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{{Short description|Video encoding standard}}
{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with ] (MP2).}}

], TS, and ], PS, are ]s.]] ], TS, and ], PS, are ]s.]]

'''MPEG-2''' (aka H.222/H.262 as defined by the ]) is a standard for "the generic ] and associated audio information".<ref></ref> It describes a combination of ] ] and ] ] methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such as ] and ], backwards compatibility with existing hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in the ] standard.
'''MPEG-2''' (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ]) is a standard for "the generic ] and associated audio information".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=31537|title=ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000 - Information technology -- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems|website=www.iso.org|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520030715/http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=31537|archive-date=20 May 2007}}</ref> It describes a combination of ] ] and ] ] methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such as ] and ], backwards compatibility with existing hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in over-the-air ] broadcasting and in the ] standard.


==Main characteristics== ==Main characteristics==
MPEG-2 is widely used as the format of ] signals that are broadcast by ] (over-the-air), ], and ] ] systems. It also specifies the format of movies and other programs that are distributed on ] and similar discs. ], ]s, DVD players, and other equipment are often designed to this standard. MPEG-2 was the second of several standards developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group (]) and is an international standard (]/] 13818). Parts 1 and 2 of MPEG-2 were developed in a collaboration with ], and they have a respective catalog number in the ITU-T Recommendation Series. MPEG-2 is widely used as the format of ] signals that are broadcast by ] (over-the-air), ], and ] ] systems. It also specifies the format of movies and other programs that are distributed on ] and similar discs. ], ]s, DVD players, and other equipment are often designed to this standard. MPEG-2 was the second of several standards developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group (]) and is an international standard (''']/] 13818''', titled ''Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information''). Parts 1 and 2 of MPEG-2 were developed in a collaboration with ], and they have a respective catalog number in the ITU-T Recommendation Series.


While MPEG-2 is the core of most digital television and DVD formats, it does not completely specify them. Regional institutions can adapt it to their needs by restricting and augmenting aspects of the standard. See ]. While MPEG-2 is the core of most digital television and DVD formats, it does not completely specify them. Regional institutions can adapt it to their needs by restricting and augmenting aspects of the standard. See ].


===Systems=== ===Systems===
{{see also|MPEG program stream|MPEG transport stream}} {{see also|MPEG program stream|MPEG transport stream}}
MPEG-2 includes a Systems section, part 1, that defines two distinct, but related, ]. One is the ''transport stream'', a data packet format designed to transmit one data packet in four ] data packets for streaming digital video and audio over fixed or mobile transmission mediums, where the beginning and the end of the stream may not be identified, such as ], ] and linear recording mediums, examples of which include ]/]/]/] broadcasting, and ] recording on tape. The other is the ''program stream'', an extended version of the ] container format without the extra overhead of previously mentioned ''transport stream'' designed for random access storage mediums such as ]s, ]s and ].


MPEG-2 Part 1 (ISO/IEC 13818-1 and ITU-T Rec. H.222.0<ref name="H.222.0">{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.222.0 |title=H.222.0 : Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems |author=ITU-T |access-date=2010-06-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903192809/http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.222.0 |archive-date=2012-09-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-t/rec/h/T-REC-H.222.0-200605-I!!SUM-HTM-E.htm |title=H.222.0 Summary |author=ITU-T |date=May 2006 |access-date=2010-06-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519041216/http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-t/rec/h/T-REC-H.222.0-200605-I!!SUM-HTM-E.htm |archive-date=2011-05-19 }}</ref>), titled ''Systems'', defines two distinct, but related, ]. One is the ''transport stream'', a data packet format designed to transmit one data packet in four ] data packets for streaming digital video and audio over fixed or mobile transmission mediums, where the beginning and the end of the stream may not be identified, such as ], ] and linear recording mediums, examples of which include ]/]/]/] broadcasting, and ] recording on tape. The other is the ''program stream'', an extended version of the ] container format with less overhead than ''transport stream''. ''Program stream'' is designed for random access storage mediums such as ]s, ]s and ].
''Program stream'' exceptions are ], which is used on ] discs, ] on re-writable DVDs and ] on ] cards all use the unnecessary overhead of a ''transport stream''. While ] on ]s and ] on the short lived ] do not waste storage space and just use the ''program stream''. M2TS also adds an incompatible private extension of four network ordered bytes to the end of every transport stream packet, which is used as a random access timing reference for faster read times over using the ''Program Clock Reference'' contained in the adaption section of the primary stream.


''Transport stream'' file formats include ], which is used on ] discs, ] on re-writable DVDs and ] on ] cards. ''Program stream'' files include ] on ]s and ] on the short lived ]. The standard MPEG-2 ''transport stream'' contains packets of 188 bytes. M2TS prepends each packet with 4 bytes containing a 2-bit copy permission indicator and 30-bit timestamp.
MPEG-2 Systems is formally known as ISO/IEC 13818-1 and as ITU-T Rec. H.222.0.<ref name="H.222.0">{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.222.0 |title=H.222.0 : Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems |author=ITU-T |accessdate=2010-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-t/rec/h/T-REC-H.222.0-200605-I!!SUM-HTM-E.htm |title=H.222.0 Summary |author=ITU-T |date=May 2006 |accessdate=2010-06-03}}</ref> ] authorized the "] Registration Authority, LLC" as the registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiers. The registration descriptor of MPEG-2 transport is provided by ISO/IEC 13818-1 in order to enable users of the standard to unambiguously carry data when its format is not necessarily a recognized international standard. This provision will permit the MPEG-2 transport standard to carry all types of data while providing for a method of unambiguous identification of the characteristics of the underlying private data.<ref> Retrieved on 2009-07-06</ref>

] authorized the "] Registration Authority, LLC" as the registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiers. The registration descriptor of MPEG-2 transport is provided by ISO/IEC 13818-1 in order to enable users of the standard to unambiguously carry data when its format is not necessarily a recognized international standard. This provision will permit the MPEG-2 transport standard to carry all types of data while providing for a method of unambiguous identification of the characteristics of the underlying private data.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120057/http://www.smpte-ra.org/mpegreg/mpeg.html |date=2010-01-28 }} Retrieved on 2009-07-06</ref>


===Video=== ===Video===
{{Main|H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2}} {{Main|H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2}}


The Video section, part 2 of MPEG-2, is similar to the previous ] standard, but also provides support for ], the format used by analog broadcast TV systems. MPEG-2 video is not optimized for low ]s, especially less than 1&nbsp;Mbit/s at ] resolutions. All standards-compliant MPEG-2 Video decoders are fully capable of playing back MPEG-1 Video streams conforming to the Constrained Parameters Bitstream syntax. MPEG-2/Video is formally known as ISO/IEC 13818-2 and as ].<ref name="h262-iut-t">{{cite web| url=http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.262 | title=H.262 : Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video |date = February 2000| work=ITU-T Website | publisher=International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector (]) | accessdate=2009-08-13}}</ref> MPEG-2 Part 2 (ISO/IEC 13818-2 and ITU-T Rec. H.262), titled ''Video'', is similar to the previous ] standard, but adds support for ], the format used by analog broadcast TV systems. MPEG-2 video is not optimized for low ]s, especially less than 1&nbsp;Mbit/s at ] resolutions. All standards-compliant MPEG-2 Video decoders are fully capable of playing back MPEG-1 Video streams conforming to the constrained parameters bitstream (CPB) limits.


With some enhancements, MPEG-2 Video and Systems are also used in some ] transmission systems. With some enhancements, MPEG-2 Video and Systems are also used in some ] transmission systems, and is the standard format for over-the-air ] digital television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=MPEG Standards- Know what video format to choose |url=https://www.captioningstar.com/blog/mpeg-standards-know-what-video-format-to-choose-mpeg-2-or-mpeg-4/,%20https://www.captioningstar.com/blog/mpeg-standards-know-what-video-format-to-choose-mpeg-2-or-mpeg-4/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>


===Audio=== ===Audio===
MPEG-2 introduces new audio encoding methods compared to MPEG-1:<ref name="mpeg-audio">{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/audio.htm | title=MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG Audio | author=D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup | date=October 1998 | access-date=2009-10-31 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807233226/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/audio.htm | archive-date=2011-08-07 }}</ref>

MPEG-2 introduces new audio encoding methods compared to MPEG-1:<ref name="mpeg-audio">{{cite web| url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/audio.htm | title=MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG Audio | author=D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup | date=October 1998 | accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref>


==== MPEG-2 Part 3 ==== ==== MPEG-2 Part 3 ====
{{Main|MPEG-2 Part 3}} {{Main|MPEG-2 Part 3}}


The MPEG-2 Audio section, defined in Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) of the standard, enhances ]'s audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two ]s, up to 5.1 multichannel. This method is backwards-compatible (also known as MPEG-2 BC<ref name="mpeg-audio-faq-bc">{{cite web| url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm | title=MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC | author=ISO | date=October 1998 | publisher=ISO | accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref><ref name="mpeg-bc">{{cite web| url=http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/audio/aac.html | title=AAC | author=MPEG.ORG | accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref><ref name="iso13818-7-2006-pdf">{{citation | url=http://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_isoiec13818-7%7Bed4.0%7Den.pdf | title=ISO/IEC 13818-7, Fourth edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) | author=ISO | format=PDF | page= | date=2006-01-15 | accessdate=2009-10-28 }}</ref><ref name="iso13818-7-2004-pdf">{{citation | url=http://jongyeob.com/moniwiki/pds/upload/13818-7.pdf | title=ISO/IEC 13818-7, Third edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) | author=ISO | format=PDF | page= | date=2004-10-15 | accessdate=2009-10-19 }}</ref>), allowing MPEG-1 audio decoders to decode the two main stereo components of the presentation.<ref name="mpeg-2-layer-1-2">{{cite web| url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-2/mp02-aud/index.htm | title=MPEG-2 Audio Layer I/II | author=Werner Oomen, Leon van de Kerkhof | publisher=chiariglione.org | accessdate=2009-12-29}}</ref> MPEG-2 part 3 also defined additional bit rates and sample rates for ], ] and ].<ref>Predrag Supurovic, , Retrieved on 2009-07-11</ref> MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3), titled ''Audio'', enhances ]'s audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two ]s, up to 5.1 multichannel. This method is backwards-compatible with MPEG-1, allowing MPEG-1 audio decoders to decode the two main stereo components of the presentation.<ref name="mpeg-2-layer-1-2">{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-2/mp02-aud/index.htm | title=MPEG-2 Audio Layer I/II | author1=Werner Oomen | author2=Leon van de Kerkhof | publisher=chiariglione.org | access-date=2009-12-29 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430183150/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-2/mp02-aud/index.htm | archive-date=2010-04-30 }}</ref> This extension is called ] or MPEG-2 BC (backwards-compatible).<ref name="mpeg-audio-faq-bc">{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm | title=MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC | author=ISO | date=October 1998 | publisher=ISO | access-date=2009-10-28 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218081343/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm | archive-date=2010-02-18 }}</ref><ref name="mpeg-bc">{{cite web | url=http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/audio/aac.html | title=AAC | author=MPEG.ORG | access-date=2009-10-28 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831110756/http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/audio/aac.html | archive-date=2007-08-31 }}</ref><ref name="iso13818-7-2006-pdf">{{citation | url=http://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_isoiec13818-7%7Bed4.0%7Den.pdf | title=ISO/IEC 13818-7, Fourth edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) | author=ISO | date=2006-01-15 | access-date=2009-10-28 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306055335/http://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_isoiec13818-7%7Bed4.0%7Den.pdf | archive-date=2009-03-06 }}</ref><ref name="iso13818-7-2004-pdf">{{citation|url=http://jongyeob.com/moniwiki/pds/upload/13818-7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713115817/http://jongyeob.com/moniwiki/pds/upload/13818-7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-13 |title=ISO/IEC 13818-7, Third edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) |author=ISO |date=2004-10-15 |access-date=2009-10-19 }}</ref>


MPEG-2 Part 3 also defines additional bit rates and sampling rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layers I, II, and III.<ref>Predrag Supurovic, , Retrieved on 2009-07-11</ref> This extension is known as MPEG-2 LSF (low sampling frequencies), since the new sampling rates are one-half multiples (16, 22.05 and 24&nbsp;kHz) of the sampling rates defined in MPEG-1 (32, 44.1 and 48&nbsp;kHz).
MPEG-2 BC (backward compatible with MPEG-1 audio formats)<ref name="mpeg-audio-faq-bc" /><ref name="mpeg-bc" /><ref name="mpeg-2-layer-1-2" />
* low bitrate encoding with halved sampling rate (MPEG-1 Layer ]/]/] LSF - a.k.a. MPEG-2 LSF - "Low Sampling Frequencies")
* multichannel encoding with up to 5.1 channels, a.k.a. ]


==== MPEG-2 Part 7 ==== ==== MPEG-2 Part 7 ====
{{Main|Advanced Audio Coding}} {{Main|Advanced Audio Coding}}


Part 7 (ISO/IEC 13818-7) of the MPEG-2 standard specifies a rather different, non-backwards-compatible audio format<ref name="iso13818-7-2006-pdf" /> (also known as MPEG-2 NBC<ref name="mpeg-audio-faq-bc" /><ref name="mpeg-bc" /><ref name="mpeg-audio-florence">{{cite web| url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/firenze/prfloren.htm | title=Florence Press Release | author=ISO | date=March 1996 | publisher=ISO | accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref>). Part 7 is referred to as MPEG-2 ]. ] is more efficient than the previous MPEG audio standards, and is in some ways less complicated than its predecessor, MPEG-1 Audio, Layer 3, in that it does not have the hybrid filter bank. It supports from 1 to 48 channels at sampling rates of 8 to 96&nbsp;kHz, with multichannel, multilingual, and multiprogram capabilities.<ref name="mpeg-audio"/> Advanced Audio is also defined in Part 3 of the ] standard. MPEG-2 Part 7 (ISO/IEC 13818-7), titled ''Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)'' specifies a rather different, non-backwards-compatible audio format.<ref name="iso13818-7-2006-pdf" /> This format is most commonly called Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), but was originally called MPEG-2 NBC (non-backwards-compatible).<ref name="mpeg-audio-faq-bc" /><ref name="mpeg-bc" /><ref name="mpeg-audio-florence">{{cite web|url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/firenze/prfloren.htm |title=Florence Press Release |author=ISO |date=March 1996 |publisher=ISO |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408061828/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/firenze/prfloren.htm |archive-date=2010-04-08 }}</ref>

