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{{Short description|Scottish salmon farming company}}
'''<big>Loch Duart Ltd</big>'''
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name=Loch Duart
| type= Private Limited Company
| image = Ld 1545.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = HQ – Loch Duart Salmon House, ]
| industry= Salmon farming
| hq_location= ]<br>]<br>]
| key_people= Alban Denton (CEO)<br>Andy Bing (Sales Director)
| products= farmed ]
| revenue=£25&nbsp;million p.a.
| website={{URL|www.lochduart.com}}
}}


Loch Duart Limited (the ‘Company’) is a small, independent salmon farm, established in 1999 by three founders, Nick Joy, Alan Balfour and Andy Bing. The company took over some of Scotland’s oldest sea sites in Badcall Bay and nearby, formerly operated by J. Johnston & Sons, with an initial production capacity of 1,800 tonnes p.a. '''Loch Duart''' is a small, independent Scottish ] company. It is headquartered in ], Sutherland in north-west ] and has just over 100 employees. The company owns and operates eight sea sites and two hatcheries in Sutherland and the Outer Hebrides. Sales, marketing and finance departments are located in ] and a French sales and marketing office in ], Brittany.


The company harvests approximately 5,000 tonnes of fresh ] annually. Following a ruling in 2019 by the Advertising Standards Authority, Loch Duart Ltd agreed to drop the "sustainable" claim from their marketing.
⚫ '''Background'''
⚫ ]
Loch Duart is headquartered in Scourie, Sutherland in north-west Scotland and has just over 100 employees. Having achieved organic growth and successful acquisitions, the company owns and operates eight sea sites and two hatcheries in Sutherland and the Outer Hebrides. Sales, marketing and finance departments are located in Montrose and a French sales and marketing office in Lorient, Brittany. The company harvests approximately 5,000 tonnes of sustainably-raised fresh salmon annually, generating sales of over £25 million p.a.


Loch Duart has teamed up with New Zealand–based firm to fight the illegal food fraud trade. By using technology which takes trace elements from the loch in which it's farmed, they can match salmon taken from any market in the world and work out whether it is Loch Duart salmon.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Black|first=Andrew|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-50866747|title=Salmon producer steps up war on food fraud|date=2019-12-24|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-18|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The founders’ shared vision was to develop Loch Duart as “The Sustainable Salmon Company”, to farm some of the most northerly sites in Scotland, build a brand and attempt to break the traditional “boom and bust” salmon farming cycle. Loch Duart is recognised as a leading ethical salmon farmer and a producer of premium quality branded salmon based on a clearly-defined farming ethos which has evolved without fundamental changes to the original principles.


⚫ == Background ==
The company established in 1999 by three founders, Nick Joy, Alan Balfour and Andy Bing. The company took over some of ]’s oldest sea sites in ] Bay and nearby, formerly operated by J. Johnston & Sons, with an initial production capacity of 1,800 tonnes p.a. {{As of|2016}} the company produces 5,000 tonnes of fresh ] annually, generating annual sales of over £25&nbsp;million.


== Farming system ==
'''Aquaculture'''
Loch Duart worked with the RSPCA to develop a Freedom Food farmed salmon approval scheme, becoming the first farm to be approved.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fishupdate.com/salmon-producer-nets-top-award-for-major-achievements-in-fish-welfare-fishupdate-com/ |title=Salmon Producer Nets Top Award For Major Achievements in Fish Welfare |date=22 September 2014 |website=fishupdate.com |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref>


=== Husbandry ===
Fish farming in its traditional form of small-scale systems, usually in freshwater, has been practised for many centuries<ref>History of Aquaculture - http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/ag158e/ag158e02.htm</ref>. A ‘blue revolution’ in the second half of the twentieth century saw the birth of modern aquaculture which involves farming fish on a much larger scale and, most commonly, high-value carnivorous fish farmed at sea. This is a young industry. The first salmon farm in Scotland was established in 1971 when 14 tonnes were produced. Scottish production in 2016 is forecasted to be 175,000 tonnes<ref> Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation - http://scottishsalmon.co.uk</ref> and this is still a growing industry with evolving science and methods – just as land farming has developed over centuries.
⚫ A lower than standard stocking density for salmon at sea. Peak density is 1.5% fish and 98.5% water*. Handling of fish (known to cause stress) is minimised, especially at harvest when humane methods are used. ]


