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The '''Miniature Schnauzer''' is a ] of small dog of the ] type that originated in Germany in the mid-to-late 19th century. Miniature Schnauzers may have been developed from the smallest specimens of the ],<ref name="TMSC">{{cite web |url=http://www.theminiatureschnauzerclub.co.uk/the-breed/early-history/ |title=Early History |publisher=The Miniature Schnauzer Club (Great Britain) |access-date=20 May 2018 |quote=Questions as to the roots and origins of the Miniature Schnauzer produce varied responses. Some breed authorities have maintained that the breed is a result of using only the smallest specimens of the Standard Schnauzer. Others have felt Miniatures to be the result of crossing the Standard Schnauzer with the Affenpinscher and other small breeds. This latter is considered to be the more probable origin...}}</ref><ref name="AMSC">{{cite web |url=http://www.amsc.us/history-of-the-miniature-schnauzer/ |title=History of the Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=The American Miniature Schnauzer Club |access-date=30 May 2018 |quote=The Miniature is said to have come from mating with the Affenpinscher. They may have been developed entirely by chance, often the main reason for a new breed...}}</ref> or crosses between the standard and one or more smaller ]s such as the ], ], and ]s,<ref name="KennelClub">{{cite web |url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/display.aspx?id=4096 |title=Miniature Schnauzer: Description |work=] |access-date=27 May 2018 |quote=It is thought that the miniaturisation was brought about by the infusion of Affenpinscher blood.}}</ref><ref name="AKCMiniature">{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/miniature_schnauzer/index.cfm |title=Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=] |quote=...the Miniature Schnauzer resides in the AKC Terrier Group with other diminutive rat-catcher breeds. But the Mini is unique among AKC terriers in that he has no British blood in his veins... Alone among terriers, the Miniature Schnauzer is wholly a product of Continental stock: Standard Schnauzer, Affenpinscher, and Poodle. This explains that though the Mini was born to the traditional work of small terriers, his personality is quite different. Not for him is the dour independence of the Scottish Terrier or the fiery temperament of the Irish Terrier. Rather, he is an overtly friendly dog, spirited but obedient and willing to please.}}</ref><ref name="Magazine2011">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8IJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=] |series=Kennel Club Books Interactive Series |pages=23–30 |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59378-774-5 |quote=Size reduction, in the Miniature's case, may have been achieved by introducing Affenpinscher and poodle blood... To create the Miniature Schnauzer, it is theorized the Standard Schnauzer may have been crossed with the Affenpinscher or Miniature Pinscher.}}</ref><ref name="NatureDog">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/natureofdogs0000ludi |url-access=registration |title=The Nature of Dogs |publisher=Simon & Schuster |first=Mary |last=Ludington |page= |date=October 2007 |isbn=978-1-4165-4287-2 |quote=This miniature relation of the Standard Schnauzer first appeared around the beginning of the nineteenth century and is thought to be the product of crosses between small Standard Schnauzer and/or Miniature Pinschers with Affenpinschers and Poodles.}}</ref> as farmers bred a small dog that was an efficient ]. They are described as "spunky"<ref name="hillspets" /> but aloof dogs, with good guarding tendencies without some ]s' predisposition to bite. Miniature Schnauzers are recognized in four colors internationally: solid black, black and silver, salt and pepper, and white.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/miniature-schnauzer|title=Breed Standards : Miniature Schnauzer {{!}} United Kennel Club (UKC)|website=www.ukcdogs.com|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> The '''Miniature Schnauzer''' is a ] of small dog of the ] type that originated in Germany in the mid-to-late 19th century. Miniature Schnauzers may have been developed from the smallest specimens of the ],<ref name="TMSC">{{cite web |url=http://www.theminiatureschnauzerclub.co.uk/the-breed/early-history/ |title=Early History |publisher=The Miniature Schnauzer Club (Great Britain) |access-date=20 May 2018 |quote=Questions as to the roots and origins of the Miniature Schnauzer produce varied responses. Some breed authorities have maintained that the breed is a result of using only the smallest specimens of the Standard Schnauzer. Others have felt Miniatures to be the result of crossing the Standard Schnauzer with the Affenpinscher and other small breeds. This latter is considered to be the more probable origin...}}</ref><ref name="AMSC">{{cite web |url=http://www.amsc.us/history-of-the-miniature-schnauzer/ |title=History of the Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=The American Miniature Schnauzer Club |access-date=30 May 2018 |quote=The Miniature is said to have come from mating with the Affenpinscher. They may have been developed entirely by chance, often the main reason for a new breed...}}</ref> or crosses between the standard and one or more smaller ]s such as the ], ], and ]s,<ref name="KennelClub">{{cite web |url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/display.aspx?id=4096 |title=Miniature Schnauzer: Description |work=] |access-date=27 May 2018 |quote=It is thought that the miniaturisation was brought about by the infusion of Affenpinscher blood.}}</ref><ref name="AKCMiniature">{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/miniature_schnauzer/index.cfm |title=Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=] |quote=...the Miniature Schnauzer resides in the AKC Terrier Group with other diminutive rat-catcher breeds. But the Mini is unique among AKC terriers in that he has no British blood in his veins... Alone among terriers, the Miniature Schnauzer is wholly a product of Continental stock: Standard Schnauzer, Affenpinscher, and Poodle. This explains that though the Mini was born to the traditional work of small terriers, his personality is quite different. Not for him is the dour independence of the Scottish Terrier or the fiery temperament of the Irish Terrier. Rather, he is an overtly friendly dog, spirited but obedient and willing to please. |access-date=19 April 2005 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207074338/http://www.akc.org/breeds/miniature_schnauzer/index.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Magazine2011">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8IJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=] |series=Kennel Club Books Interactive Series |pages=23–30 |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59378-774-5 |quote=Size reduction, in the Miniature's case, may have been achieved by introducing Affenpinscher and poodle blood... To create the Miniature Schnauzer, it is theorized the Standard Schnauzer may have been crossed with the Affenpinscher or Miniature Pinscher.}}</ref><ref name="NatureDog">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/natureofdogs0000ludi |url-access=registration |title=The Nature of Dogs |publisher=Simon & Schuster |first=Mary |last=Ludington |page= |date=October 2007 |isbn=978-1-4165-4287-2 |quote=This miniature relation of the Standard Schnauzer first appeared around the beginning of the nineteenth century and is thought to be the product of crosses between small Standard Schnauzer and/or Miniature Pinschers with Affenpinschers and Poodles.}}</ref> as farmers bred a small dog that was an efficient ]. They are described as "spunky"<ref name="hillspets" /> but aloof dogs, with good guarding tendencies without some ]s' predisposition to bite. Miniature Schnauzers are recognized in four colors internationally: solid black, black and silver, salt and pepper, and white.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/miniature-schnauzer|title=Breed Standards : Miniature Schnauzer {{!}} United Kennel Club (UKC)|website=www.ukcdogs.com|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>


