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{{multiple issues|
{{primarysources|date=May 2011}} {{primary sources|date=May 2011}}
⚫ {{infobox weapon
{{expand German|date=August 2024}}
⚫ | name = Girardoni Air Rifle
}}
⚫ | image = ]
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
⚫ | caption = Girardoni System Austrian Repeating Air Rifle, Circa 1795, believed to have been taken on the ]
⚫ {{Infobox weapon
⚫ | origin = {{flagcountry|Holy Roman Empire}}
| type = ] | name = Girandoni air rifle
⚫ | image = Girandoni Air Rifle.jpg
| image_size = 300
⚫ | caption = Girandoni system Austrian repeating air rifle, circa 1795, believed to have been taken on the ]
⚫ | origin = {{flagcountry|Holy Roman Empire}}
⚫ | type = ]
<!-- Type selection --> <!-- Type selection -->
| is_ranged = YES | is_ranged = Yes
<!-- Service history --> <!-- Service history -->
| service = 1780-1815 | service = 1780–1816
| used_by = ], ] | used_by = ]
| wars = | wars = ]
<!-- Production history --> <!-- Production history -->
| designer = ] | designer = Bartolomeo Girandoni
| design_date = 1779 or 1780 | design_date = 1779 or 1780
| manufacturer = | manufacturer =
| unit_cost = | unit_cost =
| production_date = | production_date =
| number = | number = 1,300
| variants = | variants =
<!-- General specifications --> <!-- General specifications -->
| spec_label = | spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|120|cm|ft|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|120|cm|ft|abbr=on}}
| part_length = | part_length =
| width = | width =
| height = | height =
| diameter = | diameter =
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge = | cartridge = spherical balls
| cartridge_weight = | cartridge_weight =
| caliber = .46 | caliber = .46", 11.7 mm 146.3 grains (9.48 g), or .51", 13 mm, 201.49 grains (13.06 g)
| barrels = | barrels =
| action = | action =
| rate = | rate =
| velocity = | velocity = about 600 fps (152 m/s), 117 ft lbs (159 J)
| range = | range =
| max_range = | max_range =
| feed = 20 round vertical hopper | feed = 20/21 round magazine or hopper
| sights = Iron | sights = Iron
}} }}


⚫ The '''Girandoni air rifle''' is an ] designed by ] inventor Bartolomeo Girandoni circa 1779. The weapon was also known as the ''Windbüchse'' ("wind rifle" in ]). One of the rifle's more famous associations is its use on the ] to explore and map the ] of 1803.
⚫ ]

⚫ The '''Girardoni Air Rifle''' was an ] designed by ] inventor ] circa 1779. The weapon was also known as the ''Windbüchse'' ("wind rifle" in ]). One of the rifle's more famous associations is its purported use on the ] to explore and map the western part of North America in the early 1800s.


==History and use== ==History and use==
⚫ ]
The Girardoni air rifle was in service with the ] army from 1780 to around 1815. The advantages of a high ], no smoke from ]s, and low muzzle report granted it initial acceptance, but it was eventually removed from service for several reasons. While the detachable air reservoir was capable of around 30 shots it took nearly 1500 strokes of a ] to fill those reservoirs. Later, a wagon-mounted pump was provided. The reservoirs themselves, made from hammered sheet iron held together with rivets and sealed by ], proved very difficult to manufacture using the techniques of the period and were always in short supply.


The ] used the rifle in the demonstrations that they performed for nearly every ] tribe they encountered on the expedition.<ref name="Wier">{{cite web |url=http://www.westernexplorers.us/Firearms_of_Lewis_and_Clark.pdf |title=The firearms of the Lewis and Clark Expedition |date=2005 |accessdate=12 March 2013 |author=Wier, S.K. |pages=12 }}</ref><ref> at YouTube</ref> Some scholars have argued that the airgun carried by Merriwether Lewis was not a Girandoni, but a Lukens, made by Isaiah Lukens of Philadelphia.<ref>Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 96-99.</ref> However, Col. Thomas Rodney wrote the following on 8 September 1803: "Visited Captain Lewess barge. He shewed us his air gun which fired 22 times at one charge."<ref>Rodney,Thomas. A Journey Through the West: Thomas Rodney's 1803 Journal from Delaware to the Mississippi Territory, ed. Dwight L. Smith and Ray Swick. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1997. p. 50.</ref> All Lukens's known airguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, not repeaters, making it very likely that Lewis's gun was a Girandoni, the only repeating airgun of the time. Lewis stated in his journals that he purchased the airgun, but it is not known when or where he did so.<ref>Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 99, 101.</ref> Lewis fired the airgun at least 16 times to demonstrate it to various Native American tribes. On 24 January 1806, Lewis wrote "My air gun also astonishes them very much, they cannot comprehend it's shooting so often and without powder; and think that it is great medicine."<ref>Moulton, Gary. The Jpurnals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 13 Vols. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Vol. 6, p. 233.</ref><ref>Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 103.</ref>
In addition, the weapon was very delicate and a small break could make it inoperable. Finally, it was very different from any other weapon of the time and any soldier using it needed to be highly trained.