=== Feed ===
The world’s future need for food can be expressed simply in terms of population growth. Seven billion people today, 9.7 billion by 2050, 11 billion by 2100<ref>UN forecasts - http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/2015-report.htm</ref>. By 2050 the world will need 70% more protein which land farming and animal land farming in particular will be increasingly unable to supply. Two thirds of the world is ocean and future populations will increasingly depend on aquaculture for essential protein supply. The world’s oceans are a major source of animal protein. Close to three billion people depend on this source daily. Overexploitation of wild fisheries is a major issue and total global marine life has been reduced by half since 1950<ref>Source: WWF - http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/living_blue_planet_report_2015.pdf</ref>. Attempts to introduce sustainability to the modern wild fishing industry will not be sufficient to protect stocks or even maintain the current levels of wild catch and a crisis is looming. Aquaculture is going a long way towards redressing the balance and has already grown to account for over 50% of world fish supply<ref>FAO - http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3640e/i3640e.pdf</ref>.
⚫ Proprietary feed formulation with high fish and fish oil content (salmon are carnivores) from the Icelandic ] fishery and other sustainable sources, GM free and rigorously tested for contaminants.


=== Antibiotics ===
Total avoidance of antibiotics and minimal use of other medicines.<ref>{{closed access}} {{cite web|url=http://www.intrafish.com/aquaculture/768082/antibiotics-in-salmon-what-chile-can-learn-from-its-peers|website=Intrafish|publisher=INTRAFISH MEDIA AS|title=Antibiotics in Salmon: What Chile can Learn from its peers}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Risks of using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=13|issue=2|pages=1541–1560|pmc=3291976|year=2012|last1=Guardiola|first1=F. A.|last2=Cuesta|first2=A|last3=Meseguer|first3=J|last4=Esteban|first4=M. A.|doi=10.3390/ijms13021541|pmid=22408407|doi-access=free}}</ref>


=== Fallowing ===
'''Farming System'''
⚫ Each site is left fallow for a period of 5 to 12 months after each cycle. The pens are removed, as are all traces of farming, allowing natural regeneration of the seabed. This results in production levels roughly half the capacity possible under more intensive regimes but creates a near pristine environment for the smolt when they are brought to sea. ]


=== Anti-foulants ===
The farming policies of Loch Duart are based on four guiding principles: (i) respect for the environment, (ii) respect for the fish, (iii) use of natural methods and (iv) respect for LDL people. The company is recognised for its welfare and environmental policies, achieving a key landmark when it worked with the RSPCA to develop a Freedom Food farmed salmon approval scheme, becoming the first farm to be approved<ref> RSPCA - http://view.pagetiger.com/RSPCAWelfareStandardsforFarmedAtlanticSalmon</ref>.
⚫ No use of chemical anti-foulants on pens and nets by using a swim-through system. This allows a fouled net to be pulled up while the fish swim through to the next net and allowed to dry so that marine organisms (seaweed, mussels etc.) dry out and fall back into the water. This reduces production capacity by 5–8% according to site configuration.


=== Sea lice control ===
From these principles, LDL has developed a proprietary salmon farming system that aims to rear salmon in conditions that mimic the natural cycle as closely as possible within commercial constraints. The system is driven by research and development continuously applied since foundation and has helped to establish new international standards of welfare and environmental stewardship in salmon farming, specifically:-
⚫ A proprietary drum filtering system removes ] and eggs during grading and harvesting. A variety of methods to control sea lice have been researched and implemented including the breeding and deployment of cleaner fish (] and ]) which feed on sea lice.<ref>{{cite web|title=Loch Duart develops sea lice filter|url=http://www.seafoodsource.com/news/aquaculture/loch-duart-develops-sea-lice-filter|date=25 April 2007|website=Seafood Source|publisher=Diversified Communications}}</ref> Chemical treatments have been used frequently in the past. With all information being available on SEPA's Scottish Pollutant Release Inventory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Search/ByCompany/Results.aspx?page=1&Company=Loch+Duart+|title=Search By Company|website=apps.sepa.org.uk|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>


