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| {{short description|U.S. nuclear air-to-air rocket}} | {{short description|U.S. nuclear air-to-air rocket}} | ||
| {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} | ||
| {{Infobox weapon | {{Infobox weapon | ||
| |is_missile=yes | |is_missile=yes | ||
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| |unit_cost= | |unit_cost= | ||
| |propellant=] | |propellant=] | ||
| |production_date= |
|production_date=1957–1962 | ||
| |service= |
|service=1958–1985 | ||
| |engine=Thiokol SR49 | |engine=Thiokol SR49 | ||
| |weight={{convert|822|lb|lk=on|1}} | |weight={{convert|822|lb|lk=on|1}} | ||
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| }} | }} | ||
| The ] '''AIR-2 Genie''' (previous designation '''MB-1''') was an unguided ] with a 1.5 kt ] ].<ref name="Boeing"> |
The ] '''AIR-2 Genie''' (previous designation '''MB-1''') was an unguided ] with a 1.5 kt ] ].<ref name="Boeing">{{Cite web |title=Historical Snapshot: MB-1/AIR-2 Genie Missile |url=https://www.boeing.com/history/products/mb-1-air-2-genie-missile.page |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=]}}</ref> It was deployed by the ] (USAF 1957–1985) and Canada (] 1965–1968, ] 1968–1984)<ref name="canada-nw">{{Cite book |last=Clearwater |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/canadiannuclearw0000clea |title=Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold War Arsenal |publisher=Dundurn Press |year=1998 |isbn=9781554881215 |location=Toronto |oclc=244771111 |url-access=registration}}</ref> during the ]. Production ended in 1962 after over 3,000 were made, with some related training and test derivatives being produced later. | ||
| ==Development== | ==Development== | ||
| ] of the ] fires an ] version of the Genie]] | ] of the ] fires an ] version of the Genie]] | ||
| ], the only live test |
], the only live test of a Genie rocket, on 19 July 1957. Fired from a US Air Force ] over ], ] at an altitude of ~15,000 ft (4.5 km).]] | ||
| The interception of ] ]s was a major military preoccupation of the late 1940s and 1950s. The revelation in 1947 that the ] had produced a ] copy of the ], the ] (] "Bull"), which could reach the continental United States in a one-way attack, followed by the Soviets developing their own ] in 1949, produced considerable anxiety. | The interception of ] ]s was a major military preoccupation of the late 1940s and 1950s. The revelation in 1947 that the ] had produced a ] copy of the ], the ] (] "Bull"), which could reach the continental United States in a one-way attack, followed by the Soviets developing their own ] in 1949, produced considerable anxiety. | ||
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| The ]-age ] armament of ]s and ] were inadequate to stop attacks by massed formations of high-speed bombers. Firing large volleys of unguided ]s into bomber formations was not much better, and true ]s were in their infancy. In 1954 ] began a program to investigate the possibility of a nuclear-armed air-to-air weapon. To ensure simplicity and reliability, the weapon would be unguided, since the large blast radius made precise accuracy unnecessary. | The ]-age ] armament of ]s and ] were inadequate to stop attacks by massed formations of high-speed bombers. Firing large volleys of unguided ]s into bomber formations was not much better, and true ]s were in their infancy. In 1954 ] began a program to investigate the possibility of a nuclear-armed air-to-air weapon. To ensure simplicity and reliability, the weapon would be unguided, since the large blast radius made precise accuracy unnecessary. | ||
| The then top-secret project had various code names, such as ''Bird Dog'', ''Ding Dong'', and ''High Card''. Full-scale development began in 1955, with test firing of inert warhead rockets commencing in early 1956. The final design carried a 1.5-] ] and was powered by a ] SR49-TC-1 solid-fuel ] of {{convert|162|kN|abbr=on}} thrust, sufficient to accelerate the rocket to Mach 3.3 during its two-second burn. Total flight time was about 12 seconds, during which time the rocket covered {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}. Targeting, arming, and firing of the weapon were coordinated by the launch aircraft's fire-control system. Detonation was by time-delay ], although the fuzing mechanism would not arm the warhead until engine burn-out, to give the launch aircraft sufficient time to turn and escape. However, there was no mechanism for disarming the warhead after launch. Lethal radius of the blast was estimated to be about {{convert|300|m}}. Once fired, the Genie's short flight-time and large blast radius made it virtually impossible for a bomber to avoid destruction.<ref>Parsch |