The ] used the rifle in the demonstrations that they performed for nearly every ] tribe they encountered on the expedition.<ref name="Wier">{{cite web | url=http://www.westernexplorers.us/Firearms_of_Lewis_and_Clark.pdf | title=The Firearms of the Lewis and Clark Expedition | date=2005 | accessdate=March 12, 2013 | author=Wier, S.K. | pages=12}}</ref><ref> at YouTube</ref>

==The Girandoni Repeating Air Rifle==

Presented here is information which finally develops a fairly clear picture of the features and history of the Girandoni military repeating air rifle. This information has become especially interesting and relevant because so much of it is new. The operation and special features of this gun, even its shortcomings, may be even more important to us than its fabled firepower.

After inventing an ingenious, but unreliable and unsafe, multiple feed system for powder burning firearms in the very late 1700s, Bartholomäus Girandoni (also spelled Girandony, Girardoni, etc.) of Vienna (originally from Ampesso in the Southern Tyrolean Alps) very successfully adapted the system to large bore airguns. Most of the following details are from the presentation of the design and details of this gun recently published by the British gun researchers Geoffrey Baker and Colin Currie (2002, 2006) and the physical research of Ernie Cowan and Rick Keller, both combined with research and analysis by Robert Beeman.

The Girandoni system was adopted, in great secrecy, as the Austrian military repeating air rifle (Hummelberger and Scharer, 1964/65). It has been recorded that the system was invented in 1779 or 1780, but deliveries of these guns to the Austrian army did not begin until between 1787 and 1791. Hoff’s (1977) classic reference on antique airguns and Hummelberger and Scharer (1964/65) indicate that about 1500 Girandoni military airguns were produced and that finally they were retired from service to Olmütz in Bohemia in 1815. Specimens with suggested, but unsupported, dates as early as 1797, and similar versions, but more advanced than the military models, are known from Joseph Lowenz and Joseph Contriner in Vienna. Hoff indicates that other Viennese gunmakers started making most of their copies of the Girandoni system well after the Austrian Army had given up all interest in such guns in 1815. Samuel Staudenmayer also began to make standard and advanced versions of these guns in his London shop from about 1800 to 1823.<ref>Samuel Staudenmayer, Gunsmith, Cockspur Street, London. By Shaun Brown, Page 90 to 93</ref>
<ref></ref> An example of an early Staudenmayer made Girandoni is in the famous Nunnemacher collection, (item N551), <ref>The Rudolph J. Nunnemacher Collection of Projectle Arms by John Metschl Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin</ref>