== Farming issues ==
⚫ * '''Husbandry''': through significantly lower than standard stocking density for salmon at sea. Peak density is 1.5% fish and 98.5% water*. In addition, the handling of fish (known to cause stress) is minimised, especially at harvest when humane methods are used. ]
]
⚫ * '''Feed''': Proprietary feed formulation with high fish and fish oil content (salmon are carnivores) from sustainable sources, GM free and rigorously tested for contaminants. This detailed analysis and selection of marine ingredients is crucial to the taste of the salmon<ref>http://www.lochduart.com/loch-duart-makes-a-royal-move-in-feed-supply</ref>.
⚫ Like every sea farm, Loch Duart has had its lessons to learn. There were several escapes during the early years, the result of storm damage and seal attacks, which have required improvements to moorings and net materials and construction.
* '''Antibiotics''': Total avoidance of antibiotics and minimal use of other medicines<ref>http://www.intrafish.com/aquaculture/768082/antibiotics-in-salmon-what-chile-can-learn-from-its-peers</ref><ref>Risks of using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291976</ref>.
⚫ * '''Fallowing''': Each site is left fallow for a period of 5 to 12 months after each cycle. The pens are removed, as are all traces of farming, allowing natural regeneration of the seabed. This results in production levels roughly half the capacity possible under more intensive regimes but creates a near pristine environment for the smolt when they are brought to sea.
⚫ * '''Anti-foulants''': No use of chemical anti-foulants on pens and nets by using a swim-through system. This allows a fouled net to be pulled up while the fish swim through to the next net and allowed to dry so that marine organisms (seaweed, mussels etc.) dry out and fall back into the water. This reduces production capacity by 5 – 8% according to site configuration.
⚫ * '''Sea lice control''': a proprietary drum filtering system removes lice and eggs during grading and harvesting. A variety of methods to control sea lice have been researched and implemented including the breeding and deployment of cleaner fish (wrasse and lumpfish) which feed on sea lice<ref>Loch Duart develops sea lice filter - http://www.seafoodsource.com/news/aquaculture/loch-duart-develops-sea-lice-filter</ref>.


⚫ Vulnerability to human activities and nature is unavoidable. This was underlined in 2009 when a massive oil spill in Loch Carnan resulted in the loss of close to one million fish<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy company fined for south Uists oil spill|url=http://hebridestoday.com/2009/11/energy-company-fined-for-south-uists-oil-spill|date=18 November 2009|publisher=Hebrides News Today}}</ref> and in 2014 when a giant shoal of jellyfish got through nets in Loch Maddy, leading to the death of 300,000 young salmon.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://stv.tv/news/highlands-islands/303660-jellyfish-invasion-kills-300000-salmon-at-loch-duart-on-north-uist/ |title=Mass jellyfish invasion wipes out 300,000 salmon worth nearly £1m |work=STV News |date=15 December 2014 |accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref>


⚫ Seal predation caused significant losses for a number of years, especially as the seal population grew, but, where sea currents and pen shape allow, a box-style anti-predator net is deployed. This has had the unexpected secondary effect of creating a safe haven for sea life – especially small mackerel, saithe and herring, which can now be seen in the predator-free areas created by the double-netting system.
'''Farming Issues'''


⚫ Fin nipping by young fish, the result of boredom and bullying in hatchery tanks, has threatened the quality of life of the salmon population and is being solved by the development of ]s and playthings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Loch Duart Salmon Welfare Breakthroughs|date=15 April 2016|url=http://www.lochduart.com/loch-duart-salmon-welfare-breakthroughs|publisher=Lochduart Ltd}}</ref> Farmers both at sea and on land refer to this as ‘environment enrichment’.
Salmon farming at sea is a new industry – less than 50 years old and, compared with land farming which has evolved over centuries, still in its infancy.