AAC is more efficient than the previous MPEG audio standards, and is in some ways less complicated than its predecessor, ], in that it does not have the hybrid filter bank. It supports from 1 to 48 channels at sampling rates of 8 to 96&nbsp;kHz, with multichannel, multilingual, and multiprogram capabilities.<ref name="mpeg-audio"/>


AAC is also defined in ].{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
MPEG-2 NBC (Non-Backward Compatible)<ref name="mpeg-audio-faq-bc" /><ref name="mpeg-bc" />
* ]
* multichannel encoding with up to 48 channels


==ISO/IEC 13818== ==MPEG-2 Parts==
MPEG-2 standards are published as parts of ISO/IEC 13818. Each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification. MPEG-2 standards are published as "Parts". Each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification.
; Part 1: Systems – describes synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. (It is also known as ITU-T Rec. H.222.0.<ref name="H.222.0"/>) See ] and ].
; Part 2: Video – ] for interlaced and non-interlaced video signals (Also known as ITU-T Rec. ]).
; Part 3: Audio – ] for perceptual coding of audio signals. A multichannel-enabled extension and extension of bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III of MPEG-1 audio.
; Part 4: Describes procedures for testing compliance.
; Part 5: Describes systems for Software simulation.
; Part 6: Describes extensions for ] (Digital Storage Media Command and Control).
; Part 7: ] (AAC).
; Part 8: 10-bit video extension. Primary application was studio video, allowing artifact-free processing without giving up compression. Part 8 has been withdrawn due to lack of interest by industry.
; Part 9: Extension for real time interfaces.
; Part 10: Conformance extensions for DSM-CC.
; Part 11: Intellectual property management (IPMP)


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+MPEG-2 Parts<ref>{{cite web| url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards | title=MPEG standards | author=MPEG | publisher=chiariglione.org | accessdate=2014-07-24}}</ref><ref name="jtc1-sc29">{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=45316&published=on&includesc=true | title=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information | author=ISO | accessdate=2014-07-24}}</ref> |+MPEG-2 Parts<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards | title=MPEG standards | author=MPEG | publisher=chiariglione.org | access-date=2014-07-24 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721125033/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards | archive-date=2014-07-21 }}</ref><ref name="jtc1-sc29">{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/committee/45316/x/catalogue/ | title=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information | author=ISO | access-date=2017-08-30 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193514/https://www.iso.org/committee/45316/x/catalogue/ | archive-date=2017-08-30 }}</ref>
|- |-
! style="width:8%;"| Part ! style="width:8%;"| Part
! style="width:15%;"| Number ! style="width:15%;"| Number
! style="width:8%;"| First public release date (First edition) ! style="width:8%;"| First public release date (first edition)
! style="width:8%;"| Latest public release date (edition) ! style="width:8%;"| Latest public release date (last edition)
! style="width:8%;"| Latest amend- ment ! style="width:8%;"| Latest amendment
! style="width:6%;"| Identical ITU-T Rec. ! style="width:6%;"| Identical ITU-T Rec.
! style="width:23%;"| Title ! style="width:23%;"| Title
Line 72: Line 61:
|- |-
| Part 1 | Part 1
| |
| 1996 | 1996
| 2013 | 2015
| 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/67338.html | title=ISO/IEC 13818-1:2015/Amd 6:2016, Carriage of Quality Metadata in MPEG-2 Systems | author=ISO | access-date=2017-08-30 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830195227/https://www.iso.org/standard/67338.html | archive-date=2017-08-30 }}</ref>
| 2014<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=63704 | title=ISO/IEC 13818-1:2013/Amd 1:2014, Extensions for simplified carriage of MPEG-4 over MPEG-2 | author=ISO | accessdate=2014-07-24 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=62128 | title=ISO/IEC 13818-1:2013/Amd 2:2014 - Signalling of transport files, signalling MVC view association to eye and MIME type registration | author=ISO | accessdate=2014-07-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=62129 | title=ISO/IEC 13818-1:2013/Amd 3:2014 - Transport of HEVC video over MPEG-2 systems | author=ISO | accessdate=2014-07-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=63003 | title=ISO/IEC 13818-1:2013/Amd 4:2014 - Support for event signalling in Transport Stream in MPEG-2 systems | author=ISO | accessdate=2014-07-24 }}</ref>
| |
| Systems | Systems
| Synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. See ] and ].
|
|- |-
| ] | ]
| |
| 1996 | 1996
| 2013 | 2013
Line 87: Line 76:
| |
| Video | Video
| ] for interlaced and non-interlaced video signals
|
|- |-
| ] | ]
| |
| 1995 | 1995
| 1998 | 1998
Line 96: Line 85:
| |
| Audio | Audio
| ] for perceptual coding of audio signals. A multichannel-enabled extension and extension of bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. Backwards-compatible (BC) audio (backwards-compatible with MPEG-1).
| MPEG-2 BC - backwards compatible with MPEG-1 Audio
|- |-
| Part 4 | Part 4
| |
| 1998 | 1998
| 2004 | 2004
| 2009<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51747 | title=ISO/IEC 13818-4:2004/Amd 3:2009 | author=ISO | accessdate=2009-10-29 }}</ref> | 2009<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/51747.html | title=ISO/IEC 13818-4:2004/Amd 3:2009, Level for 1080@50p/60p conformance testing | author=ISO | access-date=2017-08-30 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830191737/https://www.iso.org/standard/51747.html | archive-date=2017-08-30 }}</ref>
| |
| Conformance testing | Conformance testing
Line 108: Line 97:
|- |-
| Part 5 | Part 5
| |
| 1997 | 1997
| 2005 | 2005
Line 117: Line 106:
|- |-
| Part 6 | Part 6
| |
| 1998 | 1998
| 1998 | 1998
| 2001<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=34609 | title=ISO/IEC 13818-6:1998/Amd 3:2001 | author=ISO | accessdate=2009-10-29 }}</ref> | 2001<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/34609.html | title=ISO/IEC 13818-6:1998/Amd 3:2001, Transport buffer model in support of synchronized user-to-network download protocol | author=ISO | access-date=2017-08-30 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830195029/https://www.iso.org/standard/34609.html | archive-date=2017-08-30 }}</ref>
| |
| Extensions for DSM-CC | Extensions for DSM-CC
| extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control<ref>{{cite web| url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp2-dsm/mp2-dsm.htm |title=DSM-CC FAQ Version 1.0 |date=1997-02-21 |author=MPEG | publisher=MPEG |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-2/mp02-dsm/dsmcc/dsmcc.htm |title=An Introduction to Digital Storage Media - Command and Control (DSM-CC) |year=1996 |author=IEEE | publisher=MPEG |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> | ] (digital storage media command and control)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp2-dsm/mp2-dsm.htm |title=DSM-CC FAQ Version 1.0 |date=1997-02-21 |author=MPEG |publisher=MPEG |access-date=2010-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511044831/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp2-dsm/mp2-dsm.htm |archive-date=2010-05-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-2/mp02-dsm/dsmcc/dsmcc.htm |title=An Introduction to Digital Storage Media - Command and Control (DSM-CC) |year=1996 |author=IEEE |publisher=MPEG |access-date=2010-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520160717/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-2/mp02-dsm/dsmcc/dsmcc.htm |archive-date=2010-05-20 }}</ref>
|- |-
| ] | ]
| |
| 1997 | 1997
| 2006 | 2006
| 2007<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=45507 | title=ISO/IEC 13818-7:2006/Amd 1:2007, Transport of MPEG Surround in AAC | author=ISO | accessdate=2009-10-29 }}</ref> | 2007<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45507.html | title=ISO/IEC 13818-7:2006/Amd 1:2007, Transport of MPEG Surround in AAC | author=ISO | access-date=2017-08-30 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830195122/https://www.iso.org/standard/45507.html | archive-date=2017-08-30 }}</ref>
| |
| Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) | Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
| MPEG-2 NBC Audio - Non-Backwards Compatible with MPEG-1 Audio | ] (AAC). Non-backwards-compatible (NBC) audio (not backwards-compatible with MPEG-1).
|- |-
| Part 8 | Part 8
| Withdrawn
| dropped
| |
| |
| |
| |
|
| 10-Bit Video
| The work began in 1995, but was terminated in 2007 because of low industry interest.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/MP2_development_part_A.php | title=Riding the Media Bits, The development of MPEG-2 - Part A | author=chiariglione.org | date=2010-02-04 | accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwUrAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT49&ots=fH1bMGUNKQ&dq=%22mpeg-2%20part%208%22&pg=PT49#v=onepage&q=%22mpeg-2%20part%208%22&f=false |title=Fundamentals and Evolution of MPEG-2 Systems: Paving the MPEG Road |first=Jan |last=Van der Meer |year=2014}}</ref> | 10-bit video extension. Primary application was studio video, allowing artifact-free processing without giving up compression. Work began in 1995, but was terminated in 2007 because of insufficient industry interest.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/MP2_development_part_A.php | title=Riding the Media Bits, The development of MPEG-2 - Part A | author=chiariglione.org | date=2010-02-04 | access-date=2010-02-09 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101083247/http://ride.chiariglione.org/MP2_development_part_A.php | archive-date=2011-11-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwUrAwAAQBAJ&q=%22mpeg-2+part+8%22&pg=PT49 |title=Fundamentals and Evolution of MPEG-2 Systems: Paving the MPEG Road |first=Jan |last=Van der Meer |year=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118875940 }}</ref>
|- |-
| Part 9 | Part 9
| |
| 1996 | 1996
| 1996 | 1996
Line 153: Line 142:
|- |-
| Part 10 | Part 10
| |
| 1999 | 1999
| 1999 | 1999
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|- |-
| Part 11 | Part 11
| |
| 2004 | 2004
| 2004 | 2004
Line 168: Line 157:
| |
| IPMP on MPEG-2 systems | IPMP on MPEG-2 systems

| Intellectual Property Management and Protection on the MPEG-2 system<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/general/mp-drm/index.htm |title=MPEG Intellectual Property Management and Protection |date=April 2009 |publisher=MPEG |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/2000/12/drm-ws/pp/mpeg-koenen.ppt |format=PPT |title=IPMP in MPEG – W3C DRM workshop 22/23 January 2001 |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> (XML IPMP messages are also defined in ISO/IEC 23001-3<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=46387 | title=ISO/IEC 23001-3:2008, Information technology -- MPEG systems technologies -- Part 3: XML IPMP messages | author=ISO | accessdate=2009-10-29}}</ref>)
| Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/general/mp-drm/index.htm |title=MPEG Intellectual Property Management and Protection |date=April 2009 |publisher=MPEG |access-date=2010-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430183145/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/general/mp-drm/index.htm |archive-date=2010-04-30 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/2000/12/drm-ws/pp/mpeg-koenen.ppt |format=PPT |title=IPMP in MPEG – W3C DRM workshop 22/23 January 2001 |access-date=2010-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224215/http://www.w3.org/2000/12/drm-ws/pp/mpeg-koenen.ppt |archive-date=16 July 2012 }}</ref> XML IPMP messages are also defined in ISO/IEC 23001-3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/46387.html | title=ISO/IEC 23001-3:2008, Information technology -- MPEG systems technologies -- Part 3: XML IPMP messages | author=ISO | access-date=2009-10-29 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193639/https://www.iso.org/standard/46387.html | archive-date=2017-08-30 }}</ref>
|} |}


Line 175: Line 165:


MPEG-1's known weaknesses: MPEG-1's known weaknesses:
* An audio compression system limited to two channels (stereo). * An audio compression system limited to two channels (stereo)
* No standardized support for interlaced video with poor compression when used for interlaced video * No standardized support for interlaced video with poor compression when used for interlaced video
* Only one standardized "profile" (Constrained Parameters Bitstream), which was unsuited for higher resolution video. MPEG-1 could support 4k video but there was no easy way to encode video for higher resolutions, and identify hardware capable of supporting it, as the limitations of such hardware were not defined. * Only one standardized "profile", constrained parameters bitstream (CBP), which was unsuited for higher resolution video. MPEG-1 could support 4K video but there was no easy way to encode video for higher resolutions, and identify hardware capable of supporting it, as the limitations of such hardware were not defined.
* Support for only one color space, 4:2:0. * Support for only one ], 4:2:0

Sakae Okubo of ] was the ] coordinator for developing the ] video coding standard and the requirements chairman in ] for the MPEG-2 set of standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/worksem/hnhs/cvs/hnhs_0604_s7p0_sokubo_cv.doc |publisher=] |title=Sakae Okubo |access-date=2017-01-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302032129/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/worksem/hnhs/cvs/hnhs_0604_s7p0_sokubo_cv.doc |archive-date=2005-03-02 }}</ref> The majority of patents underlying MPEG-2 technology are owned by three companies: ] (311 patents), ] (198 patents) and ] (119 patents).<ref name="mpegla"/> ] (now ]) developed the first MPEG-2 SAVI (System/Audio/Video) decoder in 1995.<ref name="hynix90s">{{cite web |title=History: 1990s |url=https://www.skhynix.com/eng/about/history1990.jsp |website=] |access-date=6 July 2019 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205032928/https://www.skhynix.com/eng/about/history1990.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}} {{Expand section|date=June 2008}}


== Filename extensions == == Filename extensions ==
.mpg, .mpeg, .m2v, .mp2, mp3 are some of a number of filename extensions used for ] or MPEG-2 audio and video file formats. .mpg, .mpeg, .m2v, .mp2, .] are some of a number of filename extensions used for ] or MPEG-2 audio and video file formats.