It is the most popular Schnauzer breed,<ref name="Magazine2011"/> and remains one of the most popular worldwide, primarily for its temperament and relatively small size. As of 2020 it is the 19th most popular breed in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reisen |first=Jan |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/the-most-popular-dog-breeds-of-2020/ |title=The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2020 |publisher=] |date=16 March 2021 |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> It is the most popular Schnauzer breed,<ref name="Magazine2011"/> and remains one of the most popular worldwide, primarily for its temperament and relatively small size. As of 2022 it is the 17th most popular breed in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |last=Haid |first=Melanie |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/most-popular-dog-breeds-2022/ |title=The Most Popular Dog Breeds Of 2022 |publisher=] |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref>


==History== ==History==
The earliest records surrounding the development of the ] in Germany come from the late 19th century. They were originally bred to be medium-sized farm dogs in Germany, equally suited to ratting, herding, and guarding property.<ref name="hillspets" /> As time passed, farmers bred the Standard Schnauzer into a smaller, more compact size for ratting by combining it, according to ] theorization, with one or more small breeds such as the ] and ],<ref name="KennelClub"/><ref name="hillspets">{{cite web |url=https://www.hillspet.com/dog-care/dog-breeds/miniature-schnauzer |title=Miniature Schnauzer |website=Hillspet.com |access-date=25 March 2013 |quote=Miniature Schnauzers are hardy, merry little dogs that were first bred in Germany in the late 19th century. They are descendants of Affenpinschers and Standard Schnauzers.}}</ref><ref name="akc-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/miniature_schnauzer/history.cfm |title=Miniature Schnauzer History |publisher=] |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916164359/http://www.akc.org/breeds/miniature_schnauzer/history.cfm |archive-date=16 September 2008 |quote=The Miniature Schnauzer is derived from the Standard Schnauzer and is said to have come from mixing of Affenpinschers and Poodles with small Standards}}</ref><ref name="Frye2002">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/schnauzers00fred_0 |url-access=registration |title=Schnauzers: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, and Diseases |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |last=Frye |first=Fredric L. |pages=–6 |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7641-1962-0 |quote=Most experts believe that the Miniature Schnauzer is the result of crossbreeding Poodles and Affenpinchers with smaller Standard Schnauzers. If this is correct, the addition of these other two breeds with their positive traits of vigor and intelligence certainly improved the result.}}</ref> ],<ref name="Magazine2011"/><ref name="NatureDog"/> or ],<ref name="Abiqua">{{cite web |url=http://www.abiquadogs.com/schnauzers/history.htm |title=History of the Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=Abiqua Miniature Schnauzers |first=Chris |last=Levy |date=2001 |access-date=30 May 2018 |quote=He was never a Terrier in the English sense of a small breed used to bolt vermin from the earth, and has little or no true Terrier blood... During the years, other crosses were invariably made, but there are no definite records as to the outcrosses. Affenpinschers, Miniature Pinschers, and Toy Spitz (Pomeranians) are mentioned.}}</ref> or by chance from smallest specimens of the Standard Schnauzer.<ref name="TMSC"/><ref name="AMSC"/> The first recorded Miniature Schnauzer appeared in 1888,<ref name="KennelClub"/> black female named Findel,<ref name="Abiqua"/> and the Pinscher-Schnauzer Klub (formed in 1895) in its first volume of the club's stud book mentioned Wirehaired Miniature Pinscher.<ref name="Abiqua"/> The first exhibition was held in 1899.<ref name="akc-history" /><ref name="Rugh2009">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/miniatureschnauz0000rugh |url-access=registration |title=Miniature Schnauzers |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |first=Karla S. |last=Rugh |pages=–9 |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-7641-4245-1}}</ref> The earliest records surrounding the development of the ] in Germany come from the late 19th century. They were originally bred to be medium-sized farm dogs in Germany, equally suited to ratting, herding, and guarding property.<ref name="hillspets" /> As time passed, farmers bred the Standard Schnauzer into a smaller, more compact size for ratting by combining it, according to ] theorization, with one or more small breeds such as the ] and ],<ref name="KennelClub"/><ref name="hillspets">{{cite web |url=https://www.hillspet.com/dog-care/dog-breeds/miniature-schnauzer |title=Miniature Schnauzer |website=Hillspet.com |access-date=25 March 2013 |quote=Miniature Schnauzers are hardy, merry little dogs that were first bred in Germany in the late 19th century. They are descendants of Affenpinschers and Standard Schnauzers.}}</ref><ref name="akc-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/miniature_schnauzer/history.cfm |title=Miniature Schnauzer History |publisher=] |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916164359/http://www.akc.org/breeds/miniature_schnauzer/history.cfm |archive-date=16 September 2008 |quote=The Miniature Schnauzer is derived from the Standard Schnauzer and is said to have come from mixing of Affenpinschers and Poodles with small Standards}}</ref><ref name="Frye2002">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/schnauzers00fred_0 |url-access=registration |title=Schnauzers: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, and Diseases |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |last=Frye |first=Fredric L. |pages=–6 |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7641-1962-0 |quote=Most experts believe that the Miniature Schnauzer is the result of crossbreeding Poodles and Affenpinchers with smaller Standard Schnauzers. If this is correct, the addition of these other two breeds with their positive traits of vigor and intelligence certainly improved the result.}}</ref> ],<ref name="Magazine2011"/><ref name="NatureDog"/> or ],<ref name="Abiqua">{{cite web |url=http://www.abiquadogs.com/schnauzers/history.htm |title=History of the Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=Abiqua Miniature Schnauzers |first=Chris |last=Levy |date=2001 |access-date=30 May 2018 |quote=He was never a Terrier in the English sense of a small breed used to bolt vermin from the earth, and has little or no true Terrier blood... During the years, other crosses were invariably made, but there are no definite records as to the outcrosses. Affenpinschers, Miniature Pinschers, and Toy Spitz (Pomeranians) are mentioned.}}</ref> or by chance from smallest specimens of the Standard Schnauzer.<ref name="TMSC"/><ref name="AMSC"/> The first recorded Miniature Schnauzer appeared in 1888,<ref name="KennelClub"/> black female named Findel,<ref name="Abiqua"/> and the Pinscher-Schnauzer Klub (formed in 1895) in its first volume of the club's stud book mentioned Wirehaired Miniature Pinscher.<ref name="Abiqua"/> The first exhibition was held in 1899.<ref name="akc-history" /><ref name="Rugh2009">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/miniatureschnauz0000rugh |url-access=registration |title=Miniature Schnauzers |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |first=Karla S. |last=Rugh |pages=–9 |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-7641-4245-1}}</ref>

