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| {{short description|American zoologist}} | |||
| {{Infobox scientist | {{Infobox scientist | ||
| | name = Robert |
| name = Robert T. Paine | ||
| | image = |
| image = | ||
| | image_size = | |||
| | alt = | | alt = | ||
| | caption = |
| caption = Robert Treat Paine | ||
| | birth_date = {{birth date|1933|04|13}} | | birth_date = {{birth date|1933|04|13}} | ||
| | birth_place = ] | | birth_place = ] | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| | alma_mater = ]<br>] | | alma_mater = ]<br>] | ||
| | thesis_title = The Life History and Population Dynamics of Glottidia Pyramidata (Brachiopoda) | | thesis_title = The Life History and Population Dynamics of Glottidia Pyramidata (Brachiopoda) | ||
| | thesis_url = |
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/302102931 | ||
| | thesis_year = 1961 | | thesis_year = 1961 | ||
| | doctoral_advisor = | | doctoral_advisor = | ||
| | academic_advisors = | | academic_advisors = | ||
| | doctoral_students = ]<ref name="keystone"/><br>]<ref name="keystone"/><br>]<ref name="keystone"/> | | doctoral_students = ]<ref name="keystone"/><br>]<ref name="keystone"/><br>]<ref name="keystone"/> <br> ] | ||
| | notable_students = | | notable_students = | ||
| | known_for = ] concept<ref name="keystone">{{Cite journal | last1 = Yong | first1 = E. | title = Scientific families: Dynasty. Bob Paine fathered an idea — and an academic family — that changed ecology. | doi = 10.1038/493286a | journal =] | volume = 493 | issue = 7432 | pages = |
| known_for = ] concept<ref name="keystone">{{Cite journal | last1 = Yong | first1 = E. | title = Scientific families: Dynasty. Bob Paine fathered an idea — and an academic family — that changed ecology. | doi = 10.1038/493286a | journal =] | volume = 493 | issue = 7432 | pages = 286–289 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23325190| doi-access = }}</ref> | ||
| | author_abbrev_bot = | | author_abbrev_bot = | ||
| | author_abbrev_zoo = | | author_abbrev_zoo = | ||
| Line 36: | Line 36: | ||
| | spouse = | | spouse = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Robert Treat |
'''Robert Treat "Bob" Paine III''' (April 13, 1933 – June 13, 2016) was an American ] who spent most of his career at the ]. Paine coined the ]<ref name="keystone"/><ref>{{cite web| title=Keystone Species Hypothesis| url=http://www.washington.edu/research/pathbreakers/1969g.html| publisher=University of Washington| access-date=2011-02-03| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110060757/http://www.washington.edu/research/pathbreakers/1969g.html| archive-date=2011-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Scientists Adopt Tiny Island as a Warming Bellwether| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/us/scientists-in-washington-state-adopt-tiny-island-as-climate-change-bellwether.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&hp |newspaper=] | date= 6 Oct 2012 | access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref> concept to explain the relationship between '']'', a species of ], and '']'', a species of ].<ref name="Stolzenberg2008">{{cite book | ||
| |last = Stolzenberg | |last = Stolzenberg | ||
| |first = William | |first = William | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
| |publisher = ] | |publisher = ] | ||
| |year = 2008 | |year = 2008 | ||
| |isbn = 1-59691-299- |
|isbn = 978-1-59691-299-1}} | ||
| </ref> | |||
| </ref> Paine's research, and the subsequent work of his students, has been hugely influential in the field of ecology.<ref name="keystone"/> | |||
| ==Early life and education== | ==Early life and education== | ||
| Paine was born on April 13, 1933<ref name=UW2/> and grew up in ] |
Paine was born on April 13, 1933,<ref name=UW2/> and grew up in ].<ref name="Nautilus" /> He was fascinated by ] from a very young age.<ref name="UW">Natalie Hisdahl {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114150335/http://www.biology.washington.edu/newsletter/sum13/Paine%20%26%20Waters.html# |date=2015-11-14 }} ''Department of Biology eNews'', ], Summer 2013. Retrieved 15 June, 2016. "All my early childhood memories involve biology. I remember sitting in the dirt driveway when I was around two-and-a-half years old and watching ants—I was utterly fascinated with nature from a very young age."</ref> After graduating from ] in 1954, he served in the ], where he was the battalion gardener.<ref name="ESA">R.B. Root (1979) '']'', '''60'''(3): 156–157 (September 1979). Retrieved 15 June 2016.</ref> Paine later entered graduate school at the ], intending to study ].<ref name=Nautilus/> Having taken some courses in ] and ] at Michigan, his interests and studies changed after taking a course about freshwater ] taught by ecologist Frederick E. Smith.<ref name=Nautilus>{{cite news|last1=Carroll|first1=Sean B.|title=The Ecologist Who Threw Starfish|url=http://nautil.us/issue/34/adaptation/the-ecologist-who-threw-starfish|access-date=11 March 2016|work=Nautilus|date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=ESA/> Upon graduating from the ], Paine completed a one-year postdoctoral fellowship at the ].<ref name=introspectives>Hillary Burgess (2013) ''BioDiverse Perspectives; Graduate Students on Biodiversity Science'', 10 September 2013. Retrieved 15 June, 2016.</ref> In 1962, Paine joined the ], where he spent the rest of his career and became well known for his work.<ref name=ESA/> | ||