File extension ''']''' (formally '''MPEG-1 Audio Layer III''' or '''MPEG-2 Audio Layer III''') is a ] for ] developed largely by the ] in Germany, with support from other digital scientists in the United States and elsewhere.


==Applications== ==Applications==
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* Allowed Dimensions * Allowed Dimensions
** 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixel (NTSC) ** 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixel (NTSC)
** 720 × 576, 704 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixel (PAL) ** 720 × 576, 702 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixel (PAL)
* Allowed ] (Display AR) * Allowed ] (Display AR)
** 4:3 (for ] widescreen and non-widescreen frames) ** 4:3 (for ] widescreen and non-widescreen frames)
** 16:9 (for ]<ref group="dvdaspect">1.85:1 and 2.35:1, among others, are often listed as valid DVD aspect ratios, but are wider film aspects with letterbox style padding to create a 16:9 image</ref>) ** 16:9 (for ]<ref group="dvdaspect">1.85:1 and 2.35:1, among others, are often listed as valid DVD aspect ratios, but are wider film aspects with letterbox style padding to create a 16:9 image</ref>)
<references group="dvdaspect" /> <references group="dvdaspect" />
* Allowed frame rates * Allowed frame rates
** 29.97 interlaced frame/s (NTSC) ** 29.97 interlaced frame/s (NTSC)
** 23.978 progressive frame/s (for NTSC 2:3 pull-down to 29.97<ref group="dvdrates">By using a pattern of REPEAT_FIRST_FIELD flags on the headers of encoded pictures, pictures can be displayed for either two or three fields and almost any picture display rate (minimum ⅔ of the frame rate) can be achieved. This is most often used to display 23.976 (approximately film rate) video on NTSC. See ] for more information on how this works.</ref>) ** 23.976 progressive frame/s (for NTSC 2:3 pull-down to 29.97<ref group="dvdrates">By using a pattern of REPEAT_FIRST_FIELD flags on the headers of encoded pictures, pictures can be displayed for either two or three fields and almost any picture display rate (minimum ⅔ of the frame rate) can be achieved. This is most often used to display 23.976 (approximately film rate) video on NTSC. See ] for more information on how this works.</ref>)
** 25&nbsp;interlaced frame/s (PAL) ** 25&nbsp;interlaced frame/s (PAL)
<references group="dvdrates" /> <references group="dvdrates" />
Line 209: Line 204:
* ] * ]
* Additional subtitles possible * Additional subtitles possible
* ] (NTSC only) * ] (NTSC only)
* Audio * Audio
** ] (LPCM): 48&nbsp;kHz or 96&nbsp;kHz; 16- or 24-bit; up to six channels (not all combinations possible due to bitrate constraints) ** ] (LPCM): 48&nbsp;kHz or 96&nbsp;kHz; 16- or 24-bit; up to six channels (not all combinations possible due to bitrate constraints)
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Allowed resolutions for ]: Allowed resolutions for ]:
* 720, 640, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 480 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s * 720, 704, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 480 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s
* 352 × 240 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s * 352 × 240 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s
* 720, 704, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 576 pixel, 25 frame/s * 720, 702, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 576 pixel, 25 frame/s
* 352 × 288 pixel, 25 frame/s * 352 × 288 pixel, 25 frame/s
For HDTV: For HDTV:
* 720 x 576 x 50 frame/s progressive (576p50) * 720 x 576 x 50 frame/s progressive (576p50)
* 1280 x 720 x 25 or 50 frame/s progressive (720p50) * 1280 x 720 x 25 or 50 frame/s progressive (720p50/720p50)
* 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s progressive (1080p25 = film mode) * 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s progressive (1080p25 = film mode)
* 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s interlace (1080i50) * 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s interlace (1080i50)
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{{Main|ATSC standards}} {{Main|ATSC standards}}


The ATSC A/53 standard used in the United States, uses MPEG-2 video at the Main Profile @ High Level (MP@HL), with additional restrictions such as the maximum bitrate of 19.4 Mbit/s for broadcast television and 38.8 Mbit/s for cable television, 4:2:0 ] format, and mandatory colorimetry information. The ATSC A/53 standard used in the United States, uses MPEG-2 video at the Main Profile @ High Level (MP@HL), with additional restrictions such as the maximum bitrate of 19.39&nbsp;Mbit/s for broadcast television and 38.8&nbsp;Mbit/s for cable television, 4:2:0 ] format, and mandatory colorimetry information.


ATSC allows the following video resolutions, aspect ratios, and frame/field rates: ATSC allows the following video resolutions, aspect ratios, and frame/field rates:
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ATSC standard A/63 defines additional resolutions and aspect rates for 50&nbsp;Hz (PAL) signal. ATSC standard A/63 defines additional resolutions and aspect rates for 50&nbsp;Hz (PAL) signal.


The ATSC specification and MPEG-2 allow the use of progressive frames, even within an interlaced video sequence. For example, a station that transmits 1080i60 video sequence can use a coding method where those 60 fields are coded with 24 progressive frames and metadata instructs the decoder to interlace them and perform 3:2 pulldown before display. This allows broadcasters to switch between 60&nbsp;Hz interlaced (news, soap operas) and 24&nbsp;Hz progressive (prime-time) content without ending the MPEG-2 sequence and introducing a several seconds of delay as the TV switches formats. This is the reason why 1080p30 and 1080p24 sequences allowed by the ATSC specification are not used in practice. The ATSC specification and MPEG-2 allow the use of progressive frames, even within an interlaced video sequence. For example, a station that transmits 1080i60 video sequence can use a coding method where those 60 fields are coded with 24 progressive frames and metadata instructs the decoder to interlace them and perform 3:2 pulldown before display. This allows broadcasters to switch between 60&nbsp;Hz interlaced (news, soap operas) and 24&nbsp;Hz progressive (prime-time) content without ending the MPEG-2 sequence and introducing several seconds of delay as the TV switches formats. This is the reason why 1080p30 and 1080p24 sequences allowed by the ATSC specification are not used in practice.


The 1080-line formats are encoded with 1920 × 1088 pixel luma matrices and 960 × 540 chroma matrices, but the last 8 lines are discarded by the MPEG-2 decoding and display process. The 1080-line formats are encoded with 1920 × 1088 pixel luma matrices and 960 × 540 chroma matrices, but the last 8 lines are discarded by the MPEG-2 decoding and display process.
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Technical features of MPEG-2 in ATSC are also valid for ], except that in the main TS has aggregated a second program for mobile devices compressed in ] H.264 AVC for video and ]-LC for audio, mainly known as ]. Technical features of MPEG-2 in ATSC are also valid for ], except that in the main TS has aggregated a second program for mobile devices compressed in ] H.264 AVC for video and ]-LC for audio, mainly known as ].


==Patent pool== ===Blu-ray===
{{Main|Blu-ray}}
MPEG-2 is one of the three supported video coding formats supported by Blu-ray Disc. Early Blu-ray releases typically used MPEG-2 video, but recent releases are almost always in ] or occasionally ]. Only MPEG-2 video (MPEG-2 part 2) is supported, Blu-ray does not support MPEG-2 audio (parts 3 and 7). Additionally, the container format used on Blu-ray discs is an MPEG-2 transport stream, regardless of which audio and video codecs are used.


==Patent pool==
], a private patent licensing organization, has acquired rights from over 20 corporations and one university to license a ] of approximately 640 worldwide ]s, which it claims are the "essential" to use of MPEG-2 technology, although many of the patents have since expired.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Where ]ability is upheld, the use of MPEG-2 requires the payment of licensing fees to the patent holders. Other patents are licensed by ].<ref></ref> The development of the standard itself took less time than the patent negotiations.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Patent pooling between essential and peripheral patent holders in the MPEG-2 pool is the subject of a study by the University of Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siepr.stanford.edu/publicationsprofile/163|title=Economics of Patent Pools When Some (but not all) Patents are Essential |last=Quint|first=Dan|author2=Amit Gandhi|work=Working Paper|accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref> Over half of the patents expired in 2012.<ref></ref>
As of January 3, 2024, MPEG-2 ]s have ] worldwide, with the exception of only Malaysia, where the last patent is expected to expire in 2035.<ref>{{cite web |title=3 Malaysia MPEG-2 Patents left |url=https://bryanquigley.com/pages/mpeg2-patent-tracker.html |website=Bryan Quigley | date=2024-01-03}}</ref> The last US patent expired on February 23, 2018.<ref name=PatentList>{{cite web |title=MPEG-2 Attachment 1 |url=https://www.mpegla.com/wp-content/uploads/m2-att1.pdf |website=MPEG LA |access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529164140/https://www.mpegla.com/wp-content/uploads/m2-att1.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/15/world_farewells_the_last_mpeg2_patent/|title=Waddawewant? Free video codecs! When dowe .. oh, look, the last MPEG-2 patent expired!|author=Richard Chirgwin|date=15 February 2018|website=The Register|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143836/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/15/world_farewells_the_last_mpeg2_patent/|archive-date=15 February 2018}}</ref>


], a private patent licensing organization, had acquired rights from over 20 corporations and one university to license a ] of approximately 640 worldwide patents, which it claimed were "essential" to use of MPEG-2 technology. The patent holders included ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=MPEG-2 Patent Portfolio License Program |url=https://www.mpegla.com/programs/mpeg-2/ |website=MPEG LA |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529164538/https://www.mpegla.com/programs/mpeg-2/ |archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audiompeg.com/us_patents.asp|title=audioMPEG.com - - - US Patents|date=18 March 2004|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20040318031406/http://www.audiompeg.com/us_patents.asp|archive-date=18 March 2004}}</ref> Where ]ability is upheld and patents have not expired (only Malaysia), the use of MPEG-2 requires the payment of licensing fees to the patent holders. Other patents were licensed by Audio MPEG, Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audiompeg.com/|title=Sisvel - We protect ideas - Home|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102130545/http://www.audiompeg.com/|archive-date=2013-01-02}}</ref> The development of the standard itself took less time than the patent negotiations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#TO2005|title=Audio/Video - GNU Project - Free-Software Foundation|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20121224160712/http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#CALG|archive-date=2012-12-24}}</ref> Patent pooling between essential and peripheral patent holders in the MPEG-2 pool was the subject of a study by the University of Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siepr.stanford.edu/publicationsprofile/163|title=Economics of Patent Pools When Some (but not all) Patents are Essential|last=Quint|first=Dan|author2=Amit Gandhi|work=Working Paper|access-date=2009-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710024425/http://siepr.stanford.edu/publicationsprofile/163|archive-date=2010-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to the MPEG-2 licensing agreement '''any''' use of MPEG-2 technology is subject to ].<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolLicense>{{cite news |title=MPEG-2 License Agreement |publisher=MPEG LA |url=http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/M2/Pages/Agreement.aspx |date=2013-05-13 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}</ref> MPEG-2 encoders are subject to a royalty of $2.00 per unit, decoders are subject to a royalty of $2.00 per unit, and royalty-based sales of encoders and decoders are subject to different rules and $2.50 per unit.<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolLicense/> Also, any packaged medium (DVDs/Data Streams) is subject to licence fees according to length of recording/broadcast.<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolLicense/>
A criticism of the MPEG-2 patent pool is that even though the number of patents will decrease from 1,048 to 416 by June 2013 the license fee has not decreased with the expiration rate of MPEG-2 patents.<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolMay2013Business>{{cite news |title=Patent Pools May Create Anticompetitive Effects, New Report Finds |publisher=] |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130509005972/en/Patent-Pools-Create-Anticompetitive-Effects-Report-Finds |date=2013-05-09 |accessdate=2013-06-06}}</ref><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013TheDailyCaller>{{cite news |title=Consumer tech rip-off from patent pools |author=Steve Pociask |publisher=] |url=http://dailycaller.com/2013/05/13/consumer-tech-rip-off-from-patent-pools/ |date=2013-05-13 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}</ref><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013Forbes>{{cite news |title=MPEG-LA Shows Need to Rebuild IP Foundations |author=Bret Swanson |publisher=] |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/bretswanson/2013/04/30/mpeg-la-shows-need-to-rebuild-ip-foundations/ |date=2013-04-30 |accessdate=2013-05-19}}</ref><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013FoxNews>{{cite news |title=America's patent system is all wrong for today’s high-tech world |author=Steve Forbes |publisher=] |url=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/03/18/america-patent-system-is-all-wrong-for-todays-high-tech-world/|date=2013-03-18 |accessdate=2013-06-05}}</ref> Since January 1, 2010, the MPEG-2 patent pool has remained at $2 for a decoding license and $2 for an encoding license.<ref name="MPEG2PatentPoolLicense"/><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013TheDailyCaller/><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013Forbes/> By 2015 more than 90% of the MPEG-2 patents will have expired but as long as there are one or more active patents in the MPEG-2 patent pool in either the country of manufacture or the country of sale the MPEG-2 license agreement requires that licensees pay a license fee that does not change based on the number of patents that have expired.<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolLicense/><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolMay2013Business/><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013TheDailyCaller/><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013Forbes/><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013FoxNews/>


