;million international visitors annually, the fifth-most-visited city in the Middle East & Africa.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa"/><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit"/> In 2010, '']''{{'}}s ] ranked it 34th globally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/ |title=Results of the Knight Frank Global Cities Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102042444/http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/ |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> Tel Aviv has been named the third "hottest city for 2011" (behind only New York City and Tangier) by '']'', third-best in the Middle East and Africa by ] (behind only Cape Town and Jerusalem), and the ninth-best ] in the world by '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Travel/TravelNews/Article.aspx?id=193541 |title=Tel Aviv ranked world's 3rd hottest city for 2011 |date=November 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021051440/http://www.jpost.com/Travel/TravelNews/Article.aspx?id=193541 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252 |title=World's Best Awards 2011 – Africa and the Middle East |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711144419/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252 |archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Top 10 Beach Cities">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/beach-cities-photos |title=Top 10 Beach Cities |website=] |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=30 July 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721215624/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/beach-cities-photos/#beaches-tel-aviv-cities_22323_600x450.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv is consistently ranked as one of the top ] destinations in the world.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120123836/http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=253129 |date=20 January 2012 }} ''Jerusalem Post'', January 11, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.salon.com/2012/01/24/tel_aviv_emerges_as_top_gay_tourist_destination/ |work=Salon |agency=Associated Press |title=Tel Aviv emerges as top gay tourist destination |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024632/https://www.salon.com/2012/01/24/tel_aviv_emerges_as_top_gay_tourist_destination/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has also been ranked as one of the top 10 oceanfront cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos: Top 10 Oceanfront Cities |website=National Geographic Travel |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/photos-top-10-oceanfront-cities |access-date=30 December 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103409/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/photos-top-10-oceanfront-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
]]]
In 2008, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) at ] reissued an inventory of ] based on their level of advanced producer services. Tel Aviv was ranked as a ].<ref name="lboro.ac.uk">{{cite web
|title= GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008
|work= Globalization and World Cities Research Network
|accessdate=1 March 2009
|url= http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html
}}</ref>


Tel Aviv is known as "the city that never sleeps" and a "party capital" due to its thriving ], young atmosphere and famous ].<ref name="Top 10 party towns">{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |title=The world's top 10 party towns |newspaper=] |date=19 November 2009 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410045707/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165 |title=Lonely Planet's top 10 cities for 2011 |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103065648/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165 |archive-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/travel/article/953921--5-best-irish-pubs-not-in-ireland |title=5 best Irish pubs not in Ireland |work=] |date=15 March 2011 |first=Adrian |last=Brijbassi |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234008/http://www.thestar.com/travel/article/953921--5-best-irish-pubs-not-in-ireland |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv has branches of some of the world's leading hotels, including the ], ], ], ] and ]. It is home to many museums, architectural and cultural sites, with city tours available in different languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://city-tour.co.il/ntextin.asp?psn=1109 |title=Tel Aviv bus tour |access-date=19 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv City Tours |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828221824/http://city-tour.co.il/ntextin.asp?psn=1109 |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> Apart from bus tours, architectural tours, ] tours, and walking tours are also popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telavivarchitecture.com |title=Tel Aviv architecture tour |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=TelAvivArchitecture.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127163542/http://www.telavivarchitecture.com/ |archive-date=27 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.segways.co.il/ |title=Tel Aviv segway tours |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=Segways.co.il |archive-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219180315/http://www.segways.co.il/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telaviv4fun.com/citywalks.html |title=Tel Aviv walking tours |access-date=19 January 2008 |website=TelAviv4Fun.com |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005941/http://telaviv4fun.com/citywalks.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tel Aviv has 44&nbsp;hotels with more than 6,500&nbsp;rooms.<ref name="TA Stats"/>
The ] ] zone opened in 1972 and the city has become a major world high tech hub. In December 2012, the city was ranked second on a list of top places to found a high tech ], just behind ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4315220,00.html |title=Tel Aviv named 2nd best high-tech center – Israel Business, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref> In 2013, Tel Aviv had more than 700 startup companies and research and development centers, and was ranked the second-most innovative city in the world, behind ] and ahead of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4352010,00.html |title=Tel Aviv ranks 2nd in innovation – Israel Business, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>


The ] and the city's ] play a major role in the city's cultural and touristic scene, often ranked as some of the best beaches in the world.<ref name="Top 10 Beach Cities"/> ] is the most visited ] in Israel, with 16&nbsp;million visitors annually. Other parks within city limits include ], Independence Park, ] and ]. About 19% of the city land are green spaces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/StatisticalOverview.htm |title=Tel Aviv Statistical Overview |work=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913132730/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/StatisticalOverview.htm |archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>
According to ], nine of its fifteen Israeli-born billionaires live in Israel; four live in Tel Aviv and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_The-Worlds-Billionaires_CountryOfCitizen_10.html |title=The World's Billionaires |accessdate=7 July 2007 |work=Forbes |date=8 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Israels-Richest_land.html |title=Israel's 40 Richest |date=9 December 2006 |accessdate=7 July 2007 |work=Forbes |last=Bin-Nun |first=Boaz}}</ref> The ] in Israel is high, with Tel Aviv being its most expensive city to live in. According to ], a ] ] based in New York, {{As of|2010|lc=y}} Tel Aviv is the most expensive city in the Middle East and the 19th most expensive in the world.<ref name="mercer"/>


{{Wide image|Tel Aviv Panorama.jpg|1100px|{{centre|SkyView of Tel Aviv}}}}
Shopping malls in Tel Aviv include ], ] and ] and markets such as Carmel Market, Ha'Tikva Market, and Bezalel Market.


==Culture and contemporary life== ==Culture==
{{See also|Tel Aviv culture}}
===Architecture===
{{see also|White City (Tel Aviv)|List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv}}


] (left) and 1920s ] (right) architectural styles]]
===Entertainment and performing arts===
Tel Aviv is home to different ]s that represent influential periods in its history. The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European-style single-storey houses with red-tiled roofs.<ref name=arch>{{cite web |url=http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf |title=Green, White or Black City? |year=2006 |publisher=Martin Wein, Emory University |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004022/http://mjwein.net/lectures/T-Lec-WhiteCity.pdf |archive-date= 9 April 2008}}</ref> ], the first neighbourhood to be built outside of Jaffa, is characterised by two-storey sandstone buildings.<ref name=UNESCO/> By the 1920s, a new ] came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches, domes and ornamental tiles.<ref name=arch/> ] (''Beit HaPagoda''), designed by Alexander Levy and built in 1924, is an example of this style.<ref name="TA"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006052408/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/cityhall/history/history04.htm |date=2008-10-06 }}</ref> Municipal construction followed the "]" ] drawn up by ]. Two- and three-storey buildings were interspersed with boulevards and public parks.<ref name=arch/> Various architectural styles, such as ], classical and modernist also exist in Tel Aviv.
]]]
Tel Aviv is a major center of culture and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=wyPZRi9uYxUC&pg=PA196&dq=tel+aviv+israel+cultural+capital |title=Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel Aviv Compared |first=Felsenstein, Daniel |last=Schamp, Eike W. |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |accessdate=25 March 2008 |isbn=978-1-4020-0924-2}}</ref> Eighteen of Israel's 35&nbsp;major centers for the performing arts are located in the city, including five of the country's nine large theatres, where 55% of all performances in the country and 75 percent
of all attendance occurs.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="culture">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html |title=Tel Aviv Culture |accessdate=31 January 2008 |publisher=TravelGuides.com |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073110/http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html |archivedate= 17 December 2007}}</ref> The
] is home of the ], where ] was house tenor between 1962 and 1965, and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-opera.co.il/Eng/?CategoryID=220&ArticleID=146 |title=History and Architecture |publisher=Israel Opera |accessdate=31 January 2008}}</ref> With 2,482&nbsp;seats, the Tel Aviv ] is the city's largest theatre and home to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm |title=Mann Auditorium |accessdate=31 January 2008 |publisher=Hatarbut.co.il |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119103403/http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm |archivedate=19 January 2008 }}</ref>


] ] displaying Bauhaus furnishings]]
], Israel's national theatre, was closed down for renovations in early 2008, and reopened in November 2011 after major remodeling. Enav Cultural Center is one of the newer additions to the cultural scene.<ref name="culture"/> Other theatres in Tel Aviv are the Gesher Theatre and ]; ] and ] are smaller theatres that host ] and ] productions. In Jaffa, the Simta and Notzar theatres specialize in fringe as well. Tel Aviv is home to the ], a world-famous ] troupe. The Israeli Ballet is also based in Tel Aviv.<ref name="culture"/> Tel Aviv's center for modern and classical dance is the ] in ].<ref name=iexplore>{{cite web|title=Tel Aviv Activities |work=iExplore.com |accessdate=15 July 2008 |url=http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel+Aviv/Activities |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602192159/http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel+Aviv/Activities |archivedate=2 June 2008 }}</ref>


Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's ], around the city center, contains more than 5,000&nbsp;Modernist-style buildings inspired by the ] and ].<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=times/> Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and, collectively, a ] ], continued until the 1950s in the area around ].<ref name=times/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1096 |title=White City of Tel Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610155902/http://whc.unesco.org/PG.CFM?cid=31&id_site=1096 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931 and 1939 alone.<ref name="arch"/> In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.<ref name="Economist"/> Some of the city's Modernist buildings were neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and restore them to their original condition.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Architecture/Bauhaus.html |title=Bauhaus Architecture |encyclopedia=] |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-date=4 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204005608/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/Architecture/Bauhaus.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city often hosts global musical acts such as ], ] and ] in venues such as ], the ], the Barby Club and the Zappa Club.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news
|title=McCartney wows fans with historic Israel concert
|agency=Reuters
|accessdate=26 September 2008
|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE48O92W20080925?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews
|date=25 September 2008}}</ref><ref name=Haaretz>{{cite web
|title=Depeche Mode to kick off next world tour in Israel
|work=]
|accessdate=6 October 2008
|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1026314.html}}</ref><ref name=Ynet>{{cite web
|title=Madonna To Wrap Up Tour in Tel Aviv
|work=]
|accessdate=4 June 2009
|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/107163/}}</ref>
Opera and classical music performances are held daily in Tel Aviv, with many of the world's leading ] and ] performing on Tel Aviv stages over the years.<ref name="culture"/>


] complex contains some of the tallest skyscrapers in Tel Aviv.]]
The ] screens art movies, premieres of short and full-length Israeli films, and hosts a variety of film festivals, among them the Festival of Animation, Comics and Caricatures, "Icon" Science Fiction and Fantasy Festival, the Student Film Festival, the Jazz, Film and Videotape Festival and Salute to Israeli Cinema. The city has several ]s.<ref name="culture"/>
The ], Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivaled Europe's tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East.


In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |title=Skyscrapers dotting Tel Aviv landscape {{pipe}} j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California |newspaper=J |date=29 March 1996 |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062544/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/2881/skyscrapers-dotting-tel-aviv-landscape |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and ], and also between the ] and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the ]. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between ] and ], with the first such tower there being the ]. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.<ref>Fox, Jesse: ''Tel Aviv's skyline in 2025'' (21 May 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |title=No new skyscrapers in central Tel Aviv – Israel Business, Ynetnews |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |last1=Petersburg |first1=Ofer |access-date=27 March 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822131552/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3888492,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Tourism and recreation===
] is the largest city park in Tel Aviv]]
]


=== Arts and museums ===
Tel Aviv attracts over a million international visitors annually. In 2010, '']'''s ] ranked it 34th globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/ |title=Results Of The Knight Frank Global Cities Survey |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102042444/http://www.knightfrank.com/wealthreport/2011/global-cities-survey/ |archivedate=2 November 2012 }}</ref> Tel Aviv has been named the third "hottest city for 2011" (behind only New York City and Tangier) by '']'', third-best in the Middle East and Africa by ] (behind only Cape Town and Jerusalem), and the ninth-best ] in the world by '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Travel/TravelNews/Article.aspx?id=193541|title=Tel Aviv ranked world's 3rd hottest city for 2011 |accessdate=1 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252 |title=World's Best Awards 2011 – Africa and the Middle East |accessdate=11 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711144419/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/252 |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Top 10 Beach Cities">{{cite web|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/beach-cities-photos/#beaches-tel-aviv-cities_22323_600x450.jpg|title=Top 10 Beach Cities|accessdate=30 July 2010}}</ref> Tel Aviv is consistently ranked as one of the top ] destinations in the world.<ref>''Jerusalem Post'', By JPOST.COM STAFF01/11/2012 11:21</ref><ref>{{dead link|date=February 2016}} CBS NEWs, 24 January 2012 9:52&nbsp;am</ref>
{{See also|Visual arts in Israel}}
], the Herta and Paul Amir Building]]


In the 1920s Tel-Aviv gradually became the center of art in Israel. In 1919, several prominent Olim from ] arrived in the ].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=תערוכת אודסה - תל אביב {{!}} אנו - מוזיאון העם היהודי |url=https://www.anumuseum.org.il/he/odesa-tel-aviv/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Museum of the Jewish People |language=he-IL |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029184618/https://www.anumuseum.org.il/he/odesa-tel-aviv/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1920 some of these set up the ] art cooperative as well as opened the first modern art exhibition in Israel.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":032">{{Cite news |last=Ofrat |first=Gideon |date=23 November 1979 |title=Enough with all the Frenkels! |pages=28, 29, 30 |work=Haaretz Weekly}}</ref> In the 1925 following the return of ] from ] and his opening of the ], and the introduction of ] influence; Tel Aviv grew to supplement ] in its cultural importance in the visual arts; especially in respect to modern art.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hecht Museum |title=After the School Of Paris |year=2013 |isbn=9789655350272 |location=Israel |language=en, he}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-01 |title=יצחק פרנקל: "חיבור ללא עצמים" |url=https://gideonofrat.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%97%d7%a7-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a7%d7%9c-%d7%97%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%90-%d7%a2%d7%a6%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=המחסן של גדעון עפרת |language=he-IL |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102121455/https://gideonofrat.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%97%d7%a7-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a7%d7%9c-%d7%97%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%90-%d7%a2%d7%a6%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=טרכטנברג |first1=גרסיאלה |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=Graciela |date=2002 |title=The Pre-State Jewish Bourgeoisie and the Institutionalization of the Field of Plastic Art / בין בורגנות לאמנות פלסטית בתקופת היישוב |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23442346 |journal=Israeli Sociology / סוציולוגיה ישראלית |volume=ד |issue=1 |pages=7–38 |jstor=23442346 |issn=1565-1495 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027073855/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23442346 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-02 |title=Alexandre FRENEL |url=https://ecoledeparis.org/alexandre-frenel/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris |language=en-US |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133505/https://ecoledeparis.org/alexandre-frenel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/display/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00068047 |title=Frenel, Yitzhak or Isaac, Alexandre; real name Isaac Frenel-Fraenkel |website=Benezit Dictionary of Artists |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00068047 |date=2011 }}</ref> In the late 1920s to 1940s Tel Aviv painters were heavily influenced by the ], painting Tel Aviv's urban landscape, people and cafes in a manner influenced by ], ], ], ] and others from the ].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Les peintres juifs de " l'École de Paris " imposent leur génie au MahJ |url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-peintres-juifs-de-lecole-de-paris-imposent-leur-genie-au-mahj/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=fr.timesofisrael.com |language=fr-FR |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028084608/https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-peintres-juifs-de-lecole-de-paris-imposent-leur-genie-au-mahj/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kotar.cet.ac.il/kotarapp/index/Chapter.aspx?nBookID=99380671&nTocEntryID=99383120 |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=kotar.cet.ac.il |title=אמנות ואמנים בצפת גדעון עפרת |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106092905/https://kotar.cet.ac.il/kotarapp/index/Chapter.aspx?nBookID=99380671&nTocEntryID=99383120 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Tel Aviv<nowiki>''</nowiki>s bohemian culture was characterized by cafes such as ] which attracted numerous writers and painters.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Cafe Society |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/2010-05-26/ty-article/cafe-society/0000017f-dbf8-df62-a9ff-dfff73fb0000 |access-date=2023-12-01 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302153744/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/2010-05-26/ty-article/cafe-society/0000017f-dbf8-df62-a9ff-dfff73fb0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> Numerous exhibitions were held in the ] and the ] prior to the opening of museums. ] and ] also worked and painted in the city, painting in the naive style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuven Rubin {{!}} His paintings reflect the Eretz Israeli light {{!}} Tiroche Auctions |url=https://www.tiroche.co.il/paintings-authors/reuven-rubin/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=לתירוש |language=en-US |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211092430/https://www.tiroche.co.il/paintings-authors/reuven-rubin/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Nachum Gutman and His Art - Kings Gallery - Jerusalem |url=https://kings-gallery.com/nachum-gutman-and-his-art/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002080219/https://kings-gallery.com/nachum-gutman-and-his-art/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tel Aviv hosts the ], established in 1932 in ]'s house, since having moved to a new larger location in 1971, as well as numerous galleries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History \ Tel Aviv Museum of Art |url=https://www.tamuseum.org.il/en/about/history/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.tamuseum.org.il |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012113540/https://www.tamuseum.org.il/en/about/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Tel Aviv is the fifth-most-visited city in the Middle East & Africa.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa"/><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit"/> It is known as "the city that never sleeps" and a "party capital" due to its thriving ], young atmosphere and famous ].<ref name="Top 10 party towns"/><ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com/travel/article/953921--5-best-irish-pubs-not-in-ireland |title=5 best Irish pubs not in Ireland
|work=] |accessdate=15 March 2011 |date=15 March 2011 |first=Adrian |last=Brijbassi}}</ref> Tel Aviv has branches of some of the world's leading hotels, including the ], ], ], ] and ]. It is home to many museums, architectural and cultural sites, with city tours available in different languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://city-tour.co.il/ntextin.asp?psn=1109 |title=Tel Aviv bus tour |accessdate=19 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv City Tours}}</ref> Apart from bus tours, architectural tours, ] tours, and walking tours are also popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telavivarchitecture.com |title=Tel Aviv architecture tour |accessdate=19 January 2008 |publisher=TelAvivArchitecture.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.segways.co.il/ |title=Tel Aviv segway tours |accessdate=19 January 2008 |publisher=Segways.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telaviv4fun.com/citywalks.html |title=Tel Aviv walking tours |accessdate=19 January 2008 |publisher=TelAviv4Fun.com}}</ref> Tel Aviv has 44&nbsp;hotels with more than 6,500&nbsp;rooms.<ref name="TA Stats"/>