The company entered the smoked salmon market by acquiring the Salar Smokehouse on South Uist in the ]in 2014 the smokehouse was returned to local ownership.<ref>{{cite news|title=Salar brand reborn in its island home|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/13416182.display/|date=18 July 2015|author=David Ross|work=The Herald Scotland|accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref>
⚫ Like every sea farm, Loch Duart has had its lessons to learn. There were several escapes during the early years, the result of storm damage and seal attacks, which have led to improvements to moorings and net materials and construction.


⚫ == Markets ==
⚫ Vulnerability to human activities and nature is unavoidable. This was underlined in 2009 when a massive oil spill in Loch Carnan resulted in the loss of close to one million fish<ref>Energy company fined for south Uists oil spill - http://hebridestoday.com/2009/11/energy-company-fined-for-south-uists-oil-spill</ref> and in 2015 when a giant shoal of jellyfish -killed close to 400,000 young salmon<ref>http://www.undercurrentnews.com/2016/01/11/jellyfish-disaster-haunts-loch-duart-as-losses-mount</ref>.
⚫ ]
The company exports over 60% of its production to France where it maintains its own office, the US via Cleanfish Inc, the San Francisco–based distributor which has made provenance and quality its major issues, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Dubai, Singapore and Hong Kong. Strand Foods, an LA-based company also distributes Loch Duart Salmon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strandfoods.com/loch-duart-salmon|title=Loch Duart Salmon – Strand Foods|website=strandfoods.com|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>


⚫ Loch Duart has achieved the unusual feat of establishing a primary (and unprocessed) food product – whole fresh salmon – as a premium international brand*. Celebrity and Michelin-starred chefs, such as ], ] and ], have featured the Loch Duart brand on their menus. Loch Duart salmon was served at the dinner at ] following the Royal Wedding in 2011 and at the Queens’ Jubilee Luncheon in the ].<ref>{{closed access}} {{cite web|url=http://www.intrafish.com/news/488985/queen-dines-on-loch-duart-salmon|website=Intrafish|publisher=INTRAFISH MEDIA AS|title=Queen dines on Loch Duart salmon}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wild? Farmed? What Fish Should We Eat?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-mark-hyman/wild-fish-farmed-fish_b_812308.html|date=22 January 2011|author=Mark Hyman|work=HuffPost}}</ref>
⚫ Seal predation caused significant losses for a number of years, especially as the seal population grew, but, where sea currents and pen shape allow, a box-style anti-predator net is being deployed. This has had the unexpected secondary effect of creating a safe haven for sea life - especially small mackerel, saithe and herring, which can now be seen in the predator-free areas created by the double-netting system.


In 2014, the company announced a deal to sell waste products to a London-based nutrition company.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-28244469 |title=Salmon producer Loch Duart signs waste deal with nutrition firm |work=BBC News|date=11 July 2014}}</ref>
⚫ Fin nipping by young fish, the result of boredom and bullying in hatchery tanks, has threatened the quality of life of the salmon population and is being solved by the development of artificial reefs and playthings<ref>http://www.lochduart.com/loch-duart-salmon-welfare-breakthroughs</ref>. Farmers both at sea and on land refer to this as ‘environment enrichment’ and it is regarded as the ‘cutting edge’ of livestock welfare.


== References ==
Loch Duart has faced commercial challenges as well. In 2009, and in response to customer demand. The company entered the smoked salmon market by acquiring the Salar Smokehouse on South Uist in the Outer Hebrides. Sales of the speciality product, Flaky Smoked Salmon, developed well but other lines failed to meet expectations and production problems led to Loch Duart’s withdrawal in 2014 – with the smokehouse being returned to local ownership<ref>Salar brand reborn - http://www.heraldscotland.com/business/13416182.The_Salar_brand_reborn_in_its_island_home</ref>. Nor has the traditional ‘boom and bust’ of the aquaculture industry been completely eliminated as weather-affected harvesting and colder water temperatures affecting fish growth remain uncertainties that cannot be controlled completely.
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
No-one in salmon farming should expect a challenge-free future.
* {{Official website|http://www.lochduart.com}}