According to the MPEG-2 licensing agreement '''any''' use of MPEG-2 technology in countries with active patents (Malaysia) is subject to ].<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolLicense>{{cite news |title=MPEG-2 License Agreement |publisher=MPEG LA |url=https://www.mpegla.com/programs/mpeg-2/license-agreement/ |access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529164747/https://www.mpegla.com/programs/mpeg-2/license-agreement/ |archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> MPEG-2 encoders and decoders are subject to $0.35 per unit.<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolLicense/> Also, any packaged medium (DVDs/Data Streams) is subject to licence fees according to length of recording/broadcast. The royalties were previously priced higher but were lowered at several points, most recently on January 1, 2018.<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolLicense/>
==Patents (U.S. only)==
An earlier criticism of the MPEG-2 patent pool was that even though the number of patents had decreased from 1,048 to 416 by June 2013 the license fee had not decreased with the expiration rate of MPEG-2 patents.<ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolMay2013Business>{{cite news |title=Patent Pools May Create Anticompetitive Effects, New Report Finds |publisher=] |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130509005972/en/Patent-Pools-Create-Anticompetitive-Effects-Report-Finds |date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2013-06-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820224617/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130509005972/en/Patent-Pools-Create-Anticompetitive-Effects-Report-Finds |archive-date=2014-08-20 }}</ref><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013Forbes>{{cite magazine |title=MPEG-LA Shows Need to Rebuild IP Foundations |author=Bret Swanson |magazine=] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bretswanson/2013/04/30/mpeg-la-shows-need-to-rebuild-ip-foundations/ |date=2013-04-30 |access-date=2013-05-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430144859/http://www.forbes.com/sites/bretswanson/2013/04/30/mpeg-la-shows-need-to-rebuild-ip-foundations/ |archive-date=2013-04-30 }}</ref><ref name=MPEG2PatentPoolJanuary2013FoxNews>{{cite news |title=America's patent system is all wrong for today's high-tech world |author=Steve Forbes |publisher=] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/americas-patent-system-is-all-wrong-for-todays-high-tech-world/ |date=2013-03-18 |access-date=2013-06-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616102104/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/03/18/america-patent-system-is-all-wrong-for-todays-high-tech-world/ |archive-date=2013-06-16 }}</ref>