Israel has the highest number of museums per capita of any country, with three of the largest located in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html |title=Museums and Galleries |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |access-date=22 September 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011022740/http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html |archive-date= 11 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Governing Israel: Chosen People, Promised Land and Prophetic Tradition |last=Sharkansky |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Sharkansky |year=2005 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-7658-0277-4 |page=22}}</ref> Among these are the ], known for its collection of archaeology and history exhibits dealing with the ], and the ]. In 2023, the Tel Aviv Museum of Art was ranked 48th on '']''<nowiki/>'s list of the 100 most popular museums in the world. Housed on the campus of ] is ], a museum of the international Jewish diaspora that tells the story of Jewish prosperity and persecution throughout the ]. Batey Haosef Museum specializes in ] ]. The ] Museum near Tel Aviv University offers a multimedia experience of the history of the Palmach. Right next to ] is a museum of the ]. The ], located in the northern part of the city, hosts more than 60&nbsp;major events annually. Many offbeat museums and galleries operate in the southern areas, including the Tel Aviv Raw Art ] gallery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm |title=Treasure of the State |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911073600/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm |archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm |title=The Museums of Tel-Aviv-Jaffa |access-date=26 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114035243/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=14 January 2008}}</ref>
The ] and the city's ] play a major role in the city's cultural and touristic scene, often ranked as some of the best beaches in the world.<ref name="Top 10 Beach Cities"/> ] is the most visited ] in Israel, with 16 million visitors annually. Other parks within city limits include ], Independence Park, ] and ]. About 19% of the city land are green spaces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/StatisticalOverview.htm |title=Tel Aviv Statistical Overview |work=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality }}</ref>


===Entertainment and performing arts===
===Nightlife===
] ]]]
Tel Aviv is a major center of culture and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyPZRi9uYxUC&pg=PA196 |title=Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel Aviv Compared |last1=Felsenstein |first1=Daniel |last2=Schamp |first2=Eike W. |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0924-2 |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427162344/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyPZRi9uYxUC&pg=PA196 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eighteen of Israel's 35 major centers for the performing arts are located in the city, including five of the country's nine large theatres, where 55% of all performances in the country and 75 percent of all attendance occurs.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="culture">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html |title=Tel Aviv Culture |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=TravelGuides.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073110/http://www.cityguide.travel-guides.com/city/125/culture/Middle-East/Tel-Aviv.html |archive-date= 17 December 2007}}</ref> The ] is home of the ], where ] was house tenor between 1962 and 1965, and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-opera.co.il/Eng/?CategoryID=220&ArticleID=146 |title=History and Architecture |publisher=Israel Opera |access-date=31 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080122050952/http://www.israel-opera.co.il/Eng/?CategoryID=220&ArticleID=146 |archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> With 2,482&nbsp;seats, the ] is the city's largest theatre and home to the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm |title=Mann Auditorium |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Hatarbut.co.il |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080119103403/http://www.hatarbut.co.il/English/about.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008}}</ref>
Tel Aviv is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight. The largest area for nightclubs is the Tel Aviv port, where the city's large, commercial clubs and bars draw big crowds of young clubbers from both Tel Aviv and neighboring cities. The South of Tel Aviv is known for the popular Haoman 17 club, as well as for being the city's main hub of alternative clubbing, with underground venues including established clubs like the Block Club, Comfort 13 and Paradise Garage, as well as various warehouse and loft party venues. The Allenby/Rothschild area is another popular nightlife hub, featuring such clubs as the Pasaz, Radio EPGB and the Penguin. In 2013, ] introduced a specially designed bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv as part of its international cities series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4372126,00.html|title=Absolut bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv|author=|date=|work=ynetnews.com}}</ref>


] theatre, home to the ]]]
===Fashion===
], Israel's national theatre, was closed down for renovations in early 2008, and reopened in November 2011 after major remodeling. Enav Cultural Center is one of the newer additions to the cultural scene.<ref name="culture"/> Other theatres in Tel Aviv are the Gesher Theatre and ]; Tzavta and ] are smaller theatres that host ] and ] productions. In Jaffa, the Simta and Notzar theatres specialize in fringe as well. Tel Aviv is home to the ], a world-famous ] troupe. The Israeli Ballet is also based in Tel Aviv.<ref name="culture"/> Tel Aviv's center for modern and classical dance is the ] in ].<ref name=iexplore>{{cite web |title=Tel Aviv Activities |website=iExplore.com |access-date=15 July 2008 |url=http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel+Aviv/Activities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602192159/http://www.iexplore.com/cityguides/Israel/Tel%2BAviv/Activities |archive-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>
Tel Aviv has become an international center of fashion and design.<ref name="T+L1">, by David Kaufman, March 2008.</ref> It has been called the "next hot destination" for fashion.<ref name="JewishWeek">{{Dead link|date=February 2012}}, David Saranga, 17 December 2008</ref> Israeli designers, such as swimwear company ] show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York's ] fashion show.<ref name="TimeOut">, 9 September 2008.</ref> In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first ] since the 1980s, with Italian designer ] as a guest of honor.<ref>{{cite news|last=Merle Ginsberg|title=Roberto Cavalli Shows Spring 2012 Collection at First Ever Tel Aviv Fashion Week|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432|accessdate=21 November 2011|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=21 November 2011}}</ref>

]]]
The city often hosts international musicians at venues such as ], ], the Barby Club, the Zappa Club and Live Park Rishon Lezion just south of Tel Aviv.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |title=McCartney wows fans with historic Israel concert |work=Reuters |access-date=26 September 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE48O92W20080925?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221034557/http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE48O92W20080925?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Haaretz>{{cite web |title=Depeche Mode to kick off next world tour in Israel |work=] |access-date=6 October 2008 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1026314.html |archive-date=24 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224040943/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1026314.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Ynet>{{cite web |title=Madonna To Wrap Up Tour in Tel Aviv |work=] |date=4 June 2009 |access-date=4 June 2009 |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/107163/ |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805194552/http://www.forward.com/articles/107163/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city hosted the ] (the first Israeli-hosted Eurovision held outside of Jerusalem), following Israel's win the year prior.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-municipality-to-run-free-shabbat-buses-to-eurovision/ |title=Tel Aviv municipality to run free Shabbat buses to Eurovision |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |access-date=2019-05-09 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526063713/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-aviv-municipality-to-run-free-shabbat-buses-to-eurovision/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Opera and classical music performances are held daily in Tel Aviv, with many of the world's leading ] and ] performing on Tel Aviv stages over the years.<ref name="culture"/>

The ] screens art movies, premieres of short and full-length Israeli films, and hosts a variety of film festivals, among them the Festival of Animation, Comics and Caricatures, "Icon" Science Fiction and Fantasy Festival, the Student Film Festival, the Jazz, Film and Videotape Festival and Salute to Israeli Cinema. The city has several ].<ref name="culture"/>

Tel Aviv is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and ]s staying open well past midnight. The largest area for nightclubs is the Tel Aviv port, where the city's large, commercial clubs and bars draw big crowds of young clubbers from both Tel Aviv and neighboring cities. The South of Tel Aviv is known for the popular ], as well as for being the city's main hub of alternative clubbing, with underground venues including established clubs like the Block Club, Comfort 13 and Paradise Garage, as well as various warehouse and loft party venues. The Allenby/Rothschild area is another popular nightlife hub, featuring such clubs as the Pasaz, Radio EPGB and the Penguin. In 2013, ] introduced a specially designed bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv as part of its international cities series.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4372126,00.html |title=Absolut bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv |work=Ynetnews |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=16 May 2013 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803165223/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4372126,00.html |url-status=live |last1=Linzen |first1=Yael }}</ref>


===LGBT culture=== ===LGBT culture===
] is the largest annual ] in the Middle East and Asia.]] ] is the largest annual ] in the Middle East and Asia.]]


Named "the best gay city in the world" by ], Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations for ] internationally, with a large ] community.<ref name="Was Arafat Gay?">{{cite web|url=http://out.com/detail.asp?id=22719 |title=Was Arafat Gay? |publisher=] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202221/http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=22719 |archivedate=26 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Burden>{{cite news|title=Tel Aviv named world's best gay city |work=] |accessdate=11 January 2012 |date=11 January 2012 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4174274,00.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113221159/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4174274,00.html |archivedate=13 January 2012 }}</ref> American journalist ] has described the city as a place "packed with the kind of ‘we're here, we're queer’ vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco. The city hosts its well-known ], the biggest in Asia, attracting over 100,000 people yearly.<ref name=Sherwood>{{cite news Named "the best gay city in the world" by ], Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations for ] internationally, with a large ] community.<ref name="Was Arafat Gay?">{{cite magazine |url=http://out.com/detail.asp?id=22719 |title=Was Arafat Gay? |magazine=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202221/http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=22719 |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=Burden>{{cite news |title=Tel Aviv named world's best gay city |work=] |date=11 January 2012 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4174274,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113221159/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4174274%2C00.html |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Approximately 25% of Tel Aviv's population identify as ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/03/17/welcome-tel-aviv-gayest-city-earth/y9V15VazXhtSjXVSo9gT9K/story.html |title=Welcome to Tel Aviv, the gayest city on earth |date=16 March 2016 |work=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829093319/https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2016/03/17/welcome-tel-aviv-gayest-city-earth/y9V15VazXhtSjXVSo9gT9K/story.html |archive-date=29 August 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Pages/ArticlePage.aspx?WebID=9336473c-1537-4ab6-8a69-d299b5db8bcc&ListID=b4eda22c-a69a-4bef-9479-05d5a832ad16&ItemId=99 |title=Tel Aviv- A City With Pride |date=16 March 2018 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |quote=In order to fully embrace Tel Aviv's unique personality, the city's gay community is the most vibrant and essential characteristic. Making up an estimated 25% of the entire population, the substantially large gay community is an integral part of Tel Aviv's culture. |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309000107/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Pages/ArticlePage.aspx?WebID=9336473c-1537-4ab6-8a69-d299b5db8bcc&ListID=b4eda22c-a69a-4bef-9479-05d5a832ad16&ItemId=99 |url-status=live }}</ref> American journalist ] has described the city as a place "packed with the kind of 'we're here, we're queer', vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco". The city hosts its well-known ], the biggest in Asia, attracting over 200,000 people yearly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.722976 |title=200,000 Israelis, Tourists Take Part in Tel Aviv Gay Pride Parade |first1=Zafrir |last1=Rinat |first2=Jonathan |last2=Lis |date=3 June 2016 |website=Haaretz |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920071808/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.722976 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In January 2008, Tel Aviv's municipality established the city's ], providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay athletes for the ] in Copenhagen.<ref name=zeitun>{{Cite news |last=Zeitun |first=Yoav |title=Tel Aviv recruits gay athletes for 2009 World Outgames |work=Ynetnews |date=26 December 2008 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3644715,00.html |access-date=26 December 2008 |archive-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227095110/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3644715,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBT ], known as ].
|last=Sherwood
|first=Harriet
|title=Tel Aviv's Gay Pride parade draws thousands
|work=The Guardian
|accessdate=10 June 2011
|date=10 June 2011
|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/10/tel-aviv-gay-pride-parade
|location=London
}}</ref> In January 2008, Tel Aviv's municipality established the city's ], providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay athletes for the ] in Copenhagen.<ref name=zeitun>{{Cite news
|last= Zeitun
|first= Yoav
|title= Tel Aviv recruits gay athletes for 2009 World Outgames
|work= Ynetnews
|accessdate=26 December 2008
|date= 26 December 2008
|url= http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3644715,00.html
}}</ref> In addition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBT ].


Tel Aviv's LGBT community is the subject of ]'s 2006 film '']''. Tel Aviv's LGBT community is the subject of ]'s 2006 film '']''.


===Cuisine=== ===Fashion===
Tel Aviv has become an international center of fashion and design.<ref name="T+L1">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/newsflash-whats-new-in-tel-aviv |title=What's New in Tel Aviv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019151535/http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/newsflash-whats-new-in-tel-aviv |archivedate=19 October 2008 |first=David |last=Kaufman |date=March 2008 |url-status=live |website=Travel+Leisure |publisher=Meredith Corporation}}</ref> It has been called the "next hot destination" for fashion.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Israeli designers, such as swimwear company ] show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York's ] fashion show.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first ] since the 1980s, with Italian designer ] as a guest of honor.<ref>{{cite news |first=Merle |last=Ginsberg |title=Roberto Cavalli Shows Spring 2012 Collection at First Ever Tel Aviv Fashion Week |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230730/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/fash-track/roberto-cavalli-spring-2012-tel-aviv-fashion-week-264432 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Tel Aviv is famous for its wide variety of world-class restaurants, offering traditional Israeli dishes as well as international fare.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bonnie S.|last=Benwick |title=Tasting Tel Aviv, Israel's culinary capital|date=4 April 2010|work=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/01/AR2010040103382.html|accessdate=4 April 2010 }}</ref> More than 100&nbsp;] restaurants, the third highest concentration in the world, do business in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3499855,00.html |title=Israel becomes sushi mecca |first=Sarit |last=Saradas-Trutino |work=Ynetnews |accessdate=15 February 2008 |date=28 January 2008}}</ref>
In Tel Aviv there are some dessert specialties, the most known is the ] traditionally topped with date syrup and pistachios


===Museums=== ===Media===
]]] ] studio building in Tel Aviv]]
Israel has the highest number of museums per capita of any country, with three of the largest located in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html |title=Museums and Galleries |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |accessdate=22 September 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071011022740/http://www.visit-tlv.co.il/eng.html |archivedate= 11 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Governing Israel: Chosen People, Promised Land and Prophetic Tradition |last=Sharkansky |first=Ira |authorlink=Ira Sharkansky|year=2005 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=0-7658-0277-5 |page=22}}</ref> Among these are the ], known for its collection of archaeology and history exhibits dealing with the ], and the ]. Housed on the campus of ] is ], a museum of the international Jewish diaspora that tells the story of Jewish prosperity and persecution throughout the ]. Batey Haosef Museum specializes in ] ]. The ] near Tel Aviv University offers a multimedia experience of the history of the ]. Right next to ] is a museum of the ]. The ], located in the northern part of the city, hosts more than 60&nbsp;major events annually. Many offbeat museums and galleries operate in the southern areas, including the Tel Aviv Raw Art ] gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm |title=Treasure of the State |accessdate=26 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911073600/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/index.htm |archivedate=11 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm |title=The Museums of Tel-Aviv-Jaffa |accessdate=26 January 2008 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114035243/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/English/culture/museums/list.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=14 January 2008}}</ref>


The three largest ] in Israel: {{Lang|he-latn|]}}, ] and ] are all based within the city limits.<ref name="news">{{cite web |url=http://www.abyznewslinks.com/israe.htm |title=Israel Newspapers |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Abzynewslinks.com |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208085205/http://www.abyznewslinks.com/israe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Several radio stations cover the Tel Aviv area, including the city-based Radio Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/il/235/4739 |title=Tel Aviv Israel news media |access-date=31 January 2008 |website=Mondotimes.com}}</ref>
===Sports===
Tel Aviv is the only city with three clubs in ], the country's top ] league. ] was founded in 1906 and competes in more than 10&nbsp;sport fields. Its ], ], is a world-known professional team, that holds 50 Israeli titles, has won 39&nbsp;editions of the Israel cup, and has six&nbsp;European Championships, and its ] has won 21 Israeli league titles and has won 23 ], four ]s and two ]. ], an athlete in Maccabi's ] club, won a silver medal in the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Great Jews in Sports |url=https://books.google.com/?id=GWE_lEPfHpIC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=yael+arad+olympics+tel+aviv|accessdate=15 March 2008 |publisher=Jonathan David Company, Inc. |first=Robert |last=Slater |year=2003 |page=19 |isbn=978-0-8246-0453-0}}</ref>
] going through ]]]
] (also '''Hadar Yosef Sports Center''') is a compound of stadiums and sports facilities. It also houses the ] and the National Athletics Stadium with the ].