| ==Research career== | ==Research career== | ||
| Paine's doctoral research thesis was on the ecology of living ].<ref name=thesis>Robert T. Paine (1961) University of Michigan, PhD thesis.</ref> As a postdoctoral fellow, he worked on the history and energetics of ] (marine gastropods). Much of Paine's work at the University of Washington focused on the organization of marine communities. It was here that much of his research on ] occurred.<ref name=ESA/><ref name="Langer">{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2016/06/16/bob-paine-ecologist-whose-work-identified-keystone-species/wSRplaqLHrHWf9BpJ7bM0M/story.html?s_campaign=email_BG_TodaysHeadline&s_campaign= |title=Bob Paine, 83, ecologist whose work identified keystone species |first1=Emily |last1=Langer |newspaper=] |date=June 17, 2016 | |
Paine's doctoral research thesis was on the ecology of living ].<ref name=thesis>Robert T. Paine (1961) University of Michigan, PhD thesis.</ref> As a postdoctoral fellow, he worked on the history and energetics of ] (marine gastropods). Much of Paine's work at the University of Washington focused on the organization of marine communities. It was here that much of his research on ] occurred.<ref name=ESA/><ref name="Langer">{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2016/06/16/bob-paine-ecologist-whose-work-identified-keystone-species/wSRplaqLHrHWf9BpJ7bM0M/story.html?s_campaign=email_BG_TodaysHeadline&s_campaign= |title=Bob Paine, 83, ecologist whose work identified keystone species |first1=Emily |last1=Langer |newspaper=] |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=June 17, 2016}}</ref> | ||
| In a noteworthy<ref name=ESA2>R.B. Root (1979) ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America'', '''60'''(3): 156–157 (September 1979). Retrieved 15 June 2016. "This paper, which has been widely cited and reprinted, was one of the first clear proofs of a phenomenon which appears to be an important organizing factor in several ecosystems."</ref> 1966 paper, Paine described a rocky ] ecosystem in ] in ], where top predator species help maintain biodiversity.<ref name="paine1966">{{Cite journal | last1 = Paine | first1 = R. T. | |
In a noteworthy<ref name=ESA2>R.B. Root (1979) ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America'', '''60'''(3): 156–157 (September 1979). Retrieved 15 June 2016. "This paper, which has been widely cited and reprinted, was one of the first clear proofs of a phenomenon which appears to be an important organizing factor in several ecosystems."</ref> 1966 paper, Paine described a rocky ] ecosystem in ] in ], where top predator species help maintain biodiversity.<ref name="paine1966">{{Cite journal | last1 = Paine | first1 = R. T. | author-link1 = Robert T. Paine (zoologist)| title = Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity | doi = 10.1086/282400 | journal =] | volume = 100 | issue = 910 | pages = 65–75 | year = 1966 | s2cid = 85265656 }}</ref> This led to his 1969 paper in which he proposed the keystone species concept.<ref name="paine1969">{{Cite journal | last1 = Paine | first1 = R. T. | author-link1 = Robert T. Paine (zoologist)| title = A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability | doi = 10.1086/282586 | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 103 | issue = 929 | pages = 91–93 | year = 1969 | s2cid = 83780992 }}</ref><ref name=Membership>{{Cite journal | ||
| | doi = 10.1086/605920 | | doi = 10.1086/605920 | ||
| | title = Honorary Lifetime Membership Award: Robert T. Paine | | title = Honorary Lifetime Membership Award: Robert T. Paine | ||
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| | volume = 174 | | volume = 174 | ||
| | issue = 3 | | issue = 3 | ||
| | pages = |
| pages = iii– | ||
| | year = 2009 | | year = 2009 | ||
| | pmid = 19653846 | | pmid = 19653846 | ||
| | |
| s2cid = 205992377 | ||
| }}</ref><ref name=SewallWright>{{Cite journal | }}</ref><ref name=SewallWright>{{Cite journal | ||
| | last1 = Wilbur | first1 = H. M. | | last1 = Wilbur | first1 = H. M. | ||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
| | volume = 151 | | volume = 151 | ||
| | issue = 1 | | issue = 1 | ||
| | pages = |
| pages = i–t | ||
| | year = 1998 | | year = 1998 | ||
| | pmid = 18811418 | | pmid = 18811418 | ||
| | |
| s2cid = 39717819 | ||