=== Patent holders ===
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
The following organizations have held patents for MPEG-2, as listed at ]. See also ].
<section begin="MPEG-2 patents"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Organization
! Patents<ref name="mpegla">{{cite web |title=MPEG-2 Patent List |url=https://www.mpegla.com/wp-content/uploads/m2-att1.pdf |website=] |access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
!Patent!!Filed!!Granted!!First File!!Expiration!!Summary!!Notes!!Company
|311
|- |-
|] Licensing
| 4833543 || 24 dec 1986 || 23 May 1989 || 24 dec 1986 || 24 dec 2006 || Image processing system and phaselocked loop used therein || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4833543</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|198
|- |-
|]
| 4970590 || 21 dec 1989 || 13 nov 1990 || 21 dec 1989 || 21 dec 2009 || System and device for package multiplexing in transmission of many data flows generated by a sole algorithm || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4970590</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|119
|- |-
|]
| 5453790 || 26 mar 1993 || 26 sep 1995 || 26 mar 1993 || 26 mar 2013 || Video decoder having asynchronous operation with respect to a video display || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5453790</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|99
|- |-
|] Technology Development, Inc.
| 5136377 || 11 dec 1990 || 04 aug 1992 || 11 dec 1990 || 11 dec 2010 || Adaptive non-linear quantizer || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5136377</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|75
|- |-
|]
| 4383272 || 13 apr 1981 || 10 May 1983 || 13 apr 1981 || 13 apr 2001 || Video signal interpolation using motion estimation || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4383272</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|55
|- |-
|CIF Licensing, LLC
| 5291284 || 23 jul 1991 || 01 mar 1994 || 12 dec 1989 || 01 mar 2011 || Predictive coding and decoding with error drift reduction || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5291284</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: || ]
|44
|- |-
|]
| 4982270 || 03 feb 1989 || 01 jan 1991 || 03 feb 1989 || 03 feb 2009 || Video data transmitting system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4982270</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|39
|- |-
|]
| 5068724 || 15 jun 1990 || 26 nov 1991 || 15 jun 1990 || 15 jun 2010 || Adaptive motion compensation for digital television || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5068724</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|38
|- |-
|Alcatel Lucent (including Multimedia Patent Trust)
| 5091782 || 09 apr 1990 || 25 feb 1992 || 09 apr 1990 || 09 apr 2010 || Apparatus and method for adaptively compressing successive blocks of digital video || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5091782</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|33
|- |-
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
| 5093720 || 20 aug 1990 || 03 mar 1992 || 20 aug 1990 || 20 aug 2010 || Motion compensation for interlaced digital television signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5093720</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|13
|- |-
|]
| RE35093 || 03 dec 1990 || 09 mar 1993 || 03 dec 1990 || 03 dec 2010 || Systems and methods for coding even fields of interlaced video sequences || Reissue of 05193004 filed 09 dec 1994 granted 21 nov 1995 <ref name="uspto1">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE35093</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: .Iadd.This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/218,970, filed on Mar. 25, 1994, now abandoned, and is a reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,004. .Iaddend. || ]
|9
|- |-
|]
| 4796087 || 01 jun 1987 || 03 jan 1989 || 01 jun 1987 || 01 jun 2007 || Process for coding by transformation for the transmission of picture signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4796087</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|9
|- |-
|]
| 5235618 || 06 nov 1990 || 10 aug 1993 || 06 nov 1990 || 06 nov 2010 || Video signal coding apparatus, coding method used in the video signal coding apparatus and video signal coding transmission system having the video signal coding apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5235618</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|8
|- |-
|]
| 4706260 || 07 nov 1986 || 10 nov 1987 || 07 nov 1986 || 07 nov 2006 || DPCM system with rate-of-fill control of buffer occupancy || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4706260</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|7
|- |-
|]
| 4813056 || 08 dec 1987 || 14 mar 1989 || 08 dec 1987 || 08 dec 2007 || Modified statistical coding of digital signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4813056</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|7
|- |-
|]
| 4394774 || 26 jun 1981 || 19 jul 1983 || 15 dec 1978 || 15 dec 1998 || Digital video compression system and methods utilizing scene adaptive coding with rate buffer feedback || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4394774</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Referenced patent had its term changed grant+17: terminal disclaimer date December 15, 1998 Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 969,991, filed Dec. 15, 1978, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,775. || ]
|6
|- |-
|]
| 4698672 || 27 oct 1986 || 06 oct 1987 || 27 oct 1986 || 27 oct 2006 || Coding system for reducing redundancy || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4698672</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|5
|- |-
|]
| 5426464 || 18 oct 1994 || 20 jun 1995 || 14 jan 1993 || 14 jan 2013 || Field elimination apparatus for a video compression/decompression system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5426464</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a divisional application of Ser. No. 08/004,753, filed 14 Jan. 1993 . || ]
|4
|- |-
|]
| 5486864 || 13 May 1993 || 23 jan 1996 || 13 May 1993 || 13 May 2013 || Differential time code method and apparatus as for a compressed video signal || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5486864</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|3
|- |-
|]
| 5491516 || 14 jan 1993 || 13 feb 1996 || 14 jan 1993 || 13 feb 2013 || Field elimination apparatus for a video compression/decompression system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5491516</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|2
|- |-
|]
| 5600376 || 20 mar 1995 || 04 feb 1997 || 14 jan 1993 || 04 feb 2014 || Field elimination apparatus for a video compression/decompression system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5600376</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a divisional application Ser. No. 08/324,558, filed 18 Oct. 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,464 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/004,753 filed 14 Jan. 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,516. || ]
|2
|- |-
|] (NTT)
| 5796743 || 23 May 1996 || 18 aug 1998 || 30 nov 1993 || 18 aug 2015 || Data word indicator in a system for assembling transport data packets || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5796743</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: || ]
|2
|- |-
|ARRIS Technology, Inc.
| 5867501 || 07 jun 1995 || 02 feb 1999 || 17 dec 1992 || 02 feb 2016 || Encoding for communicating data and commands || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5867501</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/992,944, filed Dec. 17, 1992 now abandoned. The disclosed invention is related to the commonly assigned, co-pending applications Ser. Nos. 08/485,217, 08/482,618, 08/474,772, 08/485,053, 08/473,541, 08/474,770 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,579, issued Oct. 7, 1997, 08/472,222 now abandoned in favor of Ser. No. 08/762,653, filed Dec. 9, 1996, 08/481,749 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,807, issued Oct. 7, 1997, 08/484,281, 08/482,628 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,849, issued Nov. 12, 1996, 08/479,473, 08/485,062, 08/485,446 now abandoned, and 08/485,055 filed concurrently herewith. || ]
|2
|- |-
|]
| 4849812 || 24 feb 1988 || 18 jul 1989 || 24 feb 1988 || 24 feb 2008 || Television system, in which digitized picture signals subjected to a transform coding are transmitted from an encoding station to a decoding station || <ref name="uspto2">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4849812</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|1
|- |-
|]
| 4901075 || 11 sep 1987 || 13 feb 1990 || 11 sep 1987 || 11 sep 2007 || Method and apparatus for bit rate reduction || <ref name="uspto3">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4901075</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|1
|- |-
|] Enterprise Company
| 5021879 || 24 sep 1990 || 04 jun 1991 || 25 apr 1988 || 04 jun 2008 || System for transmitting video pictures || <ref name="uspto4">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5021879</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 442,475, filed Nov. 22, 1989 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 185,608 filed Apr. 25, 1988, now abandoned. || ]
|- |1
|} <section end="MPEG-2 patents"/>
| 5027206 || 13 sep 1989 || 25 jun 1991 || 13 sep 1989 || 13 sep 2009 || High-definition television systems || <ref name="uspto5">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5027206</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5128758 || 02 jun 1989 || 07 jul 1992 || 02 jun 1989 || 07 jul 2009 || Method and apparatus for digitally processing a high definition television augmentation signal || <ref name="uspto6">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5128758</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5179442 || 26 nov 1990 || 12 jan 1993 || 02 jun 1989 || 12 jan 2010 || Method and apparatus for digitally processing a high definition television augmentation signal || <ref name="uspto7">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5179442</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 361,523 filed Jun. 2, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,758. The contents of this application is specifically incorporated herein by reference. || ]
|-
| 5333135 || 01 feb 1993 || 26 jul 1994 || 01 feb 1993 || 01 feb 2013 || Identification of a data stream transmitted as a sequence of packets || <ref name="uspto8">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5333135</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5606539 || 31 aug 1994 || 25 feb 1997 || 05 jun 1991 || 25 feb 2014 || Method and apparatus for encoding and decoding an audio and/or video signal, and a record carrier for use with such apparatus || <ref name="uspto9">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5606539</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation of Application Ser. No. 08/086,402, filed Jun. 30, 1993 and now abandoned, which was a continuation of Application Ser. No. 07/711,186, filed Jun. 5, 1991 and now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5608697 || 18 mar 1996 || 04 mar 1997 || 05 jun 1991 || 05 jun 2011 || Record carrier containing an audio and/or video signal, which has been encoded and includes a decoder delay time parameter indicating a time delay for one or more portions of the signal || <ref name="uspto10">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5608697</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/299,027, filed on Aug. 31, 1994, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/086,402, filed Jun. 30, 1993 and now abandoned, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/711,186, filed Jun. 5, 1991 and now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5699476 || 9 May 1996 || 16 dec 1997 || 19 oct 1990 || 19 oct 2010 || Method and apparatus for transmitting and/or storing a series of hierarchically encoded digital image data blocks || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5699476</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/369,864, filed Jan. 5, 1995, abandoned, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/111,037, filed Aug. 24, 1993, abandoned, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/600,452, filed on Oct. 19, 1990, abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5740310 || 28 jun 1994 || 14 apr 1998 || 30 May 1991 || 14 apr 2015 || Method of maintaining display continuity from a CD with slow-motion or freeze capability || <ref name="uspto11">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5740310</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/707,527, filed May 30, 1991, now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5844867 || 09 sep 1996 || 01 dec 1998 || 05 jun 1991 || 05 jun 2011 || Methods and apparatus for encoding and decoding an audio and/or video signal, and a record carrier used therewith or produced therefrom || <ref name="uspto12">http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5844867</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/299,027, filed on Aug. 31, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,539, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/086,402, filed Jun. 30, 1993 and now abandoned, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/711,186, filed Jun. 5, 1991 and now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 6181712 || 11 oct 1995 || 30 jan 2001 || 23 feb 1995 || 30 jan 2018 || Method and device for transmitting data packets || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6181712</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 6792001 || 21 sep 2000 || 14 sep 2004 || 23 feb 1995 || 24 May 2017 || Method and device for transmitting data packets || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6792001</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Auto parse missed date term extension 821 days Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/537,701, filed Oct. 11, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,712 which is a 371 of PCT/IB95/00116 filed Feb. 23, 1995. || ]
|-
| RE37057 || 14 nov 1994 || 21 May 1996 || 14 nov 1994 || 14 nov 2014 || Apparatus and method for converting an HDTV signal to a non-HDTV signal || Reissue of 05519446 filed 18 May 1998 granted 20 feb 2001 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE37057</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| RE37568 || 30 nov 1993 || 01 apr 1997 || 30 nov 1993 || 01 apr 2014 || Inverse Quantizer || Reissue of 05617094 filed 31 mar 1999 granted 05 mar 2002 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE37568</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5113255 || 11 May 1990 || 12 May 1992 || 11 May 1990 || 11 May 2010 || Moving image signal encoding apparatus and decoding apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5113255</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| RE35910 || 11 May 1990 || 12 May 1992 || 11 May 1990 || 11 May 2010 || Moving image signal encoding apparatus and decoding apparatus || Reissue of 05113255 filed 12 May 1994 granted 29 sep 1998 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE35910</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| RE36015 || 27 mar 1992 || 08 mar 1994 || 27 mar 1992 || 27 mar 2012 || Apparatus and method for processing groups of fields in a video data compression system || Reissue of 05293229 filed 02 oct 1995 granted 29 dec 1998 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE36015</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| RE36507 || 27 mar 1992 || 08 mar 1994 || 27 mar 1992 || 27 mar 2012 || Apparatus and method for processing groups of fields in a video data compression system to encode a single frame as an I-field and a P-field || Reissue of 05293229 filed 21 oct 1997 granted 18 jan 2000 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE36507</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: .Iadd.Application Ser. No 08/538,101, filed Oct. 2, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. RE 36,015, and application Ser. No. 08/954,916, filed Oct. 21, 1997, are reissue applications of U.S. Pat. No. 5,293,229, which issues from application Ser. No. 07/859,145, filed Mar. 27, 1992..Iaddend. || ]
|-
| RE39276 || 20 jul 1994 || 28 apr 1998 || 02 nov 1992 || 28 apr 2015 || Method for determining motion compensation || Reissue of 05745182 filed 27 apr 2000 granted 12 sep 2006 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE39276</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a .Iadd.reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,182 which is a .Iaddend.division of application Ser. No. 07/970,046 filed Nov. 2, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,449. .Iadd.This application has the following co-pending related reissue applications: Ser. No. 09/833,680 filed Apr. 13, 2001, Ser. No. 09/833,769 filed Apr. 13, 2001, Ser. No. 09/833,770 filed Apr. 13, 2001, Ser. No. 09/866,811 filed May 30, 2001 and Ser. No. 10/895,283 filed Jul. 21, 2004..Iaddend. || ]
|-
| RE39278 || 20 jul 1994 || 28 apr 1998 || 02 nov 1992 || 28 apr 2015 || Method for determining motion compensation || Reissue of 05745182 filed 13 apr 2001 granted 12 sep 2006 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE39278</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a .Iadd.reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,182 which is a .Iaddend.division of application Ser. No. 07/970,046 filed Nov. 2, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,449. .Iadd.This application is a division of reissue application No. 09/559,627, filed Apr. 27, 2000 and has the following co-pending related reissue applications: 09/833,680 filed Apr. 13, 2001; 09/833,770 filed Apr. 13, 2001, 09/866,811 filed May 30, 2001, and 10/895,283 filed Jul. 21, 2004. .Iaddend. || ]
|-
| RE39280 || 20 jul 1994 || 28 apr 1998 || 02 nov 1992 || 28 apr 2015 || Method for determining motion compensation || Reissue of 05745182 filed 30 May 2001 granted 12 sep 2006 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE39280</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a .Iadd.reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,182 which is a .Iaddend.division of application Ser. No. 07/970,046 filed Nov. 2, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,449. .Iadd.This application is a division of reissue application Ser. No. 09/559,627, filed Apr. 27, 2000 and has the following co-pending related reissue applications: Ser. No. 09/833,680 filed Apr. 13, 2001, Ser. No. 09/833,769 filed Apr. 13, 2001, Ser. No. 09/833,770 filed Apr. 13, 2001, and Ser. No. 10/895,283 filed Jul. 21, 2004..Iaddend. || ]
|-
| 5223949 || 17 apr 1992 || 29 jun 1993 || 17 apr 1992 || 17 apr 2012 || Coding means for a signal processing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5223949</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5412430 || 4 May 1994 || 2 May 1995 || 31 jul 1992 || 31 jul 2012 || Image coding method and image coding apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5412430</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a Continuation of now abandoned application, Ser. No. 07/922,772, filed Jul. 31, 1992, now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5784107 || 23 jan 1996 || 21 jul 1998 || 21 apr 1992 || 21 apr 2012 || Method and apparatus for picture coding and method and apparatus for picture decoding || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5784107</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/157,627 filed Nov. 24, 1993 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 871,697, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,309 filed Apr. 21, 1992, now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 4954892 || 04 oct 1989 || 04 sep 1990 || 04 oct 1989 || 04 oct 2009 || Buffer controlled picture signal encoding and decoding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4954892</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5072295 || 20 aug 1990 || 10 dec 1991 || 20 aug 1990 || 20 aug 2010 || Adaptive quantization coder/decoder with limiter circuitry || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5072295</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5268846 || 10 apr 1991 || 07 dec 1993 || 10 apr 1991 || 10 apr 2011 || Method and apparatus for nonsequential multimedia data interchange in a data processing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5268846</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5949489 || 31 jul 1998 || 07 sep 1999 || 16 oct 1992 || 16 oct 2012 || Image signal coding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5949489</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/803,235, filed on Feb. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,220, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/121,293, filed on Sep. 13, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,127, which is a division of application Ser. No. 07/962,299, filed on Oct. 16, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,442. || ]
|-
| 5963258 || 31 jul 1998 || 05 oct 1999 || 16 oct 1992 || 16 oct 2012 || Image signal coding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5963258</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/803,235, filed on Feb. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,220, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/121,293, filed on Sep. 13, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,127, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/962,299, filed on Oct. 16, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,442. || ]
|-
| 5970175 || 26 oct 1998 || 19 oct 1999 || 16 oct 1992 || 16 oct 2012 || Image signal coding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5970175</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/803,235 filed on Feb. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,220, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/121,293, filed Sep. 13, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,127, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/962,299 filed Oct. 16, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,442, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. || ]
|-
| 5990960 || 09 dec 1998 || 23 nov 1999 || 16 oct 1992 || 16 oct 2012 || Image signal coding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5990960</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/803,235, filed on Feb. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,220 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/121,293, filed Sep. 13, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,127, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/962,299 filed Oct. 16, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,442, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. || ]
|-
| 6002439 || 27 May 1999 || 14 dec 1999 || 16 oct 1992 || 16 oct 2012 || Image signal coding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6002439</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a divisional of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/207,919, filed on Dec. 9, 1998, now allowed, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/803,235, filed Feb. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,220, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/121,293, filed Sep. 13, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,127, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/962,299, filed Oct. 16, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,442, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. || ]
|-
| 6097759 || 22 nov 1999 || 01 aug 2000 || 16 oct 1992 || 16 oct 2012 || Image signal coding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6097759</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/207,919, filed on Dec. 9, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,960, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/803,235, filed on Feb. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,220, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/121,293, filed on Sep. 13, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,127, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/962,299, filed on Oct. 16, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,442, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. || ]
|-
| 6188794 || 20 May 1999 || 13 feb 2001 || 16 oct 1992 || 16 oct 2012 || Image signal coding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6188794</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/178,619 filed Oct. 26, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,678, now allowed, which is a Div. of Ser. No. 08/803,235 filed Feb. 20, 1997, U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,220, which is a Cont. of Ser. No. 08/121,293 filed Sep. 13, 1993, U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,127, which is a Div. of Ser. No. 07/962,299 filed Oct. 16, 1992, U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,442. || ]
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| 6307973 || 04 dec 2000 || 23 oct 2001 || 16 oct 1992 || 16 oct 2012 || Image signal coding system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6307973</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 0 days Case Text: This application is a divisional application under 37 C.F.R. .sctn. 1.53(b) of prior application Ser. No. 09/315,038 filed May 20, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,794 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/178,619 filed Oct. 26, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,175, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/803,235 filed Feb. 20, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,220 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/121,293 filed Sep. 13, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,127, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/962,299 filed Oct. 16, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,442, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. || ]
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| 7362805 || 02 mar 2006 || 22 apr 2008 || 29 jan 1993 || 29 jan 2013 || High efficiency encoder and video information recording/reproducing apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7362805</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 0 days Case Text: This application is a divisional of co-pending application Ser. No. 10/372,212 filed on Feb. 25, 2003, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/271,458, filed on Mar. 18, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,870,884 B1, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/113,287, filed Jul. 10, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,909,252, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/559,488, filed Nov. 15, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,474, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/011,243, filed on Jan. 29, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,264, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference and for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 120; and this application claims priority of Application No. 4-013719, 4-037599, 4-037821, and 4-043075 filed in Japan on Jan. 29, 1992; Feb. 25, 1992; Feb. 25, 1992 and Feb. 28, 1992 under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119. || ]
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| 7376184 || 04 nov 2002 || 20 May 2008 || 29 jan 1993 || 31 May 2014 || High-efficiency encoder and video information recording/reproducing apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7376184</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 487 days Case Text: This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/271,458, filed on Mar. 18, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,870,884, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/113,287, filed Jul. 10, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,909,252, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/559,488, filed Nov. 15, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,474, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/011,243, filed on Jan. 29, 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,264, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference and for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 120; and this application claims priority of application No. 4-013719, 4-037599, 4-037821, and 4-043075 filed in Japan on Jan. 29, 1992; Feb. 25, 1992; Feb. 25, 1992 and Feb. 28, 1992 under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119. || ]
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| 7756202 || 30 oct 2007 || 13 jul 2010 || 29 jan 1993 || 06 aug 2013 || High-efficiency encoder and video information recording/reproducing apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7756202</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 189 days Case Text: This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 11/276,501 filed on Mar. 2, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,805 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/372,212 filed on Feb. 25, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,336,708, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/271,458, filed on Mar. 18, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,870,884, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/113,287, filed Jul. 10, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,909,252, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/559,488, filed Nov. 15, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,474, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/011,243, filed on Jan. 29, 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,264, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference and for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120; and this application claims priority of Application No. 4-013719, 4-037599, 4-037821, and 4-043075 filed in Japan on Jan. 29, 1992; Feb. 25, 1992; Feb. 25, 1992 and Feb. 28, 1992 under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119. || ]
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| 7936817 || 30 oct 2007 || 3 May 2011 || 29 jan 1993 || 29 jan 2013 || High-efficiency encoder and video information recording/reproducing apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7936817</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 11/276,501 filed on Mar. 2, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,805 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/372,212 filed on Feb. 25, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,336,708 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/271,458, filed on Mar. 18, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,870,884 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/113,287, filed Jul. 10, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,909,252 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/559,488, filed Nov. 15, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,474 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/011,243, filed on Jan. 29, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,264 the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference and for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120; and this application claims priority of Application No. 4-013719, 4-037599, 4-037821, and 4-043075 filed in Japan on Jan. 29, 1992; Feb. 25, 1992; Feb. 25, 1992 and Feb. 28, 1992 under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119. || ]
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| 4958226 || 27 sep 1989 || 18 sep 1990 || 27 sep 1989 || 27 sep 2009 || Conditional motion compensated interpolation of digital motion video || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4958226</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5227878 || 15 nov 1991 || 13 jul 1993 || 15 nov 1991 || 15 nov 2011 || Adaptive coding and decoding of frames and fields of video || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5227878</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5500678 || 18 mar 1994 || 19 mar 1996 || 18 mar 1994 || 18 mar 2014 || Optimized scanning of transform coefficients in video coding || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5500678</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5563593 || 18 mar 1994 || 08 oct 1996 || 18 mar 1994 || 18 mar 2014 || Video coding with optimized low complexity variable length codes || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5563593</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 4849812 || 24 feb 1988 || 18 jul 1989 || 24 feb 1988 || 24 feb 2008 || Television system, in which digitized picture signals subjected to a transform coding are transmitted from an encoding station to a decoding station || <ref name="uspto2"/> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 4901075 || 11 sep 1987 || 13 feb 1990 || 11 sep 1987 || 11 sep 2007 || Method and apparatus for bit rate reduction || <ref name="uspto3"/> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5021879 || 24 sep 1990 || 04 jun 1991 || 25 apr 1988 || 04 jun 2008 || System for transmitting video pictures || <ref name="uspto4"/> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 442,475, filed Nov. 22, 1989 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 185,608 filed Apr. 25, 1988, now abandoned. || ]
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| 5027206 || 13 sep 1989 || 25 jun 1991 || 13 sep 1989 || 13 sep 2009 || High-definition television systems || <ref name="uspto5"/> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5128758 || 02 jun 1989 || 07 jul 1992 || 02 jun 1989 || 07 jul 2009 || Method and apparatus for digitally processing a high definition television augmentation signal || <ref name="uspto6"/> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5179442 || 26 nov 1990 || 12 jan 1993 || 02 jun 1989 || 12 jan 2010 || Method and apparatus for digitally processing a high definition television augmentation signal || <ref name="uspto7"/> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 361,523 filed Jun. 2, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,758. The contents of this application is specifically incorporated herein by reference. || ]
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| 5333135 || 01 feb 1993 || 26 jul 1994 || 01 feb 1993 || 01 feb 2013 || Identification of a data stream transmitted as a sequence of packets || <ref name="uspto8"/> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5606539 || 31 aug 1994 || 25 feb 1997 || 05 jun 1991 || 25 feb 2014 || Method and apparatus for encoding and decoding an audio and/or video signal, and a record carrier for use with such apparatus || <ref name="uspto9"/> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation of Application Ser. No. 08/086,402, filed Jun. 30, 1993 and now abandoned, which was a continuation of Application Ser. No. 07/711,186, filed Jun. 5, 1991 and now abandoned. || ]
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| 5608697 || 18 mar 1996 || 04 mar 1997 || 05 jun 1991 || 05 jun 2011 || Record carrier containing an audio and/or video signal which has been encoded and includes a decoder delay time parameter indicating a time delay for one or more portions of the signal || <ref name="uspto10"/> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/299,027, filed on Aug. 31, 1994, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/086,402, filed Jun. 30, 1993 and now abandoned, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/711,186, filed Jun. 5, 1991 and now abandoned. || ]
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| 5740310 || 28 jun 1994 || 14 apr 1998 || 30 May 1991 || 14 apr 2015 || Method of maintaining display continuity from a CD with slow-motion or freeze capability || <ref name="uspto11"/> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/707,527, filed May 30, 1991, now abandoned. || ]
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| 5844867 || 09 sep 1996 || 01 dec 1998 || 05 jun 1991 || 05 jun 2011 || Methods and apparatus for encoding and decoding an audio and/or video signal, and a record carrier used therewith or produced therefrom || <ref name="uspto12"/> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/299,027, filed on Aug. 31, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,539, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/086,402, filed Jun. 30, 1993 and now abandoned, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/711,186, filed Jun. 5, 1991 and now abandoned. || ]
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| 5461421 || 29 nov 1993 || 24 oct 1995 || 29 nov 1993 || 29 nov 2013 || Encoding and decoding method and apparatus thereof || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5461421</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5467086 || 18 jun 1993 || 14 nov 1995 || 18 jun 1993 || 18 jun 2013 || Apparatus and method of coding/decoding video data || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5467086</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5654706 || 18 dec 1996 || 05 aug 1997 || 15 jul 1993 || 15 jul 2013 || System for variable length decoding digital transmission data which has been compressed by selecting a scanning pattern || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5654706</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/532,987 filed Sep. 22, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,549 which is a Continuation Application of prior application Ser. No. 08/095,468, Jul. 15, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,153. || ]
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| 6680975 || 02 nov 2000 || 20 jan 2004 || 01 mar 1993 || 12 mar 2014 || Signal encoding and decoding system and method || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6680975</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 376 days Case Text: This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 08/024,305 filed Mar. 1, 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. || ]