The two major Israeli television networks, ] and ], are based in the city, as well as two of the most popular radio stations in Israel: ] and ], which are both based in ]. Studios of the international news channel ] is located at ] Customs House. An English language radio station, ], is based at ].
] ], founded in 1923, comprises more than 11 sports clubs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fotw.net/flags/il@hapta.html |title=Hapoel Tel Aviv |accessdate=19 July 2007 |publisher=Fotw.net |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629025747/http://www.fotw.net/flags/il@hapta.html |archivedate=29 June 2007 }}</ref> including ] (13 championships, 16 State Cups, one Toto Cup and once Asian champions) which plays in ], men's and women's ].


===Cuisine===
] (once Israeli champion, twice ] winners and twice ] winner) is the only Israeli football team in the top division that represents a neighborhood, the ] in Tel Aviv, and not a city.
Tel Aviv is famous for its wide variety of world-class restaurants, offering traditional Israeli dishes as well as international fare.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bonnie S. |last=Benwick |title=Tasting Tel Aviv, Israel's culinary capital |date=4 April 2010 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/01/AR2010040103382.html |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130151451/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/01/AR2010040103382.html |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 100&nbsp;] restaurants, the third highest concentration in the world, do business in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3499855,00.html |title=Israel becomes sushi mecca |first=Sarit |last=Saradas-Trutino |work=Ynetnews |date=28 January 2008 |access-date=15 February 2008 |archive-date=31 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131102450/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3499855,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Tel Aviv there are some dessert specialties, the most known is the ] traditionally topped with date syrup and pistachios.


===Sports===
] and ] both formerly played in the top division, but dropped into the lower leagues, and merged in 2000, the new club now playing in ], the third tier. Another former first division team, ], is now defunct, as are Maccabi HaTzefon Tel Aviv, Hapoel HaTzefon Tel Aviv and ], who merged with ] and moved to Ramat Gan in 1959.
], the largest of Tel Aviv]]
] before its demolition in August 2016<ref>{{cite news |author=Ilan Lior|url= http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/1.736409 |title=Bulldozers Begin Razing Historic Tel Aviv Cinerama to Make Way for 40-story Towers |quote=Bloomfield Stadium is also being destroyed to be replaced by a much larger arena. |newspaper=Haretz |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>]]


The city has a number of football stadiums, the largest of which is ], which contains 29,400 seats used by ], ] and ]. Another stadium in the city is the ]. ] is a large multi-purpose sports ], The arena is home to the ], and the ], a multi-purpose hall that serves as the home ground of the ]. ] (also Hadar Yosef Sports Center) is a compound of stadiums and sports facilities. It also houses the ] and the National Athletics Stadium with the ].
Two ] clubs operate in Tel Aviv. The Tel Aviv Rowing Club, established in 1935 on the banks of the ], is the largest rowing club in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rowersalmanac.com/profiles/israel.asp |title=Rowers Almanac |accessdate=19 July 2007 |publisher=Rowersalmanac.com }}</ref> Meanwhile, the beaches of Tel Aviv provide a vibrant ] (beach paddleball) scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php |title=Sports in the Tel-Aviv |accessdate=19 July 2007 |publisher=Tel Aviv Insider |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726094956/http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php |archivedate=26 July 2007 }}</ref> ] represent Tel Aviv in the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stljewishlight.com/topstories/12348156495807.php |title=Israel Baseball League starts in June |work=] Jewish Light |accessdate=19 January 2008}}</ref> Tel Aviv also has an annual ], run in 2008 by 10,000 athletes with runners coming from around the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035198.html |title=10,000 athletes to run in Tel Aviv half marathon |accessdate=7 November 2008}}</ref>


]]]
In 2009, the ] was revived after a fifteen-year hiatus, and is run annually since, attracting a field of over 18,000 runners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-sport-sneakers-for-tel-aviv-marathon-1.354898 |title=Thousands sport sneakers for Tel Aviv marathon |accessdate=8 April 2011 |work=Haaretz |location=Israel}}</ref>
The ] was founded in 1906 and competes in more than 10&nbsp;sport fields. Its ], ], is a world-known professional team, that holds 57 Israeli titles, has won 45&nbsp;editions of the Israel cup, and has six&nbsp;European Championships, and its ] ] has won 25 Israeli league titles and has won 24 ], eight ]s and two ]. ], an athlete in Maccabi's ] club, won a silver medal in the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Great Jews in Sports |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWE_lEPfHpIC&q=yael+arad+olympics+tel+aviv&pg=PA19 |publisher=Jonathan David Company, Inc. |first=Robert |last=Slater |year=2003 |page=19 |isbn=978-0-8246-0453-0 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815055500/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWE_lEPfHpIC&q=yael+arad+olympics+tel+aviv&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref>


] going through ]]]
Tel Aviv is also ranked to be 10th best to-skateboarding city by Transworld Skateboarding.
], founded in 1923, comprises more than 11 sports clubs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fotw.info/flags/il@hapta.html |title=Hapoel Tel Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Flag of the World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629025747/http://www.fotw.net/flags/il%40hapta.html |archive-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> including ] (13 championships, 16 State Cups, one Toto Cup and once Asian champions) which plays in ], and ].


] (once Israeli champion, twice ] winners and twice ] winner) is the Israeli football team that represents a neighborhood, the ] in Tel Aviv, and not a city. ] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in ]. ] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in ] and represents the ]. ] formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in ]. There are more Tel Aviv football teams: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
===Media===
The three largest ] in Israel – ], ] and ] – are all based within the city limits.<ref name="news">{{cite web |url=http://www.abyznewslinks.com/israe.htm |title=Israel Newspapers |accessdate=31 January 2008 |publisher=Abzynewslinks.com}}</ref> Several radio stations cover the Tel Aviv area, including the city-based Radio Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/il/235/4739 |title=Tel Aviv Israel news media |accessdate=31 January 2008 |publisher=Mondotimes.com}}</ref>


Two ] clubs operate in Tel Aviv. The ], established in 1935 on the banks of the ], is the largest rowing club in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rowersalmanac.com/profiles/israel.asp |title=Rowers Almanac |access-date=19 July 2007 |website=Rowersalmanac.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113952/http://www.rowersalmanac.com/profiles/israel.asp |archive-date=8 October 2007}}</ref> Meanwhile, the beaches of Tel Aviv provide a vibrant ] (beach paddleball) scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php |title=Sports in the Tel-Aviv |access-date=19 July 2007 |publisher=Tel Aviv Insider |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726094956/http://www.telaviv-insider.co.il/sports.php |archive-date=26 July 2007}}</ref> ] represent Tel Aviv in the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stljewishlight.com/topstories/12348156495807.php |title=Israel Baseball League starts in June |work=] Jewish Light |access-date=19 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214233/http://www.stljewishlight.com/topstories/12348156495807.php |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Tel Aviv also has an annual ], run in 2008 by 10,000 athletes with runners coming from around the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035198.html |title=10,000 athletes to run in Tel Aviv half marathon |access-date=7 November 2008 |archive-date=12 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112095032/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1035198.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The three major Israeli television networks, ], ], ], and ], are based in the city, as well as two of the most popular radio stations in Israel: ] and ], which are both based in ]. Studios of the international news channel ] is located at ] Customs House. An English language radio station, ], is based at ].


In 2009, the ] was revived after a fifteen-year hiatus, and is run annually since, attracting a field of over 18,000 runners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-sport-sneakers-for-tel-aviv-marathon-1.354898 |title=Thousands sport sneakers for Tel Aviv marathon |access-date=8 April 2011 |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |archive-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411045258/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-sport-sneakers-for-tel-aviv-marathon-1.354898 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Environment and urban restoration==
] soldiers cleaning the beaches at Tel Aviv, which have scored highly in environmental tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Beaches%20_2_.pdf |title=Tel Aviv-Yaffo Municipality, Beaches |format=PDF |accessdate=23 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712111803/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/english/Documents/Beaches%20_2_.pdf |archivedate=12 July 2012 }}</ref>]]
Tel Aviv is ranked as the ] in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000637815&fid=1725 |title=Tel Aviv ranked Israel's greenest city |accessdate=11 April 2011 |date=11 April 2011 |publisher=Globes}}</ref> Since 2008, City lights are turned off annually in support of ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 |title=Tel Aviv goes dark as part of global 'Earth Hour' campaign |accessdate=30 March 2008 |date=30 March 2008 |publisher=Haaretz |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330175255/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=969276&contrassID=1&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 |archivedate=30 March 2008 }}</ref> In February 2009, the municipality launched a water saving campaign, including competition granting free parking for a year to the household that is found to have consumed the least amount of water per person.<ref name=senyorwater>{{Cite news
|last= Senyor
|first= Eli
|title= Tel Aviv launches water saving campaign
|work= Ynetnews
|accessdate=27 February 2009
|date= 22 February 2009
|url= http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3675380,00.html
}}</ref>

In the early 21st century, Tel Aviv's municipality transformed a derelict ] into a public park, now named "Gan HaHashmal" ("Electricity Park"), paving the way for ] and environmentally conscious designs.<ref name="FT">, by David Kaufman, ], 12 February 2008.</ref> In October 2008, Martin Weyl turned an old garbage dump near ], called ], into an attraction by building an arc of plastic bottles.<ref name="NYTPlastic">, by Isabel Kershner, 24 October 2007.</ref> The site, which was renamed ] Park to honor Israel's former prime minister, will serve as the centerpiece in what is to become a {{convert|2000|acre|km2|adj=on}} ] on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, designed by German ], ].<ref name="NYTPlastic"/>
]]]
At the end of the 20th century, the city began restoring historical neighborhoods such as ] and many buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. Since 2007, the city hosts its well-known, annual ] weekend, which offers the general public free entrance to the city's famous landmarks, private houses and public buildings. In 2010, the design of the renovated Tel Aviv Port (''Nemal Tel Aviv'') won the award for outstanding landscape architecture at the European Biennial for Landscape Architecture in ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israelis-win-barcelona-landscape-architecture-prize-1.316789 |title=Israelis win Barcelona landscape prize |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=3 October 2010 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref>
{{Clear}}


==Transportation== ==Transportation==
{{main article|Transport in Tel Aviv}} {{main |Transport in Tel Aviv}}

] which runs through Tel Aviv]]
Tel Aviv is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network, with many major routes of the national transportation network running through the city. Tel Aviv is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network, with many major routes of the national transportation network running through the city. As of 2023, 56% of the residents are going to work without using cars and the plan is to expand it to 70% by the end of the decade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huldai |first1=Ron |title=Tough Decisions for an Accessible Tel Aviv |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-06-06/ty-article-opinion/.premium/tough-decisions-for-an-accessible-tel-aviv/00000188-8d2c-d808-abcc-cd2cf5850000 |access-date=20 June 2023 |agency=Haaretz |date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605225622/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-06-06/ty-article-opinion/.premium/tough-decisions-for-an-accessible-tel-aviv/00000188-8d2c-d808-abcc-cd2cf5850000 |url-status=live }}</ref>
]|thumb]]


===Bus and taxi=== ===Bus and taxi===
]]]
As with the rest of Israel, bus transport is the most common form of public transport and is very widely used. The ] is located in the southern part of the city. The main bus network in Tel Aviv metropolitan area operated by ], ] and ]. the ], Israels's largest bus company, provides intercity transportation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Facets of the Israeli Economy – Transportation |date=1 November 2001 |last=Solomon |first=Shoshanna |accessdate=17 July 2007}}</ref>


As with the rest of Israel, bus transport is the most common form of public transport and is very widely used. The ] is located in the southern part of the city. The main bus network in Tel Aviv metropolitan area operated by ], ], and ]. the ], Israels's largest bus company, provides intercity transportation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Facets of the Israeli Economy – Transportation |date=1 November 2001 |last=Solomon |first=Shoshanna |access-date=17 July 2007 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016111121/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city is also served by local and inter-city ]. Many local and inter-city bus routes also have sherut taxis that follow the same route and display the same route number in their window. Fares are standardised within the region and are comparable to or less expensive than bus fares. Unlike other forms of public transport, these taxis also operate on Fridays and Saturdays (the Jewish sabbath "Shabbat"). Private taxis are white with a yellow sign on top. Fares are standardised and metered, but may be negotiated ahead of time with the driver.

The city is also served by local and inter-city ]. Many local and inter-city bus routes also have sherut taxis that follow the same route and display the same route number in their window. Fares are standardised within the region and are comparable to or less expensive than bus fares. Unlike other forms of public transport, these taxis also operate on Fridays and Saturdays (the Jewish sabbath "Shabbat"). Private taxis are white with a yellow sign on top. Fares are standardised and metered, but may be negotiated ahead of time with the driver.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schaefer |first=Brian |date=2014-02-22 |title=How to Take Inter-city Shared Taxis Between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/inter-city-shared-taxis-1.5230176 |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119044609/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/inter-city-shared-taxis-1.5230176 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Rail=== ===Rail===
{{Main|Tel Aviv Light Rail|Tel Aviv Metro}}
]]]

The ] is the main railway station of the city, and the busiest station in Israel. The city has three additional ] along the Ayalon Highway: ], ] (adjacent to ]) and ] (near the ]), ]. It is estimated that over a million&nbsp;passengers travel by rail to Tel Aviv monthly. The trains do not run on Saturday and holidays.
]]]

The ] is the main railway station of the city, and the second-busiest station in Israel. The city has five additional ] along the Ayalon Highway: three of them, ], ] (the busiest station in Israel, adjacent to ]) and ] (near the ]), serve Tel Aviv directly, while the remaining two, ] and ], are within Tel Aviv's municipal boundaries but serve the southern suburb of ]. It is estimated that over a million&nbsp;passengers travel by rail to Tel Aviv monthly. The trains do not run on Saturday and the principal Jewish festivals (Rosh Hashana (2 days), Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Simkhat Torah, Pessach (Passover) first and fifth days and Shavuot (Pentecost)). ] was the first railway station in the Middle East. It served as the terminus for the ]. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–2009, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue marketed as "HaTachana", Hebrew for "the station" (see homepage here:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hatachana.co.il/Home |title=HATACHANA – HOME PAGE |first=Alex |last=Ribin |website=Hatachana.co.il |access-date=3 April 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327164650/http://hatachana.co.il/Home |url-status=live }}</ref>). The Jaffa–Jerusalem railway also included the Tel Aviv Beit Hadar railway station, which was opened in 1920 and replaced in 1970, and the ], which was opened in 1970 to replace Beit Hadar and itself closed in 1993. The ], while located in Bnei Brak's municipal borders, is closer to the Tel Aviv neighborhood of ] than to Bnei Brak's city center and was originally called Tel Aviv North.
]]]