The then top-secret project had various code names, such as ''Bird Dog'', ''Ding Dong'', and ''High Card''. Full-scale development began in 1955, with test firing of inert warhead rockets commencing in early 1956. The final design carried a 1.5-] ] and was powered by a ] SR49-TC-1 solid-fuel ] of {{convert|162|kN|abbr=on}} thrust, sufficient to accelerate the rocket to Mach 3.3 during its two-second burn. Total flight time was about 12 seconds, during which time the rocket covered {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}. Targeting, arming, and firing of the weapon were coordinated by the launch aircraft's fire-control system. Detonation was by time-delay ], although the fuzing mechanism would not arm the warhead until engine burn-out, to give the launch aircraft sufficient time to turn and escape. However, there was no mechanism for disarming the warhead after launch. Lethal radius of the blast was estimated to be about {{convert|300|m}}. Once fired, the Genie's short flight-time and large blast radius made it virtually impossible for a bomber to avoid destruction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsch |first=Andreas |date=2002 |title=Douglas AIR-2 Genie |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/r-2.html |access-date= |website=Designation-Systems.Net}}</ref> | ||
| The new rocket entered service with the designation '''MB-1''' ''Genie'' in 1957. The first interceptor squadrons to carry the MB-1 declared initial operational capability on Jan. |
The new rocket entered service with the designation '''MB-1''' ''Genie'' in 1957. The first interceptor squadrons to carry the MB-1 declared initial operational capability on 1 Jan. 1957, when a handful of rockets and 15 ] interceptors capable of carrying them were deployed at ] in northern Michigan and ] outside of San Francisco. By the next year, 268 F-89s had received the necessary wing pylon and fire-control system modifications to carry the weapon. While officially known as the MB-1 ''Genie'', the rocket was often nicknamed "Ding-Dong" by crews and pilots. About 3,150 Genie rockets were produced before production ended in 1963. In 1962 the weapon was redesignated '''AIR-2A Genie'''. Many rounds were upgraded with improved, longer-duration rocket motors; the upgraded weapons sometimes known (apparently only semi-officially) as '''AIR-2B'''. An inert training round, originally '''MB-1-T''' and later '''ATR-2A''', was also produced in small numbers – the training version was known to Canadian crews as the "dum-dum".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dorr |first=Robert F. |title=McDonnell F-101 Voodoo |publisher=Osprey Pub. |year=1987 |isbn=9780850457520 |location=Osceola, Wis. |oclc=17550154}}</ref> | ||
| ] firing the live Genie used in the Plumbbob John test]] | ] firing the live Genie used in the Plumbbob John test]] | ||
| A live Genie was detonated only once, in ] on 19 July 1957. It was fired by USAF Captain Eric William Hutchison (pilot) and USAF Captain Alfred C. Barbee (radar operator) flying an ] over ]. Sources vary as to the height of the blast, but it was between {{convert|18500 and 20000|ft|abbr=on}} above mean sea level.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916173103/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/historical/1957%20-%20DNA%206006F%20-%20Shot%20DIABLO%20to%20FRANKLIN%20PRIME%20-%20Operatio.pdf |date=16 September 2012 }}</ref> |
A live Genie was detonated only once, in ] on 19 July 1957. It was fired by USAF Captain Eric William Hutchison (pilot) and USAF Captain Alfred C. Barbee (radar operator) flying an ] over ]. Sources vary as to the height of the blast, but it was between {{convert|18500 and 20000|ft|abbr=on}} above mean sea level.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916173103/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/historical/1957%20-%20DNA%206006F%20-%20Shot%20DIABLO%20to%20FRANKLIN%20PRIME%20-%20Operatio.pdf |date=16 September 2012 }}</ref> A group of five USAF officers volunteered to stand uncovered in their light summer uniforms underneath the blast to prove that the weapon was safe for use over populated areas. They were photographed by Department of Defense photographer George Yoshitake who stood there with them.