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| 7292657 || 03 jul 2003 || 06 nov 2007 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing signal || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7292657</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 09/703,649 filed Nov. 2, 2000; now U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975 which is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 08/024,305 filed Mar. 1, 1993; now U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. || ]
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| 7609760 || 05 jan 2009 || 27 oct 2009 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7609760</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation application of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,797, 12/343,839, and 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008, are Continuation Applications of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 7616687 || 05 jan 2009 || 10 nov 2009 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7616687</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation Application of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,797, 12/343,839, and 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008, are Continuation Applications of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 7684490 || 18 dec 2008 || 23 mar 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7684490</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007 now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. || ]
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| 7724821 || 24 dec 2008 || 25 May 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7724821</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007 now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue Application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12,338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation Application of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 7724822 || 24 dec 2008 || 25 May 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7724822</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007 now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation Application No. 12,338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation Application of 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 7724823 || 24 dec 2008 || 25 May 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7724823</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007 now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12,338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 7724824 || 05 jan 2009 || 25 May 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7724824</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007 now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation application of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,797, 12/343,839, and 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008, are Continuation applications of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 7724828 || 16 nov 2009 || 25 May 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7724828</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 12/574,255, filed Oct. 6, 2009, which is a Continuation Application of Ser. No. 12/348,621, filed Jan. 5, 2009, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,616,687 on Nov. 10, 2009, which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008, Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,797, 12/343,839, and 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008, Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/348,510, 12/348,535, 12/348,539, 12/348,581, 12/348,590, and 12/348,621, all filed on Jan. 5, 2009, and Continuation application Ser. No. 12/497,264, filed on Jul. 2, 2009, are Continuation Applications of Ser. No. 11/873,282. || ]
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| 7724829 || 16 nov 2009 || 25 May 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7724829</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 12/574,255, filed Oct. 6, 2009, which is a Continuation application of 12/348,621, filed Jan. 5, 2009, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,616,687 on Nov. 10, 2009, which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008, Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,797, 12/343,839, and 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008. Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/348,510, 12/348,535, 12/348,539, 12/348,581, 12/348,590, and 12/348,621, all filed on Jan. 5, 2009, and Continuation application Ser. No. 12/497,264, filed on Jul. 2, 2009, are Continuation applications of Ser. No. 11/873,282. || ]
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| 7742522 || 05 jan 2009 || 22 jun 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7742522</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007, now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation Application of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,797, 12/343,839, and 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008, are Continuation Applications of 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 7742527 || 05 jan 2009 || 22 jun 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7742527</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007 now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation Application of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,797, 12/343,839, and 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008, are Continuation Applications of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 7764735 || 02 jul 2009 || 27 jul 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7764735</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007 now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 11/873,282 was filed on Oct. 16, 2007; Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647 was filed on Dec. 18, 2008; Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,898, 12/343,797, and 12/343,839 were filed on Dec. 24, 2008; and Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/348,590, 12/348,535, 12/343,539, 12/348,581, 12/348,621, 12/348,510 were filed on Jan. 5, 2009. || ]
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| 7782956 || 16 nov 2009 || 24 aug 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7782956</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 12/574,255, filed Oct. 6, 2009, which is a Continuation Application of Ser. No. 12/348,621, filed Jan. 5, 2009, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,616,687 on Nov. 10, 2009, which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation Application No. Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008, Continuation Application Nos. Ser. No. 12/343,797, Ser. No. 12/343,839, and Ser. No. 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008, Continuation Application Nos. Ser. No. 12/348,510, Ser. No. 12/348,535, Ser. No. 12/348,539, Ser. No. 12/348,581, Ser. No. 12/348,590, and Ser. No. 12/348,621, all filed on Jan. 5, 2009, and Continuation Application No. Ser. No. 12/497,264, filed on Jul. 2, 2009, are Continuation Applications of Ser. No. 11/873,282. || ]
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| 7787538 || 05 jan 2009 || 31 aug 2010 || 01 mar 1993 || 01 mar 2013 || Signal compressing system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7787538</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Autoparse missed application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993. term extension 0 days Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007 now abandoned; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 10/612,013, filed Jul. 3, 2003, and issued on Nov. 6, 2007, as U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,657; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/703,649, filed Nov. 2, 2000, and issued Jan. 20, 2004, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,975; which is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 08/024,305, filed Mar. 1, 1993, and issued on Jul. 17, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. One (1) Reissue application Ser. No. 10/609,438, filed on Jul. 1, 2003, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,263,026 has been abandoned. Continuation application Ser. No. 12/338,647, filed Dec. 18, 2008 is a Continuation Application of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. Continuation application Ser. Nos. 12/343,797, 12/343,839, and 12/343,898, all filed on Dec. 24, 2008, are Continuation Applications of Ser. No. 11/873,282, filed Oct. 16, 2007. || ]
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| 5418782 || 06 jan 1994 || 23 May 1995 || 30 oct 1992 || 30 oct 2012 || Methods and apparatus for providing virtual service selection in a multi-service communications system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5418782</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/027,782, filed Mar. 8, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,601 entitled "Apparatus Providing Dynamic Virtual Service Selection in a Multi-Service Communications System" and of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/968,846, filed Oct. 30, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,401 entitled "System and Method for Transmitting a Plurality of Digital Services", both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. || ]
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| 5420866 || 29 mar 1994 || 30 May 1995 || 29 mar 1994 || 29 mar 2014 || Methods for providing conditional access information to decoders in a packet-based multiplexed communications system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5420866</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5457701 || 06 jan 1994 || 10 oct 1995 || 06 jan 1994 || 06 jan 2014 || Method for indicating packet errors in a packet-based multi-hop communications system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5457701</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 4864393 || 31 May 1988 || 05 sep 1989 || 31 May 1988 || 31 May 2008 || Motion vector estimation in television images || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4864393</ref> file+20: grant+17: Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is related to the following applications for U.S. Letters Patent, each of which was filed concurrently herewith, that is, on May 31, 1988, and has a common assignee herewith: Ser. No. 07/199,680 Ser. No. 07/199,681 Ser. No. 07/199,682 Ser. No. 07/200,421 Ser. No. 07/200,503 Ser. No. 07/200,531 Ser. No. 07/200,562. || ]
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| RE37222 || 12 oct 1990 || 21 jul 1992 || 12 oct 1990 || 12 oct 2010 || Video signal transmitting system || Reissue of 05132792 filed 19 jul 1994 granted 12 jun 2001 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE37222</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5191436 || 30 apr 1991 || 02 mar 1993 || 30 apr 1991 || 30 apr 2011 || Method for recording coded motion picture data || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5191436</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5291486 || 07 aug 1992 || 01 mar 1994 || 07 aug 1992 || 07 aug 2012 || Data multiplexing apparatus and multiplexed data demultiplexing apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5291486</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5298991 || 24 jul 1992 || 29 mar 1994 || 24 jul 1992 || 24 jul 2012 || Variable length coding apparatus and method for motion vector || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5298991</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5343248 || 16 jul 1992 || 30 aug 1994 || 16 jul 1992 || 16 jul 2012 || Moving image compressing and recording medium and moving image data encoder and decoder || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5343248</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5428396 || 27 dec 1993 || 27 jun 1995 || 24 jul 1992 || 24 jul 2012 || Variable length coding/decoding method for motion vectors || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5428396</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/918,010, filed on Jul. 24, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,293,991. || ]
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| 5461420 || 17 sep 1993 || 24 oct 1995 || 17 sep 1993 || 17 sep 2013 || Apparatus for coding and decoding a digital video signal derived from a motion picture film source || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5461420</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5481553 || 28 feb 1994 || 02 jan 1996 || 28 feb 1994 || 28 feb 2014 || Methods and apparatus for preventing rounding errors when transform coefficients representing a motion picture signal are inversely transformed || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5481553</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5510840 || 15 May 1995 || 23 apr 1996 || 30 aug 1993 || 30 aug 2013 || Methods and devices for encoding and decoding frame signals and recording medium therefor || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5510840</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/098,280 filed on Aug. 30, 1993 abandoned. || ]
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| 5539466 || 26 sep 1994 || 23 jul 1996 || 32 apr 1993 || 23 jul 2013 || Efficient coding apparatus for picture signal and decoding apparatus therefor || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5539466</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/030,019, filed as PCT/JP92/00956, Jul. 28, 1992 published as WO93/03578, Feb. 18, 1993, now abandoned. || ]
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| 5543847 || 13 dec 1993 || 06 aug 1996 || 13 dec 1993 || 13 dec 2013 || Picture coding and decoding method for random accessing || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5543847</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5559557 || 28 sep 1993 || 24 sep 1996 || 28 sep 1993 || 28 sep 2013 || Motion video coding with adaptive precision for DC component coefficient quantization and variable length coding || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5559557</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5663763 || 18 oct 1993 || 02 sep 1997 || 18 oct 1993 || 02 sep 2014 || Picture signal encoding method and apparatus and picture signal decoding method and apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5663763</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5666461 || 30 May 1995 || 09 sep 1997 || 21 apr 1993 || 09 sep 2014 || High efficiency encoding and decoding of picture signals and recording medium containing same || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5666461</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/084,642, filed Jun. 29, 1993 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/030,019, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Apr. 21, 1993, and corresponding to International Application No. PCT/JP92/00956, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein. || ]
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| 5701164 || 19 dec 1996 || 23 dec 1997 || 24 mar 1994 || 24 mar 2014 || Macroblock coding including difference between motion vectors || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5701164</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Auto parse missed PCT date Case Text: This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/290,888, filed as PCT/JP94/00473 Mar. 24, 1994, now abandoned. || ]
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| 5946042 || 02 jul 1997 || 31 aug 1999 || 24 mar 1994 || 24 mar 2014 || Macroblock coding including difference between motion vectors || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5946042</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Auto parse missed PCT date Case Text: This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/770,585, filed Dec. 19, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,164, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/290,888, filed Dec. 8, 1994. || ]
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| 5982437 || 15 oct 1993 || 09 nov 1999 || 15 oct 1993 || 09 nov 2016 || Coding method and system, and decoding method and system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5982437</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 6040863 || 18 dec 1998 || 21 mar 2000 || 24 mar 1994 || 24 mar 2014 || Method of coding and decoding motion vector and apparatus therefor, and method of coding and decoding picture signal and apparatus therefor || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6040863</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Auto parse missed PCT date Case Text: This is a divisional of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 08/886,804 filed Jul. 2, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,946,042, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/770,585 filed Dec. 19, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,164, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/290,888 filed Dec. 8, 1994, now abandoned, which is a 371 of PCT/JP94/00473 filed Mar. 24, 1994. || ]
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| 6160849 || 30 May 1995 || 12 dec 2000 || 22 mar 1993 || 12 dec 2017 || Selectable field and frame based predictive video coding || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6160849</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/084,642, filed Jun. 29, 1993. This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/030,019, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Mar. 22, 1993, and corresponding to International Application No. PCT/JP92/00956, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein. || ]
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| 7627041 || 30 jun 2005 || 01 dec 2009 || 13 jan 1994 || 20 jun 2016 || Apparatus for encoding and decoding header data in picture signal transmission || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7627041</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Error in original patent, fixed in correction B2 term extension 889 days Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/634,122, filed Apr. 19, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,075,991, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/180,613 filed Jan. 13, 1994 now abandoned, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. || ]
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| RE35093 || 03 dec 1990 || 09 mar 1993 || 03 dec 1990 || 03 dec 2010 || Systems and methods for coding even fields of interlaced video sequences || Reissue of 05193004 filed 09 dec 1994 granted 21 nov 1995 <ref name="uspto1"/> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: .Iadd.This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/218,970, filed on Mar. 25, 1994, now abandoned, and is a reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 5,193,004. .Iaddend. || ]
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| 4800432 || 24 oct 1986 || 24 jan 1989 || 24 oct 1986 || 24 oct 2006 || Video Difference key generator || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4800432</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 4969055 || 25 aug 1988 || 06 nov 1990 || 32 aug 1986 || 06 nov 2007 || Method for recording and/or reproducing digitally coded signals with interframe and interframe coding || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4969055</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/901,535, filed Aug. 8th, 1986now abandoned. || ]
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| 5289276 || 19 jun 1992 || 22 feb 1994 || 19 jun 1992 || 19 jun 2012 || Method and apparatus for conveying compressed video data over a noisy communication channel || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5289276</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5365272 || 02 jul 1993 || 15 nov 1994 || 19 jun 1992 || 19 jun 2012 || Method for formatting compressed video data into transport cells || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5365272</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a division of Ser. No. 07/901,045, filed Jun. 19, 1992. The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for segmenting compressed video data into cells or packets for transmission in a manner to allow a receiver to rapidly recover from occurrences of missing data or corrupted data. || ]
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| 5381181 || 13 May 1993 || 10 jan 1995 || 13 May 1993 || 13 May 2013 || Clock recovery apparatus as for a compressed video signal || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5381181</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5422676 || 22 oct 1993 || 06 jun 1995 || 22 oct 1993 || 22 oct 2013 || System for coding an image representative signal || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5422676</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5442400 || 29 apr 1993 || 15 aug 1995 || 29 apr 1993 || 29 apr 2013 || Error concealment apparatus for MPEG-like video data || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5442400</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5459789 || 22 apr 1994 || 17 oct 1995 || 22 apr 1994 || 22 apr 2014 || Packet TV program component detector || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5459789</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 5483287 || 03 aug 1994 || 09 jan 1996 || 19 jun 1992 || 15 nov 2011 || Method for forming transport cells for conveying compressed video data || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5483287</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: terminal disclaimer date November 15, 2011 Case Text: This is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/085,364 filed 2 Jul. 1993, now U.S. Pat. No.5,365,272, which is a division of Ser. No. 901,045 filed Jun. 19, 1992, (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,289,276). || ]
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| 5565923 || 22 aug 1995 || 15 oct 1996 || 13 May 1993 || 13 May 2013 || Apparatus for formatting a digital signal to include multiple time stamps for system synchronization || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5565923</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This is a division of Ser. No. 08/060,924 filed May 13, 1993 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,864. This invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing a clock signal at a signal decompression apparatus, which clock signal is substantially frequency locked to a clock signal at an encoding apparatus. || ]
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| 5784110 || 23 May 1996 || 21 jul 1998 || 30 nov 1993 || 21 jul 2015 || Data processor for assembling transport data packets || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5784110</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: || ]
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| 7020204 || 08 feb 2002 || 28 mar 2006 || 30 dec 1988 || 30 jan 2010 || Adaptive method of encoding and decoding a series of pictures by transformation, and devices for implementing this method || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7020204</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 396 days Case Text: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/978,376, filed Oct. 17, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,875, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/408,515, filed Nov. 30, 1995 now abandoned claiming the benefit and priority of PCT International Application No. PCT/FR88/00649, filed Dec. 30, 1988, and French Application No. 87 18371, filed Dec. 30, 1987. || ]
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| 7334248 || 24 May 2002 || 19 feb 2008 || 22 apr 1994 || 14 feb 2018 || Conditional access filter as for a packet video signal inverse transport system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=7334248</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Override: Error in original patent, fixed in correction B2 term extension 1394 days || ]
|-
| 5317397 || 29 May 1992 || 31 May 1994 || 29 May 1992 || 29 May 2012 || Predictive coding using spatial-temporal filtering and plural motion vectors || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5317397</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5424779 || 24 nov 1993 || 13 jun 1995 || 29 May 1992 || 13 jun 2012 || Video coding apparatus || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5424779</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 07/890,705, filed on May 29, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,397. || ]
|-
| 5467136 || 17 feb 1994 || 14 nov 1995 || 29 May 1992 || 13 jun 2012 || Video decoder for determining a motion vector from a scaled vector and a difference vector || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5467136</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: terminal disclaimer date June 13, 2012 Case Text: CROSS-REFERENCE TO THE RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/890,705 filed May 29, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,397. || ]
|-
| 5742344 || 03 apr 1996 || 21 apr 1998 || 29 May 1992 || 29 May 2012 || Motion compensated video decoding method and system for decoding a coded video signal using spatial and temporal filtering || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5742344</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This is a Division of application Ser. No. 08/295,421 filed on Aug. 25, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,5,41,661, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/156,709 filed on Nov. 24, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,779, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/890,705 filed May 29, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,397. || ]
|-
| 5986713 || 11 jun 1998 || 16 nov 1999 || 29 May 1992 || 29 May 2012 || Video coding apparatus using inter-field prediction || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5986713</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 09/054,403, filed on Apr. 3, 1998; which is a Division of Ser. No. 08/626,922 filed on Apr. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,231; which is a Division of Ser. No. 08/295,421, filed on Aug. 25, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,661; which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 08/156,709, filed on Nov. 24, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,779; which is a Continuation of Ser. No. 07/890,705, filed on May 29, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,397. || ]
|-
| RE34965 || 18 jan 1990 || 15 jan 1991 || 18 jan 1990 || 18 jan 2010 || Inter-frame predictive encoding system with encoded and transmitted prediction error || Reissue of 04985768 filed 14 jan 1993 granted 13 jun 1995 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE34965</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| RE35158 || 26 apr 1990 || 01 jan 1991 || 16 jan 1990 || 16 jan 2010 || Apparatus for adaptive inter-frame predictive encoding of video signal || Reissue of 04982285 filed 28 dec 1992 granted 20 feb 1996 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE35158</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: The present application is a .Iadd.reissue of application No. 514,015 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,285, which is a .Iaddend.continuation-in-part of a U.S. patent application (application number 465,747) with filing date Jan. 16, 1990.Iadd., now U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,768.Iaddend.. || ]
|-
| RE36822 || 17 jun 1996 || 5 May 1998 || 06 nov 1992 || 06 nov 2012 || Moving image signal coding apparatus and coded signal decoding apparatus || Reissue of 05748784 filed 02 oct 1998 granted 15 aug 2000 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE36822</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/324,481, filed Oct. 18, 1994 which was abandoned upon the filing hereof, and which, in turn, is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/972,564, filed Nov. 6, 1992 now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5103307 || 18 jan 1991 || 07 apr 1992 || 18 jan 1991 || 18 jan 2011 || Interframe predictive coding/decoding system for varying interval between independent frames || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5103307</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5175618 || 30 oct 1991 || 29 dec 1992 || 30 oct 1991 || 30 oct 2011 || Compression method for interlace moving image signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5175618</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5341457 || 20 aug 1993 || 23 aug 1994 || 30 dec 1988 || 23 aug 2011 || Perceptual coding of audio signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5341457</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/962,151, filed on Oct. 16, 1992 abandoned which is a cont. of Ser. No. 07/844,967 filed Feb. 28, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/292,598 filed on Dec. 30, 1988, now abandoned, and claims priority thereto. || ]
|-
| RE39080 || 22 sep 1994 || 6 May 1997 || 30 dec 1988 || 6 May 2014 || Rate loop processor for perceptual encoder/decoder || Reissue of 05627938 filed 13 aug 2002 granted 25 apr 2006 <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=RE39080</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This .Iadd.is a reissue .Iaddend.application .Iadd.of U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,938 filed Sep. 22, 1994 as application Ser. No. 08/310,898 which .Iaddend.is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/844,811, filed on Mar. 2, 1992, now abandoned.Iadd., which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/844,967 filed Feb. 28, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/292,598 filed Dec. 30, 1988 now abandoned.Iaddend.. || ]
|-
| 4972484 || 21 jul 1988 || 20 nov 1990 || 20 nov 1987 || 20 nov 2007 || Method of transmitting or storing masked sub-band coded audio signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4972484</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
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|-
| 5323396 || 21 dec 1992 || 21 jun 1994 || 01 jun 1990 || 21 jun 2011 || Digital transmission system, transmitter and receiver for use in the transmission system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5323396</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/532,462 filed Jun. 1, 1990 now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5539829 || 07 jun 1995 || 23 jul 1996 || 01 jun 1990 || 23 jul 2013 || Subband coded digital transmission system using some composite signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5539829</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/173,850 filed Dec. 27, 1993, which is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/997,158 filed Dec. 21, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,323,396, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/532,462 filed on Jun. 1, 1990 by Gerardus C. P. Lokhoff for DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER FOR USE IN THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, AND RECORD CARRIER OBTAINED BY MEANS OF THE TRANSMITTER IN THE FORM OF A RECORDING DEVICE, now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5606618 || 27 dec 1993 || 25 feb 1997 || 01 jun 1990 || 25 feb 2014 || Subband coded digital transmission system using some composite signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5606618</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/997,158 filed Dec. 21, 1992 now U.S Pat. No. 5,32,396, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/532,462 filed on Jun. 1, 1990 by Gerardus C. P. Lokhoff for DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER FOR USE IN THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, AND RECORD CARRIER OBTAINED BY MEANS OF THE TRANSMITTER IN THE FORM OF A RECORDING DEVICE, now abandoned. || ]
|-
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|-
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|-
| 6289308 || 08 mar 2000 || 11 sep 2001 || 01 jun 1990 || 01 jun 2010 || Encoded wideband digital transmission signal and record carrier recorded with such a signal || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6289308</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: term extension 0 days Case Text: This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/488,536 filed Jun. 7, 1995 now abandoned, which is a division of application Ser. No. 08/173,850 filed Dec. 27, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,618, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/997,158 filed Dec. 21, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,323,396, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/532,462 filed on Jun. 1, 1990 now abandoned, by Gerardus C. P. Lokhoff for DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER FOR USE IN THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, AND RECORD CARRIER OBTAINED BY MEANS OF THE TRANSMITTER IN THE FORM OF A RECORDING DEVICE, now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5481643 || 24 apr 1995 || 02 jan 1996 || 18 mar 1993 || 18 mar 2013 || Transmitter, receiver and record carrier for transmitting/receiving at least a first and a second signal component || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5481643</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/180,004, filed Jan. 11, 1994 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/032,915, filed Mar. 18, 1993, both now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5544247 || 25 oct 1994 || 06 aug 1996 || 25 oct 1994 || 25 oct 2014 || Transmission and reception of a first and a second main signal component || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5544247</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
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|-
| 5740317 || 30 aug 1995 || 14 apr 1998 || 21 jul 1992 || 14 apr 2015 || Process for finding the overall monitoring threshold during a bit-rate-reducing source coding || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5740317</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: Case Text: This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/119,109, filed Sep. 17, 1993 (now abandoned). || ]
|-
| 5878080 || 07 feb 1997 || 02 mar 1999 || 07 feb 1997 || 07 feb 2017 || N-channel transmission, compatible with 2-channel transmission and 1-channel transmission || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5878080</ref> file+20: || ]
|-
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|-
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|-
| 6023490 || 09 apr 1997 || 08 feb 2000 || 09 apr 1997 || 09 apr 2017 || Encoding apparatus for encoding a plurality of information signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6023490</ref> file+20: || ]
|-
| 4821260 || 16 dec 1987 || 11 apr 1989 || 16 dec 1987 || 16 dec 2007 || Transmission system || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4821260</ref> file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
| 5455833 || 26 apr 1993 || 03 oct 1995 || 25 oct 1990 || 03 oct 2012 || Process for the detecting of errors in the transmission of frequency-coded digital signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5455833</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5559834 || 15 apr 1994 || 24 sep 1996 || 06 oct 1992 || 24 sep 2013 || Method of reducing crosstalk in processing of acoustic or optical signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5559834</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
| 5321729 || 26 apr 1993 || 14 jun 1994 || 24 jun 1991 || 24 jun 2011 || Method for transmitting a signal || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5321729</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/718,402, filed Jun. 24, 1991, now abandoned. || ]
|-
| 5706309 || 2 May 1995 || 06 jan 1998 || 02 nov 1993 || 06 jan 2015 || Process for transmitting and/or storing digital signals of multiple channels || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5706309</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: grant+17: || ]
|-
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|-
| 5742735 || 25 aug 1994 || 21 apr 1998 || 20 apr 1989 || 21 apr 2015 || Digital adaptive transformation coding method || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5742735</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: grant+17: Case Text: This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/133,273 filed Oct. 7, 1993 now abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/982,063 filed Nov. 25, 1992 now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/716,769 filed Jun. 19, 1991 now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/347,806, filed as PCT/DE88/00618, Oct. 6, 1988 published as WO89/03574, Apr. 20, 1989 now abandoned. || ]
|-
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|-
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|-
| 6185539 || 26 May 1998 || 06 feb 2001 || 19 feb 1997 || 19 feb 2017 || Process of low sampling rate digital encoding of audio signals || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6185539</ref> file+20: pct_file+20: || ]
|-
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|-
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|-
| 5703999 || 18 nov 1996 || 30 dec 1997 || 23 feb 1995 || 32 feb 2015 || Process for reducing data in the transmission and/or storage of digital signals from several interdependent channels || <ref>http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5703999</ref> file+20: related_patent+20: Case Text: This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/338,618, filed as PCT/DE93/00448 May 18, 1993. || ]
|}