]
The ] accepted registration of the new breed in 1926, two years after Miniature Schnauzers were introduced to the United States.<ref name="AKCMiniature"/><ref name="Rugh2009" /> The American Miniature Schnauzer Club was formed in 1933, from the older parent club Wire-Haired Pinscher Club of America which also included Standard Schnauzer,<ref name="Magazine2011"/> and initially both competed in the ] until 1927.<ref name="Abiqua"/> International Kennel Club classifications vary; by the ] and ] it is placed in "Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers", with "Nr. 183" in "Section 1.2" dedicated to the Miniature Schnauzer breed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/2-Pinscher-and-Schnauzer-Molossoid-and-Swiss-Mountain-and-Cattledogs.html#s1 |title=Group 2 : Pinscher and Schnauzer - Molossoid and Swiss Mountain and Cattledogs |publisher=] |access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> the ], ] and ] include it in the ], while by the AKC, ] and ] the Miniature Schnauzer is classed in the ].<ref name="Rugh2009" /><ref name="ukc-breed">{{cite web |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/miniature-schnauzer |title=Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=] |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> The ] accepted registration of the new breed in 1926, two years after Miniature Schnauzers were introduced to the United States.<ref name="AKCMiniature"/><ref name="Rugh2009" /> The American Miniature Schnauzer Club was formed in 1933, from the older parent club Wire-Haired Pinscher Club of America which also included Standard Schnauzer,<ref name="Magazine2011"/> and initially both competed in the ] until 1927.<ref name="Abiqua"/> International Kennel Club classifications vary; by the ] and ] it is placed in "Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers", with "Nr. 183" in "Section 1.2" dedicated to the Miniature Schnauzer breed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/2-Pinscher-and-Schnauzer-Molossoid-and-Swiss-Mountain-and-Cattledogs.html#s1 |title=Group 2 : Pinscher and Schnauzer - Molossoid and Swiss Mountain and Cattledogs |publisher=] |access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> the ], ] and ] include it in the ], while by the AKC, ] and ] the Miniature Schnauzer is classed in the ].<ref name="Rugh2009" /><ref name="ukc-breed">{{cite web |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/miniature-schnauzer |title=Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=] |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>


The start of the modern Miniature Schnauzer in the United States is considered to have a beginning in 1924 when four dogs were imported from Germany. It is argued that almost all American-bred Miniatures partly descend from them, and between 1926 and 1936, 108 more dogs were imported. One of the most notable champions was ],<ref name="ddisplay">{{cite web |url=http://www.schnauzerweb.com/dorem_display.html |title=Dorem Display |work=SchnauzerWeb.com |access-date=28 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102235131/http://www.schnauzerweb.com/dorem_display.html |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> born in 1945 and lived to be nearly fourteen.<ref name="Magazine2011"/> It is claimed that many champion Miniature Schnauzers in America can trace its lineage back to Dorem Display.<ref name="Magazine2011"/><ref name="ddisplay"/> The start of the modern Miniature Schnauzer in the United States is considered to have a beginning in 1924 when four dogs were imported from Germany. It is argued that almost all American-bred Miniatures partly descend from them, and between 1926 and 1936, 108 more dogs were imported. One of the most notable champions was ],<ref name="ddisplay">{{cite web |url=http://www.schnauzerweb.com/dorem_display.html |title=Dorem Display |work=SchnauzerWeb.com |access-date=28 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102235131/http://www.schnauzerweb.com/dorem_display.html |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> born in 1945 and lived to be nearly fourteen.<ref name="Magazine2011"/> It is claimed that many champion Miniature Schnauzers in America can trace their lineage back to Dorem Display.<ref name="Magazine2011"/><ref name="ddisplay"/>


Miniature Schnauzers were the 11th most popular breed in the U.S. in 2008, falling to 17th most popular in 2016.<ref name="akc-stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/content/news/articles/the-labrador-retriever-wins-top-breed-for-the-26th-year-in-a-row/ |title=Most Popular Dog Breeds in America |publisher=American Kennel Club |first=Jordan |last=Upmalis |date=21 March 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> Miniature Schnauzers were the 11th most popular breed in the U.S. in 2008, falling to 17th most popular in 2016.<ref name="akc-stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/content/news/articles/the-labrador-retriever-wins-top-breed-for-the-26th-year-in-a-row/ |title=Most Popular Dog Breeds in America |publisher=American Kennel Club |first=Jordan |last=Upmalis |date=21 March 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>


==Appearance== ==Appearance==
] ]
]
⚫ Miniature Schnauzers have a very square-shaped build, measuring {{convert|11|to|14|in|cm}} tall and weighing {{convert|10|to|15|lb}} for females and {{convert|11|to|18|lb}} for males.<ref name="hillspets"/> They have a double coat, with wiry exterior fur and a soft undercoat. In show trim, the coat is kept short on the body, but the fur on the ears, legs, belly, and face is retained.<ref name="amsc-grooming">{{cite web |url=http://amsc.us/pet-grooming-mainmenu-33.html |title=Pet grooming tips for the Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=The American Miniature Schnauzer Club |date=17 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723095007/http://amsc.us/pet-grooming-mainmenu-33.html |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> Recognized coat colors are black, pepper and salt, black and silver, and pure white;<ref name="tkc-colors">{{cite web |url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/colours.aspx?id=4096 |title=Miniature Schnauzer: Acceptable Colours for Registrations |work=The Kennel Club |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> pepper and salt coloration is where coat hairs have banded shades of black, gray and silver, fading to a gray or silver at the eyebrows, whiskers, underbody and legs.<ref name="ukc-standard">{{cite web |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/docs/breeds/miniature-schnauzer.pdf |title=Miniature Schnauzer: Official UKC Breed Standard |publisher=United Kennel Club |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>


⚫ Miniature Schnauzers have a very square-shaped build, measuring {{convert|11|to|14|in|cm}} tall and weighing {{convert|10|to|15|lb}} for females and {{convert|11|to|18|lb}} for males.<ref name="hillspets"/> They have a double coat, with wiry exterior fur and a soft undercoat. In show trim, the coat is kept short on the body, but the fur on the ears, legs, belly, and face is retained.<ref name="amsc-grooming">{{cite web |url=http://amsc.us/pet-grooming-mainmenu-33.html |title=Pet grooming tips for the Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=The American Miniature Schnauzer Club |date=17 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723095007/http://amsc.us/pet-grooming-mainmenu-33.html |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> Recognized coat colors are black, pepper and salt, black and silver, and pure white;<ref name="tkc-colors">{{cite web |url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/colours.aspx?id=4096 |title=Miniature Schnauzer: Acceptable Colours for Registrations |work=The Kennel Club |access-date=27 January 2015 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809062419/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/colours.aspx?id=4096 |url-status=dead }}</ref> pepper and salt coloration is where coat hairs have banded shades of black, gray and silver, fading to a gray or silver at the eyebrows, whiskers, underbody and legs.<ref name="ukc-standard">{{cite web |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/docs/breeds/miniature-schnauzer.pdf |title=Miniature Schnauzer: Official UKC Breed Standard |publisher=United Kennel Club |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>
⚫ Miniature Schnauzers are often described as non-] dogs, and while this is not entirely true, their shedding is minimal and generally unnoticeable. For this reason, Schnauzers are considered a ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/got-allergies-15-hypoallergenic-dogs-and-cats/12/ |title=Got allergies? 15 hypoallergenic dogs and cats: Schnauzers |work=CBS News |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> They are characterized by a rectangular head with bushy beard, mustache, and eyebrows; teeth that meet in a "scissor bite"; oval and dark colored eyes; and v-shaped, natural forward-folding ears (when ], the ears point straight upward and come to a sharp point). Their tails are naturally thin and short, and may be ] (where permitted). They will also have very straight, rigid front legs, and feet that are short and round (so-called "cat feet") with thick, black pads.<ref name="AKCMiniature"/><ref name="gopets">{{cite web |url=http://www.gopetsamerica.com/dogs/dogs-that-do-not-shed.aspx |title=Dogs That Do Not Shed |work=GoPetsAmerica.com |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref>


⚫ Schnauzers are characterized by a rectangular head with bushy beard, mustache, and eyebrows; teeth that meet in a "scissor bite"; oval and dark colored eyes; and v-shaped, natural forward-folding ears (when ], the ears point straight upward and come to a sharp point). Their tails are naturally thin and short, and may be ] (where permitted). They will also have very straight, rigid front legs, and feet that are short and round (so-called "cat feet") with thick, black pads.<ref name="AKCMiniature"/><ref name="gopets">{{cite web |url=http://www.gopetsamerica.com/dogs/dogs-that-do-not-shed.aspx |title=Dogs That Do Not Shed |work=GoPetsAmerica.com |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref>
]


Docking of tails and cropping of ears has become a controversial practice, especially for non-working dogs, and is now illegal or restricted in a number of countries worldwide, including the UK and Australia.<ref name="webmd-dockcrop">{{cite news |url=https://pets.webmd.com/dogs/features/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking |title=Ear Cropping and Tail Docking |work=] |first1=Camille |last1=Pagan |first2=Amy |last2=Flowers |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Docking of tails and cropping of ears has become a controversial practice, especially for non-working dogs, and is now illegal or restricted in a number of countries worldwide, including the UK and Australia.<ref name="webmd-dockcrop">{{cite news |url=https://pets.webmd.com/dogs/features/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking |title=Ear Cropping and Tail Docking |work=] |first1=Camille |last1=Pagan |first2=Amy |last2=Flowers |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>
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==Temperament== ==Temperament==
] ]
The ] breed standard describes temperament as "alert and spirited, yet obedient to command ... friendly, intelligent and willing to please... never overaggressive or timid".<ref name="AKCMiniature"/> Usually easy to train, they tend to be excellent watchdogs with a good territorial instinct, but more inclined toward barking than biting. They are often aloof with strangers until the owners of the home welcome the guest, upon which they are typically very friendly to them.<ref name="kiedrowski">{{cite book |title=The New Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York City |first=Dan |last=Kiedrowski |edition=2nd |pages=12 |year=1997 |isbn=0-87605-241-3 |oclc=36170497}}</ref> While the Miniature Schnauzer is included in the Terrier Group in North America (due to rat-catching background), it does not have common ancestry with ]s from Great Britain,<ref name="AKCMiniature"/><ref name="Abiqua"/> and compared to them has a different personality, being more laid back, obedient, friendly, and less aggressive to other dogs.<ref name="Magazine2011"/> The ] breed standard describes temperament as "alert and spirited, yet obedient to command ... friendly, intelligent and willing to please... never overaggressive or timid".<ref name="AKCMiniature"/> Usually easy to train, they tend to be excellent watchdogs with a good territorial instinct, but more inclined toward barking than biting. They are often aloof with strangers until the owners of the home welcome the guest, upon which they are typically very friendly to them.<ref name="kiedrowski">{{cite book |title=The New Miniature Schnauzer |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York City |first=Dan |last=Kiedrowski |edition=2nd |pages=12 |year=1997 |isbn=0-87605-241-3 |oclc=36170497}}</ref> While the Miniature Schnauzer is included in the Terrier Group in North America (due to rat-catching background), it does not have common ancestry with ]s from Great Britain,<ref name="AKCMiniature"/><ref name="Abiqua"/> and compared to them has a different personality, being more laid back, obedient, friendly, and less aggressive to other dogs.<ref name="Magazine2011"/>


They are highly playful dogs, and, if not given the outlet required for their energy, they can become bored and invent their own "fun". As an example: many Miniature Schnauzers enjoy playing with paper,<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Miniature Schnauzers – Portland Miniature Schnauzer Club|url=https://pmsc2.org/about-miniature-schnauzers/|access-date=2020-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> and will happily shred wrapping paper, toilet paper, etc. if left unsupervised when bored or seeking attention. Miniature Schnauzers can compete in ] trials, ], ], ], and ]. Schnauzers have a high prey drive, which means they may chase other small animals and hence should not be off leash when not in a fenced area.<ref name="AKCMiniature"/> Based on ]'s book '']'' (2006) ranking methodology, the Miniature ranked 12th out of 140 breeds within 79 ranks on the ability to learn and obey new commands i.e. working and obedience ], being grouped among "excellent working dogs". Additionally, experts ranked the Miniature as fifth among top 15 breeds at watchdog barking ability.<ref name="Coren2006">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBzuXFdFECEC |title=The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of Our Canine Companions |publisher=Simon & Schuster |last=Coren |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Coren |pages=142–143, 149, 182, 192 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7432-8087-7}}</ref> Miniature Schnauzers can compete in ] trials, ], ], ], and ]. Schnauzers have a high prey drive, which means they may chase other small animals and hence should not be off leash when not in a fenced area.<ref name="AKCMiniature"/> ] ranked the Miniature Schnauzer 12th out of 140 breeds in his book '']'' (2006). Coren grouped the breed amongst "excellent working dogs". Additionally, experts contacted by Coren ranked the Miniature as fifth among top 15 breeds at watchdog barking ability.<ref name="Coren2006">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBzuXFdFECEC |title=The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of Our Canine Companions |publisher=Simon & Schuster |last=Coren |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Coren |pages=142–143, 149, 182, 192 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7432-8087-7}}</ref>


==Health== ==Health==
A UK study found a life expectancy of 13.3 years for the breed, higher than the 12 year average for crossbreeds.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=McMillan | first1=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=531| pmid=38302530 | pmc=10834484 | bibcode=2024NatSR..14..531M }}</ref> A study in Japan for pet cemetery data found a life expectancy of 13.4 years, below the overall average of 13.7 years and the 15.3 year average for crossbreeds below 10kgs.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=INOUE | first1=Mai | last2=KWAN | first2=Nigel C. L. | last3=SUGIURA | first3=Katsuaki | title=Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data | journal=Journal of Veterinary Medical Science | publisher=Japanese Society of Veterinary Science | volume=80 | issue=7 | year=2018 | issn=0916-7250 | doi=10.1292/jvms.17-0384 | pages=1153–1158| pmid=29798968 }}</ref>
A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of Miniature Schnauzers at a little over 12 years. About 20% lived to >15 years.<ref name="tkc-survey">{{cite web |url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/media/16618/miniature%20schnauzer.pdf |title=Summary Results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Miniature Schnauzers |publisher=The Kennel Club |date=2004 |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> While generally a healthy breed, Miniature Schnauzers may suffer health problems associated with high fat levels. Such problems include ], which may increase the possibility of ], though either may form independently. Other issues which may affect this breed are ], ] and eye problems. Feeding the dog low- or non-fatty and unsweetened foods may help avoid these problems.<ref name="ms-health">{{cite web |url=http://miniatureschnauzer.ca/breedinfo.php#health |title=Miniature Schnauzer Breed Info – Health Issues |work=MiniatureSchnauzer.ca |access-date=25 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="healthypet">{{cite web |url=http://www.healthypet.com/library_view.aspx?ID=167&sid=1 |title=Pet Care Library |work=Healthypet.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226002736/http://www.healthypet.com/library_view.aspx?ID=167&sid=1 |archive-date=26 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="lglass">{{cite web |url=http://www.weir.net/~lglass/canine-hyperlipidemia.htm |title=Canine hyperlipidemia |work=Weir.net |date=13 February 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011171527/http://www.weir.net/~lglass/canine-hyperlipidemia.htm |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> Miniature Schnauzers are also prone to ], a condition that produces pus-filled bumps, usually on their backs, which can be treated with a variety of methods.<ref name="Vetinfo.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.vetinfo.com/dencyclopedia/desnzcomd.html |title=Schnauzer Comedone Syndrome |work=VetInfo.com |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> Miniature Schnauzers should have their ears dried after swimming due to a risk of infection, especially those with natural ears; ear examinations should be part of the regular annual check up.<ref name="tp-groom">{{cite web |url=http://www.terrificpets.com/dog_breeds/miniature_schnauzer.asp |title=Miniature Schnauzers – Grooming |work=TerrificPets.com |access-date=25 June 2008}}</ref> Miniature Schnauzers are also prone to ] (vWD). vWD in dogs is an inherited bleeding disorder that occurs due to qualitative or quantitative deficiency of ] (vWF), a ] protein that is required for platelet adhesion.<ref name="akcchf-willebrand">{{cite web |url=http://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/disease-information/von-willebrand-s-disease.html |title=von Willebrand's Disease |publisher=American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation |work=Disease Information |access-date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104031948/http://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/disease-information/von-willebrand-s-disease.html |archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>

A Japanese study found a significant predisposition to ]s for the Miniature Schnauzer with a 5.23 odds ratio.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kutsunai | first1=M. | last2=Kanemoto | first2=H. | last3=Fukushima | first3=K. | last4=Fujino | first4=Y. | last5=Ohno | first5=K. | last6=Tsujimoto | first6=H. | title=The association between gall bladder mucoceles and hyperlipidaemia in dogs: A retrospective case control study | journal=The Veterinary Journal | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=199 | issue=1 | year=2014 | issn=1090-0233 | doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.019 | pages=76–79| pmid=24268484 }}</ref>

A North American study found the breed to be predisposed to ]s, with 1% of Miniature Schnauzers having the condition compared to 0.05% for ].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Tobias | first1=Karen M. | last2=Rohrbach | first2=Barton W. | title=Association of breed with the diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: 2,400 cases (1980–2002) | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | volume=223 | issue=11 | date=2003-12-01 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.2003.223.1636 | pages=1636–1639| pmid=14664452 }}</ref>

Miniature Schnauzers are also prone to ] (vWD). vWD in dogs is an inherited bleeding disorder that occurs due to qualitative or quantitative deficiency of ] (vWF), a ] protein that is required for platelet adhesion.<ref name="akcchf-willebrand">{{cite web |url=http://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/disease-information/von-willebrand-s-disease.html |title=von Willebrand's Disease |publisher=American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation |work=Disease Information |access-date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104031948/http://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/disease-information/von-willebrand-s-disease.html |archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>

The breed is predisposed to atopic dermatitis.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rhodes | first1=Karen Helton | last2=Werner | first2=Alexander H. | title=Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Ames, Iowa | date=2011-01-25 | isbn=978-0-8138-1596-1 | page=94}}</ref>

Schnauzer comedo syndrome is a type of ] ] defect found exclusively in the Miniature Schnauzer that is similar to ] in humans.<ref name="comedone">{{cite journal | last=Hannigan | first=M M | title=A refractory case of schnauzer comedo syndrome. | journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal | date=1997 | publisher=Canadian Veterinary Medical Association | volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=238–239 | pmid=9105724 | pmc=1576584 }}</ref> The condition is characterised by small ]s developing on the dorsal spine (back) of the dog.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rhodes | first1=Karen Helton | last2=Werner | first2=Alexander H. | title=Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Ames, Iowa | date=2011-01-25 | isbn=978-0-8138-1596-1 | page=472}}</ref> The condition is believed to be caused by an inherited developmental defect in hair follicles, causing abnormal keratinisation and subsequently ] formation, ], and secondary bacterial folliculitis which leads to ] and crusting.<ref name="comedone"/>


==See also== ==See also==
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==External links== ==External links==
{{commons category}} {{commons category}}
* {{curlie|Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Terrier_Group/Miniature_Schnauzer/}}


{{portal bar|Dogs|Germany}} {{portal bar|Dogs|Germany}}

Latest revision as of 23:04, 24 December 2024

Dog breed
Miniature Schnauzer
Classic pose of a Miniature Schnauzer. This dog has natural ears and an undocked tail.
Other namesZwergschnauzer (Dwarf Schnauzer)
OriginGermany
Traits
Height Males 12 to 14 in (30 to 36 cm)
Females 11 to 13 in (28 to 33 cm)
Weight Males 11 to 20 lb (5.0 to 9.1 kg)
Females 11 to 20 lb (5.0 to 9.1 kg)
Coat Harsh and wiry when hand stripped, soft and curly when clipped
Color Black, pepper and salt, black and silver
Litter size 3 to 8 pups
Kennel club standards
VDH standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Miniature Schnauzer is a breed of small dog of the Schnauzer type that originated in Germany in the mid-to-late 19th century. Miniature Schnauzers may have been developed from the smallest specimens of the Standard Schnauzer, or crosses between the standard and one or more smaller breeds such as the Affenpinscher, Miniature Pinscher, and Poodles, as farmers bred a small dog that was an efficient ratting dog. They are described as "spunky" but aloof dogs, with good guarding tendencies without some guard dogs' predisposition to bite. Miniature Schnauzers are recognized in four colors internationally: solid black, black and silver, salt and pepper, and white.

It is the most popular Schnauzer breed, and remains one of the most popular worldwide, primarily for its temperament and relatively small size. As of 2022 it is the 17th most popular breed in the U.S.

History

The earliest records surrounding the development of the Standard Schnauzer in Germany come from the late 19th century. They were originally bred to be medium-sized farm dogs in Germany, equally suited to ratting, herding, and guarding property. As time passed, farmers bred the Standard Schnauzer into a smaller, more compact size for ratting by combining it, according to cynologist theorization, with one or more small breeds such as the Affenpinscher and Miniature Poodle, Miniature Pinscher, or Pomeranian, or by chance from smallest specimens of the Standard Schnauzer. The first recorded Miniature Schnauzer appeared in 1888, black female named Findel, and the Pinscher-Schnauzer Klub (formed in 1895) in its first volume of the club's stud book mentioned Wirehaired Miniature Pinscher. The first exhibition was held in 1899.

The American Kennel Club accepted registration of the new breed in 1926, two years after Miniature Schnauzers were introduced to the United States. The American Miniature Schnauzer Club was formed in 1933, from the older parent club Wire-Haired Pinscher Club of America which also included Standard Schnauzer, and initially both competed in the Working Group until 1927. International Kennel Club classifications vary; by the VDH and FCI it is placed in "Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers", with "Nr. 183" in "Section 1.2" dedicated to the Miniature Schnauzer breed, the KC, ANKC and NZKC include it in the Utility Group, while by the AKC, UKC and CKC the Miniature Schnauzer is classed in the Terrier Group.

The start of the modern Miniature Schnauzer in the United States is considered to have a beginning in 1924 when four dogs were imported from Germany. It is argued that almost all American-bred Miniatures partly descend from them, and between 1926 and 1936, 108 more dogs were imported. One of the most notable champions was Ch. Dorem Display, born in 1945 and lived to be nearly fourteen. It is claimed that many champion Miniature Schnauzers in America can trace their lineage back to Dorem Display.

Miniature Schnauzers were the 11th most popular breed in the U.S. in 2008, falling to 17th most popular in 2016.

Appearance

Solid black adult Miniature Schnauzer with intact ears and tail
Salt and pepper adult Miniature Schnauzer with intact ears and tail

Miniature Schnauzers have a very square-shaped build, measuring 11 to 14 inches (28 to 36 cm) tall and weighing 10 to 15 pounds (4.5 to 6.8 kg) for females and 11 to 18 pounds (5.0 to 8.2 kg) for males. They have a double coat, with wiry exterior fur and a soft undercoat. In show trim, the coat is kept short on the body, but the fur on the ears, legs, belly, and face is retained. Recognized coat colors are black, pepper and salt, black and silver, and pure white; pepper and salt coloration is where coat hairs have banded shades of black, gray and silver, fading to a gray or silver at the eyebrows, whiskers, underbody and legs.

Schnauzers are characterized by a rectangular head with bushy beard, mustache, and eyebrows; teeth that meet in a "scissor bite"; oval and dark colored eyes; and v-shaped, natural forward-folding ears (when cropped, the ears point straight upward and come to a sharp point). Their tails are naturally thin and short, and may be docked (where permitted). They will also have very straight, rigid front legs, and feet that are short and round (so-called "cat feet") with thick, black pads.

Docking of tails and cropping of ears has become a controversial practice, especially for non-working dogs, and is now illegal or restricted in a number of countries worldwide, including the UK and Australia.

Grooming

Schnauzers have a specific groom cut that is standard among the schnauzer breeds. Schnauzers require regular grooming, either by stripping, or by clipping. Stripping removes the loose, dead coat; it may be done by hand, called finger stripping, or plucking, or with a stripping knife; either way, it is a laborious process. When kept as pets, Miniature Schnauzers are often groomed differently (usually via clipping) from show dogs (often using stripping). Regular grooming of a Miniature Schnauzer is recommended approximately every six weeks. Clipping, using a mechanical clippers (or shaver), produces a soft, silky, skin-close trim. Whether stripped or clipped, the coat is close at the body, and falls into a fringe-like foundation on its undercarriage, called furnishings, which can be left to grow, but must be combed regularly. All schnauzers, whether they are Miniatures, Standards, or Giants, often sport a beard, created by allowing the hair around their noses to grow out. Left unclipped or unstripped, the body hair will grow two to four inches, and will often tangle into mats and curls.

  • A Miniature Schnauzer pup before first grooming A Miniature Schnauzer pup before first grooming
  • A Miniature Schnauzer with docked ears and tail on a grooming table A Miniature Schnauzer with docked ears and tail on a grooming table
  • A Miniature Schnauzer kept as a pet with natural ears, freshly groomed (clipped) for hot weather A Miniature Schnauzer kept as a pet with natural ears, freshly groomed (clipped) for hot weather
  • Adult black and silver with natural ears; the long eyebrows and full beard are trademark grooming characteristics Adult black and silver with natural ears; the long eyebrows and full beard are trademark grooming characteristics

North American white coat controversy

A white Miniature Schnauzer with ears cropped and tail docked

White is one of four color varieties of the Miniature Schnauzer currently recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. However, they are not accepted for conformation showing by the American Kennel Club and Canadian Kennel Club. The controversy rests on the disputed origins of the white variation, namely whether it was contained within the genes of the originally recognized breed, or whether it was the result of subsequent modifications. Since the other two schnauzer types have never been available in a white variation, and the original German standard never included white as an acceptable color, the American Miniature Schnauzer Club chooses not to recognize white.

Temperament

A Miniature Schnauzer with cropped ears and docked tail

The American Kennel Club breed standard describes temperament as "alert and spirited, yet obedient to command ... friendly, intelligent and willing to please... never overaggressive or timid". Usually easy to train, they tend to be excellent watchdogs with a good territorial instinct, but more inclined toward barking than biting. They are often aloof with strangers until the owners of the home welcome the guest, upon which they are typically very friendly to them. While the Miniature Schnauzer is included in the Terrier Group in North America (due to rat-catching background), it does not have common ancestry with Terriers from Great Britain, and compared to them has a different personality, being more laid back, obedient, friendly, and less aggressive to other dogs.

Miniature Schnauzers can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, showmanship, flyball, and tracking. Schnauzers have a high prey drive, which means they may chase other small animals and hence should not be off leash when not in a fenced area. Stanley Coren ranked the Miniature Schnauzer 12th out of 140 breeds in his book The Intelligence of Dogs (2006). Coren grouped the breed amongst "excellent working dogs". Additionally, experts contacted by Coren ranked the Miniature as fifth among top 15 breeds at watchdog barking ability.

Health

A UK study found a life expectancy of 13.3 years for the breed, higher than the 12 year average for crossbreeds. A study in Japan for pet cemetery data found a life expectancy of 13.4 years, below the overall average of 13.7 years and the 15.3 year average for crossbreeds below 10kgs.

A Japanese study found a significant predisposition to gall bladder mucoceles for the Miniature Schnauzer with a 5.23 odds ratio.

A North American study found the breed to be predisposed to congenital portosystemic shunts, with 1% of Miniature Schnauzers having the condition compared to 0.05% for mixed-breed dogs.

Miniature Schnauzers are also prone to von Willebrand disease (vWD). vWD in dogs is an inherited bleeding disorder that occurs due to qualitative or quantitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a multimeric protein that is required for platelet adhesion.

The breed is predisposed to atopic dermatitis.

Schnauzer comedo syndrome is a type of follicular keratinisation defect found exclusively in the Miniature Schnauzer that is similar to nevus comedonicus in humans. The condition is characterised by small comedones developing on the dorsal spine (back) of the dog. The condition is believed to be caused by an inherited developmental defect in hair follicles, causing abnormal keratinisation and subsequently comedo formation, follicular plugging, and secondary bacterial folliculitis which leads to alopecia and crusting.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Miniature Schnauzer". Hillspet.com. Retrieved 25 March 2013. Miniature Schnauzers are hardy, merry little dogs that were first bred in Germany in the late 19th century. They are descendants of Affenpinschers and Standard Schnauzers.
  2. ^ "Schnauzer (Miniature)". New Zealand Kennel Club. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  3. ^ "Early History". The Miniature Schnauzer Club (Great Britain). Retrieved 20 May 2018. Questions as to the roots and origins of the Miniature Schnauzer produce varied responses. Some breed authorities have maintained that the breed is a result of using only the smallest specimens of the Standard Schnauzer. Others have felt Miniatures to be the result of crossing the Standard Schnauzer with the Affenpinscher and other small breeds. This latter is considered to be the more probable origin...
  4. ^ "History of the Miniature Schnauzer". The American Miniature Schnauzer Club. Retrieved 30 May 2018. The Miniature is said to have come from mating with the Affenpinscher. They may have been developed entirely by chance, often the main reason for a new breed...
  5. ^ "Miniature Schnauzer: Description". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 27 May 2018. It is thought that the miniaturisation was brought about by the infusion of Affenpinscher blood.
  6. ^ "Miniature Schnauzer". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2005. ...the Miniature Schnauzer resides in the AKC Terrier Group with other diminutive rat-catcher breeds. But the Mini is unique among AKC terriers in that he has no British blood in his veins... Alone among terriers, the Miniature Schnauzer is wholly a product of Continental stock: Standard Schnauzer, Affenpinscher, and Poodle. This explains that though the Mini was born to the traditional work of small terriers, his personality is quite different. Not for him is the dour independence of the Scottish Terrier or the fiery temperament of the Irish Terrier. Rather, he is an overtly friendly dog, spirited but obedient and willing to please.
  7. ^ Miniature Schnauzer. Kennel Club Books Interactive Series. i5 Publishing. 2010. pp. 23–30. ISBN 978-1-59378-774-5. Size reduction, in the Miniature's case, may have been achieved by introducing Affenpinscher and poodle blood... To create the Miniature Schnauzer, it is theorized the Standard Schnauzer may have been crossed with the Affenpinscher or Miniature Pinscher.
  8. ^ Ludington, Mary (October 2007). The Nature of Dogs. Simon & Schuster. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4165-4287-2. This miniature relation of the Standard Schnauzer first appeared around the beginning of the nineteenth century and is thought to be the product of crosses between small Standard Schnauzer and/or Miniature Pinschers with Affenpinschers and Poodles.
  9. "Breed Standards : Miniature Schnauzer | United Kennel Club (UKC)". www.ukcdogs.com. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  10. Haid, Melanie (15 March 2023). "The Most Popular Dog Breeds Of 2022". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  11. ^ "Miniature Schnauzer History". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2008. The Miniature Schnauzer is derived from the Standard Schnauzer and is said to have come from mixing of Affenpinschers and Poodles with small Standards
  12. Frye, Fredric L. (2002). Schnauzers: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, and Diseases. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-7641-1962-0. Most experts believe that the Miniature Schnauzer is the result of crossbreeding Poodles and Affenpinchers with smaller Standard Schnauzers. If this is correct, the addition of these other two breeds with their positive traits of vigor and intelligence certainly improved the result.
  13. ^ Levy, Chris (2001). "History of the Miniature Schnauzer". Abiqua Miniature Schnauzers. Retrieved 30 May 2018. He was never a Terrier in the English sense of a small breed used to bolt vermin from the earth, and has little or no true Terrier blood... During the years, other crosses were invariably made, but there are no definite records as to the outcrosses. Affenpinschers, Miniature Pinschers, and Toy Spitz (Pomeranians) are mentioned.
  14. ^ Rugh, Karla S. (2009). Miniature Schnauzers. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 5–9. ISBN 978-0-7641-4245-1.
  15. "Group 2 : Pinscher and Schnauzer - Molossoid and Swiss Mountain and Cattledogs". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  16. "Miniature Schnauzer". United Kennel Club. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  17. ^ "Dorem Display". SchnauzerWeb.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  18. Upmalis, Jordan (21 March 2017). "Most Popular Dog Breeds in America". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  19. ^ "Pet grooming tips for the Miniature Schnauzer". The American Miniature Schnauzer Club. 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013.
  20. "Miniature Schnauzer: Acceptable Colours for Registrations". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  21. "Miniature Schnauzer: Official UKC Breed Standard" (PDF). United Kennel Club. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  22. "Dogs That Do Not Shed". GoPetsAmerica.com. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  23. Pagan, Camille; Flowers, Amy. "Ear Cropping and Tail Docking". WebMD. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  24. Rugh, Karla S. (1997). Miniature Schnauzers: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's. pp. 70–74. ISBN 0-8120-9739-4.
  25. "Why not a White Miniature Schnauzer?". AMSC.us. The American Miniature Schnauzer Club. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013.
  26. Kiedrowski, Dan (1997). The New Miniature Schnauzer (2nd ed.). New York City: Howell Book House. p. 12. ISBN 0-87605-241-3. OCLC 36170497.
  27. Coren, Stanley (2006). The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of Our Canine Companions. Simon & Schuster. pp. 142–143, 149, 182, 192. ISBN 978-0-7432-8087-7.
  28. McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14..531M. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
  29. INOUE, Mai; KWAN, Nigel C. L.; SUGIURA, Katsuaki (2018). "Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data". Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 80 (7). Japanese Society of Veterinary Science: 1153–1158. doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0384. ISSN 0916-7250. PMID 29798968.
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