==Design and capabilities== ==Design and capabilities==
The rifle was 4 ft (1.2 m) long and weighed 10 lbs (4.5 kg), about the same basic size and weight as other muskets of the time. It fired a .46 caliber ball <ref>The Beeman article on Girardoni Air Rifles in the sources section and an article in the German gun magazine ''Visier'' (issue 1/2007, page&nbsp;141) claim the caliber was actually .463" (11.75 mm).</ref> (caliber is contested, original sources such as Dolleczek <ref>Die Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen im österreichischen Heere, 1896, Anton Dolleczek</ref> describe the caliber as 13mm) and it had a tubular, gravity-fed ] with a capacity of 20 balls. This gravity operated design was such that the rifle had to be pointed upwards in order to drop each ball into the ]. Unlike its contemporary, muzzle-loading muskets, which required the ] to stand up to reload with powder and ball, the shooter could reload a ball from the magazine by holding the rifle vertically while lying on his back and operating the ball delivery mechanism. The rifleman then could roll back into position to fire, allowing the rifleman to keep a "low profile". Contemporary regulations of 1788 required that each rifleman, in addition to the rifle itself, be equipped with three compressed air reservoirs (two spare and one attached to the rifle), cleaning stick, hand pump, lead ladle, and 100 lead balls, 1 in the chamber, 19 in the magazine built into the rifle and the remaining 80 in four tin tubes. Equipment not carried attached to the rifle was held in a special leather ]. It was also necessary to keep the leather ]s of the reservoir moist in order to maintain a good seal and prevent leakage.<ref>A letter detailing regulations, "Signed, Vienna, 24th January 1788"; reproduced in Baker, G; Currie, C. ''The Austrian Army Repeating Air Rifle'' 2nd Ed., 2007.</ref> The rifle was {{convert|4|ft|spell=in}} long and weighed {{convert|10|lb|spell=in}}, about the same size and weight as infantry muskets of the time. It fired a .46 or .51 caliber ball and had a tubular, spring-fed ] with a capacity of 20 balls.<ref name=":0"/><ref>The Beeman article on Girardoni air rifles in the sources section and an article in the German gun magazine ''Visier'' (issue 1/2007, page&nbsp;141) claim the caliber was actually .463" (11.75 mm).</ref><ref>Die Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen im österreichischen Heere, 1896, Anton Dolleczek</ref> Some of the weapons were also made using a gravity-fed magazine. Unlike its contemporary, muzzle-loading muskets, which required the ] to stand up to reload with powder and ball, the shooter could reload a ball from the magazine by pulling a transverse chamber bar out of the breech which allowed a ball to be supplied to it and which then rebounded back to its original position with the aid of a spring, all while lying down.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77hTDwAAQBAJ&q=Girandoni&pg=PR4|title = Repeating and Multi-Fire Weapons: A History from the Zhuge Crossbow Through the AK-47|isbn = 9781476631103|last1 = Prenderghast|first1 = Gerald|date = 4 April 2018}}</ref>


Contemporary regulations of 1788 required that each rifleman be equipped with the rifle, three compressed air reservoirs (two spare and one attached to the rifle), cleaning stick, hand pump, lead ladle and 100 lead balls, 1 in the chamber, 19 in the magazine built into the rifle and the remaining 80 in four tin tubes. Equipment not carried attached to the rifle was held in a special leather ]. It was also necessary to keep the leather ]s of the reservoir moist to maintain a good seal and prevent leakage.<ref>A letter detailing regulations, "Signed, Vienna, 24th January 1788"; reproduced in Baker, G; Currie, C. ''The Austrian Army Repeating Air Rifle'' 2nd Ed., 2007.</ref>
⚫ The air reservoir was in the club-shaped butt. With a full air reservoir, the Girardoni air rifle had the capacity to shoot 30 shots at useful pressure. These balls were effective to approximately 150 yards on a full load. The power declined as the air reservoir was emptied.<ref>Military writer ] claimed in an 1891 treatise ''Die österreichische Militär-Repetier-Windbüchse'' that the first ten shots would be effective to about 150&nbsp;paces, the next ten shots up to 120-125&nbsp;paces, the next ten out to 100&nbsp;paces, and then the remaining ] in the reservoir would be too low.</ref>


⚫ The air reservoir was in the club-shaped stock. With a full air reservoir, the Girardoni air rifle had the capacity to shoot 30 shots at useful pressure. These balls were effective to approximately {{cvt|125|yd}} on a full air reservoir. The power declined as the air reservoir was emptied.<ref>Military writer August Haller claimed in an 1891 treatise ''Die österreichische Militär-Repetier-Windbüchse'' that the first ten shots would be effective to about 150&nbsp;paces, the next ten shots up to 120–125&nbsp;paces, the next ten out to 100&nbsp;paces, and then the remaining ] in the reservoir would be too low.</ref>
==Importance==
The Girardoni air rifle was an important first. It was the first ] of any kind to see military service. It was one of the first uses of a ]. And, although it saw service for only 35 years, it predated and was more advanced in design and mechanical technology than the ] which arrived fifty years later.


==See also== ==See also==
* {{annotated link|Kunitomo air gun}}
* ] * {{annotated link|Weaponry of the Austro-Hungarian Empire}}


==Footnotes== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


==Sources== ==External links==
* *
* *
* (original 1780 example)
*
* (original 1780 example) *
* {{Commons category-inline|Girandoni air rifle}}
*



] ]
]
] ]

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Air rifle
Girandoni air rifle
Girandoni system Austrian repeating air rifle, circa 1795, believed to have been taken on the Lewis and Clark Expedition
TypeAir rifle
Place of origin Holy Roman Empire
Service history
In service1780–1816
Used byAustrian Empire
WarsNapoleonic Wars
Production history
DesignerBartolomeo Girandoni
Designed1779 or 1780
No. built1,300
Specifications
Mass4.5 kg (9.9 lb)
Length120 cm (3.9 ft)
Cartridgespherical balls
Caliber.46", 11.7 mm 146.3 grains (9.48 g), or .51", 13 mm, 201.49 grains (13.06 g)
Muzzle velocityabout 600 fps (152 m/s), 117 ft lbs (159 J)
Feed system20/21 round magazine or hopper
SightsIron