| }}</ref> This concept states that an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of ] or ]. It has become a very popular concept in ].<ref name="mills1993">{{cite journal |last1=Mills|first1=L. Scott|last2=Soulé|first2=Michael E.|last3=Doak|first3=Daniel F.|year=1993|title=The Keystone-Species Concept in Ecology and Conservation|journal=BioScience|volume=43|issue=4|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/1312122}}</ref> Paine also coined the term "]" to describe the top-down effects that occur in ecosystems when an important species is introduced or removed.<ref name=Nautilus/><ref name="Langer"/> | }}</ref> This concept states that an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of ] or ]. It has become a very popular concept in ].<ref name="mills1993">{{cite journal |last1=Mills|first1=L. Scott|last2=Soulé|first2=Michael E.|last3=Doak|first3=Daniel F.|year=1993|title=The Keystone-Species Concept in Ecology and Conservation|journal=BioScience|volume=43|issue=4|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/1312122|jstor=1312122}}</ref> Paine also coined the term "]" to describe the top-down effects that occur in ecosystems when an important species is introduced or removed.<ref name=Nautilus/><ref name="Langer"/> | ||
| ==Retirement and death== | ==Retirement and death== | ||
| Paine retired in the late 1990s |
Paine retired in the late 1990s but continued to be active as a ] at the University of Washington.<ref name=Cosmos2>Katherine Long (2013) '']'', 2 August 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016. "Paine, 80, has been retired for 15 years, yet he still shows up on campus daily to work out of his cluttered basement office, in Kincaid Hall, writing and contributing to research papers."</ref> In 2000, he founded the Experimental and Field Ecology Fund to support graduate student research;<ref name=UW/> the fund was renamed the Robert T. Paine Experimental & Field Ecology Endowed Fund to mark Paine's 80th birthday.<ref name="keystone"/><ref name=UW2/> As late as 2013, aged 79, Paine continued to make regular visits to ] for research purposes.<ref name="keystone"/>{{efn-ua|Close to ], "the northwesternmost point of the continental United States", the island is owned by the ] Indian tribe. They granted him permission to conduct his research, with the only restriction being that he not ‘‘mess with the graves.’’<ref name="Langer"/>}} | ||
| In 2013, he was awarded the ], including a cash prize equivalent to about US$408,000.<ref name=Cosmos/> Paine died from ], a type of ], at the ] in ] on June |
In 2013, he was awarded the ], including a cash prize equivalent to about US$408,000.<ref name=Cosmos/> Paine died from ], a type of ], at the ] in ], on June 13, 2016.<ref name=UW2>Jennifer Ruesink (2016) University of Washington, Department of Biology, 15 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</ref><ref name="Langer"/> | ||
| <ref name=AP>Phuong Le (2016) ], 15 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</ref> | <ref name=AP>Phuong Le (2016) ], 15 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</ref> | ||
| ==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
| Paine's research—and the subsequent work of his students—has been very influential in the field of ecology,<ref name="keystone"/> and he has been called a "giant" of the field.<ref name=AP/><ref name = "Yong 2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/06/rip-bob-paine-a-keystone-among-ecologists/486995/|title=RIP Bob Paine, A Keystone Among Ecologists|last=Yong|first=Ed|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> Paine's research helped popularise field manipulation experiments, sometimes called "kick-it-and-see ecology", at a time when field ecologists tended only to observe natural ecosystems.<ref name="keystone"/> ] wrote that |
Paine's research—and the subsequent work of his students—has been very influential in the field of ecology,<ref name="keystone"/> and he has been called a "giant" of the field.<ref name=AP/><ref name = "Yong 2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/06/rip-bob-paine-a-keystone-among-ecologists/486995/|title=RIP Bob Paine, A Keystone Among Ecologists|last=Yong|first=Ed|website=The Atlantic|date=14 June 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref> Paine's research helped popularise field manipulation experiments, sometimes called "kick-it-and-see ecology", at a time when field ecologists tended only to observe natural ecosystems.<ref name="keystone"/> ] wrote that "by encouraging independence and prizing fieldwork, Paine mentored an entire generation of superstar ecologists."<ref name = "Yong 2016"/> Paine's former students and postdocs include ], ] and ].<ref name="keystone"/> Paine and his work are featured prominently in the 2018 documentary film '']''.<ref>John DeFore (2019) '']''. Published May 8, 2019. Accessed June 6, 2019.</ref> | ||
| ==Recognition== | ==Recognition== | ||
