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] {{short description|Governor of California}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Romualdo Pacheco
|image = Romualdo Pacheco - Brady-Handy.jpg
|caption = Portrait by ] {{circa}} 1865–1880
|order1 = 12th
|office1 = Governor of California
|lieutenant1 = William Irwin (Acting)
|term_start1 = February 27, 1875
|term_end1 = December 9, 1875
|predecessor1 = ]
|successor1 = ]
|office2 = 12th ]
|governor2 = Newton Booth
|term_start2 = December 8, 1871
|term_end2 = February 27, 1875
|predecessor2 = ]
|successor2 = William Irwin (Acting)
|office3 = 7th ]
|governor3 = ]<br>]
|term_start3 = October 10, 1863
|term_end3 = December 7, 1867
|predecessor3 = ]
|successor3 = ]
|state4 = ]
|district4 = {{ushr|CA|4|4th}}
|term_start4 = March 4, 1879
|term_end4 = March 4, 1883
|predecessor4 = ]
|successor4 = ]
|term_start5 = March 4, 1877
|term_end5 = February 7, 1878
|predecessor5 = Peter D. Wigginton
|successor5 = Peter D. Wigginton
|state_senate6= California
|term_start6 = January 7, 1869
|term_end6 = October 6, 1871
|predecessor6 = ]
|successor6 = ]
|constituency6= ]
|term_start7 = January 7, 1861
|term_end7 = December 7, 1863
|predecessor7 = ]
|successor7 = ]
|constituency7= ]
|term_start8 = January 4, 1858
|term_end8 = January 2, 1860
|predecessor8 = ]
|successor8 = ]
|constituency8= ]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Diplomatic offices
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
|office9 = ]
|president9 = ]
|term_start9 = May 21, 1891
|term_end9 = October 13, 1891
|predecessor9 = ]
|successor9 = ]
|office10 = ]
|president10 = Benjamin Harrison
|term_start10 = May 7, 1891
|term_end10 = October 31, 1891
|predecessor10= Lansing B. Mizner
|successor10 = Richard C. Shannon
|office11 = ]
|president11 = Benjamin Harrison<br>]
|term_start11 = April 17, 1891
|term_end11 = June 12, 1893
|predecessor11= Lansing B. Mizner
|successor11 = ]
|office12 = ]
|president12 = Benjamin Harrison
|term_start12 = March 28, 1891
|term_end12 = November 14, 1891
|predecessor12= Lansing B. Mizner
|successor12 = Richard C. Shannon
|office13 = ]
|president13 = ]
|term_start13 = February 28, 1891
|term_end13 = June 12, 1893
|predecessor13= Lansing B. Mizner
|successor13 = Pierce M. B. Young
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
|birth_name = José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco
|birth_date = {{birth date|1831|10|31}}
|birth_place = ], ], ]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1899|1|23|1831|10|31}}
|death_place = ], ], ]
|party = ] {{small|(before 1860)}}<br>] {{small|(1860–1868)}}<br>] {{small|(after 1868)}}<br />] {{small|(1875)}}
|spouse = ]
|children = {{hlist|Maybella Ramona|Romualdo Jr.}}
|relatives = ] (father)<br />] (mother)<br />] (grandmother)<br />] (aunt)<br />] (uncle)<br />] (cousin)
|signature = Signature of José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco, Jr.png
|allegiance = {{flag|United States|1861}}
|branch = {{army|United States}}
|battles = ]
|serviceyears =
|rank = ] ]
|unit =
}}


'''José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco''' (October 31, 1831{{spaced ndash}}January 23, 1899) was a ] statesman and diplomat. A ], he is best known as the only ] man to serve as ] since the American ], and as the first Latino to represent a state in the ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Romualdo Pacheco 1875 - 1875 | work=Governors of California | url=http://governors.library.ca.gov/12-Pacheco.html | year=2012 | access-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> Pacheco was elected and appointed to various state, federal, and diplomatic offices throughout his more than thirty-year career, including serving as a ], ], and three terms in the ].
]


==Early life==
'''José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco, Jr.''' (], ] &ndash; ], ]) was a ]-] ] who, ], has been the only Hispanic ] following its admission to the ].
]
José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco was a ], born in ], to a family with prominent connections. His father, ], had moved to ] from ] in 1825, and served as an aide to ] during his tenure as ]. Pacheco's father was killed at the ] in 1831, when the young Romualdo was just five weeks old. {{sfn|Nicholson|1990|p=9}} His father had shot José María Avila, who had attacked ] Governor ] with a lance, but died when Avila's lance struck him. {{sfn|Nicholson|1990|pp=9-10}}


His mother, María Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco, was a sister-in-law of General ] and a daughter of ], the grantee of ]. After the death of his father, Romualdo's mother married Captain John D. Wilson, a ], who sent Pacheco to ], for his ].{{sfn|Nicholson|1990|pp=17-21}}
Pacheco represented ] in the ] from ], ] to ], ], and from ], ] to ], ]. He was the first Hispanic Representative from a U.S. state; several others had previously served as ]s for ] and did not have full ] privileges. He served as ] under ] until Booth was elected to the ] in 1875. Pacheco then served as governor from ], 1875 to ], when ], winner in the September elections, was inaugurated. Pacheco was the first California governor born in California. Early in his political career in the 1850s, he was a ]. He became affiliated with the ] in the 1860s, but was elected to most of his positions as a candidate for the ].


At age twelve, Pacheco began an ] aboard a ] ]. The ] broke out two years later, and he was briefly held by American forces during the ] while on one trip in July 1846, as he brought cargo to ] (modern day ]). The ship he was on was searched, and he made an oath of allegiance to the United States and was released.
He was born in ] to Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco and Captain Romualdo Pacheco. His family was prominent in what was then ]. Captain Pacheco had moved to California from ] in 1825 and served as an aide to Governor ]. However, he died when the young Romualdo was just five weeks old. His mother later married a ] named Captain John D. Wilson, who sent Romualdo to ] for his ].


==Politics==
At the age of 12, Pacheco began an ] aboard a ] ]. The ] broke out around this time, and he was briefly held by American forces on one trip in July 1846 as he brought cargo to Yerba Buena (now known as ]). The ship he was on was searched, and he made an oath of allegiance to the United States and was released.
]]]
Pacheco's association with a prominent family in the state helped him to gain support as he entered politics in the 1850s. He was also well respected by ]s coming into the area. Early in his political career in the 1850s, he was a ]. He became affiliated with the ] in the 1860s, but was elected to most of his positions as a candidate for the ].


Pacheco's association with a prominent family in the state helped him to gain support as he entered politics in the 1850s. He was also well-respected by Anglos coming into the area. He was ] to the ] in 1857 and re-elected two times, serving until 1863. However, the United States became involved in the ], and Pacheco was appointed the rank of ] by Governor ] and directed to disarm military companies in the ] area that were not composed of Union ]s. In 1853, at age 22, Pacheco successfully sought the position of ] in ].{{sfn|Nicholson|1990|p=40}} Pacheco was ] to the ] in 1857, succeeded his cousin ].{{sfn|Nicholson|1990|p=42}} At 27 years old, he was the youngest member of the legislature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/7093 |title=Romualdo Pacheco |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=JoinCalifornia |publisher= |access-date=9 October 2024 |quote=}}</ref> He was re-elected two times, serving until 1863. During the ] Pacheco was appointed the rank of ] by Governor ] and directed to disarm military companies in the ] area that were not loyal to the ].


Pacheco served as ] from 1863 to 1867, then returned to the State Senate until he was elected ] in ]. He served as ] under ] until Booth was elected to the ] in ] and took office in 1875. Pacheco then served as Governor from February 27 to December 9, 1875, when Lieutenant Governor ], winner in the ] that year, was inaugurated. Pacheco, having been denied the Republican nomination for Governor, instead ] on the ] ticket alongside ].
He served as state ] for a few years, then returned to the state senate until becoming lieutenant governor. After briefly serving as governor, Pacheco ran for a U.S. House seat, winning by just one vote. His opponent, ] contested the election, eventually forcing Pacheco to leave in 1878 when the ] refused Pacheco's ]. Returning to California, he went into ] until winning a House seat again in September 1879. He was reelected in 1880.


After his brief tenure as governor, Pacheco ran for a U.S. House seat in ], defeating incumbent ] by just one vote. Wigginton contested the election, eventually forcing Pacheco to leave in 1878 when the ] refused Pacheco's certificate of election. Returning to California, he went into ] until winning a House seat again in ]. He was reelected in ].
After leaving Congress, Pacheco lived on a ] ] in the northern ] state of ] for five years until being appointed as a U.S. ] to ] in 1890. He returned to California in 1893, dying in ] in 1899 and buried in ].


==Diplomacy and death==
In 1863 he married Mary McIntire, a beautiful and talented 22-year old playwright. They had two children, Maybella Ramona (or Mabel), born in 1865 and Romualdo (or Waldo). Waldo died in childhood. In 1889 Mabel married Will Tevis in San Francisco. Tevis was the son of a powerful business family. They would give Romualdo and Mary Pacheco four grandsons.
]
After leaving Congress, Pacheco lived on a ] ] in the northern ] state of ] for five years until he was appointed as U.S. ] to various countries in ] in 1890.


He returned to California in 1893, and he died in ], at the home of his brother-in-law, in 1899. He is buried in ].{{sfn|Nicholson|1990|p=105}}
Pacheco was proficient at riding ]s and is the only known governor of California to have ]ed a ].


==Personal life==
In 1985 the Book Club of California published a biography "Romualdo Pacheco: A Californio in Two Eras" by Ronald Genini and Richard Hitchman.
On October 31, 1863, he married Mary McIntire, a 22-year-old playwright.{{sfn|Nicholson|1990|p=65}} They had three children, Maybella Ramona, Romualdo, and Enrique.


==External links== ==Legacy==
Pacheco not only was the first Hispanic ], but (as of 2024) the only one in California's history as a state. He is also remembered for being the first Latino to represent a state in the ]. Latinos had served as non-voting delegates of territories before, but Pacheco was the first Latino member of Congress with full voting rights.
*
*
*


He was the last ] elected to represent ] in the U.S. Congress until ] was elected to represent the ] in a ] in May 2020,<ref>'']'' (2020)</ref> although ], whose mother was Mexican, was a Republican U.S. representative from California from 1901 to 1903, and Mexican-American U.S. Representative ] switched from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party on July 27, 2000 and served in Congress as a Republican until his term concluded on January 3, 2001.


==Gallery==
----
<gallery>
File:Romualdo Pacheco 1860s.jpg|Pacheco in the 1860s
File:Romualdo Pacheco Oval.png|Pacheco {{circa}} 1870s
File:Francisca Benicia Vallejo and nephew Romualdo Pacheco.jpg|Pacheco with his aunt ]
File:RomualdoPacheco.jpg|Pacheco's official gubernatorial portrait
</gallery>


==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References==
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years=1871&ndash;1875
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years= 1875
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{{CATreasurers}}
{{CAGovernors}}


==Sources==
* {{cite book
| last = Nicholson
| first = Loren
| title = Romualdo Pacheco's California!
| year = 1990
| location = San Luis Obispo
| publisher = California Heritage Publishing Associates
| isbn = 0-9623233-2-2
}}
*Ronald Genini & Richard Hitchman, ''Romualdo Pacheco: A Californio in Two Eras'', The Book Club of California:1985. LC Control#86101529

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* at the ]
* at the ]
* at the ]

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Latest revision as of 07:07, 9 December 2024

Governor of California
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Romualdo Pacheco
Portrait by Mathew Brady c. 1865–1880
12th Governor of California
In office
February 27, 1875 – December 9, 1875
LieutenantWilliam Irwin (Acting)
Preceded byNewton Booth
Succeeded byWilliam Irwin
12th Lieutenant Governor of California
In office
December 8, 1871 – February 27, 1875
GovernorNewton Booth
Preceded byWilliam Holden
Succeeded byWilliam Irwin (Acting)
7th California State Treasurer
In office
October 10, 1863 – December 7, 1867
GovernorLeland Stanford
Frederick Low
Preceded byDelos R. Ashley
Succeeded byAntonio F. Coronel
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 4th district
In office
March 4, 1879 – March 4, 1883
Preceded byPeter D. Wigginton
Succeeded byPleasant B. Tully
In office
March 4, 1877 – February 7, 1878
Preceded byPeter D. Wigginton
Succeeded byPeter D. Wigginton
Member of the California Senate
In office
January 7, 1869 – October 6, 1871
Preceded byPatrick W. Murphy
Succeeded byJames Van Ness
Constituency3rd district
In office
January 7, 1861 – December 7, 1863
Preceded byJohn H. Watson
Succeeded byJuan Y. Cot
Constituency3rd district
In office
January 4, 1858 – January 2, 1860
Preceded byPablo de la Guerra
Succeeded byPablo de la Guerra
Constituency2nd district
Diplomatic offices
United States Minister to Nicaragua
In office
May 21, 1891 – October 13, 1891
PresidentBenjamin Harrison
Preceded byLansing B. Mizner
Succeeded byRichard C. Shannon
United States Minister to Costa Rica
In office
May 7, 1891 – October 31, 1891
PresidentBenjamin Harrison
Preceded byLansing B. Mizner
Succeeded byRichard C. Shannon
United States Minister to Honduras
In office
April 17, 1891 – June 12, 1893
PresidentBenjamin Harrison
Grover Cleveland
Preceded byLansing B. Mizner
Succeeded byPierce M. B. Young
United States Minister to El Salvador
In office
March 28, 1891 – November 14, 1891
PresidentBenjamin Harrison
Preceded byLansing B. Mizner
Succeeded byRichard C. Shannon
United States Minister to Guatemala
In office
February 28, 1891 – June 12, 1893
PresidentBenjamin Harrison
Preceded byLansing B. Mizner
Succeeded byPierce M. B. Young
Personal details
BornJosé Antonio Romualdo Pacheco
(1831-10-31)October 31, 1831
Santa Barbara, Alta California, Mexico
DiedJanuary 23, 1899(1899-01-23) (aged 67)
Oakland, California, United States
Political partyDemocratic (before 1860)
National Union (1860–1868)
Republican (after 1868)
People's Independent (1875)
SpouseMary McIntire Pacheco
Children
  • Maybella Ramona
  • Romualdo Jr.
RelativesJosé Antonio Romualdo Pacheco (father)
María Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco (mother)
María Ygnacia López de Carrillo (grandmother)
Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo (aunt)
Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo (uncle)
Pablo de la Guerra (cousin)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
Rank Brigadier General
Battles/warsAmerican Civil War

José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco (October 31, 1831 – January 23, 1899) was a Californio statesman and diplomat. A Republican, he is best known as the only Hispanic man to serve as governor of California since the American Conquest of California, and as the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S. Congress. Pacheco was elected and appointed to various state, federal, and diplomatic offices throughout his more than thirty-year career, including serving as a California State Treasurer, California State Senator, and three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Early life

Pacheco in 1858

José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco was a Californio, born in Santa Barbara, California, to a family with prominent connections. His father, José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco, had moved to Alta California from Guanajuato in 1825, and served as an aide to José María de Echeandía during his tenure as governor of Alta California. Pacheco's father was killed at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1831, when the young Romualdo was just five weeks old. His father had shot José María Avila, who had attacked Alta California Governor Manuel Victoria with a lance, but died when Avila's lance struck him.

His mother, María Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco, was a sister-in-law of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and a daughter of María Ygnacia López de Carrillo, the grantee of Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa. After the death of his father, Romualdo's mother married Captain John D. Wilson, a Scotsman, who sent Pacheco to Honolulu, Hawaii, for his education.

At age twelve, Pacheco began an apprenticeship aboard a trading vessel. The Mexican–American War broke out two years later, and he was briefly held by American forces during the Conquest of California while on one trip in July 1846, as he brought cargo to Yerba Buena (modern day San Francisco). The ship he was on was searched, and he made an oath of allegiance to the United States and was released.

Politics

Official portrait in the U.S. House of Representatives

Pacheco's association with a prominent family in the state helped him to gain support as he entered politics in the 1850s. He was also well respected by Anglos coming into the area. Early in his political career in the 1850s, he was a Democrat. He became affiliated with the National Union Party in the 1860s, but was elected to most of his positions as a candidate for the Republican Party.

In 1853, at age 22, Pacheco successfully sought the position of Judge in San Luis Obispo County. Pacheco was elected to the State Senate in 1857, succeeded his cousin Pablo de la Guerra. At 27 years old, he was the youngest member of the legislature. He was re-elected two times, serving until 1863. During the American Civil War Pacheco was appointed the rank of brigadier general by Governor Leland Stanford and directed to disarm military companies in the Los Angeles area that were not loyal to the Union.

Pacheco served as State Treasurer from 1863 to 1867, then returned to the State Senate until he was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1871. He served as Lieutenant Governor of California under Newton Booth until Booth was elected to the United States Senate in 1873 and took office in 1875. Pacheco then served as Governor from February 27 to December 9, 1875, when Lieutenant Governor William Irwin, winner in the September elections that year, was inaugurated. Pacheco, having been denied the Republican nomination for Governor, instead ran for Lieutenant Governor on the People's Independent ticket alongside John Bidwell.

After his brief tenure as governor, Pacheco ran for a U.S. House seat in 1876, defeating incumbent Peter D. Wigginton by just one vote. Wigginton contested the election, eventually forcing Pacheco to leave in 1878 when the House Committee on Elections refused Pacheco's certificate of election. Returning to California, he went into business until winning a House seat again in September 1879. He was reelected in 1880.

Diplomacy and death

Pacheco in the 1890s

After leaving Congress, Pacheco lived on a cattle ranch in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila for five years until he was appointed as U.S. Minister to various countries in Central America in 1890.

He returned to California in 1893, and he died in Oakland, at the home of his brother-in-law, in 1899. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery.

Personal life

On October 31, 1863, he married Mary McIntire, a 22-year-old playwright. They had three children, Maybella Ramona, Romualdo, and Enrique.

Legacy

Pacheco not only was the first Hispanic governor of California, but (as of 2024) the only one in California's history as a state. He is also remembered for being the first Latino to represent a state in the U.S. House of Representatives. Latinos had served as non-voting delegates of territories before, but Pacheco was the first Latino member of Congress with full voting rights.

He was the last Hispanic Republican elected to represent California in the U.S. Congress until Mike Garcia was elected to represent the 25th district in a special election in May 2020, although Frank Coombs, whose mother was Mexican, was a Republican U.S. representative from California from 1901 to 1903, and Mexican-American U.S. Representative Matthew G. Martínez switched from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party on July 27, 2000 and served in Congress as a Republican until his term concluded on January 3, 2001.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. "Romualdo Pacheco 1875 - 1875". Governors of California. 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  2. Nicholson 1990, p. 9.
  3. Nicholson 1990, pp. 9–10.
  4. Nicholson 1990, pp. 17–21.
  5. Nicholson 1990, p. 40.
  6. Nicholson 1990, p. 42.
  7. "Romualdo Pacheco". JoinCalifornia. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  8. Nicholson 1990, p. 105.
  9. Nicholson 1990, p. 65.
  10. Sacramento Bee "Republican flips California congressional seat. What does that mean for November?" (2020)

Sources

  • Nicholson, Loren (1990). Romualdo Pacheco's California!. San Luis Obispo: California Heritage Publishing Associates. ISBN 0-9623233-2-2.
  • Ronald Genini & Richard Hitchman, Romualdo Pacheco: A Californio in Two Eras, The Book Club of California:1985. LC Control#86101529

External links

Political offices
Preceded byDelos R. Ashley Treasurer of California
1863–1867 		Succeeded byAntonio F. Coronel
Preceded byWilliam Holden Lieutenant Governor of California
1871–1875 		Succeeded byWilliam Irwin
(Acting)
Preceded byNewton Booth Governor of California
1875
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byPeter D. Wigginton Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 4th congressional district
1877–1878 		Succeeded byPeter D. Wigginton
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 4th congressional district
1879–1883 		Succeeded byPleasant B. Tully
Preceded byThomas M. Gunter Chair of the House Private Land Claims Committee
1881–1883 		Succeeded byHenry L. Muldrow
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byLansing B. Mizner United States Minister to Guatemala
1891–1893 		Succeeded byPierce M. B. Young
United States Minister to Honduras
1891–1893
United States Minister to El Salvador
1891 		Succeeded byRichard C. Shannon
United States Minister to Costa Rica
1891
United States Minister to Nicaragua
1891
Governors of California
Under Spain
(1769–1822)
  1. Capt. Portolá
  2. Col. Fages
  3. Capt. Rivera
  4. Capt-Gen. de Neve
  5. Col. Fages
  6. Capt. Roméu
  7. Capt. Arrillaga
  8. Col. Bórica
  9. Lt. Col. Alberní
  10. Capt. Arrillaga
  11. Capt. J. Argüello
  12. Don Solá
Under Mexico
(1822–1846)
  1. Capt. L. Argüello
  2. Lt. Col. Echeandía
  3. Gen. Victoria
  4. Don P. Pico
  5. Lt. Col. Echeandía
  6. Brig. Gen. Figueroa
  7. Lt. Col. Castro
  8. Lt. Col. Gutiérrez
  9. Col. Chico
  10. Lt. Col. Gutiérrez
  11. Pres. Alvarado · Carrillo (rival)
  12. Brig. Gen. Micheltorena
  13. Don P. Pico
Under U.S. military
(1846–1850)
  1. Cdre. Sloat
  2. Cdre. Stockton · Gen. Flores (rival)
  3. Gen. Kearny · Maj. Frémont (mutineer)
  4. Gen. Mason
  5. Gen. Smith
  6. Gen. Riley
U.S. state
(since 1850)
  1. Burnett
  2. McDougal
  3. Bigler
  4. J. Johnson
  5. Weller
  6. Latham
  7. Downey
  8. Stanford
  9. Low
  10. Haight
  11. Booth
  12. Pacheco
  13. Irwin
  14. Perkins
  15. Stoneman
  16. Bartlett
  17. Waterman
  18. Markham
  19. Budd
  20. Gage
  21. Pardee
  22. Gillett
  23. H. Johnson
  24. Stephens
  25. Richardson
  26. Young
  27. Rolph
  28. Merriam
  29. Olson
  30. Warren
  31. Knight
  32. P. Brown
  33. Reagan
  34. J. Brown
  35. Deukmejian
  36. Wilson
  37. Davis
  38. Schwarzenegger
  39. J. Brown
  40. Newsom
Lieutenant governors of California
* acting
Treasurers of California
United States ambassadors to Costa Rica Costa Rica
Minister Resident Seal of the US Department of State
Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary
Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary
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