The Girandoni air rifle is an air gun designed by Italian inventor Bartolomeo Girandoni circa 1779. The weapon was also known as the Windbüchse ("wind rifle" in German). One of the rifle's more famous associations is its use on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore and map the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

History and use

Recreation of an Austrian Girardoni system accoutrements bag, including bullet mold, air pump, spare air flasks, wrenches and ladle

The Lewis and Clark Expedition used the rifle in the demonstrations that they performed for nearly every Native American tribe they encountered on the expedition. Some scholars have argued that the airgun carried by Merriwether Lewis was not a Girandoni, but a Lukens, made by Isaiah Lukens of Philadelphia. However, Col. Thomas Rodney wrote the following on 8 September 1803: "Visited Captain Lewess barge. He shewed us his air gun which fired 22 times at one charge." All Lukens's known airguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, not repeaters, making it very likely that Lewis's gun was a Girandoni, the only repeating airgun of the time. Lewis stated in his journals that he purchased the airgun, but it is not known when or where he did so. Lewis fired the airgun at least 16 times to demonstrate it to various Native American tribes. On 24 January 1806, Lewis wrote "My air gun also astonishes them very much, they cannot comprehend it's shooting so often and without powder; and think that it is great medicine."

Design and capabilities

The rifle was four feet (1.2 m) long and weighed ten pounds (4.5 kg), about the same size and weight as infantry muskets of the time. It fired a .46 or .51 caliber ball and had a tubular, spring-fed magazine with a capacity of 20 balls. Some of the weapons were also made using a gravity-fed magazine. Unlike its contemporary, muzzle-loading muskets, which required the rifleman to stand up to reload with powder and ball, the shooter could reload a ball from the magazine by pulling a transverse chamber bar out of the breech which allowed a ball to be supplied to it and which then rebounded back to its original position with the aid of a spring, all while lying down.

Contemporary regulations of 1788 required that each rifleman be equipped with the rifle, three compressed air reservoirs (two spare and one attached to the rifle), cleaning stick, hand pump, lead ladle and 100 lead balls, 1 in the chamber, 19 in the magazine built into the rifle and the remaining 80 in four tin tubes. Equipment not carried attached to the rifle was held in a special leather knapsack. It was also necessary to keep the leather gaskets of the reservoir moist to maintain a good seal and prevent leakage.

The air reservoir was in the club-shaped stock. With a full air reservoir, the Girardoni air rifle had the capacity to shoot 30 shots at useful pressure. These balls were effective to approximately 125 yd (114 m) on a full air reservoir. The power declined as the air reservoir was emptied.

See also

References

  1. Wier, S.K. (2005). "The firearms of the Lewis and Clark Expedition" (PDF). p. 12. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  2. Girardoni air rifle as used by Lewis and Clark. A National Firearms Museum Treasure Gun. at YouTube
  3. Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 96-99.
  4. Rodney,Thomas. A Journey Through the West: Thomas Rodney's 1803 Journal from Delaware to the Mississippi Territory, ed. Dwight L. Smith and Ray Swick. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1997. p. 50.
  5. Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 99, 101.
  6. Moulton, Gary. The Jpurnals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 13 Vols. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Vol. 6, p. 233.
  7. Garry, Jim. Weapons of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 2012. p. 103.
  8. ^ Prenderghast, Gerald (4 April 2018). Repeating and Multi-Fire Weapons: A History from the Zhuge Crossbow Through the AK-47. ISBN 9781476631103.
  9. The Beeman article on Girardoni air rifles in the sources section and an article in the German gun magazine Visier (issue 1/2007, page 141) claim the caliber was actually .463" (11.75 mm).
  10. Die Entwicklung der Handfeuerwaffen im österreichischen Heere, 1896, Anton Dolleczek
  11. A letter detailing regulations, "Signed, Vienna, 24th January 1788"; reproduced in Baker, G; Currie, C. The Austrian Army Repeating Air Rifle 2nd Ed., 2007.
  12. Military writer August Haller claimed in an 1891 treatise Die österreichische Militär-Repetier-Windbüchse that the first ten shots would be effective to about 150 paces, the next ten shots up to 120–125 paces, the next ten out to 100 paces, and then the remaining air pressure in the reservoir would be too low.

External links

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