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Latest revision as of 15:26, 24 December 2024
American zoologist| Robert T. Paine | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1933-04-13)April 13, 1933 Cambridge, Massachusetts |
| Died | June 13, 2016(2016-06-13) (aged 83) Seattle, Washington |
| Alma mater | Harvard University University of Michigan |
| Known for | keystone species concept |
| Awards | Sewall Wright Award (1996) National Academy of Sciences International Cosmos Prize (2013) |
| Scientific career | |
| Institutions | University of Michigan University of Washington Harvard University Scripps Institution of Oceanography |
| Thesis | The Life History and Population Dynamics of Glottidia Pyramidata (Brachiopoda) (1961) |
| Doctoral students | Paul Dayton Bruce Menge Jane Lubchenco Anne Salomon |
| Website | www |
Robert Treat "Bob" Paine III (April 13, 1933 – June 13, 2016) was an American ecologist who spent most of his career at the University of Washington. Paine coined the keystone species concept to explain the relationship between Pisaster ochraceus, a species of starfish, and Mytilus californianus, a species of mussel.
Early life and education
Paine was born on April 13, 1933, and grew up in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was fascinated by biology from a very young age. After graduating from Harvard University in 1954, he served in the U.S. Army, where he was the battalion gardener. Paine later entered graduate school at the University of Michigan, intending to study paleontology. Having taken some courses in zoology and ecology at Michigan, his interests and studies changed after taking a course about freshwater invertebrates taught by ecologist Frederick E. Smith. Upon graduating from the University of Michigan, Paine completed a one-year postdoctoral fellowship at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. In 1962, Paine joined the University of Washington, where he spent the rest of his career and became well known for his work.
Research career
Paine's doctoral research thesis was on the ecology of living brachipods. As a postdoctoral fellow, he worked on the history and energetics of opisthobranchs (marine gastropods). Much of Paine's work at the University of Washington focused on the organization of marine communities. It was here that much of his research on keystone species occurred.
In a noteworthy 1966 paper, Paine described a rocky intertidal ecosystem in Makah Bay in Washington state, where top predator species help maintain biodiversity. This led to his 1969 paper in which he proposed the keystone species concept. This concept states that an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of biomass or productivity. It has become a very popular concept in conservation biology. Paine also coined the term "trophic cascade" to describe the top-down effects that occur in ecosystems when an important species is introduced or removed.
Retirement and death
Paine retired in the late 1990s but continued to be active as a professor emeritus at the University of Washington. In 2000, he founded the Experimental and Field Ecology Fund to support graduate student research; the fund was renamed the Robert T. Paine Experimental & Field Ecology Endowed Fund to mark Paine's 80th birthday. As late as 2013, aged 79, Paine continued to make regular visits to Tatoosh Island for research purposes.
In 2013, he was awarded the International Cosmos Prize, including a cash prize equivalent to about US$408,000. Paine died from acute myeloid leukemia, a type of blood cancer, at the Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, on June 13, 2016.
Legacy
Paine's research—and the subsequent work of his students—has been very influential in the field of ecology, and he has been called a "giant" of the field. Paine's research helped popularise field manipulation experiments, sometimes called "kick-it-and-see ecology", at a time when field ecologists tended only to observe natural ecosystems. Ed Yong wrote that "by encouraging independence and prizing fieldwork, Paine mentored an entire generation of superstar ecologists." Paine's former students and postdocs include Paul Dayton, Bruce Menge and Jane Lubchenco. Paine and his work are featured prominently in the 2018 documentary film The Serengeti Rules.
Recognition
- Vice-President, Ecological Society of America, 1977–1978
- President, Ecological Society of America, 1979–1980
- Robert H. MacArthur Award, Ecological Society of America, 1983
- Elected to The National Academy of Sciences, 1986
- Sewall Wright Award, 1996
- American Society of Naturalists Honorary Lifetime Membership Award, 2009
- International Cosmos Prize, 2013
References
Notes
- Close to Cape Flattery, "the northwesternmost point of the continental United States", the island is owned by the Makah Indian tribe. They granted him permission to conduct his research, with the only restriction being that he not ‘‘mess with the graves.’’