]

]
⚫ '''Markets'''
]

⚫ Loch Duart has achieved the unusual feat of establishing a primary (and unprocessed) food product - whole fresh salmon - as a premium international brand*. Celebrity and Michelin-starred chefs, such as Gordon Ramsay, Raymond Blanc and Rick Stein, have featured the Loch Duart brand on their menus. Loch Duart salmon was served at the dinner at Buckingham Palace following the Royal Wedding in 2011 and at the Queens’ Jubilee Luncheon in the City of London<ref>http://www.intrafish.com/news/488985/queen-dines-on-loch-duart-salmon</ref><ref>Wild? Farmed? What Fish Should We Eat? - http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-mark-hyman/wild-fish-farmed-fish_b_812308.html </ref>.

The company exports over 60% of its production to France, USA, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Spain, South Africa, Dubai and the Far East.


'''Reference List'''

Latest revision as of 20:19, 3 December 2024

Scottish salmon farming company

Loch Duart
HQ – Loch Duart Salmon House, Badcall Bay
Company typePrivate Limited Company
IndustrySalmon farming
Founded1999 Edit this on Wikidata
HeadquartersScourie
Sutherland
Scotland
Key peopleAlban Denton (CEO)
Andy Bing (Sales Director)
Productsfarmed salmon
Revenue£25 million p.a.
Websitewww.lochduart.com

Loch Duart is a small, independent Scottish salmon farming company. It is headquartered in Scourie, Sutherland in north-west Scotland and has just over 100 employees. The company owns and operates eight sea sites and two hatcheries in Sutherland and the Outer Hebrides. Sales, marketing and finance departments are located in Montrose and a French sales and marketing office in Lorient, Brittany.

The company harvests approximately 5,000 tonnes of fresh salmon annually. Following a ruling in 2019 by the Advertising Standards Authority, Loch Duart Ltd agreed to drop the "sustainable" claim from their marketing.

Loch Duart has teamed up with New Zealand–based firm Oritain to fight the illegal food fraud trade. By using technology which takes trace elements from the loch in which it's farmed, they can match salmon taken from any market in the world and work out whether it is Loch Duart salmon.

Background

The company established in 1999 by three founders, Nick Joy, Alan Balfour and Andy Bing. The company took over some of Scotland’s oldest sea sites in Badcall Bay and nearby, formerly operated by J. Johnston & Sons, with an initial production capacity of 1,800 tonnes p.a. As of 2016 the company produces 5,000 tonnes of fresh salmon annually, generating annual sales of over £25 million.

Farming system

Loch Duart worked with the RSPCA to develop a Freedom Food farmed salmon approval scheme, becoming the first farm to be approved.

Husbandry

A lower than standard stocking density for salmon at sea. Peak density is 1.5% fish and 98.5% water*. Handling of fish (known to cause stress) is minimised, especially at harvest when humane methods are used.

The Swimthrough. Nets are raised for natural cleansing, avoiding the use of anti-foulants

Feed

Proprietary feed formulation with high fish and fish oil content (salmon are carnivores) from the Icelandic capelin fishery and other sustainable sources, GM free and rigorously tested for contaminants.

Antibiotics

Total avoidance of antibiotics and minimal use of other medicines.

Fallowing

Each site is left fallow for a period of 5 to 12 months after each cycle. The pens are removed, as are all traces of farming, allowing natural regeneration of the seabed. This results in production levels roughly half the capacity possible under more intensive regimes but creates a near pristine environment for the smolt when they are brought to sea.

Example of pens having been removed during a fallow period

Anti-foulants

No use of chemical anti-foulants on pens and nets by using a swim-through system. This allows a fouled net to be pulled up while the fish swim through to the next net and allowed to dry so that marine organisms (seaweed, mussels etc.) dry out and fall back into the water. This reduces production capacity by 5–8% according to site configuration.