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Reflist|30em}}


==External links== == External links ==
* *
* (figures are lost) * (figures are lost)
* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902044211/http://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/papers/paper_14/paper_14.shtml |date=2006-09-02 }}
* Slides from lectures on video compression at MIT. * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105014305/http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena/course/6/6.344/www/Video/teaching_MIT6344.html |date=2005-11-05 }} - Slides from lectures on video compression at MIT.
* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528022050/http://www.egr.msu.edu/waves/people/Ali_files/DCT_TR802.pdf|date=2008-05-28}}
* *
* *
* MPEG-2 at the ISO Store. * - MPEG-2 at the ISO Store
* - A list of MPEG reference books. * - A list of MPEG reference books
*

{{MPEG}} {{MPEG}}
{{Compression formats}} {{Compression formats}}
{{High-definition}} {{High-definition}}
{{List of International Electrotechnical Commission standards}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mpeg-2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mpeg-2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:24, 3 December 2024

Video encoding standard
MPEG-2 is used in Digital Video Broadcast and DVDs. The MPEG transport stream, TS, and MPEG program stream, PS, are container formats.

MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such as H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC, backwards compatibility with existing hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in over-the-air digital television broadcasting and in the DVD-Video standard.

Main characteristics

MPEG-2 is widely used as the format of digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial (over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. It also specifies the format of movies and other programs that are distributed on DVD and similar discs. TV stations, TV receivers, DVD players, and other equipment are often designed to this standard. MPEG-2 was the second of several standards developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) and is an international standard (ISO/IEC 13818, titled Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information). Parts 1 and 2 of MPEG-2 were developed in a collaboration with ITU-T, and they have a respective catalog number in the ITU-T Recommendation Series.

While MPEG-2 is the core of most digital television and DVD formats, it does not completely specify them. Regional institutions can adapt it to their needs by restricting and augmenting aspects of the standard. See Video profiles and levels.

Systems

See also: MPEG program stream and MPEG transport stream

MPEG-2 Part 1 (ISO/IEC 13818-1 and ITU-T Rec. H.222.0), titled Systems, defines two distinct, but related, container formats. One is the transport stream, a data packet format designed to transmit one data packet in four ATM data packets for streaming digital video and audio over fixed or mobile transmission mediums, where the beginning and the end of the stream may not be identified, such as radio frequency, cable and linear recording mediums, examples of which include ATSC/DVB/ISDB/SBTVD broadcasting, and HDV recording on tape. The other is the program stream, an extended version of the MPEG-1 container format with less overhead than transport stream. Program stream is designed for random access storage mediums such as hard disk drives, optical discs and flash memory.