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 July 1957 |title=Five at Ground Zero |url=http://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/19-july-1957-five-at-ground-zero/ |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=]}}</ref> Gamma and neutron doses received by observers on the ground were negligible. Doses received by aircrew were highest for the fliers assigned to penetrate the airburst cloud ten minutes after explosion.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722153558/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/factsheets/Plumbbob.pdf |date=22 July 2012 }}</ref><ref></ref> | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| While in service with the U.S. Air Force, the Genie was carried operationally on the ], ], and the ]. While the Genie was originally intended to be carried by the ] using a unique 'trapeze' launching rail, the project never proceeded beyond the testing phase. ] offered an upgrade of the ] that would have been Genie-capable, but it too was not adopted. Operational use of the Genie was discontinued in 1988 with the retirement of the F-106 interceptor. | While in service with the U.S. Air Force, the Genie was carried operationally on the ], ], and the ]. While the Genie was originally intended to be carried by the ] using a unique 'trapeze' launching rail, the project never proceeded beyond the testing phase. ] offered an upgrade of the ] that would have been Genie-capable, but it too was not adopted. Operational use of the Genie was discontinued in 1988 with the retirement of the F-106 interceptor. | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
| ==Surviving examples== | |||
| ==Survivors== | |||
| Below is a list of museums which have a Genie rocket in their collection: | Below is a list of museums which have a Genie rocket in their collection: | ||
| *], ], ] | *], ], ] | ||
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| *], ] | *], ] | ||
| *], ], ] ATR-2 with MF-9 trailer | *], ], ] ATR-2 with MF-9 trailer | ||
| *] at ], ] ATR-2N with MF-9 trailer |
*] at ], ] ATR-2N with MF-9 trailer<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181459/http://www.museumofaviation.org/aircraftCollection/missiles_drones/04-air2a.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> | ||
| *], ], ]<ref> ''National Museum of the United States Air Force.'' Retrieved: 9 August 2015.</ref> | *], ], ]<ref> ''National Museum of the United States Air Force.'' Retrieved: 9 August 2015.</ref> | ||
| *], ] | *], ] | ||
| Line 84: | Line 86: | ||
| *], ], ] | *], ], ] | ||
| *], ] | *], ] | ||
| On 31 January 2024 a dilapidated old rocket, later found to be an inert AIR-2 Genie, was reported to police in the city of ] after being offered as a donation to the ] in Dayton, Ohio.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |last=Matza |first=Max |date=2024-02-03 |title=Inert nuclear missile found in US man's garage |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68189568 |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blatchford |first=Taylor |date=2024-02-02 |title=Police investigate military-grade rocket in Bellevue garage |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/police-investigate-military-grade-rocket-in-bellevue-garage/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Latest revision as of 14:31, 28 November 2024
U.S. nuclear air-to-air rocket
| AIR-2 Genie | |
|---|---|
 AIR-2A Genie nuclear air-to-air rocket on an MF-9 Transport Trailer at Hill Aerospace Museum | |
| Type | Short-range air-to-air rocket |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1958–1985 |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Douglas Aircraft Company |
| Produced | 1957–1962 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 822 pounds (372.9 kg) |
| Length | 9 feet 8 inches (2.95 m) |
| Diameter | 17.5 in (444.5 mm) |
| Wingspan | 3 ft .4 in (0.9 m) |
| Warhead | 1.5 kT nuclear |
| Engine | Thiokol SR49 |
| Propellant | Solid fuel |
| Operational range | 6 miles (9.7 km) |
| Maximum speed | Mach 3.3 |
The Douglas AIR-2 Genie (previous designation MB-1) was an unguided air-to-air rocket with a 1.5 kt W25 nuclear warhead. It was deployed by the United States Air Force (USAF 1957–1985) and Canada (Royal Canadian Air Force 1965–1968, Air Command 1968–1984) during the Cold War. Production ended in 1962 after over 3,000 were made, with some related training and test derivatives being produced later.
Development
The interception of Soviet strategic bombers was a major military preoccupation of the late 1940s and 1950s. The revelation in 1947 that the Soviet Union had produced a reverse-engineered copy of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the Tupolev Tu-4 (NATO reporting name "Bull"), which could reach the continental United States in a one-way attack, followed by the Soviets developing their own atomic bomb in 1949, produced considerable anxiety.
The World War II-age fighter armament of machine guns and cannon were inadequate to stop attacks by massed formations of high-speed bombers. Firing large volleys of unguided rockets into bomber formations was not much better, and true air-to-air missiles were in their infancy. In 1954 Douglas Aircraft began a program to investigate the possibility of a nuclear-armed air-to-air weapon. To ensure simplicity and reliability, the weapon would be unguided, since the large blast radius made precise accuracy unnecessary.
The then top-secret project had various code names, such as Bird Dog, Ding Dong, and High Card. Full-scale development began in 1955, with test firing of inert warhead rockets commencing in early 1956. The final design carried a 1.5-kiloton W25 nuclear warhead and was powered by a Thiokol SR49-TC-1 solid-fuel rocket engine of 162 kN (36,000 lbf) thrust, sufficient to accelerate the rocket to Mach 3.3 during its two-second burn. Total flight time was about 12 seconds, during which time the rocket covered 10 km (6.2 mi). Targeting, arming, and firing of the weapon were coordinated by the launch aircraft's fire-control system. Detonation was by time-delay fuze, although the fuzing mechanism would not arm the warhead until engine burn-out, to give the launch aircraft sufficient time to turn and escape. However, there was no mechanism for disarming the warhead after launch. Lethal radius of the blast was estimated to be about 300 metres (980 ft). Once fired, the Genie's short flight-time and large blast radius made it virtually impossible for a bomber to avoid destruction.
The new rocket entered service with the designation MB-1 Genie in 1957. The first interceptor squadrons to carry the MB-1 declared initial operational capability on 1 Jan. 1957, when a handful of rockets and 15 F-89 interceptors capable of carrying them were deployed at Wurtsmith Air Force Base in northern Michigan and Hamilton Air Force Base outside of San Francisco. By the next year, 268 F-89s had received the necessary wing pylon and fire-control system modifications to carry the weapon. While officially known as the MB-1 Genie, the rocket was often nicknamed "Ding-Dong" by crews and pilots. About 3,150 Genie rockets were produced before production ended in 1963. In 1962 the weapon was redesignated AIR-2A Genie. Many rounds were upgraded with improved, longer-duration rocket motors; the upgraded weapons sometimes known (apparently only semi-officially) as AIR-2B. An inert training round, originally MB-1-T and later ATR-2A, was also produced in small numbers – the training version was known to Canadian crews as the "dum-dum".
A live Genie was detonated only once, in Operation Plumbbob on 19 July 1957. It was fired by USAF Captain Eric William Hutchison (pilot) and USAF Captain Alfred C. Barbee (radar operator) flying an F-89J over Yucca Flats. Sources vary as to the height of the blast, but it was between 18,500 and 20,000 ft (5,600 and 6,100 m) above mean sea level. A group of five USAF officers volunteered to stand uncovered in their light summer uniforms underneath the blast to prove that the weapon was safe for use over populated areas. They were photographed by Department of Defense photographer George Yoshitake who stood there with them. Gamma and neutron doses received by observers on the ground were negligible. Doses received by aircrew were highest for the fliers assigned to penetrate the airburst cloud ten minutes after explosion.
While in service with the U.S. Air Force, the Genie was carried operationally on the F-89 Scorpion, F-101B Voodoo, and the F-106 Delta Dart. While the Genie was originally intended to be carried by the F-104 Starfighter using a unique 'trapeze' launching rail, the project never proceeded beyond the testing phase. Convair offered an upgrade of the F-102 Delta Dagger that would have been Genie-capable, but it too was not adopted. Operational use of the Genie was discontinued in 1988 with the retirement of the F-106 interceptor.
The only other Genie user was Canada, whose CF-101 Voodoos carried Genies until 1984 via a dual-key arrangement where the missiles were kept under United States custody, and released to Canada under circumstances requiring their use. The RAF briefly considered the missile for use on the English Electric Lightning.
Safety features included final arming by detecting the acceleration and deceleration of a fast aircraft at high altitude. The weapon was built too early to use a permissive action link security device.
The F-89J that was used to launch the only live test is on static display at the Montana Air National Guard in Great Falls, Montana.
Operators
Surviving examples
Below is a list of museums which have a Genie rocket in their collection:
- Air Force Armament Museum, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
- Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia
- Hill Aerospace Museum, Ogden, Utah
- MAPS Air Museum, Akron-Canton Regional Airport, Ohio ATR-2 with MF-9 trailer
- Museum of Aviation at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia ATR-2N with MF-9 trailer
- National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
- Oregon Military Museum at Camp Withycombe, Clackamas, Oregon
- Pima Air & Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona Inert round with trailer
- Selfridge Air National Guard Base Museum, Harrison Township, Michigan
- Western Canada Aviation Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Ellsworth Air and Space Museum at Ellsworth Air Force Base, Rapid City, South Dakota
- Air Defence Museum, CFB Bagotville, 3 Wing, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada
- Comox Air Force Museum, CFB Comox, 19 Wing, Comox, British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
- Vermont National Guard Library and Museum, Camp Johnson, Colchester, Vermont
- Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum, Travis Air Force Base, California
- National Atomic Testing Museum, Paradise, Nevada
- Malmstrom Air Force Base Museum, Great Falls, Montana
- National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, Albuquerque, New Mexico
On 31 January 2024 a dilapidated old rocket, later found to be an inert AIR-2 Genie, was reported to police in the city of Bellevue, Washington after being offered as a donation to the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.
See also
References
- "Historical Snapshot: MB-1/AIR-2 Genie Missile". Boeing. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ Clearwater, John (1998). Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold War Arsenal. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 9781554881215. OCLC 244771111.
- Parsch, Andreas (2002). "Douglas AIR-2 Genie". Designation-Systems.Net.
- Dorr, Robert F. (1987). McDonnell F-101 Voodoo. Osceola, Wis.: Osprey Pub. ISBN 9780850457520. OCLC 17550154.
- SHOTS DIABLO TO FRANKLIN PRIME The Mid-Series Tests of the PLUMBBOB Series 15 JULY – 30 AUGUST 1957 Archived 16 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- "Five at Ground Zero". CTBTO. 19 July 1957. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Public Affairs. Factsheet. Operation Plumbbob. Archived 22 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Attachment 12. Preliminary report. Operation Plumbbob. Nevada Test Site, May-September 1957. Project 2.9 NUCLEAR RADIATION RECEIVED BY AIRCREWS FIRING THE MB-1 ROCKET.
- Museum of Aviation Website Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- "McDonnell Douglas Air-2A Genie Rocket." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 9 August 2015.
- Matza, Max (3 February 2024). "Inert nuclear missile found in US man's garage". BBC News. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- Blatchford, Taylor (2 February 2024). "Police investigate military-grade rocket in Bellevue garage". Seattle Times. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
External links
| 1963 United States tri-service rocket designations and post-1963 undesignated rockets | |
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| Designated (1–) | |
| Undesignated | |
| 1955–1962 United States Air Force rocket and missile designations | |||||
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| Air-to-air missiles |
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| Other types | |||||
| Undesignated types | |||||