] is a ] system for the ]. As of 2023, two LRT lines are under construction. Work on the ], the first in the project, started on September 21, 2011, following years of preparatory works,<ref>{{cite news |author=Barkat |first=Amiram |date=September 20, 2011 |title=Work begins on Tel Aviv light rail |publisher=] |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000684515&fid=1725 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229075954/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000684515&fid=1725 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was expected to be completed and opened in late 2022 after numerous delays,<ref name="maariv920">{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Moshe |title=עבודות הרכבת הקלה בתל אביב נכנסות לשלב הסופי |url=https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article-787911 |trans-title=Red Line Works in Tel Aviv Entering Final Stage |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=] |date=4 October 2020 |language=he |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017195318/https://www.maariv.co.il/news/israel/Article-787911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Carl |date=2016-09-01 |title=The project that could help determine Israel's future |url=https://www.jpost.com/metro/tel-aviv-light-rail-what-a-difference-a-year-makes-466080 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817150406/https://www.jpost.com/Metro/Tel-Aviv-Light-Rail-What-a-difference-a-year-makes-466080 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was finally opened on August 18, 2023, after the opening day was postponed numerous times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-waited-a-long-time-for-this-tel-aviv-light-rail-sets-off-after-years-of-delays/|title='We waited a long time for this': Tel Aviv light rail sets off after years of delays|publisher=The Times of Israel|date=2023-08-18|accessdate=2023-08-18|archive-date=18 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818122352/https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-waited-a-long-time-for-this-tel-aviv-light-rail-sets-off-after-years-of-delays/|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of the ] started in December 2018;<ref name="globes-purple">{{cite news |author=Gorodeisky |first=Sonia |date=December 25, 2018 |title=Work begins on second Tel Aviv light rail line |work=] |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-work-begins-on-second-ta-light-rail-line-1001266293 |access-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409214431/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-work-begins-on-second-ta-light-rail-line-1001266293 |url-status=live }}</ref> work on the ] began in 2021 and is scheduled for completion in 2028.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-aviv-light-rail-green-line-completion-delayed-until-2028-1001386574|title=Tel Aviv light rail Green Line completion delayed until 2028|newspaper=Globes|date=7 October 2021|access-date=6 February 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103222248/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-aviv-light-rail-green-line-completion-delayed-until-2028-1001386574|url-status=live}}</ref> Tel Aviv Metro is a proposed subway system for the ]. It will augment the ] and ] suburban lines and 3 underground metro lines to form a rapid transit transportation solution for the city. Construction is expected to start in 2025, with the first public opening in 2032.<ref name="ynet-2021-update">{{cite news |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkgkpgqtd |title=מרימים לתחתית: פרויקט המטרו של גוש דן: תמונת מצב |trans-title=Setting up for the underground: Gush Dan metro project: situation report |author=Zagrizak, Asaf |work=] |date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |language=he |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011180516/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkgkpgqtd |url-status=live }}</ref>
] was the first railway station in the Middle East. It served as the terminus for the ]. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–2009, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue marketed as "HaTachana", Hebrew for "the station" (see homepage here:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hatachana.co.il/Home|title=HATACHANA – HOME PAGE|first=Alex|last=Ribin|date=|work=hatachana.co.il}}</ref>).


===Roads=== ===Roads===
] as seen from ]]] ] as seen from ]]]
The main highway leading to the city is the ], which runs along the eastern side of the city from north to south along the Ayalon River riverbed, dividing for the most part Tel Aviv and Ramat Gan. Driving south on the Ayalon gives access to ], leading to ] and Jerusalem. Within the city, main routes include ], ], ], ], ], and in Jaffa the main route is Jerusalem Boulevard. Namir Road connects the city to ], Israel's main north–south highway, and Begin/Jabotinsky Road, which provides access from the east through Ramat Gan, ] and Petah Tikva. Tel Aviv, accommodating about 500,000&nbsp;commuter cars daily, suffers from increasing congestion. In 2007, the Sadan Report recommended the introduction of a ] similar to that of London in Tel Aviv as well as other Israeli cities. Under this plan, road users traveling into the city would pay a fixed fee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/landedpages/printarticle.aspx?id=88094 |title=Public transportation to be overhauled |accessdate=27 January 2008 |work=] |date=1 August 2008 |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon}}</ref> The main highway leading to and within the city is the ], which runs in the eastern side of the city from north to south along the Ayalon River riverbed. Driving south on Ayalon gives access to ] leading to ], ], leading to ] and ] and ] leading to Jerusalem, ], ] and the ] Trans-Israel Highway. Driving north on Ayalon gives access to the ] coastal road leading to ], ] and ]. Within the city, main routes include ], ], ], ], ], and in Jaffa the main route is Jerusalem Boulevard. Namir Road connects the city to ], Israel's main north–south highway, and Begin/Jabotinsky Road, which provides access from the east through Ramat Gan, ] and Petah Tikva. Tel Aviv, accommodating about 500,000&nbsp;commuter cars daily, suffers from increasing congestion. In 2007, the Sadan Report recommended the introduction of a ] similar to that of London in Tel Aviv as well as other Israeli cities. Under this plan, road users traveling into the city would pay a fixed fee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/landedpages/printarticle.aspx?id=88094 |title=Public transportation to be overhauled |work=] |date=1 August 2008 |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123507/http://www.jpost.com/landedpages/printarticle.aspx?id=88094 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Air=== ===Air===
]]]
The main airport serving Greater Tel Aviv is ]. Located in the neighboring city of ], it is a main international airport handling over 14 million passengers in 2013. The airport serves both international flights and domestic flights, and is the main hub of ], ], ] and ]. The airport is {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} southeast of Tel Aviv, on ] between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Another airport in the Tel Aviv area, ] (]: SDV), in northwestern Tel Aviv close to ], serves mainly domestic flights and may be closed in favor of real-estate development.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/793988.html|title=Sde Dov to be vacated, state gets half of Big Bloc |accessdate=17 July 2007 |work=] |last=Bar-Eli |first=Avi|date=30 November 2006}}</ref> In the future all services to Sde Dov will be transferred to Ben Gurion Airport.
The main airport serving Greater Tel Aviv is ]. Located in the neighbouring city of ], it handled over 20&nbsp;million passengers in 2017. Ben Gurion is the main hub of ], ], ] and ]. The airport is {{Convert|15|km|mi nmi}} southeast of Tel Aviv, on ] between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. ] (]: SDV), in northwestern Tel Aviv, is a domestic airport and was closed in 2019 in favor of real-estate development.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/793988.html |title=Sde Dov to be vacated, state gets half of Big Bloc |work=] |last=Bar-Eli |first=Avi |date=30 November 2006 |access-date=17 July 2007 |archive-date=1 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001103806/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/793988.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> All services to Sde Dov will be transferred to Ben Gurion Airport.

===Light rail===
{{Main article|Tel Aviv Light Rail}}
The ] of a ] system is under construction and scheduled to open in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://80.70.129.175/data/SIP_STORAGE/files/1/2021.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=] |title=Israel Treasury: We decided to take the light rail from Leveiev. New opening target: 2016 |accessdate=11 April 2007}}</ref> The ] starts at ]'s Central Bus Station, east of Tel Aviv and follows the Jabotinsky Road (Route 481) westwards at street level. At the point where Jabotinsky Road and ] intersect the line drops into an underground tunnel for {{convert|10|km|2|abbr=on}} through ], ] and Tel Aviv and emerges again to street level just before ], where it turns southwards towards ].

The underground section will include 10 stations, including an interchange with ] services at ] and the nearby ]. A maintenance depot, connected via a branch line and tunnel to the main section of the line, will be constructed in Kiryat Arye, across from the existing ]. The intended builder and operator of the first line, MTS, has had financial difficulties that postponed the line's opening. In May 2010, the ministry of finance decided to cancel the agreement with MTS due to the difficulties and the agreement was cancelled in August 2010.<ref>, Calcalist, 10 August 2010, In Hebrew</ref> The line is being built instead by NTA – The Tel Aviv region's mass transit development authority. Initially, the line's targeted opening was in 2012 and today the target is 2016 after several postponements due to the disagreements with MTS and NTA's takeover of the project.

The ] is scheduled to open in 2021.

===SkyTran===
{{See also|SkyTran}}
The Tel Aviv municipality is currently working on building a ] system across the city, under which light, two-person cars will be transported along elevated ] tracks. Initially, a SkyTran loop will be built around the campus of ], followed by a commercial network around the city. This will be the pilot project of the SkyTran system, which is planning other such projects around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27995437|title=Sky cars to be built in Tel Aviv|first=Jane|last=Wakefield|date=24 June 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>


===Cycling=== ===Cycling===
] bicycle rental system]] ] bicycle rental system]]
Tel Aviv Municipality encourages the use of bicycles in the city. Plans called for expansion of the paths to {{convert|100|km|mi|1|sp=us}} by 2009.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/City-wheels-in-bicycle-rental-plan | title=City wheels in bicycle rental plan | accessdate=31 January 2008 | date=21 January 2008 | publisher=]}}</ref> As of April 2011 the municipality has completed construction of the planned {{convert|100|km|abbr=off}} of bicycle paths. The Tel Aviv Municipality encourages the use of bicycles in the city. Plans called for expansion of the paths to {{cvt|100|km|mi|1|sp=us}} by 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/City-wheels-in-bicycle-rental-plan |title=City wheels in bicycle rental plan |date=21 January 2008 |newspaper=] |access-date=9 March 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904025142/http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/Tel-Aviv-And-Center/City-wheels-in-bicycle-rental-plan |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2020, the city had 140 kilometres of bicycle paths with plans to reach 300&nbsp;km by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Peleg |first1=Bar |last2=Riba |first2=Naama |date=2020-05-27 |title=Tel Aviv Plans to Double the City's Network of Bike Paths by 2025 |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-plans-to-double-the-city-s-network-of-bike-paths-by-2025-1.8877233 |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119060250/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-plans-to-double-the-city-s-network-of-bike-paths-by-2025-1.8877233 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is at the center of the ], a network of bicycle paths throughout the Gush Dan metropolitan area.


In April 2011, Tel Aviv municipality launched Tel-O-Fun, a ], in which 150 stations of bicycles for rent were installed within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tel-o-fun.co.il/ |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |title=Tel-O-Fun |accessdate=10 May 2011}}</ref> As of October 2011, there are 125 active stations, providing more than 1,000 bicycles. In April 2011, the Tel Aviv municipality launched ], a ], in which 150 stations of bicycles for rent were installed within the city limits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-o-fun.co.il/ |publisher=Tel Aviv Municipality |title=Tel-O-Fun |access-date=10 May 2011 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626092937/http://www.tel-o-fun.co.il/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Foreign relations==
==Twin towns and sister cities==
The municipality of Tel Aviv signed agreements with many cities worldwide.
{{Refimprove section|date=March 2015}}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{{See also|List of Israeli twin towns and sister cities}}
|+class="nowrap"|Cities that signed agreements with Tel Aviv<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities in partnership |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |website=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=he |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
<div class="noprint">
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|- |-
!scope="col"|City
! colspan="3"|Tel Aviv is ] with:
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Continent
!scope="col"|Year of signing
!scope="col"|Type of agreement
|- |-
|{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} ]
{|style="width:100%"
|]
|]
|1999
|twin cities
|- |-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Barcelona re-establishes twin city relations with Tel Aviv, suspended by Colau |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/barcelona-re-establishes-twin-city-relations-tel-aviv-colau_1086444_102.html |website=ElNacional.cat |date=1 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903150038/https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/barcelona-re-establishes-twin-city-relations-tel-aviv-colau_1086444_102.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="width:33.3%;"|
|]
'''Asia'''
|]
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} ], Kazakhstan <small>''(since 1999)''</small>
|1998, ratified in 2013, revoked and restored in 2023
*{{flagicon|PRC}} ], China <small>''(since 2004)''</small>
|friendship and collaboration
*{{flagicon|KOR}} ], South Korea <small>''(since 2000)''</small>
|-
*{{flagicon|TUR}} ], Turkey <small>''(since 1998)''</small>
|{{flagicon|China}} ]
'''Europe'''
|]
;;Southern Europe
|]
*{{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain <small>''(since 1998)''</small>
|1995, 2004, 2006
*{{flagicon|SRB}} ], Serbia <small>''(since 1990)''</small> (Partner)
|understanding, friendship and collaboration
*{{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy <small>''(since 1994)''</small>
|-
*{{flagicon|GRE}} ], Greece <small>''(since 1994)''</small>
|{{flagicon|Serbia}} ]
||
|]
;;Eastern Europe
|]
*{{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary <small>''(since 1989)''</small> (Partner)<ref name="Budapest twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|title=Budapest – Testvérvárosok|accessdate=14 August 2013|work=Budapest Főváros Önkormányzatának hivatalos oldala |language=Hungarian|trans_title=Budapest – Twin Cities|archiveurl=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|archivedate=9 August 2013}}</ref>
|1990
*{{flagicon|MDA}} ], Moldova <small>''(since 2000)''<ref name="Chișinău twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903122220/http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526|title=Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) ''''|publisher=Primăria Municipiului Chişinău|archivedate=3 September 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Romanian}}</ref></small>
|collaboration
*{{flagicon|POL}} ], Poland <small>''(since 1994)''</small><ref name="Łódź twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/|title=Miasta partnerskie – Urząd Miasta Łodzi ''''|accessdate=21 July 2013|archivedate=24 June 2013|work=City of Łódź|language=Polish}}</ref>
|-
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia <small>''(since 2001)''</small>
*{{flagicon|BGR}} ], Bulgaria <small>''(since 1992)''</small> |{{flagicon|Germany}} ]
|]
*{{flagicon|POL}} ], Poland <small>''(since 1992)''</small>
;;Western Europe |]
|1983
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany <small>''(since 1980)''</small> (Partner)<ref name="Bonn twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.bonn.de/wirtschaft_wissenschaft_internationales/internationale_aktivitaeten/staedtepartnerschaften/index.html?lang=en|title=City Twinnings|accessdate=1 August 2013|work=Stadt Bonn|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070837/http://www.bonn.de/wirtschaft_wissenschaft_internationales/internationale_aktivitaeten/staedtepartnerschaften/index.html?lang=en|archivedate=10 April 2013}}</ref>
|collaboration
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany <small>''(since 1992)''</small> (Partner)
|-
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany <small>''(since 1980)''</small><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=317599&_ffmpar%5B_id_inhalt%5D=29687182 |title=Les villes jumelées |publisher=Mairie de Toulouse |location=Toulouse, France |language=French |accessdate=2015-07-05}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} ]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France <small>''(since 1962)''</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toulouse.fr/web/la-mairie/echanges-internationaux/les-villes-jumelees |title=Twin Towns |publisher=City of Frankfurt |location=Frankfurt |accessdate=2016-06-19}}</ref>
|]
||
|]
'''North America'''
|1989
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States (Partner)<ref> {{wayback|url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Cityhall/Pages/Partnerships1.aspx?tm=69&sm=&side=515 |date=20151217090514 |df=y }}</ref>
|collaboration
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States <small>''(since 1996)''</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Cityhall/Pages/Partnerships.aspx?tm=&sm=&side=515 |title=Tel Aviv sister cities |accessdate=4 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722231801/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Cityhall/Pages/Partnerships.aspx?tm=&sm=&side=515 |archivedate=22 July 2013 }}</ref>
|-
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States <small>''(since 1966)''</small>
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} ]
*{{flagicon|PAN}} ], Panama <small>''(since 2013)''</small><ref name="Caribbean Journal">{{cite web | url = http://www.caribjournal.com/2013/03/08/panama-city-and-tel-aviv-sign-agreement-to-become-sister-cities/ | title = Panama City and Tel Aviv Sign Agreement to Become Sister Cities | accessdate = 25 June 2013 | work = Caribbean Journal}}</ref>
|]
'''South America'''
|]
*{{flagicon|ARG}} ], Argentina <small>''(since 1988)''</small>
|1988
*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil <small>''(since 2004)''</small><ref name="São Paulo twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|title = Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471|accessdate=23 August 2013|work=Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo |language=Portuguese|trans_title=Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|archivedate = 18 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="São Paulo WikiSource"> WikiSource {{pt icon}}</ref>
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} ]
|]
|]
|1993
|friendship
|-
|{{flagicon|Moldova}} ]
|]
|]
|2000
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} ]
|]
|]
|2014
|]
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} ]
|]
|]
|1979
|collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} ]
|]
|]
|1992
|collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} ]
|]
|]
|1980, expanded in 2017
|collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} ]
|]
|]
|2012, 2015
|] for sustainability, collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|Palestine}} ]
|]
|]
|1999
|]<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Tel Aviv and Gaza Signed a Sister City Agreement |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-09-23/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/when-tel-aviv-and-gaza-signed-a-sister-city-agreement/00000183-6bd1-d4b1-a197-efdf46560000 |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927225930/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-09-23/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/when-tel-aviv-and-gaza-signed-a-sister-city-agreement/00000183-6bd1-d4b1-a197-efdf46560000 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} ] (province)
|]
|]
|2014
|]
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} ]
|]
|]
|2000
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} ]
|]
|]
|1996
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|Poland}} ]
|]
|]
|1994
|collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} ]
|]
|]
|1994
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}} ]
|]
|]
|2016
|friendship
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} ]
|]
|]
|2014
|] for economic, trade, scientific, technological and cultural fields
|-
|{{flagicon|US}} ]
|]
|]
|1996
|understanding, friendship and collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|Panama}} ]
|]
|]
|2013
|friendship
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} ]
|]
|]
|1985, expanded in 2010
|collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|US}} ]
|]
|]
|1967
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} ]
|]
|]
|2011
|collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|US}} ]
|]
|]
|2011
|friendship
|-
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} ]
|]
|]
|1992
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}} ]
|]
|]
|1994
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} ]
|]
|]
|1962
|twin cities
|-
|{{flagicon|Austria}} ]
|]
|]
|2005
|economic collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|Poland}} ]
|]
|]
|1992, 2009 (education collaboration)
|collaboration
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} ]
|]
|]
|2012
|friendship
|} |}
|}
</div>

== People born in Tel Aviv ==
{{main category|People from Tel Aviv}}
In alphabetical order by surname; stage names are treated as single names:
*], architect and industrial designer
*], "The Hip Hop Violinist"
*], dubstep producer and DJ
*], born Yaron Cohen, musician and singer
*], actor
*], illusionist,
*], model and actress
*], singer
*], politician
*], politician
*], model
*], politician
*], ] fighter and trainer
*], musician and conductor
*], actor
*], ''Star Wars'' film actress
*], rapper and record producer
*], actress
{{clear}}

==Notes==


== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}} {{notelist}}


==References== == References ==
{{reflist|30em}} {{reflist}}


== General bibliography ==
==Bibliography==
* Michael Turner, Catherine Weill-Rochant, Geneviève Blondiau, Silvina Sosnovsky, Philippe Brandeis, ''Sur les traces du modernisme, Tel-Aviv-Haïfa-Jérusalem'', CIVA (ed.), Bruxelles 2004. (Hebrew and French) * Michael Turner, Catherine Weill-Rochant, Geneviève Blondiau, Silvina Sosnovsky, Philippe Brandeis, ''Sur les traces du modernisme, Tel Aviv-Haïfa-Jérusalem'', CIVA (ed.), Bruxelles, 2004 {{In lang|he|fr|cap=Yes}}.
* Jochen Visscher (ed.): ''Tel Aviv: The White City'', Photographs by Stefan Boness, JOVIS Verlag Berlin 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-939633-75-4}}.
* Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''L'Atlas de Tel-Aviv 1908–2008'', Paris, CNRS Editions, 2008. (Historical maps and photos, French, soon in Hebrew and English)
* Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''Bauhaus " – Architektur in Tel-Aviv, L’architecture " Bauhaus " à Tel- Aviv'', Rita Gans (éd.), Zürich, Yad Yearim, 2008. (German and French) * Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''L'Atlas de Tel Aviv 1908–2008'', Paris, CNRS Editions, 2008 (historical maps and photos, French, soon in Hebrew and English).
* Catherine Weill-Rochant, 'The Tel-Aviv School: a constrained rationalism', ''DOCOMOMO journal'' (Documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement), April 2009. *Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''Bauhaus " – Architektur in Tel-Aviv, L'architecture " Bauhaus " à Tel Aviv'', Rita Gans (éd.), Zürich, Yad Yearim, 2008 {{In lang|de|fr|cap=Yes}}.
*Catherine Weill-Rochant, "The Tel Aviv School: a constrained rationalism", ''DOCOMOMO journal'' (documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement), April 2009.
*{{Cite thesis|degree=PhD |title=Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d’ombre et de lumière. Volume 1 |url=http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf |format=PDF |author=Catherine Weill-Rochant |year=2006 |publisher=Université Paris 8 |location=Paris |accessdate=9 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073901/http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf |archivedate=3 December 2009 }} And: {{Cite thesis|degree=PhD |title=Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d’ombre et de lumière. Volume 2 |url=http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf |format=PDF |author=Catherine Weill-Rochant |year=2006 |publisher=Université Paris 8 |location=Paris |accessdate=9 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073505/http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf |archivedate=3 December 2009 }}
*{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |title=Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d'ombre et de lumière. Volume 1 |url=http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf |author=Catherine Weill-Rochant |year=2006 |publisher=Université Paris 8 |location=Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073901/http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese1.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2009}} And: {{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |title=Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d'ombre et de lumière. Volume 2 |url=http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf |author=Catherine Weill-Rochant |year=2006 |publisher=Université Paris 8 |location=Paris |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073505/http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/RochantThese2.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2009}}
* Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''Le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombre et de lumière'', ], ةditions Universitaires Européennes, May 2010.
*Catherine Weill-Rochant, ''Le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombre et de lumière'', ], Éditions Universitaires Européennes, May 2010.
* Jochen Visscher (ed.): ''Tel Aviv The White City'', Photographs by Stefan Boness, JOVIS Verlag Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-939633-75-4


==External links== ==External links==
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* * ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016045011/http://tel-aviv.gov.il/eng/Pages/HomePage.aspx |date=16 October 2015 }}) of The Tel Aviv municipality
* {{he icon}} * (official travel website)
* <!-- ( 18 June 2019)—A charitable foundation dedicated to improving life in Tel Aviv-Yafo -->
* {{ar icon}}
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{{Tel Aviv District}} {{Tel Aviv District}}
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Revision as of 04:07, 28 November 2024

City in Israel For other uses, see Tel Aviv (disambiguation).

City in Israel
Tel Aviv תל אביב (Hebrew)
تل أبيب (Arabic)
City
Tel Aviv-Yafo
Skyline of Tel Aviv with Azrieli Sarona and Azrieli Center towersRothschild BoulevardJaffa Clock TowerTel Aviv promenadeRabin Square and City HallTel Aviv Museum of ArtOld Jaffa and Jaffa Port
Flag of Tel AvivFlagCoat of armsOfficial logo of Tel AvivBrandmark
Nicknames: 
  • 'The first Hebrew city'
  • 'The White City'
  • 'Non-Stop City'
  • 'The Bubble'
  • 'TLV'
  • 'The Big Orange'
Tel Aviv is located in IsraelTel AvivTel AvivLocation within IsraelShow map of IsraelTel Aviv is located in AsiaTel AvivTel AvivLocation within AsiaShow map of AsiaTel Aviv is located in EarthTel AvivTel AvivLocation on EarthShow map of Earth
Coordinates: 32°05′N 34°47′E / 32.08°N 34.78°E / 32.08; 34.78
Country Israel
District Tel Aviv
Metropolitan areaGush Dan
Founded11 April 1909 (1909-04-11)
Named forTel Abib in Ezekiel 3:15, via Herzl's Altneuland
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyTel Aviv-Yafo Municipality
 • MayorRon Huldai
Area
 • City52 km (20 sq mi)
 • Urban176 km (68 sq mi)
 • Metro1,516 km (585 sq mi)
Elevation5 m (16 ft)
Population
 • City474,530
 • Rank2nd in Israel
 • Density8,468.7/km (21,934/sq mi)
  • Rank12th in Israel
 • Urban1,388,400
 • Urban density8,057.7/km (20,869/sq mi)
 • Metro4,156,900
 • Metro density2,286/km (5,920/sq mi)
DemonymTel Avivian
GDP
 • MetroUS$310 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC+2 (IST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (IDT)
Postal code61XXXXX
Area code+972-3
ISO 3166 codeIL-TA
Websitetel-aviv.gov.il
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official nameWhite City of Tel Aviv
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iv
Designated2003
Reference no.
RegionIsrael

Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: תֵּל אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, romanized: Tēl ʾĀvīv-Yāfō, IPA: [tel aˈviv jaˈfo]; Arabic: تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, romanized: Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā), sometimes rendered as Tel Aviv-Jaffa, and usually referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel. Located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline and with a population of 474,530, it is the economic and technological center of the country and a global high tech hub. If East Jerusalem is considered part of Israel, Tel Aviv is the country's second-most-populous city, after Jerusalem; if not, Tel Aviv is the most populous city, ahead of West Jerusalem.

Tel Aviv is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, headed by Mayor Ron Huldai, and is home to most of Israel's foreign embassies. It is a beta+ world city and is ranked 57th in the 2022 Global Financial Centres Index. Tel Aviv has the third- or fourth-largest economy and the largest economy per capita in the Middle East. Tel Aviv is ranked the 4th top global startup ecosystem hub. The city currently has the highest cost of living in the world. Tel Aviv receives over 2.5 million international visitors annually. Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv University, the largest university in the country with more than 30,000 students.

The city was founded in 1909 by the Yishuv (Jewish residents) and initially given the Hebrew name Ahuzat Bayit (Hebrew: אחוזת בית, lit. 'House Estate' or 'Homestead'), namesake of the Jewish association which established the neighbourhood as a modern housing estate on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa (Yafo in Hebrew), then part of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem within the Ottoman Empire. Its name was changed the following year to Tel Aviv, after the biblical name Tel Abib (lit. "Tell of Spring") adopted by Nahum Sokolow as the title for his Hebrew translation of Theodor Herzl's 1902 novel Altneuland ("Old New Land"). Other Jewish suburbs of Jaffa had been established before Tel Aviv, the oldest among them being Neve Tzedek. Tel Aviv was given township status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921, and became independent from Jaffa in 1934. Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced that of Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time. In 1948, the Israeli Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in the city, with Tel Aviv named as the founding capital of Israel – a function it retained officially until 1950. After the 1947–1949 Palestine war, Tel Aviv began the municipal annexation of parts of Jaffa, fully unified with Jaffa under the name Tel Aviv in April 1950, and was formally renamed to Tel Aviv-Yafo in August 1950.

Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of International Style buildings, including Bauhaus and other related modernist architectural styles. Popular attractions include Old Jaffa, the Eretz Israel Museum, the Museum of Art, Yarkon Park, and the city's promenade and beach.

Etymology and origins

See also: Tel Abib

Tel Aviv is the Hebrew title of Theodor Herzl’s 1902 novel Altneuland ("Old New Land"), as translated from German by Nahum Sokolow. Sokolow had adopted the name of a Mesopotamian site near the city of Babylon mentioned in Ezekiel: "Then I came to them of the captivity at Tel Abib , that lived by the river Chebar, and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days." The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including "Herzliya". It was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. Aviv (אביב, or Abib) is a Hebrew word that can be translated as "spring", symbolizing renewal, and tell (or tel) is an artificial mound created over centuries through the accumulation of successive layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient.

Although founded in 1909 as a small settlement on the sand dunes north of Jaffa, Tel Aviv was envisaged as a future city from the start. Its founders hoped that in contrast to what they perceived as the squalid and unsanitary conditions of neighbouring Arab towns, Tel Aviv was to be a clean and modern city, inspired by the European cities of Warsaw and Odesa. The marketing pamphlets advocating for its establishment stated:

In this city we will build the streets so they have roads and sidewalks and electric lights. Every house will have water from wells that will flow through pipes as in every modern European city, and also sewerage pipes will be installed for the health of the city and its residents.

— Akiva Arieh Weiss, 1906

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Tel Aviv.

Jaffa

Main article: Jaffa
Ancient port of Jaffa where, according to the Bible, Jonah set sail into the Mediterranean Sea before being swallowed by a fish

The walled city of Jaffa is modern-day Tel Aviv-Yafo's only urban centre that existed in early modern times. Jaffa was an important port city in the region for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows signs of human settlement there starting in roughly 7,500 BC. The city was established around 1,800 BC at the latest. Its natural harbour has been used since the Bronze Age. By the time Tel Aviv was founded as a separate city during Ottoman rule of the region, Jaffa had been ruled by the Canaanites, Egyptians, Philistines, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Phoenicians, Ptolemies, Seleucids, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, the early Islamic caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, and Mamluks before coming under Ottoman rule in 1515. It had been fought over numerous times. The city is mentioned in ancient Egyptian documents, as well as the Hebrew Bible.

Other ancient sites in Tel Aviv include: Tell Qasile, Tel Gerisa, Abattoir Hill, Tel Hashash, and Tell Qudadi.

During the First Aliyah in the 1880s, when Jewish immigrants began arriving in the region in significant numbers, new Jewish neighborhoods were founded outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv. The first was Neve Tzedek, founded in 1887 by Mizrahi Jews due to overcrowding in Jaffa and built on lands owned by Aharon Chelouche. Other neighborhoods were Neve Shalom (1890), Yafa Nof (1896), Achva (1899), Ohel Moshe (1904), Kerem HaTeimanim (1906), and others. Once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa.

Foundation in Late Ottoman period (1904–1917)

Historical States

 Ottoman Empire 1909–1917

 United Kingdom 1917–1948

 Israel 1948–present

Lottery for the first lots, April 1909
Nahalat Binyamin, 1913

The Second Aliyah led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of Akiva Aryeh Weiss and banded together to form the Ahuzat Bayit (lit. "homestead") society. One of the society's goals was to form a "Hebrew urban centre in a healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene". The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the garden city movement. The first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali (Karm al-Jabali) near Jaffa by Jacobus Kann, a Dutch citizen, who registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibition on Jewish land acquisition. Meir Dizengoff, later Tel Aviv's first mayor, also joined the Ahuzat Bayit society. His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with Arabs.

On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv. The lottery was organised by Akiva Aryeh Weiss, president of the building society. Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second box. A photographer, Abraham Soskin (b. 1881 in Russia, made aliyah 1906), documented the event. The first water well was later dug at this site, located on what is today Rothschild Boulevard, across from Dizengoff House. Within a year, Herzl, Ahad Ha'am, Yehuda Halevi, Lilienblum, and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66 houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed. At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the Herzliya Hebrew High School, founded in Jaffa in 1906. The cornerstone for the building was laid on 28 July 1909. The town was originally named Ahuzat Bayit. On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted. The flag and city arms of Tel Aviv (see above) contain under the red Star of David 2 words from the biblical book of Jeremiah: "I (God) will build You up again and you will be rebuilt." (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water for each house, and street lights.

By 1914, Tel Aviv had grown to more than 1 km (247 acres). In 1915 a census of Tel Aviv was conducted, recording a population 2,679. However, growth halted in 1917 when the Ottoman authorities expelled the residents of Jaffa and Tel Aviv as a wartime measure. A report published in The New York Times by United States Consul Garrels in Alexandria, Egypt described the Jaffa deportation of early April 1917. The orders of evacuation were aimed chiefly at the Jewish population. Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the British took control of Palestine.

The town had rapidly become an attraction to immigrants, with a local activist writing:

The immigrants were attracted to Tel Aviv because they found in it all the comforts they were used to in Europe: electric light, water, a little cleanliness, cinema, opera, theatre, and also more or less advanced schools... busy streets, full restaurants, cafes open until 2 a.m., singing, music, and dancing.

British administration (1917–1934)

1930 Survey of Palestine map, showing urban boundaries of Jaffa (green) and the Tel Aviv township (blue) within the Jaffa Municipality (red)

Tel Aviv, along with the rest of the Jaffa municipality, was conquered by the British imperial army in late 1917 during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and became part of British-administered Mandatory Palestine until 1948.

Tel Aviv, established as suburb of Jaffa, received "township" or local council status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Tel Aviv had a population of 15,185 (15,065 Jews, 78 Muslims and 42 Christians). The population of Tel Aviv had increased to around 34,000 by 1925. The 1931 census recorded Tel Aviv as having a population of 46,101 (45,564 Jews, 288 with no religion, 143 Christians, and 106 Muslims) in 12,545 houses.

With increasing Jewish immigration during the British administration, friction between Arabs and Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the Jaffa riots resulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs. In the wake of this violence, many Jews left Jaffa for Tel Aviv.

Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center. In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year. The opening ceremony of the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main streets of Tel Aviv.

In 1925, the Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner Patrick Geddes drew up the Geddes Plan for Tel Aviv, a master plan for Tel Aviv which was adopted by the city council led by Meir Dizengoff. Geddes's plan for developing the northern part of the township was based on Ebenezer Howard's garden city movement. The plan consisted of four main features: a hierarchical system of streets laid out in a grid, large blocks consisting of small-scale domestic dwellings, the organization of these blocks around central open spaces, and the concentration of cultural institutions to form a civic center. While most of the northern area of Tel Aviv was built according to this plan, the influx of European refugees in the 1930s necessitated the construction of taller apartment buildings on a larger footprint in the city.

Ben Gurion House was built in 1930–31, part of a new workers' housing development. At the same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theatre and the decision of Habima Theatre to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.

1934 municipal independence from Jaffa

Shadal Street in 1926
Rothschild Boulevard in the late 1930s
Tel Aviv, Allenby Street, 1940
The Old Tel Aviv central bus station, which opened in 1941

Tel Aviv was granted the status of an independent municipality separate from Jaffa in 1934. The Jewish population rose dramatically during the Fifth Aliyah after the Nazis came to power in Germany. Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the 1936–39 Arab revolt led to the opening of a local Jewish port, Tel Aviv Port, independent of Jaffa, in 1938. It closed on 25 October 1965. Lydda Airport (later Ben Gurion Airport) and Sde Dov Airport opened between 1937 and 1938. According to the Jewish Virtual Library, the Jewish population of Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000 by 1937, compared to Jaffa's mainly Arab 69,000 residents, and by 1939 rose to 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish population. The village statistics of 1938 listed Tel Aviv's population as 140,000, all Jews.

Many German Jewish architects trained at the Bauhaus, the Modernist school of architecture in Germany, and left Germany during the 1930s. Some, like Arieh Sharon, came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus and similar schools to the local conditions there, creating what is recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.

Tel Aviv's White City emerged in the 1930s, and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003. During World War II, Tel Aviv was hit by Italian airstrikes on 9 September 1940, which killed 137 people in the city.

The village statistics of 1945 listed Tel Aviv's population as 166,660, consisting of 166,000 Jews, 300 "other", 230 Christians, and 130 Muslims.

During the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, Jewish Irgun and Lehi guerrillas launched repeated attacks against British military, police, and government targets in the city. In 1946, following the King David Hotel bombing, the British carried out Operation Shark, in which the entire city was searched for Jewish militants and most of the residents questioned, during which the entire city was placed under curfew. During the March 1947 martial law in Mandatory Palestine, Tel Aviv was placed under martial law by the British authorities for 15 days, with the residents kept under curfew for all but three hours a day as British forces scoured the city for militants. In spite of this, Jewish guerrilla attacks continued in Tel Aviv and other areas under martial law in Palestine.

According to the 1947 UN Partition Plan for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv was to be included in the proposed Jewish state. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a population of 101,580 people—53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800 Christians—was designated as part of the Arab state. Civil War broke out in the country and in particular between the neighbouring cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, which had been assigned to the Jewish and Arab states respectively. After several months of siege, on 13 May 1948, Jaffa fell and the Arab population fled en masse.

State of Israel

Crowd outside Dizengoff House (now Independence Hall) to witness the proclamation and signing of Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948

After Israel declared Independence on 14 May 1948, Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel. The city was repeatedly bombed by Egyptian warplanes and shelled by Egyptian warships during the Israeli War of Independence, killing around 150 people. The most significant attack was the bombing of the central bus station, in which 42 people were killed. On 3 June 1948, the Israeli Air Force scored its first aerial victory over Tel Aviv when Israeli fighter pilot Modi Alon shot down two Egyptian bombers during a raid. The city was also the scene of fighting between the Israel Defense Forces and Irgun during the Altalena Affair, in which the IDF stopped an Irgun attempt to import arms for its own use.

In December 1949, the Israeli government relocated to Jerusalem. Due to the international dispute over the status of Jerusalem, most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv. The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government in 1948. The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification. The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the United Nations Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed. On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the Palestinian neighborhood of Abu Kabir, the Arab village of Salama and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish Hatikva slum. On 25 February 1949, the depopulated Palestinian village of al-Shaykh Muwannis was also annexed to Tel Aviv. On 18 May 1949, Manshiya and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan. The government voted on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayor Israel Rokach. The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa. Tel Aviv thus grew to 42 km (16.2 sq mi). In 1949, a memorial to the 60 founders of Tel Aviv was constructed.

Tel Aviv in 1961

In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first high-rises. The historic Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium was controversially demolished, to make way for the Shalom Meir Tower, which was completed in 1965, and remained Israel's tallest building until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing 16 percent of the country's total. By the early 1970s, Tel Aviv had entered a long and steady period of continuous population decline, which was accompanied by urban decay. By 1981, Tel Aviv had entered not just natural population decline, but an absolute population decline as well. In the late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000. Construction activity had moved away from the inner ring of Tel Aviv, and had moved to its outer perimeter and adjoining cities. A mass out-migration of residents from Tel Aviv, to adjoining cities like Petah Tikva and Rehovot, where better housing conditions were available, was underway by the beginning of the 1970s, and only accelerated by the Yom Kippur War. Cramped housing conditions and high property prices pushed families out of Tel Aviv and deterred young people from moving in. From the beginning of 1970s, the common image of Tel Aviv became that of a decaying city, as Tel Aviv's population fell 20%.

Tel Aviv in 1970

In the 1970s, the apparent sense of Tel Aviv's urban decline became a theme in the work of novelists such as Yaakov Shabtai, in works describing the city such as Sof Davar (The End of Things) and Zikhron Devarim (The Memory of Things). A symptomatic article of 1980 asked "Is Tel Aviv Dying?" and portrayed what it saw as the city's existential problems: "Residents leaving the city, businesses penetrating into residential areas, economic and social gaps, deteriorating neighbourhoods, contaminated air – Is the First Hebrew City destined for a slow death? Will it become a ghost town?". However, others saw this as a transitional period. By the late 1980s, attitudes to the city's future had become markedly more optimistic. It had also become a center of nightlife and discotheques for Israelis who lived in the suburbs and adjoining cities. By 1989, Tel Aviv had acquired the nickname "Nonstop City", as a reflection of the growing recognition of its nightlife and 24/7 culture, and "Nonstop City" had to some extent replaced the former moniker of "First Hebrew City". The largest project built in this era was the Dizengoff Center, Israel's first shopping mall, which was completed in 1983. Other notable projects included the construction of Marganit Tower in 1987, the opening of the Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater in 1989, and the Tel Aviv Cinematheque (opened in 1973 and located to the current building in 1989).

A poster mourning the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin hangs in the Carmel Market in Tel Aviv, 1995

In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the UN's measures responding to Israel's 1980 Jerusalem Law. Today, most national embassies are located in Tel Aviv or environs. In the 1990s, the decline in Tel Aviv's population began to be reversed and stabilized, at first temporarily due to a wave of immigrants from the former Soviet Union. Tel Aviv absorbed 42,000 immigrants from the FSU, many educated in scientific, technological, medical and mathematical fields. In this period, the number of engineers in the city doubled. Tel Aviv soon began to emerge as a global high-tech center. The construction of many skyscrapers and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel Aviv was categorized as a world city. However, the city's municipality struggled to cope with an influx of new immigrants. Tel Aviv's tax base had been shrinking for many years, as a result of its preceding long term population decline, and this meant there was little money available at the time to invest in the city's deteriorating infrastructure and housing. In 1998, Tel Aviv was on the "verge of bankruptcy". Economic difficulties would then be compounded by a wave of Palestinian suicide bombings in the city from the mid-1990s, to the end of the Second Intifada, as well as the dot-com bubble, which affected the city's rapidly growing hi-tech sector. On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed Rabin Square.

Patriot missiles being launched to intercept an Iraqi Scud missile during the Gulf War in 1991

In the Gulf War in 1991, Tel Aviv was attacked by Scud missiles from Iraq. Iraq hoped to provoke an Israeli military response, which could have destroyed the US–Arab alliance. The United States pressured Israel not to retaliate, and after Israel acquiesced, the US and Netherlands rushed Patriot missiles to defend against the attacks, but they proved largely ineffective. Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and every city in the Tel Aviv area except for Bnei Brak was hit. A total of 74 Israelis died as a result of the Iraqi attacks, mostly from suffocation and heart attacks, while approximately 230 Israelis were injured. Extensive property damage was also caused, and some 4,000 Israelis were left homeless. It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with nerve agents or sarin. As a result, the Israeli government issued gas masks to its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel, some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. The inhabitants of the southeastern suburb of Hatikva erected an angel-monument as a sign of their gratitude that "it was through a great miracle, that many people were preserved from being killed by a direct hit of a Scud rocket."

The Dizengoff Center after the bombing of 1996

Since the First Intifada, Tel Aviv has suffered from Palestinian political violence. The first suicide attack in Tel Aviv occurred on 19 October 1994, on the Line 5 bus, when a bomber killed 22 civilians and injured 50 as part of a Hamas suicide campaign. On 6 March 1996, another Hamas suicide bomber killed 13 people (12 civilians and 1 soldier), many of them children, in the Dizengoff Center suicide bombing. Three women were killed by a Hamas terrorist in the Café Apropo bombing on 27 March 1997.

Tel Aviv Dolphinarium, demolished in 2018, site of the 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing, in which 21 Israelis, mostly teenagers, were killed

One of the deadliest attacks occurred on 1 June 2001, during the Second Intifada, when a suicide bomber exploded at the entrance to the Dolphinarium discothèque, killing 21, mostly teenagers, and injuring 132. Another Hamas suicide bomber killed six civilians and injured 70 in the Allenby Street bus bombing. Twenty-three civilians were killed and over 100 injured in the Tel Aviv central bus station massacre. Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack. In the Mike's Place suicide bombing, an attack on a bar by a British Muslim suicide bomber resulted in the deaths of three civilians and wounded over 50. Hamas and Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed joint responsibility. An Islamic Jihad bomber killed five and wounded over 50 on 25 February 2005 Stage Club bombing. The most recent suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70 wounded in a suicide bombing near the old central bus station.

Israeli Air Force F-16I Sufas over Tel Aviv

Another attack took place on 29 August 2011 in which a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popular Haoman 17 nightclub in Tel Aviv which was filled with 2,000 Israeli teenagers. After crashing, the assailant went on a stabbing spree, injuring eight people. Due to an Israel Border Police roadblock at the entrance and immediate response of the Border Police team during the subsequent stabbings, a much larger and fatal mass-casualty incident was avoided.

On 21 November 2012, during Operation Pillar of Defense, the Tel Aviv area was targeted by rockets, and air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since the Gulf War. All of the rockets either missed populated areas or were shot down by an Iron Dome rocket defense battery stationed near the city. During the operation, a bomb blast on a bus wounded at least 28 civilians, three seriously. This was described as a terrorist attack by Israel, Russia, and the United States and was condemned by the United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France and Russia, whilst Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri declared that the organisation "blesses" the attack. More than 300 rockets were fired towards the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area in the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.

Short video about Tel Aviv from the Israeli News Company

New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided by UNESCO recognition of Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site in 2003. In the early 2000s, Tel Aviv municipality focused on attracting more young residents to the city. It made significant investment in major boulevards, to create attractive pedestrian corridors. Former industrial areas like the city's previously derelict Northern Tel Aviv Port and the Jaffa railway station, were upgraded and transformed into leisure areas. A process of gentrification began in some of the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv and many older buildings began to be renovated.

The demographic profile of the city changed in the 2000s, as it began to attract a higher proportion of young residents. By 2012, 28 percent of the city's population was aged between 20 and 34 years old. Between 2007 and 2012, the city's population growth averaged 6.29 percent. As a result of its population recovery and industrial transition, the city's finances were transformed, and by 2012 it was running a budget surplus and maintained a credit rating of AAA+. In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tel Aviv received tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, primarily from Sudan and Eritrea, changing the demographic profile of areas of the city. In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial. In addition to city- and country-wide celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website; the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and biographies; and Stanford University's Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection, documenting the history of the city. Today, the city is regarded as a strong candidate for global city status. Over the past 60 years, Tel Aviv had developed into a secular, liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and café culture.

Geography

Tel Aviv seen from space in 2016

Tel Aviv is located around 32°5′N 34°48′E / 32.083°N 34.800°E / 32.083; 34.800 on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, in central Israel, the historic land bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poor soil fertility. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the Yarkon River mouth. Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist.

The city is located 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Jerusalem and 90 km (56 mi) south of the city of Haifa. Neighboring cities and towns include Herzliya to the north, Ramat HaSharon to the northeast, Petah Tikva, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan and Giv'atayim to the east, Holon to the southeast, and Bat Yam to the south. The city is economically stratified between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered less affluent than northern Tel Aviv with the exception of Neve Tzedek and northern and north-western Jaffa. Central Tel Aviv is home to Azrieli Center and the important financial and commerce district along Ayalon Highway. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv University, Yarkon Park, and upscale residential neighborhoods such as Ramat Aviv and Afeka.

Environment

IDF soldiers cleaning the beaches at Tel Aviv, which have scored highly in environmental tests

Tel Aviv is ranked as the greenest city in Israel. Since 2008, city lights are turned off annually in support of Earth Hour. In February 2009, the municipality launched a water saving campaign, including competition granting free parking for a year to the household that is found to have consumed the least water per person.

In the early 21st century, Tel Aviv's municipality transformed a derelict power station into a public park, now named "Gan HaHashmal" ("Electricity Park"), paving the way for eco-friendly and environmentally conscious designs. In October 2008, Martin Weyl turned an old garbage dump near Ben Gurion International Airport, called Hiriya, into an attraction by building an arc of plastic bottles. The site, which was renamed Ariel Sharon Park to honor Israel's former prime minister, will serve as the centerpiece in what is to become a 2,000-acre (8.1 km) urban wilderness on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, designed by German landscape architect, Peter Latz.

At the end of the 20th century, the city began restoring historical neighborhoods such as Neve Tzedek and many buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. Since 2007, the city hosts its well-known, annual Open House Tel Aviv weekend, which offers the general public free entrance to the city's famous landmarks, private houses and public buildings. In 2010, the design of the renovated Tel Aviv Port (Nemal Tel Aviv) won the award for outstanding landscape architecture at the European Biennial for Landscape Architecture in Barcelona.

In 2014, the Sarona Market Complex opened, following an 8-year renovation project of Sarona colony.

Yarkon Park from Kiryat Atidim to the Mediterranean Sea

Climate

Rainstorm in Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), and enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Most precipitation falls in the form of rain between the months of October and April, with intervening dry summers, and there is almost no rainfall from June to September. The average annual temperature is 20.9 °C (69.6 °F), and the average sea temperature is 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) during the winter, and 24–29 °C (75–84 °F) during the summer. The city averages 528 mm (20.8 in) of precipitation annually.

Summers in Tel Aviv last about five months, from June to October. August, the warmest month, averages a high of 30.6 °C (87.1 °F), and a low of 25 °C (77 °F). The high relative humidity due to the location of the city by the Mediterranean Sea, in a combination with the high temperatures, creates a thermal discomfort during the summer. Summer low temperatures in Tel Aviv seldom drop below 20 °C (68 °F).

Winters are mild and wet, with most of the annual precipitation falling within the months of December, January and February as intense rainfall and thunderstorms. In January, the coolest month, the average maximum temperature is 17.6 °C (63.7 °F), the minimum temperature averages 10.2 °C (50.4 °F). During the coldest days of winter, temperatures may vary between 8 °C (46 °F) and 12 °C (54 °F). Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city.

Autumns and springs are characterized by sharp temperature changes, with heat waves that might be created due to hot and dry air masses that arrive from the nearby deserts. During heatwaves in autumn and springs, temperatures usually climb up to 35 °C (95 °F) and even up to 40 °C (104 °F), accompanied with exceptionally low humidity. An average day during autumn and spring has a high of 23 °C (73 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), and a low of 15 °C (59 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F).

The highest recorded temperature in Tel Aviv was 46.5 °C (115.7 °F) on 17 May 1916, and the lowest is −1.9 °C (28.6 °F) on 7 February 1950, during a cold wave that brought the only recorded snowfall in Tel Aviv.

Climate data for Tel Aviv (Temperature: 1987–2010, Precipitation: 1980–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		38.3
(100.9) 		43.9
(111.0) 		46.5
(115.7) 		44.4
(111.9) 		37.4
(99.3) 		41.4
(106.5) 		42.0
(107.6) 		44.4
(111.9) 		35.6
(96.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		46.5
(115.7)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 23.6
(74.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		35.5
(95.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.9
(91.2) 		29.2
(84.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.2
(86.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		27.3
(81.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		24.0
(75.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.2
(66.6) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.8
(82.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		20.3
(68.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3) 		9.8
(49.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.2
(52.2) 		16.4
(61.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.3
(45.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		7.8
(46.0) 		6.6
(43.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 147
(5.8) 		111
(4.4) 		62
(2.4) 		16
(0.6) 		4
(0.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.0) 		34
(1.3) 		81
(3.2) 		127
(5.0) 		583
(22.9)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15 13 10 4 2 0 0 0 0 6 9 12 71
Average relative humidity (%) (at 1200 GMT) 72 70 65 60 63 67 70 67 60 65 68 73 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.2 200.1 235.6 270.0 328.6 357.0 368.9 356.5 300.0 279.0 234.0 189.1 3,311
Source 1: Israel Meteorological Service
Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory for data of sunshine hours
Climate data for Tel Aviv the West Coast (2005–2014)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.7
(81.9) 		31.8
(89.2) 		38.3
(100.9) 		39.1
(102.4) 		38.4
(101.1) 		36.7
(98.1) 		31.7
(89.1) 		32.5
(90.5) 		34.1
(93.4) 		39.5
(103.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		39.5
(103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		27.1
(80.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		29.9
(85.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		26.9
(80.4) 		23.9
(75.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		24.3
(75.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		24.7
(76.5) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		26.5
(79.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.2
(68.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		21.2
(70.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.4
(77.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		18.2
(64.7)
Record low °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.3
(50.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.1
(59.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		4.0
(39.2)
Source: Israel Meteorological Service databases
Tel Aviv mean sea temperature ˚C (˚F)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
18.8
(65.8) 		17.6
(63.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		27.4
(81.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		26.3
(79.3) 		23.2
(73.8) 		20.6
(69.1)

Government

See also: Mayor of Tel Aviv and Mayoral elections in Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv City Hall and Rabin Square

Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city council elected for a five-year term by in direct proportional elections, and a mayor elected for the same term by direct elections under a two-round system. Like all other mayors in Israel, no term limits exist for the Mayor of Tel Aviv. All Israeli citizens over the age of 17 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs. The Tel Aviv City Hall is located at Rabin Square. Ron Huldai has been mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998. Huldai was reelected for a fifth term in the 2018 municipal elections, defeating former deputy Asaf Zamir, founder of the Ha'Ir party. Huldai's has become the longest-serving mayor of the city, exceeding Shlomo Lahat's 19-year term. The shortest-serving was David Bloch, in office for two years, 1925–27.

Politically, Tel Aviv is known to be a stronghold for the left, in both local and national issues. The left wing vote is especially prevalent in the city's mostly affluent central and northern neighborhoods, though not the case for its working-class southeastern neighborhoods which tend to vote for right wing parties in national elections. Outside the kibbutzim, Meretz receives more votes in Tel Aviv than in any other city in Israel.

Demographics

Tel Aviv population pyramid in 2021

Tel Aviv has a population of 474,530 spread over a land area of 52,000 dunams (52 km; 20 sq mi), yielding a population density of 7,606 people per square km (19,699 per square mile). According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of 2009 Tel Aviv's population was growing at an annual rate of 0.5 percent. Jews of all backgrounds formed 91.8 percent of the population, Muslims and Arab Christians made up 4.2 percent, and the remainder belonged to other groups (including various Christian and Asian communities). As Tel Aviv is a multicultural city, many languages are spoken in addition to Hebrew. According to some estimates, about 50,000 unregistered African and Asian foreign workers live in the city. Compared with Westernised cities, crime in Tel Aviv is relatively low.

Aerial view of Tel Aviv

According to Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, the average income in the city, which had an unemployment rate of 4.6% in 2014, is 20% above the national average. The city's education standards are above the national average: of its 12th-grade students, 64.4 percent are eligible for matriculation certificates. The age profile is relatively even, with 22.2 percent aged under 20, 18.5 percent aged 20–29, 24 percent aged 30–44, 16.2 percent aged between 45 and 59, and 19.1 percent older than 60.

Tel Aviv's population reached a peak in the early 1960s at around 390,000, falling to 317,000 in the late 1980s as high property prices forced families out and deterred young couples from moving in. Since the 1990s, population has steadily grown. Today, the city's population is young and growing. In 2006, 22,000 people moved to the city, while only 18,500 left, and many of the new families had young children. The population is expected to reach 535,000 in 2030; meanwhile, the average age of residents fell from 35.8 in 1983 to 34 in 2008. The population over age 65 stands at 14.6 percent compared with 19% in 1983.

Religion

The Great Synagogue is a largest synagogue in center of Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv has 544 active synagogues, including historic buildings such as the Great Synagogue, established in the 1930s. In 2008, a center for secular Jewish studies and a secular yeshiva opened in the city. Tensions between religious and secular Jews before the 2006 gay pride parade ended in vandalism of a synagogue. The number of churches has grown to accommodate the religious needs of diplomats and foreign workers. In 2019, the population was 89.9% Jewish, and 4.5% Arab; among Arabs, 82.8% were Muslim, 16.4% were Christian, and 0.8% were Druze. The remaining 5 percent were not classified by religion. Israel Meir Lau is Chief Rabbi of the city.

Mahmoudiya Mosque is the largest mosque in Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv is an ethnically diverse city. The Jewish population, which forms the majority group in Tel Aviv, consists of the descendants of immigrants from all parts of the world, including Ashkenazi Jews from Europe, North America, South America, Australia and South Africa, as well as Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from Southern Europe, North Africa, India, Central Asia, West Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula. There are also a sizable number of Ethiopian Jews and their descendants living in Tel Aviv. In addition to Muslim and Arab Christian minorities in the city, several hundred Armenian Christians reside in the city, concentrated mainly in Jaffa. There are also some Christians from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel with Jewish spouses and relatives. In recent years, Tel Aviv has received many non-Jewish migrants from Asia and Africa, students, foreign workers (documented and undocumented) and refugees. There are many economic migrants and refugees from African countries, primarily Eritrea and Sudan, located in the southern part of the city.

Neighborhoods

Further information: Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv
View of Neve Sha'anan and the central bus station

Tel Aviv is divided into nine boroughs that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient port city out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recent gentrification is replacing them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in nearby Neve Tzedek, the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa. Ramat Aviv, a district in the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includes Tel Aviv University, is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning. The area known as HaKirya is the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) headquarters and a large military base. Moreover, in the past few years, Rothschild Boulevard which is beginning in Neve Tzedek has become an attraction for tourists, businesses and startups. It features a wide, tree-lined central strip with pedestrian and bike lanes. Historically, there was a demographic split between the Ashkenazi northern side of the city, including the district of Ramat Aviv, and the southern, more Sephardi and Mizrahi neighborhoods including Neve Tzedek and Florentin.

HaKirya neighborhood

Since the 1980s, major restoration and gentrification projects have been implemented in southern Tel Aviv. Baruch Yoscovitz, city planner for Tel Aviv beginning in 2001, reworked old British plans for the Florentin neighborhood from the 1920s, adding green areas, pedestrian malls, and housing. The municipality invested two million shekels in the project. The goal was to make Florentin the Soho of Tel Aviv, and attract artists and young professionals to the neighborhood. Street artists, such as Dede, installation artists such as Sigalit Landau, and many others made the upbeat neighborhood their home base. Florentin is now known as a hip, "cool" place to be in Tel Aviv with coffeehouses, markets, bars, galleries and parties.

Health

Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center

Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, the third-largest hospital complex in Israel. It contains Ichilov Hospital, the Ida Sourasky Rehabilitation Center, Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, and Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital. The city also contains Assuta Medical Center, a private hospital which offers surgical and diagnostic services in all fields of medicine and has an IVF clinic.

Education

Tel Aviv University

In 2006, 51,359 children attended school in Tel Aviv, of whom 8,977 were in municipal kindergartens, 23,573 in municipal elementary schools, and 18,809 in high schools. Sixty-four percent of students in the city are entitled to matriculation, more than 5 percent higher than the national average. About 4,000 children are in first grade at schools in the city, and population growth is expected to raise this number to 6,000. As a result, 20 additional kindergarten classes were opened in 2008–09 in the city. A new elementary school is planned north of Sde Dov as well as a new high school in northern Tel Aviv.

The first Hebrew high school, called Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium, was established in Jaffa in 1905 and moved to Tel Aviv after its founding in 1909, where a new campus on Herzl Street was constructed for it.

Tel Aviv University, the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for its physics, computer science, chemistry and linguistics departments. Together with Bar-Ilan University in neighboring Ramat Gan, the student population numbers over 50,000, including a sizeable international community. Its campus is located in the neighborhood of Ramat Aviv. Tel Aviv also has several colleges. The Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium moved from Jaffa to old Tel Aviv in 1909 and moved to Jabotinsky Street in the early 1960s. Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include Shevah Mofet, the second Hebrew school in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and Alliance.

Economy

Azrieli Sarona Tower, the tallest building in Israel

Tel Aviv has been ranked as the twenty-fifth most important financial center in the world. In 1926, the country's first shopping arcade, Passage Pensak, was built there. By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle class immigrants arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small port was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened. Herzl Street became a commercial thoroughfare at this time.

Economic activities account for 17 percent of the GDP. In 2011, Tel Aviv had an unemployment rate of 4.4 percent. The city has been described as a "flourishing technological center" by Newsweek and a "miniature Los Angeles" by The Economist. In 1998, the city was described by Newsweek as one of the 10 most technologically influential cities in the world. Since then, high-tech industry in the Tel Aviv area has continued to develop. The Tel Aviv metropolitan area (including satellite cities such as Herzliya and Petah Tikva) is Israel's center of high-tech, sometimes referred to as Silicon Wadi.

In 2016, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) at Loughborough University reissued an inventory of world cities based on their level of advanced producer services. Tel Aviv was ranked as an alpha- world city.

The Kiryat Atidim high tech zone opened in 1972 and the city has become a major world high tech hub. In December 2012, the city was ranked second on a list of top places to found a high tech startup company, just behind Silicon Valley. In 2013, Tel Aviv had more than 700 startup companies and research and development centers, and was ranked the second-most innovative city in the world, behind Medellín and ahead of New York City.

According to Forbes, nine of its fifteen Israeli-born billionaires live in Israel; four live in Tel Aviv and its suburbs. The cost of living in Israel is high, with Tel Aviv being its most expensive city to live in. In 2021, Tel Aviv became the world's most expensive city to live in, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit.

Shopping malls in Tel Aviv include Dizengoff Center, Ramat Aviv Mall and Azrieli Shopping Mall and markets such as Carmel Market, Ha'Tikva Market, and Bezalel Market.

Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Towers on Rothschild Boulevard

Tel Aviv is home to the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE), Israel's only stock exchange, which has reached record heights since the 1990s. The Tel Aviv Stock exchange has also gained attention for its resilience and ability to recover from war and disasters. For example, the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange was higher on the last day of both the 2006 Lebanon war and the 2009 Operation in Gaza than on the first day of fighting. Many international venture-capital firms, scientific research institutes and high-tech companies are headquartered in the city. Industries in Tel Aviv include chemical processing, textile plants and food manufacturers.

Tel Aviv is ranked the 4th top global startup ecosystem hub according to the startup genome.

Tourism and recreation

Tel Aviv receives about 2.5 million international visitors annually, the fifth-most-visited city in the Middle East & Africa. In 2010, Knight Frank's world city survey ranked it 34th globally. Tel Aviv has been named the third "hottest city for 2011" (behind only New York City and Tangier) by Lonely Planet, third-best in the Middle East and Africa by Travel + Leisure magazine (behind only Cape Town and Jerusalem), and the ninth-best beach city in the world by National Geographic. Tel Aviv is consistently ranked as one of the top LGBT destinations in the world. The city has also been ranked as one of the top 10 oceanfront cities.

Tel Aviv is known as "the city that never sleeps" and a "party capital" due to its thriving nightlife, young atmosphere and famous 24-hour culture. Tel Aviv has branches of some of the world's leading hotels, including the Crowne Plaza, Sheraton, Dan, Isrotel and Hilton. It is home to many museums, architectural and cultural sites, with city tours available in different languages. Apart from bus tours, architectural tours, Segway tours, and walking tours are also popular. Tel Aviv has 44 hotels with more than 6,500 rooms.

The beaches of Tel Aviv and the city's promenade play a major role in the city's cultural and touristic scene, often ranked as some of the best beaches in the world. Yarkon Park is the most visited urban park in Israel, with 16 million visitors annually. Other parks within city limits include Charles Clore Park, Independence Park, Meir Park and Dubnow Park. About 19% of the city land are green spaces.

SkyView of Tel Aviv

Culture

See also: Tel Aviv culture

Architecture

See also: White City (Tel Aviv) and List of tallest buildings in Tel Aviv
1930s Bauhaus (left) and 1920s Eclectic (right) architectural styles

Tel Aviv is home to different architectural styles that represent influential periods in its history. The early architecture of Tel Aviv consisted largely of European-style single-storey houses with red-tiled roofs. Neve Tzedek, the first neighbourhood to be built outside of Jaffa, is characterised by two-storey sandstone buildings. By the 1920s, a new eclectic Orientalist style came into vogue, combining European architecture with Eastern features such as arches, domes and ornamental tiles. Pagoda House (Beit HaPagoda), designed by Alexander Levy and built in 1924, is an example of this style. Municipal construction followed the "garden city" master plan drawn up by Patrick Geddes. Two- and three-storey buildings were interspersed with boulevards and public parks. Various architectural styles, such as Art Deco, classical and modernist also exist in Tel Aviv.

Bauhaus Museum displaying Bauhaus furnishings

Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's White City, around the city center, contains more than 5,000 Modernist-style buildings inspired by the Bauhaus school and Le Corbusier. Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and, collectively, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, continued until the 1950s in the area around Rothschild Boulevard. Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931 and 1939 alone. In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers. Some of the city's Modernist buildings were neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and restore them to their original condition.

The Azrieli Center complex contains some of the tallest skyscrapers in Tel Aviv.

The Shalom Meir Tower, Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivaled Europe's tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East.

In the mid-1990s, the construction of skyscrapers began throughout the entire city, altering its skyline. Before that, Tel Aviv had had a generally low-rise skyline. In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and Ibn Gabirol Street, and also between the Yarkon River and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, "forests" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the Ayalon Highway. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between Neve Tzedek and Florentine, with the first such tower there being the Neve Tzedek Tower. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.

Arts and museums

See also: Visual arts in Israel
Tel Aviv Museum of Art, the Herta and Paul Amir Building

In the 1920s Tel-Aviv gradually became the center of art in Israel. In 1919, several prominent Olim from Odessa arrived in the Ruslan ship. In 1920 some of these set up the HaTomer art cooperative as well as opened the first modern art exhibition in Israel. In the 1925 following the return of Isaac Frenkel Frenel from Paris and his opening of the Histadrut art studio, and the introduction of École de Paris influence; Tel Aviv grew to supplement Jerusalem in its cultural importance in the visual arts; especially in respect to modern art. In the late 1920s to 1940s Tel Aviv painters were heavily influenced by the École de Paris, painting Tel Aviv's urban landscape, people and cafes in a manner influenced by Soutine, Pascin, Frenel, Chagall and others from the School of Paris. Tel Aviv''s bohemian culture was characterized by cafes such as Kassit which attracted numerous writers and painters. Numerous exhibitions were held in the Ohel theatre and the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium prior to the opening of museums. Reuben Rubin and Nahum Gutman also worked and painted in the city, painting in the naive style. Tel Aviv hosts the Tel Aviv museum of art, established in 1932 in Meir Dizengoff's house, since having moved to a new larger location in 1971, as well as numerous galleries.

Israel has the highest number of museums per capita of any country, with three of the largest located in Tel Aviv. Among these are the Eretz Israel Museum, known for its collection of archaeology and history exhibits dealing with the Land of Israel, and the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. In 2023, the Tel Aviv Museum of Art was ranked 48th on The Art Magazine's list of the 100 most popular museums in the world. Housed on the campus of Tel Aviv University is ANU - Museum of the Jewish People, a museum of the international Jewish diaspora that tells the story of Jewish prosperity and persecution throughout the centuries of exile. Batey Haosef Museum specializes in Israel Defense Forces military history. The Palmach Museum near Tel Aviv University offers a multimedia experience of the history of the Palmach. Right next to Charles Clore Park is a museum of the Irgun. The Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center, located in the northern part of the city, hosts more than 60 major events annually. Many offbeat museums and galleries operate in the southern areas, including the Tel Aviv Raw Art contemporary art gallery.

Entertainment and performing arts

Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center

Tel Aviv is a major center of culture and entertainment. Eighteen of Israel's 35 major centers for the performing arts are located in the city, including five of the country's nine large theatres, where 55% of all performances in the country and 75 percent of all attendance occurs. The Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center is home of the Israeli Opera, where Plácido Domingo was house tenor between 1962 and 1965, and the Cameri Theatre. With 2,482 seats, the Heichal HaTarbut is the city's largest theatre and home to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra.