Transport stream file formats include M2TS, which is used on Blu-ray discs, AVCHD on re-writable DVDs and HDV on compact flash cards. Program stream files include VOB on DVDs and Enhanced VOB on the short lived HD DVD. The standard MPEG-2 transport stream contains packets of 188 bytes. M2TS prepends each packet with 4 bytes containing a 2-bit copy permission indicator and 30-bit timestamp.

ISO authorized the "SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC" as the registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiers. The registration descriptor of MPEG-2 transport is provided by ISO/IEC 13818-1 in order to enable users of the standard to unambiguously carry data when its format is not necessarily a recognized international standard. This provision will permit the MPEG-2 transport standard to carry all types of data while providing for a method of unambiguous identification of the characteristics of the underlying private data.

Video

Main article: H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2

MPEG-2 Part 2 (ISO/IEC 13818-2 and ITU-T Rec. H.262), titled Video, is similar to the previous MPEG-1 Part 2 standard, but adds support for interlaced video, the format used by analog broadcast TV systems. MPEG-2 video is not optimized for low bit rates, especially less than 1 Mbit/s at standard-definition resolutions. All standards-compliant MPEG-2 Video decoders are fully capable of playing back MPEG-1 Video streams conforming to the constrained parameters bitstream (CPB) limits.

With some enhancements, MPEG-2 Video and Systems are also used in some HDTV transmission systems, and is the standard format for over-the-air ATSC digital television.

Audio

MPEG-2 introduces new audio encoding methods compared to MPEG-1:

MPEG-2 Part 3

Main article: MPEG-2 Part 3

MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3), titled Audio, enhances MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel. This method is backwards-compatible with MPEG-1, allowing MPEG-1 audio decoders to decode the two main stereo components of the presentation. This extension is called MPEG Multichannel or MPEG-2 BC (backwards-compatible).

MPEG-2 Part 3 also defines additional bit rates and sampling rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layers I, II, and III. This extension is known as MPEG-2 LSF (low sampling frequencies), since the new sampling rates are one-half multiples (16, 22.05 and 24 kHz) of the sampling rates defined in MPEG-1 (32, 44.1 and 48 kHz).

MPEG-2 Part 7

Main article: Advanced Audio Coding

MPEG-2 Part 7 (ISO/IEC 13818-7), titled Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) specifies a rather different, non-backwards-compatible audio format. This format is most commonly called Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), but was originally called MPEG-2 NBC (non-backwards-compatible).

AAC is more efficient than the previous MPEG audio standards, and is in some ways less complicated than its predecessor, MPEG-1 Part 3 Audio Layer 3, in that it does not have the hybrid filter bank. It supports from 1 to 48 channels at sampling rates of 8 to 96 kHz, with multichannel, multilingual, and multiprogram capabilities.

AAC is also defined in MPEG-4 Part 3.

MPEG-2 Parts

MPEG-2 standards are published as "Parts". Each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification.

MPEG-2 Parts
Part Number First public release date (first edition) Latest public release date (last edition) Latest amendment Identical ITU-T Rec. Title Description
Part 1 ISO/IEC 13818-1 1996 2015 2016 H.222.0 Systems Synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. See MPEG transport stream and MPEG program stream.
Part 2 ISO/IEC 13818-2 1996 2013 H.262 Video Video coding format for interlaced and non-interlaced video signals
Part 3 ISO/IEC 13818-3 1995 1998 Audio Audio coding format for perceptual coding of audio signals. A multichannel-enabled extension and extension of bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. Backwards-compatible (BC) audio (backwards-compatible with MPEG-1).
Part 4 ISO/IEC 13818-4 1998 2004 2009 Conformance testing
Part 5 ISO/IEC TR 13818-5 1997 2005 Software simulation
Part 6 ISO/IEC 13818-6 1998 1998 2001 Extensions for DSM-CC DSM-CC (digital storage media command and control)
Part 7 ISO/IEC 13818-7 1997 2006 2007 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) Advanced Audio Coding (AAC). Non-backwards-compatible (NBC) audio (not backwards-compatible with MPEG-1).
Part 8 Withdrawn 10-bit video extension. Primary application was studio video, allowing artifact-free processing without giving up compression. Work began in 1995, but was terminated in 2007 because of insufficient industry interest.
Part 9 ISO/IEC 13818-9 1996 1996 Extension for real time interface for systems decoders
Part 10 ISO/IEC 13818-10 1999 1999 Conformance extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control (DSM-CC)
Part 11 ISO/IEC 13818-11 2004 2004 IPMP on MPEG-2 systems Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP). XML IPMP messages are also defined in ISO/IEC 23001-3.

History

MPEG-2 evolved out of the shortcomings of MPEG-1.

MPEG-1's known weaknesses:

  • An audio compression system limited to two channels (stereo)
  • No standardized support for interlaced video with poor compression when used for interlaced video
  • Only one standardized "profile", constrained parameters bitstream (CBP), which was unsuited for higher resolution video. MPEG-1 could support 4K video but there was no easy way to encode video for higher resolutions, and identify hardware capable of supporting it, as the limitations of such hardware were not defined.
  • Support for only one chroma subsampling, 4:2:0

Sakae Okubo of NTT was the ITU-T coordinator for developing the H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video coding standard and the requirements chairman in MPEG for the MPEG-2 set of standards. The majority of patents underlying MPEG-2 technology are owned by three companies: Sony (311 patents), Thomson (198 patents) and Mitsubishi Electric (119 patents). Hyundai Electronics (now SK Hynix) developed the first MPEG-2 SAVI (System/Audio/Video) decoder in 1995.

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

Filename extensions

.mpg, .mpeg, .m2v, .mp2, .mp3 are some of a number of filename extensions used for MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio and video file formats.

File extension MP3 (formally MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) is a coding format for digital audio developed largely by the Fraunhofer Society in Germany, with support from other digital scientists in the United States and elsewhere.

Applications

DVD-Video

Main article: DVD-Video

The DVD-Video standard uses MPEG-2 video, but imposes some restrictions:

  • Allowed Dimensions
    • 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixel (NTSC)
    • 720 × 576, 702 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixel (PAL)
  • Allowed Aspect ratios (Display AR)
  1. 1.85:1 and 2.35:1, among others, are often listed as valid DVD aspect ratios, but are wider film aspects with letterbox style padding to create a 16:9 image
  • Allowed frame rates
    • 29.97 interlaced frame/s (NTSC)
    • 23.976 progressive frame/s (for NTSC 2:3 pull-down to 29.97)
    • 25 interlaced frame/s (PAL)
  1. By using a pattern of REPEAT_FIRST_FIELD flags on the headers of encoded pictures, pictures can be displayed for either two or three fields and almost any picture display rate (minimum ⅔ of the frame rate) can be achieved. This is most often used to display 23.976 (approximately film rate) video on NTSC. See telecine for more information on how this works.
  • Audio + video bitrate
    • Video peak 9.8 Mbit/s
    • Total peak 10.08 Mbit/s
    • Minimum 300 kbit/s
  • YUV 4:2:0
  • Additional subtitles possible
  • Closed captioning (NTSC only)
  • Audio
    • Linear Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM): 48 kHz or 96 kHz; 16- or 24-bit; up to six channels (not all combinations possible due to bitrate constraints)
    • MPEG Layer 2 (MP2): 48 kHz, up to 5.1 channels (required in PAL players only)
    • Dolby Digital (DD, also known as AC-3): 48 kHz, 32–448 kbit/s, up to 5.1 channels
    • Digital Theater Systems (DTS): 754 kbit/s or 1510 kbit/s (not required for DVD player compliance)
    • NTSC DVDs must contain at least one LPCM or Dolby Digital audio track.
    • PAL DVDs must contain at least one MPEG Layer 2, LPCM, or Dolby Digital audio track.
    • Players are not required to play back audio with more than two channels, but must be able to downmix multichannel audio to two channels.
  • GOP structure (Group Of Pictures)
    • Sequence header must be present at the beginning of every GOP
    • Maximum frames per GOP: 18 (NTSC) / 15 (PAL), i.e. 0.6 seconds both
    • Closed GOP required for multi-angle DVDs

HDV

Main article: HDV

HDV is a format for recording and playback of high-definition MPEG-2 video on a DV cassette tape.

MOD and TOD

Main article: MOD and TOD (video format)

MOD and TOD are recording formats for use in consumer digital file-based camcorders.

XDCAM

Main article: XDCAM

XDCAM is a professional file-based video recording format.

DVB

Application-specific restrictions on MPEG-2 video in the DVB standard:

Allowed resolutions for SDTV:

  • 720, 704, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 480 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s
  • 352 × 240 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s
  • 720, 702, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 576 pixel, 25 frame/s
  • 352 × 288 pixel, 25 frame/s

For HDTV:

  • 720 x 576 x 50 frame/s progressive (576p50)
  • 1280 x 720 x 25 or 50 frame/s progressive (720p50/720p50)
  • 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s progressive (1080p25 = film mode)
  • 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s interlace (1080i50)

ATSC

Main article: ATSC standards

The ATSC A/53 standard used in the United States, uses MPEG-2 video at the Main Profile @ High Level (MP@HL), with additional restrictions such as the maximum bitrate of 19.39 Mbit/s for broadcast television and 38.8 Mbit/s for cable television, 4:2:0 chroma subsampling format, and mandatory colorimetry information.

ATSC allows the following video resolutions, aspect ratios, and frame/field rates:

  • 1920 × 1080 pixel (16:9, square pixels), at 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, 59.94i.
  • 1280 × 720 pixel (16:9, square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, or 23.976p
  • 704 × 480 pixel (4:3 or 16:9, non-square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, or 59.94i
  • 640 × 480 pixel (4:3, square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, or 59.94i

ATSC standard A/63 defines additional resolutions and aspect rates for 50 Hz (PAL) signal.

The ATSC specification and MPEG-2 allow the use of progressive frames, even within an interlaced video sequence. For example, a station that transmits 1080i60 video sequence can use a coding method where those 60 fields are coded with 24 progressive frames and metadata instructs the decoder to interlace them and perform 3:2 pulldown before display. This allows broadcasters to switch between 60 Hz interlaced (news, soap operas) and 24 Hz progressive (prime-time) content without ending the MPEG-2 sequence and introducing several seconds of delay as the TV switches formats. This is the reason why 1080p30 and 1080p24 sequences allowed by the ATSC specification are not used in practice.

The 1080-line formats are encoded with 1920 × 1088 pixel luma matrices and 960 × 540 chroma matrices, but the last 8 lines are discarded by the MPEG-2 decoding and display process.

ATSC A/72 is the newest revision of ATSC standards for digital television, which allows the use of H.264/AVC video coding format and 1080p60 signal.

MPEG-2 audio was a contender for the ATSC standard during the DTV "Grand Alliance" shootout, but lost out to Dolby AC-3.

ISDB-T

Technical features of MPEG-2 in ATSC are also valid for ISDB-T, except that in the main TS has aggregated a second program for mobile devices compressed in MPEG-4 H.264 AVC for video and AAC-LC for audio, mainly known as 1seg.

Blu-ray

Main article: Blu-ray

MPEG-2 is one of the three supported video coding formats supported by Blu-ray Disc. Early Blu-ray releases typically used MPEG-2 video, but recent releases are almost always in H.264 or occasionally VC-1. Only MPEG-2 video (MPEG-2 part 2) is supported, Blu-ray does not support MPEG-2 audio (parts 3 and 7). Additionally, the container format used on Blu-ray discs is an MPEG-2 transport stream, regardless of which audio and video codecs are used.

Patent pool

As of January 3, 2024, MPEG-2 patents have expired worldwide, with the exception of only Malaysia, where the last patent is expected to expire in 2035. The last US patent expired on February 23, 2018.

MPEG LA, a private patent licensing organization, had acquired rights from over 20 corporations and one university to license a patent pool of approximately 640 worldwide patents, which it claimed were "essential" to use of MPEG-2 technology. The patent holders included Sony, Mitsubishi Electric, Fujitsu, Panasonic, Scientific Atlanta, Columbia University, Philips, General Instrument, Canon, Hitachi, JVC Kenwood, LG Electronics, NTT, Samsung, Sanyo, Sharp and Toshiba. Where Software patentability is upheld and patents have not expired (only Malaysia), the use of MPEG-2 requires the payment of licensing fees to the patent holders. Other patents were licensed by Audio MPEG, Inc. The development of the standard itself took less time than the patent negotiations. Patent pooling between essential and peripheral patent holders in the MPEG-2 pool was the subject of a study by the University of Wisconsin.

According to the MPEG-2 licensing agreement any use of MPEG-2 technology in countries with active patents (Malaysia) is subject to royalties. MPEG-2 encoders and decoders are subject to $0.35 per unit. Also, any packaged medium (DVDs/Data Streams) is subject to licence fees according to length of recording/broadcast. The royalties were previously priced higher but were lowered at several points, most recently on January 1, 2018. An earlier criticism of the MPEG-2 patent pool was that even though the number of patents had decreased from 1,048 to 416 by June 2013 the license fee had not decreased with the expiration rate of MPEG-2 patents.

Patent holders

The following organizations have held patents for MPEG-2, as listed at MPEG LA. See also List of United States MPEG-2 patents.

Organization Patents
Sony Corporation 311
Thomson Licensing 198
Mitsubishi Electric 119
Philips 99
GE Technology Development, Inc. 75
Panasonic Corporation 55
CIF Licensing, LLC 44
JVC Kenwood 39
Samsung Electronics 38
Alcatel Lucent (including Multimedia Patent Trust) 33
Cisco Technology, Inc. 13
Toshiba Corporation 9
Columbia University 9
LG Electronics 8
Hitachi 7
Orange S.A. 7
Fujitsu 6
Robert Bosch GmbH 5
General Instrument 4
British Telecommunications 3
Canon Inc. 2
KDDI Corporation 2
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) 2
ARRIS Technology, Inc. 2
Sanyo Electric 1
Sharp Corporation 1
Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Company 1

See also

References

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