Sea lice control

A proprietary drum filtering system removes lice and eggs during grading and harvesting. A variety of methods to control sea lice have been researched and implemented including the breeding and deployment of cleaner fish (wrasse and lumpfish) which feed on sea lice. Chemical treatments have been used frequently in the past. With all information being available on SEPA's Scottish Pollutant Release Inventory.

Farming issues

Playthings for young salmon

Like every sea farm, Loch Duart has had its lessons to learn. There were several escapes during the early years, the result of storm damage and seal attacks, which have required improvements to moorings and net materials and construction.

Vulnerability to human activities and nature is unavoidable. This was underlined in 2009 when a massive oil spill in Loch Carnan resulted in the loss of close to one million fish and in 2014 when a giant shoal of jellyfish got through nets in Loch Maddy, leading to the death of 300,000 young salmon.

Seal predation caused significant losses for a number of years, especially as the seal population grew, but, where sea currents and pen shape allow, a box-style anti-predator net is deployed. This has had the unexpected secondary effect of creating a safe haven for sea life – especially small mackerel, saithe and herring, which can now be seen in the predator-free areas created by the double-netting system.

Fin nipping by young fish, the result of boredom and bullying in hatchery tanks, has threatened the quality of life of the salmon population and is being solved by the development of artificial reefs and playthings. Farmers both at sea and on land refer to this as ‘environment enrichment’.

The company entered the smoked salmon market by acquiring the Salar Smokehouse on South Uist in the Outer Hebridesin 2014 the smokehouse was returned to local ownership.

Markets

A Loch Duart salmon box

The company exports over 60% of its production to France where it maintains its own office, the US via Cleanfish Inc, the San Francisco–based distributor which has made provenance and quality its major issues, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Dubai, Singapore and Hong Kong. Strand Foods, an LA-based company also distributes Loch Duart Salmon.

Loch Duart has achieved the unusual feat of establishing a primary (and unprocessed) food product – whole fresh salmon – as a premium international brand*. Celebrity and Michelin-starred chefs, such as Gordon Ramsay, Raymond Blanc and Rick Stein, have featured the Loch Duart brand on their menus. Loch Duart salmon was served at the dinner at Buckingham Palace following the Royal Wedding in 2011 and at the Queens’ Jubilee Luncheon in the City of London.

In 2014, the company announced a deal to sell waste products to a London-based nutrition company.

References

  1. Black, Andrew (24 December 2019). "Salmon producer steps up war on food fraud". BBC News. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  2. "Salmon Producer Nets Top Award For Major Achievements in Fish Welfare". fishupdate.com. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  3. Closed access icon "Antibiotics in Salmon: What Chile can Learn from its peers". Intrafish. INTRAFISH MEDIA AS. (subscription required)
  4. Guardiola, F. A.; Cuesta, A; Meseguer, J; Esteban, M. A. (2012). "Risks of using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (2): 1541–1560. doi:10.3390/ijms13021541. PMC 3291976. PMID 22408407.
  5. "Loch Duart develops sea lice filter". Seafood Source. Diversified Communications. 25 April 2007.
  6. "Search By Company". apps.sepa.org.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  7. "Energy company fined for south Uists oil spill". Hebrides News Today. 18 November 2009.
  8. "Mass jellyfish invasion wipes out 300,000 salmon worth nearly £1m". STV News. 15 December 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  9. "Loch Duart Salmon Welfare Breakthroughs". Lochduart Ltd. 15 April 2016.
  10. David Ross (18 July 2015). "Salar brand reborn in its island home". The Herald Scotland. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  11. "Loch Duart Salmon – Strand Foods". strandfoods.com. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  12. Closed access icon "Queen dines on Loch Duart salmon". Intrafish. INTRAFISH MEDIA AS. (subscription required)
  13. Mark Hyman (22 January 2011). "Wild? Farmed? What Fish Should We Eat?". HuffPost.
  14. "Salmon producer Loch Duart signs waste deal with nutrition firm". BBC News. 11 July 2014.

External links

Categories: