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{{short description|Non-Muslim person (of Ottoman Empire)}} |
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{{short description|Non-Muslim person (of the Ottoman Empire)}} |
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]: ''The Giaour'' (1820, lithograph; ], New York)]] |
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]: ''The Giaour'' (1820, lithograph; ], New York)]] |
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]: ''The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan'' (1826, oil on canvas; ]), inspired by ]'s '']'']] |
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]: ''The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan'' (1826, oil on canvas; ]), inspired by ]'s '']'']] |
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'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' or '''Gavour'''<!--Alternate spelling, from https://www.congress.gov/event/114th-congress/joint-event/LC31261/text--> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{lang-tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA|tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{lang-fa|گور}} ''gâvor'';{{efn|an obsolete variant of modern {{lang|fa|گبر}} '']'', originally derived from {{lang-arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}}} {{lang-ro|ghiaur}}; {{lang-al|kaur}}; {{lang-gr|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}; {{lang-bg|гяур}}; ]; kaur/đaur) meaning "infidel", is a slur used mostly in the lands of the former ] for ] or, more particularly, ] in the ].<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name="EHB1-44">{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref> |
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'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' or '''Gavour'''<!--Alternate spelling, from https://www.congress.gov/event/114th-congress/joint-event/LC31261/text--> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{langx|tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA|tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{langx|fa|گور}} ''gâvor'';{{efn|an obsolete variant of modern {{lang|fa|گبر}} '']'', originally derived from {{langx|arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}}} {{langx|ro|ghiaur}}; {{langx|sq|kaur}}; {{langx|el|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}; {{langx|bg|гяур}}; ]; kaur/đaur) meaning "infidel", is a slur used mostly in the lands of the former ] for ] or, more particularly, ] in the ].<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name="EHB1-44">{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref> |
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==Terminology== |
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==Terminology== |
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The terms "'']"'', "''gawur",'' and "'']"'' (the last meaning "]") were commonly used in ]s (tax registries) for ], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Ottoman Empire included ] (''rûm''), ] (''bulgar''), ] (''sırp''), ] (''arnavut'') and ] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/> |
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The terms "'']"'', "''gawur",'' and "'']"'' (the last meaning "]") were commonly used in ]s (tax registries) for ], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Ottoman Empire included ] (''rûm''), ] (''bulgar''), ] (''sırp''), ] (''arnavut'') and ] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/> |
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The ] described the term as follows: |
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The ] described the term as follows: |
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{{quote|''Giaour'' (a ] adaptation of the ] ''gâwr'' or ''gōr'', an ]), a word used by the ] to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of ], the term ] has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic ], or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.}} |
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{{quote|''Giaour'' (a ] adaptation of the ] ''gâwr'' or ''gōr'', an ]), a word used by the ] to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of ], the term ] has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic ], or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.}} |
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During the ](1839–1876) era, a ] prohibited the use of the term by Muslims with reference to non-Muslims<ref> |
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During the ] (1839–1876) era, a ] prohibited the use of the term by Muslims with reference to non-Muslims<ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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{{cite journal |
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| year = 1868 |
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| year = 1868 |
Giaour (a Turkish adaptation of the Persian gâwr or gōr, an infidel), a word used by the Turks to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of China, the term foreign devil has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic kafir, or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Giaour". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 927.