Heichal HaTarbut theatre, home to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra

Habima Theatre, Israel's national theatre, was closed down for renovations in early 2008, and reopened in November 2011 after major remodeling. Enav Cultural Center is one of the newer additions to the cultural scene. Other theatres in Tel Aviv are the Gesher Theatre and Beit Lessin Theater; Tzavta and Tmuna are smaller theatres that host musical performances and fringe productions. In Jaffa, the Simta and Notzar theatres specialize in fringe as well. Tel Aviv is home to the Batsheva Dance Company, a world-famous contemporary dance troupe. The Israeli Ballet is also based in Tel Aviv. Tel Aviv's center for modern and classical dance is the Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theatre in Neve Tzedek.

Suzanne Dellal Centre for Dance and Theatre

The city often hosts international musicians at venues such as Yarkon Park, Expo Tel Aviv, the Barby Club, the Zappa Club and Live Park Rishon Lezion just south of Tel Aviv. The city hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 (the first Israeli-hosted Eurovision held outside of Jerusalem), following Israel's win the year prior. Opera and classical music performances are held daily in Tel Aviv, with many of the world's leading classical conductors and soloists performing on Tel Aviv stages over the years.

The Tel Aviv Cinematheque screens art movies, premieres of short and full-length Israeli films, and hosts a variety of film festivals, among them the Festival of Animation, Comics and Caricatures, "Icon" Science Fiction and Fantasy Festival, the Student Film Festival, the Jazz, Film and Videotape Festival and Salute to Israeli Cinema. The city has several multiplex cinemas.

Tel Aviv is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight. The largest area for nightclubs is the Tel Aviv port, where the city's large, commercial clubs and bars draw big crowds of young clubbers from both Tel Aviv and neighboring cities. The South of Tel Aviv is known for the popular Haoman 17 club, as well as for being the city's main hub of alternative clubbing, with underground venues including established clubs like the Block Club, Comfort 13 and Paradise Garage, as well as various warehouse and loft party venues. The Allenby/Rothschild area is another popular nightlife hub, featuring such clubs as the Pasaz, Radio EPGB and the Penguin. In 2013, Absolut Vodka introduced a specially designed bottle dedicated to Tel Aviv as part of its international cities series.

LGBT culture

Tel Aviv Pride is the largest annual pride parade in the Middle East and Asia.

Named "the best gay city in the world" by American Airlines, Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations for LGBT tourists internationally, with a large LGBT community. Approximately 25% of Tel Aviv's population identify as gay. American journalist David Kaufman has described the city as a place "packed with the kind of 'we're here, we're queer', vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco". The city hosts its well-known pride parade, the biggest in Asia, attracting over 200,000 people yearly. In January 2008, Tel Aviv's municipality established the city's LGBT Community center, providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay athletes for the 2009 World Outgames in Copenhagen. In addition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBT film festival, known as TLVFest.

Tel Aviv's LGBT community is the subject of Eytan Fox's 2006 film The Bubble.

Fashion

Tel Aviv has become an international center of fashion and design. It has been called the "next hot destination" for fashion. Israeli designers, such as swimwear company Gottex show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York's Bryant Park fashion show. In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first fashion week since the 1980s, with Italian designer Roberto Cavalli as a guest of honor.

Media

Reshet studio building in Tel Aviv

The three largest newspaper companies in Israel: Yedioth Ahronoth, Maariv and Haaretz are all based within the city limits. Several radio stations cover the Tel Aviv area, including the city-based Radio Tel Aviv.

The two major Israeli television networks, Keshet Media Group and Reshet, are based in the city, as well as two of the most popular radio stations in Israel: Galatz and Galgalatz, which are both based in Jaffa. Studios of the international news channel i24news is located at Jaffa Port Customs House. An English language radio station, TLV1, is based at Kikar Hamedina.

Cuisine

Tel Aviv is famous for its wide variety of world-class restaurants, offering traditional Israeli dishes as well as international fare. More than 100 sushi restaurants, the third highest concentration in the world, do business in the city. In Tel Aviv there are some dessert specialties, the most known is the Halva ice cream traditionally topped with date syrup and pistachios.

Sports

Bloomfield Stadium, the largest of Tel Aviv

The city has a number of football stadiums, the largest of which is Bloomfield Stadium, which contains 29,400 seats used by Hapoel Tel Aviv, Maccabi Tel Aviv and Bnei Yehuda. Another stadium in the city is the Hatikva Neighborhood Stadium. Menora Mivtachim Arena is a large multi-purpose sports indoor arena, The arena is home to the Maccabi Tel Aviv, and the Drive in Arena, a multi-purpose hall that serves as the home ground of the Hapoel Tel Aviv. National Sport Center Tel Aviv (also Hadar Yosef Sports Center) is a compound of stadiums and sports facilities. It also houses the Olympic Committee of Israel and the National Athletics Stadium with the Israeli Athletic Association.

Menora Mivtachim Arena

The Maccabi Tel Aviv Sports Club was founded in 1906 and competes in more than 10 sport fields. Its basketball team, Maccabi Tel Aviv Basketball Club, is a world-known professional team, that holds 57 Israeli titles, has won 45 editions of the Israel cup, and has six European Championships, and its football team Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club has won 25 Israeli league titles and has won 24 State Cups, eight Toto Cups and two Asian Club Championships. Yael Arad, an athlete in Maccabi's judo club, won a silver medal in the 1992 Olympic Games.

The Tel Aviv Marathon going through Yarkon Park

Hapoel Tel Aviv Sports Club, founded in 1923, comprises more than 11 sports clubs, including Hapoel Tel Aviv Football Club (13 championships, 16 State Cups, one Toto Cup and once Asian champions) which plays in Bloomfield Stadium, and Hapoel Tel Aviv Basketball Club.

Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv (once Israeli champion, twice State Cup winners and twice Toto Cup winner) is the Israeli football team that represents a neighborhood, the Hatikva Quarter in Tel Aviv, and not a city. Beitar Tel Aviv formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in Liga Alef. Maccabi Jaffa formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in Liga Leumit and represents the Jaffa. Shimshon Tel Aviv formerly played in the top division, the club now playing in Liga Alef. There are more Tel Aviv football teams: Hapoel Kfar Shalem, F.C. Bnei Jaffa Ortodoxim, Beitar Ezra, Beitar Jaffa, Elitzur Jaffa Tel Aviv, F.C. Roei Heshbon Tel Aviv, Gadna Tel Aviv Yehuda, Hapoel Kiryat Shalom, Hapoel Neve Golan and Hapoel Ramat Yisrael.

Two rowing clubs operate in Tel Aviv. The Tel Aviv Rowing Club, established in 1935 on the banks of the Yarkon River, is the largest rowing club in Israel. Meanwhile, the beaches of Tel Aviv provide a vibrant Matkot (beach paddleball) scene. Tel Aviv Lightning represent Tel Aviv in the Israel Baseball League. Tel Aviv also has an annual half marathon, run in 2008 by 10,000 athletes with runners coming from around the world.

In 2009, the Tel Aviv Marathon was revived after a fifteen-year hiatus, and is run annually since, attracting a field of over 18,000 runners.

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network, with many major routes of the national transportation network running through the city. As of 2023, 56% of the residents are going to work without using cars and the plan is to expand it to 70% by the end of the decade.

Bus and taxi

Tel Aviv central bus station

As with the rest of Israel, bus transport is the most common form of public transport and is very widely used. The Tel Aviv central bus station is located in the southern part of the city. The main bus network in Tel Aviv metropolitan area operated by Dan Bus Company, Metropoline, and Kavim. the Egged Bus Cooperative, Israels's largest bus company, provides intercity transportation.

The city is also served by local and inter-city share taxis. Many local and inter-city bus routes also have sherut taxis that follow the same route and display the same route number in their window. Fares are standardised within the region and are comparable to or less expensive than bus fares. Unlike other forms of public transport, these taxis also operate on Fridays and Saturdays (the Jewish sabbath "Shabbat"). Private taxis are white with a yellow sign on top. Fares are standardised and metered, but may be negotiated ahead of time with the driver.

Rail

Main articles: Tel Aviv Light Rail and Tel Aviv Metro
Tel Aviv Savidor Central railway station

The Tel Aviv Savidor Central railway station is the main railway station of the city, and the second-busiest station in Israel. The city has five additional railway stations along the Ayalon Highway: three of them, Tel Aviv University, HaShalom (the busiest station in Israel, adjacent to Azrieli Center) and HaHagana (near the Tel Aviv central bus station), serve Tel Aviv directly, while the remaining two, Holon Junction and Holon–Wolfson, are within Tel Aviv's municipal boundaries but serve the southern suburb of Holon. It is estimated that over a million passengers travel by rail to Tel Aviv monthly. The trains do not run on Saturday and the principal Jewish festivals (Rosh Hashana (2 days), Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Simkhat Torah, Pessach (Passover) first and fifth days and Shavuot (Pentecost)). Jaffa railway station was the first railway station in the Middle East. It served as the terminus for the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–2009, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue marketed as "HaTachana", Hebrew for "the station" (see homepage here:). The Jaffa–Jerusalem railway also included the Tel Aviv Beit Hadar railway station, which was opened in 1920 and replaced in 1970, and the Tel Aviv South railway station, which was opened in 1970 to replace Beit Hadar and itself closed in 1993. The Bnei Brak railway station, while located in Bnei Brak's municipal borders, is closer to the Tel Aviv neighborhood of Ramat HaHayal than to Bnei Brak's city center and was originally called Tel Aviv North.

Tel Aviv Light Rail

Tel Aviv Light Rail is a mass transit system for the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. As of 2023, two LRT lines are under construction. Work on the Red Line, the first in the project, started on September 21, 2011, following years of preparatory works, and was expected to be completed and opened in late 2022 after numerous delays, and was finally opened on August 18, 2023, after the opening day was postponed numerous times. Construction of the Purple Line started in December 2018; work on the Green Line began in 2021 and is scheduled for completion in 2028. Tel Aviv Metro is a proposed subway system for the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area. It will augment the Tel Aviv Light Rail and Israel Railways suburban lines and 3 underground metro lines to form a rapid transit transportation solution for the city. Construction is expected to start in 2025, with the first public opening in 2032.

Roads

Begin Road as seen from Azrieli Center

The main highway leading to and within the city is the Ayalon Highway (Highway 20), which runs in the eastern side of the city from north to south along the Ayalon River riverbed. Driving south on Ayalon gives access to Highway 4 leading to Ashdod, Highway 1, leading to Ben Gurion International Airport and Jerusalem and Highway 431 leading to Jerusalem, Modiin, Rehovot and the Highway 6 Trans-Israel Highway. Driving north on Ayalon gives access to the Highway 2 coastal road leading to Netanya, Hadera and Haifa. Within the city, main routes include Kaplan Street, Allenby Street, Ibn Gabirol Street, Dizengoff Street, Rothschild Boulevard, and in Jaffa the main route is Jerusalem Boulevard. Namir Road connects the city to Highway 2, Israel's main north–south highway, and Begin/Jabotinsky Road, which provides access from the east through Ramat Gan, Bnei Brak and Petah Tikva. Tel Aviv, accommodating about 500,000 commuter cars daily, suffers from increasing congestion. In 2007, the Sadan Report recommended the introduction of a congestion charge similar to that of London in Tel Aviv as well as other Israeli cities. Under this plan, road users traveling into the city would pay a fixed fee.

Air

Ben Gurion International Airport

The main airport serving Greater Tel Aviv is Ben Gurion International Airport. Located in the neighbouring city of Lod, it handled over 20 million passengers in 2017. Ben Gurion is the main hub of El Al, Arkia, Israir Airlines and Sun d'Or. The airport is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi; 8.1 nmi) southeast of Tel Aviv, on Highway 1 between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Sde Dov Airport (IATA: SDV), in northwestern Tel Aviv, is a domestic airport and was closed in 2019 in favor of real-estate development. All services to Sde Dov will be transferred to Ben Gurion Airport.

Cycling

Tel-O-Fun bicycle rental system

The Tel Aviv Municipality encourages the use of bicycles in the city. Plans called for expansion of the paths to 100 km (62.1 mi) by 2009. By 2020, the city had 140 kilometres of bicycle paths with plans to reach 300 km by 2025. The city is at the center of the Ofnidan, a network of bicycle paths throughout the Gush Dan metropolitan area.

In April 2011, the Tel Aviv municipality launched Tel-O-Fun, a bicycle sharing system, in which 150 stations of bicycles for rent were installed within the city limits.

Foreign relations

The municipality of Tel Aviv signed agreements with many cities worldwide.

Cities that signed agreements with Tel Aviv
City Country Continent Year of signing Type of agreement
Kazakhstan Almaty Kazakhstan Asia 1999 twin cities
Spain Barcelona Spain Europe 1998, ratified in 2013, revoked and restored in 2023 friendship and collaboration
China Beijing China Asia 1995, 2004, 2006 understanding, friendship and collaboration
Serbia Belgrade Serbia Europe 1990 collaboration
Germany Bonn Germany Europe 1983 collaboration
Hungary Budapest Hungary Europe 1989 collaboration
Argentina Buenos Aires Argentina South America 1988 twin cities
France Cannes France Europe 1993 friendship
Moldova Chișinău Moldova Europe 2000 twin cities
China Chongqing China Asia 2014 Memorandum of understanding
Germany Cologne Germany Europe 1979 collaboration
Germany Essen Germany Europe 1992 collaboration
Germany Frankfurt Germany Europe 1980, expanded in 2017 collaboration
Germany Freiburg im Breisgau Germany Europe 2012, 2015 Memorandum of understanding for sustainability, collaboration
Palestine Gaza City Palestine Asia 1999 Sister cities agreement
China Guangdong (province) China Asia 2014 Memorandum of understanding
South Korea Incheon South Korea Asia 2000 twin cities
Turkey İzmir Turkey Asia 1996 twin cities
Poland Łódź Poland Europe 1994 collaboration
Italy Milan Italy Europe 1994 twin cities
Canada Montreal Canada North America 2016 friendship
Russia Moscow Russia Europe 2014 Memorandum of understanding for economic, trade, scientific, technological and cultural fields
United States New York United States North America 1996 understanding, friendship and collaboration
Panama Panama City Panama North America 2013 friendship
France Paris France Europe 1985, expanded in 2010 collaboration
United States Philadelphia United States North America 1967 twin cities
Russia Saint Petersburg Russia Europe 2011 collaboration
United States San Antonio United States North America 2011 friendship
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgaria Europe 1992 twin cities
Greece Thessaloniki Greece Europe 1994 twin cities
France Toulouse France Europe 1962 twin cities
Austria Vienna Austria Europe 2005 economic collaboration
Poland Warsaw Poland Europe 1992, 2009 (education collaboration) collaboration
Japan Yokohama Japan Asia 2012 friendship

Explanatory notes

  1. West and East Jerusalem combined have 901,000 residents, more than twice as many as Tel Aviv-Yafo with 444,000. West Jerusalem alone has a population of 348,000.
  2. Jerusalem is Israel's capital according to the Jerusalem Law passed in 1980. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (Knesset) are located there. The Palestinian Authority foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs, or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as Mevaseret Zion. The Czech Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Taiwan, the United States, and Vanuatu recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

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General bibliography

  • Michael Turner, Catherine Weill-Rochant, Geneviève Blondiau, Silvina Sosnovsky, Philippe Brandeis, Sur les traces du modernisme, Tel Aviv-Haïfa-Jérusalem, CIVA (ed.), Bruxelles, 2004 (In Hebrew and French).
  • Jochen Visscher (ed.): Tel Aviv: The White City, Photographs by Stefan Boness, JOVIS Verlag Berlin 2012. ISBN 978-3-939633-75-4.
  • Catherine Weill-Rochant, L'Atlas de Tel Aviv 1908–2008, Paris, CNRS Editions, 2008 (historical maps and photos, French, soon in Hebrew and English).
  • Catherine Weill-Rochant, Bauhaus " – Architektur in Tel-Aviv, L'architecture " Bauhaus " à Tel Aviv, Rita Gans (éd.), Zürich, Yad Yearim, 2008 (In German and French).
  • Catherine Weill-Rochant, "The Tel Aviv School: a constrained rationalism", DOCOMOMO journal (documentation and conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the modern movement), April 2009.
  • Catherine Weill-Rochant (2006). Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d'ombre et de lumière. Volume 1 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Paris: Université Paris 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2009. And: Catherine Weill-Rochant (2006). Le plan de Patrick Geddes pour la " ville blanche " de Tel Aviv : une part d'ombre et de lumière. Volume 2 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Paris: Université Paris 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2009.
  • Catherine Weill-Rochant, Le travail de Patrick Geddes à Tel-Aviv, un plan d'ombre et de lumière, Saarbrücken, Éditions Universitaires Européennes, May 2010.

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