Citations
- ^ Yong, E. (2013). "Scientific families: Dynasty. Bob Paine fathered an idea — and an academic family — that changed ecology". Nature. 493 (7432): 286–289. doi:10.1038/493286a. PMID 23325190.
- "Keystone Species Hypothesis". University of Washington. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- "Scientists Adopt Tiny Island as a Warming Bellwether". New York Times. 6 Oct 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
- Stolzenberg, William (2008). Where the Wild Things Were: Life, death and ecological wreckage in a land of vanishing predators. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-59691-299-1.
- ^ Jennifer Ruesink (2016) "Prof. Emeritus Bob Paine (1933-2016)" University of Washington, Department of Biology, 15 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ Carroll, Sean B. (10 March 2016). "The Ecologist Who Threw Starfish". Nautilus. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- ^ Natalie Hisdahl "An idea that spawned a legacy" Archived 2015-11-14 at the Wayback Machine Department of Biology eNews, University of Washington, Summer 2013. Retrieved 15 June, 2016. "All my early childhood memories involve biology. I remember sitting in the dirt driveway when I was around two-and-a-half years old and watching ants—I was utterly fascinated with nature from a very young age."
- ^ R.B. Root (1979) "Robert T. Paine, President: 1979–1980" Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 60(3): 156–157 (September 1979). Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- Hillary Burgess (2013) "Diverse Introspectives: A conversation with Bob Paine" BioDiverse Perspectives; Graduate Students on Biodiversity Science, 10 September 2013. Retrieved 15 June, 2016.
- Robert T. Paine (1961) "The Life History and Population Dynamics of Glottidia Pyramidata (Brachiopoda)" University of Michigan, PhD thesis.
- ^ Langer, Emily (June 17, 2016). "Bob Paine, 83, ecologist whose work identified keystone species". Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
- R.B. Root (1979) "Robert T. Paine, President: 1979–1980" Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 60(3): 156–157 (September 1979). Retrieved 15 June 2016. "This paper, which has been widely cited and reprinted, was one of the first clear proofs of a phenomenon which appears to be an important organizing factor in several ecosystems."
- Paine, R. T. (1966). "Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity". The American Naturalist. 100 (910): 65–75. doi:10.1086/282400. S2CID 85265656.
- Paine, R. T. (1969). "A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability". The American Naturalist. 103 (929): 91–93. doi:10.1086/282586. S2CID 83780992.
- ^ "Honorary Lifetime Membership Award: Robert T. Paine". The American Naturalist. 174 (3): iii–. 2009. doi:10.1086/605920. PMID 19653846. S2CID 205992377.
- ^ Wilbur, H. M. (1998). "1996 Sewall Wright Award: Robert T. Paine". The American Naturalist. 151 (1): i–t. doi:10.1086/513833. PMID 18811418. S2CID 39717819.
- Mills, L. Scott; Soulé, Michael E.; Doak, Daniel F. (1993). "The Keystone-Species Concept in Ecology and Conservation". BioScience. 43 (4): 219–224. doi:10.2307/1312122. JSTOR 1312122.
- Katherine Long (2013) "Retired UW prof wins $408,000 for groundbreaking ecology work" Seattle Times, 2 August 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016. "Paine, 80, has been retired for 15 years, yet he still shows up on campus daily to work out of his cluttered basement office, in Kincaid Hall, writing and contributing to research papers."
- ^ Katherine Long (2013) "Retired UW prof wins $408,000 for groundbreaking ecology work" Seattle Times, 2 August 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ Phuong Le (2016) "Bob Paine, ecologist who introduced 'keystone species,' dies" Phys.org, 15 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ Yong, Ed (14 June 2016). "RIP Bob Paine, A Keystone Among Ecologists". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
- John DeFore (2019) "'The Serengeti Rules': Film Review" The Hollywood Reporter. Published May 8, 2019. Accessed June 6, 2019.
- Robert T. Paine (1983) "Ecological Determinism in the Competition for Space: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture" Ecology, 65: 1339-1348.
- Robert H. MacArthur Award, Ecological Society of America, 30 January 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- 1933 births
- 2016 deaths
- University of Washington faculty
- 20th-century American zoologists
- Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
- University of Michigan alumni
- Harvard University alumni
- Scientists from Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Fellows of the Ecological Society of America
- American ecologists
- Deaths from leukemia in Washington (state)
- Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia