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Nur ad-Din
Emir
Coinage of Nur al-Din (Aleppo mint). Obverse: Two Byzantine-style imperial figures standing facing, holding between them labarum set on three steps; stars, name and titles of Nur al-Din Mahmud, and blundered Greek legends in field. Reverse: Christ standing facing; titles of Nur al-Din Mahmud and blundered Greek legends in field.
Emir of Aleppo
Reign	1146 – 15 May 1174
Predecessor	Imad ad-Din Zengi
Successor	As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
Emir of Damascus
Reign	1154 – 15 May 1174
Predecessor	Mujir ad-Din Abaq
Successor	As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
Born	1118
Died	15 May 1174 (aged 56) Damascus, Seljuk Empire
Burial	Nur al-Din Madrasa, Damascus, Syria
Spouse	Ismat ad-Din Khatun
Issue	As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
Regnal name al-Malik al-Adil Abul-Qasim Nur ad-Din Mahmud Ibn 'Imad ad-Din Zengi
Dynasty	Zengid dynasty
Father	Imad al-Din Zengi
Religion	Sunni Islam

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a Turkoman member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) of the Seljuk Empire. He reigned from 1146 to 1174. He is regarded as an important figure of the Second Crusade.

War against Crusaders

Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad al-Din Zengi, the Turkoman atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul, who was a devoted enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father in 1146, Nur ad-Din and his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the kingdom between themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing himself in Mosul. The border between the two new kingdoms was formed by the Khabur River. Almost as soon as he began his rule, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antioch, seizing several castles in the north of Syria, while at the same time he defeated an attempt by Joscelin II to recover the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in 1144. In 1146, after the Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred the local Armenian Christian population of the city and destroyed its fortifications, in punishment for assisting Joscelin in this attempt. The women and children of Edessa were enslaved.

Nur ad-Din sought to make alliances with his Muslim neighbours in northern Iraq and Syria in order to strengthen the Muslim front against their Crusader enemies. In 1147, he signed a bilateral treaty with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, governor of Damascus. As part of this agreement, he also married Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din besieged the cities of Bosra and Salkhad, which had been captured by a rebellious vassal of Mu'in ad-Din named Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did not want to offend his former crusader allies in Jerusalem, who had helped defend Damascus against Zengi. To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his stay in Damascus and turned instead towards the Principality of Antioch, where he was able to seize Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, and Bara.

In 1148, the Second Crusade arrived in Syria, led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Nur ad-Din's victories and the Crusaders' losses in Asia Minor however had made the recovery of Edessa – their original goal – practically impossible. Given that Aleppo was too far off from Jerusalem for an attack and Damascus, recently allied with the Kingdom of Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered into an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided to attack Damascus, the conquest of which would preclude a combination of Jerusalem's enemies. Mu'in ad-Din threatened to turn the city over to Nur ad-Din if he was unable to defend it, but the crusader siege collapsed after only four days.

Nur ad-Din took advantage of the failure of the Crusade to prepare another attack against Antioch. In 1149, he launched an offensive against the territories dominated by the castle of Harim, situated on the eastern bank of the Orontes, after which he besieged the castle of Inab. The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, quickly came to the aid of the besieged citadel. The Muslim army destroyed the Crusader army at the Battle of Inab, during which Raymond was killed, moreover, Raymond's head was sent to Nur ad-Din, who sent it along to the Caliph Al-Muqtafi in Baghdad. Nur ad-Din marched all the way to the coast and expressed his dominance of Syria by symbolically bathing in the Mediterranean. He did not, however, attack Antioch itself; he was content with capturing all Antiochene territory east of the Orontes and leaving a rump state around the city, which in any case soon fell under the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. In 1150, he defeated Joscelin II for a final time, after allying with the Seljuk Sultan of Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter he also married). Joscelin was blinded and died in his prison in Aleppo in 1159. In the Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to prevent King Baldwin III of Jerusalem's evacuation of the Latin Christian residents of Turbessel. In 1152, Nur ad-Din captured and burned Tortosa, briefly occupying the town.

Unification of sultanate

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It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite the various Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a younger brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din recognized Nur ad-Din as overlord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were united under one man. Damascus was all that remained as an obstacle to the unification of Syria.

After the failure of the Second Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had renewed his treaty with the crusaders, and after his death in 1149, his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the same policy. In 1150 and 1151, Nur ad-Din besieged the city, but retreated each time with no success, aside from empty recognition of his suzerainty. When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in 1153, Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling across his territory. Mujir ad-Din, however, was a weaker ruler than his predecessor, and he also agreed to pay an annual tribute to the crusaders in exchange for their protection. The growing weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him in 1154, with help from the population of the city. Damascus was annexed to Zengid territory, and all of Syria was unified under the authority of Nur ad-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran in the south. Nur ad-Din was generous in his victory, and allowed Abaq to flee with his property, later granting him fiefdoms in the vicinity of Homs. He was cautious not to attack Jerusalem right away, and even continued to send the yearly tribute established by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile he briefly became involved in affairs to the north of Mosul, where a succession dispute in the Sultanate of Rum threatened Edessa and other cities.

In 1157, Nur ad-Din besieged the Knights Hospitaller in the crusader fortress of Banias, routed a relief army from Jerusalem led by King Baldwin III, and captured Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort. However, he fell ill that year and the crusaders were given a brief respite from his attacks. In 1159, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus arrived to assert his authority in Antioch, and the crusaders hoped he would send an expedition against Aleppo. However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the emperor against the Seljuks, much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, along with the Danishmends of eastern Anatolia, attacked the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II from the east the next year, while Manuel attacked from the west. Later in 1160, Nur ad-Din captured the Prince of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon after a raid in the Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained in captivity for the next sixteen years. By 1162, with Antioch under nominal Byzantine control and the crusader states further south powerless to make any further attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Soon after he returned, he learned of the death of King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and out of respect for such a formidable opponent he refrained from attacking the crusader kingdom: William of Tyre reports that Nur ad-Din said "We should sympathize with their grief and in pity spare them, because they have lost a prince such as the rest of the world does not possess today."

Conquest of Egypt

As there was now nothing the crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to look to the south if they wanted to expand their territory. The capture of Ascalon had already succeeded in cutting off Egypt from Syria, and Egypt had been politically weakened by a series of very young Fatimid caliphs. By 1163, the caliph was the young al-Adid, but the country was ruled by the vizier Shawar. That year, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham; soon afterwards, the King of Jerusalem, Amalric I, led an offensive against Egypt, on the pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay during the reign of Baldwin III. This campaign failed and he was forced to return to Jerusalem, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead a campaign of his own against the crusaders in Syria in order to turn their attention away from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's attack on Tripoli was unsuccessful, but he was soon visited by the exiled Shawar, who begged him to send an army and restore him to the vizierate. Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his own army for a defense of Egypt, but his Kurdish general Shirkuh was given permission to invade in 1164. In response, Dirgham allied with Amalric, but the king could not mobilize in time to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's invasion and Shawar was restored as vizier.

Shawar immediately expelled Shirkuh and allied with Amalric, who arrived to besiege Shirkuh at Bilbeis. Shirkuh agreed to abandon Egypt when Amalric was forced to return home, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and besieged the castle of Harenc. There, Nur ad-Din routed the combined armies of Antioch and Tripoli and captured most of the Crusader armies' leadership, including Raymond III, Joscelin III and Bohemond III, leaving three major principalities of the Crusader states leaderless. However, he refused to attack Antioch itself, fearing reprisals from the Byzantines. Instead he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next two years continually raided the frontiers of the crusader states. In 1166, Nur ad-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was sent again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the beginning of 1167, and a formal treaty was established between Amalric and Shawar, with the nominal support of the caliph. The crusaders occupied Alexandria and Cairo and made Egypt a tributary state, but due to the unpopularity of the Egyptian alliance with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to take Alexandria without bloodshed. The Crusaders besieged Alexandria and famine set in quickly due to the city's limited stores of food. Shirkuh organized a sortie and broke through the enemy lines, leaving command of Alexandria to his nephew, Saladin. In the same year, Nur ad-Din raided the County of Tripoli, in which he temporarily captured Areimeh Castle, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the captivity of Raymond III. Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Egypt while Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced to return to Jerusalem. The siege of Alexandria was lifted, and Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Egypt as well.

In 1168, Amalric sought an alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once more. Shawar's son Khalil had had enough, and with support from Caliph al-Adid requested help from Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh. At the beginning of 1169, Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders once more were forced to retreat. This time Nur ad-Din's commander gained full control of Egypt. Shawar was executed and Shirkuh was named vizier of the newly conquered territory. Shirkuh died later that year and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin. One last invasion of Egypt was launched by Amalric and Manuel, but it was disorganized and came to nothing. Saladin continued to swear nominal fealty to Nur ad-Din until his death in 1174, but their relationship became increasingly tense. Saladin was reluctant to join forces with Nur ad-Din against Crusader armies or holdings, withdrawing his own armies on several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces arrived to assist him. Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin abolish the Shia Caliphate further raised tensions between them. Saladin was reluctant to do so because the authority of the Caliphate in Egypt was a source of legitimacy for his rule. He feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and obligation to the Caliph al-Adid. Nonetheless, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in 1171.

Death and succession

During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, fighting the Artuqids, and in 1170 he had to settle a dispute between his nephews when his brother Qutb ad-Din died. With Egypt conquered in his name, Nur ad-Din believed that he had accomplished his goal of uniting the Arab states of the Levant. However, near the end of his life, especially after the death of Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed he could no longer trust anyone in Saladin's court to maintain the young ruler's fealty to him. Nur ad-Din began preparations to invade Egypt and depose Saladin, but he was seized by a fever due to complications from a peritonsillar abscess. He died at the age of 56 on 15 May 1174 in the Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried there, before being reburied in the Nur al-Din Madrasa. His young son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Saladin declared himself his vassal, maintaining the de jure unity of Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule. When As-Salih died suddenly at the age of eighteen, Saladin defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in 1185, uniting Syria and Egypt not just in name, as they were during Nur ad-Din's reign, but in fact.

Legacy

According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was "a mighty persecutor of the Christian name and faith," he was also "a just prince, valiant and wise, and according to the traditions of his race, a religious man." His sense of justice was never denied to anyone, regardless of their creed or origins. As a result of his justice, a Christian foreigner was said to have settled into Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign. Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his illness and his pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foreigners in Muslim territory, who had come to Outremer to plunder the land and profane its sacred places. Nevertheless, he tolerated the Christians who lived under his authority, aside from the Armenians of Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel with deep respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din's respectful reaction to the death of Baldwin III, Amalric I immediately besieged Banias upon learning of the emir's death, and extorted a vast amount of money from his widow.

During Nur ad-Din's reign, forty-two madrasas were built in Syria, of which half he personally sponsored. Through the construction of these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the creation of Sunni Islamic qadis and imams. Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from the Hadith, and his professors even awarded him a diploma in Hadith narration. He had bimaristans (hospitals) constructed in his cities as well, one of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan and built caravanserais on the roads for travelers and pilgrims. He held court several times a week so that people could seek justice from him against his generals, governors, or other employees who had committed some crime.

Nur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can be seen in his public works. His repair of the Roman aqueduct in Aleppo insinuated an anti-Shia polemic, and the conversion of two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, reinforce his insistence of promoting Sunni Islam. Consequently, in November 1148, he forbade the Shia call to prayer in Aleppo and any public displays of Shi'ism.

In the Muslim world he remains a legendary figure of military courage, piety, and modesty. Sir Steven Runciman said that he loved, above all else, justice.

The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi generally speaks of Nur ad-Din in majestic terms, although he himself died in 1160, and did not witness the later events of Nur ad-Din's reign.

The Islamist group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, active in the Syrian Civil War in Aleppo since 2011, is named after Nur ad-Din.

In popular culture

in Turkish drama Kudüs Fatihi Selahaddin Eyyubi . role played by turkish Mehmet Ali Nuroğlu

Notes

1. A Frankish attempt to take advantage of the situation by reoccupying Edessa in November 1146, led by Joscelin II and Baldwin of Marash, failed utterly, the count fleeing ignominiously, Baldwin meeting a heroic death, the city's walls being levelled and the local Armenian Christians suffering the massacre they had avoided two years earlier.

References

1. Whelan Type II, 202-5; S&S Type 73; Album 1850.
2. "Copper alloy fals of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi, Halab, nd H. 1971.75.1". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
3. Altan 2014, p. 60.
4. Jaspert 2006, p. 73.
5. ^ Tyerman 2006, p. 268.
6. Asbridge 2012, p. 1140.
7. ^ Maalouf, Amin (1984). The crusades through Arab eyes. Internet Archive. New York : Schocken Books. pp. 146–184. ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6.
8. Tyerman 2006, p. 195.
9. Barber 1994, p. 81.
10. "Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
11. Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher (1991). The atlas of the Crusades. New York : Facts on File. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8160-2186-4.
12. ^ Jiwa, Shainool (26 January 2023). The Fatimids 2: The Rule from Egypt. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-7556-4675-3. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
13. Oldenbourg, Zoé (1966). The crusades. Internet Archive. New York, Pantheon Books. p. 364.
14. Murray 2015, p. 231
15. Elisseeff 1995, p. 132.
16. Gabrieli 1984, p. 68
17. "Reconstruction & Rehabilitation of the Al Nouri Complex in Mosul" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
18. Altan 2014, p. 72.
19. Uzayr, Sufyan bin (6 March 2021). "Remembering Nur ad-Din Zengi: The Light of Faith". Political Periscope. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
20. ^ Jotischky 2017, p. 121.
21. Raby 2004, p. 300.
22. Raby 2004, p. 299.
23. Raby 2004, p. 296.
24. Raby 2004, pp. 296–297.
25. Raby 2004, p. 297.
26. Runciman 1952, p. 398.

Sources

• Altan, Ebru (2014). "Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zangi (1146–1174): One of the prominent leaders of the struggle against the Crusaders". Tarih Dergisi.
• Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon & Schuster.
• Barber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press.
• Elisseeff, N. (1995). "Nur al-Din Mahmud b. Zanki". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
• The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi. H.A.R. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002)
• Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). The Crusades. Taylor & Francis.
• Jotischky, Andrew (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge. 121
• Kök, Bahattin (2007). "Nûredd İn Zengî, Mahmud". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 259–262. ISBN 978-975-389-455-5.
• Raby, Julian (2004). "Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the "Classical Revival"". Muqarnas: Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers. 21. Brill.
• Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674023871.
• William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.

Bibliography

• Gabrieli, Francesco (1984), Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520052246.
• Murray, Alan V. (2015), The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1610697804.

v t e Maturidi school of Sunni theology
Maturidi scholars	3rd AH/9th AD Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH) Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342 AH) Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 379 AH) Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 396 AH) 4th AH/10th AD Abu Zayd al-Dabusi (d. 429 AH) Ali Hujwiri (d. 464 AH) Yūsuf Balasaguni (d. 469 AH) Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi (d. 482 AH) Al-Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH) Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 493 AH) 5th AH/11th AD Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH) Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH) Yusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH) Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH) Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH) Ahmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH) Nur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH) Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH) Nur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 580 AH) Fatima al-Samarqandi (d. 581 AH) Al-Kasani (d. 587 AH) Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 593 AH) 6th AH/12th AD Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH) Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa (d. 624 AH) Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 632 AH) Mu'in al-Din Chishti (d. 633 AH) Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi (d. 659 AH) Baba Farid (d. 664 AH) Rumi (d. 671 AH) Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi (d. after 690 AH) 7th AH/13th AD Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH) Sultan Walad (d. 711 AH) Nizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH) Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 747 AH) Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH) Baha' al-Din Naqshband (d. 791 AH) Kadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH) 8th AH/14th AD Bande Nawaz (d. 825 AH) Shams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH) 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH) Yaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH) Ahmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH) Badr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH) Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH) Khidr Bey (d. 863 AH) Ali al-Bistami (d. 874 AH) 'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879 AH) Mehmed II (d. 886 AH) Khwaja Ahrar (d. 895 AH) 9th AH/15th AD Ali-Shir Nava'i (d. 906 AH) Husayn Kashifi (d. 910 AH) Ibn Kemal (d. 940 AH) Abdul Quddus Gangohi (d. 943 AH) Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (d. 955 AH) Taşköprüzade (d. 968 AH) Muhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH) Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH) 10th AH/16th AD Khwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH) 'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH) Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH) Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH) Mahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH) 'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH) Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH) 'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH) Wang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH) Kâtip Çelebi (d. 1068 AH) Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH) Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH) 11th AH/17th AD Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH) Ma Zhu (d. around 1123 AH) Ismail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH) Shah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH) Liu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH) Nizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH) Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH) Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH) 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH) İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH) Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH) 12th AH/18th AD Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH) Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH) Sanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH) Ghabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH) Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH) Shah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH) Shah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH) Syed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH) Ibn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH) Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH) Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH) Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH) Yusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH) Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH) Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH) 'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH) 13th AH/19th AD 'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH) Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH) Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH) Giritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH) Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH) Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH) Abai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH) Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH) Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH) Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH) Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH) Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH) Shakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH) Muhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH) Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH) Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH) Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH) Fatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH) Meher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH) Muhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH) Ashraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH) Ubaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH) Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH) Musa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH) Al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH) Kifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH) Mustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH) Husayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH) Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH) Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH) Muhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH) Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi (d. 1395 AH) Abul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH) Abdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH) 14th AH/20th AD Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH) Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH) Abdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH) Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH) Muhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH) Anzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH) Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH) Muhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH) Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH) Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH) Nur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH) Usmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH) Muhammad Rafi' Usmani Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri Muhammad Taqi Usmani Husein Kavazović Salah Mezhiev
Theology books	Al-Fiqh al-Akbar Kitab al-Tawhid Tafsir al-Maturidi Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya Al-Sawad al-A'zam Tabsirat al-Adilla 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi Talkhis al-Adilla Masnavi Fihi Ma Fihi Han Kitab Qingzhen Zhinan Kutadgu Bilig Tafsir al-Mazhari Izhar ul-Haqq Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili
See also	2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny 2020 International Maturidi Conference Ahl al-Ra'y Kalam Tawhid Gedimu Firangi Mahal Deobandi Barelvi
Maturidi-related templates Hanafi Ash'ari Sufi Islamic theology

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