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{{Short description|none}}
{{for|satirical news|List of satirical news websites}} {{for|satirical news|List of satirical news websites}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
This is a list of ]s. These sites intentionally publish ]es and ] for purposes other than ]. This list also excludes sites that promote ] based on apparently genuine belief (as opposed to a conscious intent to misinform or to gather web traffic).
{{dynamic list}}


Some of these sites use a ] that ends in ''']''' or otherwise resembling genuine news sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/nytimescomco-posts-fake-news-articles-pretending-to-be-the-new-york-times-2015-6 |title=Watch out for this fake news website masquerading as ''The New York Times''|work=businessinsider.com|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/five-tips-how-spot-fake-news-online-n687226 |title=Would you believe the pope endorsed Trump? Five tips for spotting fake news|work=NBC News|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> '''Fake news websites''' are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish ]es and ] for purposes other than ]. Some of these sites use ]s, ] and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in ] attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.<ref name="Weissman-2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/nytimescomco-posts-fake-news-articles-pretending-to-be-the-new-york-times-2015-6|title=Watch out for this fake news website masquerading as ''The New York Times''|work=businessinsider.com|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220122954/http://www.businessinsider.com/nytimescomco-posts-fake-news-articles-pretending-to-be-the-new-york-times-2015-6|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NBC News-2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n687226 |title=Would you believe the pope endorsed Trump? Five tips for spotting fake news|work=NBC News|date=22 November 2016 |access-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916022132/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n687226 |archive-date=16 September 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lim-2019">{{Cite report |url=https://citizenlab.ca/2019/05/burned-after-reading-endless-mayflys-ephemeral-disinformation-campaign/ |title=Burned After Reading: Endless Mayfly's Ephemeral Disinformation Campaign |last1=Lim |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Maynier |first2=Etienne |date=2019-05-14 |publisher=University of Toronto |issue=Citizen Lab Research Report No. 118 |last3=Scott-Railton |first3=John |last4=Fittarelli |first4=Alberto |last5=Moran |first5=Ned |last6=Deibert |first6=Ron}}</ref>


==Definition== ==Definition==
Fake news websites deliberately publish ] and ] to drive ] inflamed by ].<ref name="russiadominates">{{citation|title=Trolls for Trump - How Russia Dominates Your Twitter Feed to Promote Lies (And, Trump, Too)|date=6 August 2016|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/06/how-russia-dominates-your-twitter-feed-to-promote-lies-and-trump-too.html|author1=Weisburd, Andrew |author2=Watts, Clint |work=]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=snopesfieldguide>{{citation|url=http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/|accessdate=19 November 2016|date=2 November 2016|work=]|title=Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors - Snopes.com's updated guide to the internet's clickbaiting, news-faking, social media exploiting dark side.|first=Kim|last=LaCapria}}</ref><ref name="divideeurope">{{citation|title='Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda|date=11 October 2016|url=http://www.dw.com/en/divide-europe-european-lawmakers-warn-of-russian-propaganda/a-36016836|author=Lewis Sanders IV|work=]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> These sites are distinguished from ] (which is humorous) as they mislead and profit from readers' ].<ref name="snopesfieldguide" /> While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of ], structured to make visitors believe they are visiting trusted sources like ] <!--www.abcnews.com.co--> or ].<ref name=bengilbert>{{citation|work=]|accessdate=16 November 2016|date=15 November 2016|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-users-crowdsource-fake-news-document-2016-11|title=Fed up with fake news, Facebook users are solving the problem with a simple list|author=Ben Gilbert|quote=Some of these sites are intended to look like real publications (there are false versions of major outlets like ABC and MSNBC) but share only fake news; others are straight-up propaganda created by foreign nations (Russia and Macedonia, among others).}}</ref> '']'' pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to ] readers, generally with the goal of profiting through ].<ref name=tavernise>{{citation|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/06/us/fake-news-partisan-republican-democrat.html|work=]|accessdate=9 December 2016|date=7 December 2016|first=Sabrina|last=Tavernise|page=A1|quote=Narrowly defined, 'fake news' means a made-up story with an intention to deceive, often geared toward getting clicks.|title=As Fake News Spreads Lies, More Readers Shrug at the Truth}}</ref> ] described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.<ref name=kertscher>{{citation|url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/politifactwisconsin/2016/12/13/politifacts-lie-year-2016-fake-news/95395008/|work=]|date=13 December 2016|accessdate=14 December 2016|first=Tom|last=Kertscher|title=PolitiFact's Lie of the Year 2016: Fake news}}</ref> ]s deliberately publish ] and ] to drive ] inflamed by ].<ref name="russiadominates">{{citation|title=How Russia Dominates Your Twitter Feed to Promote Lies (And, Trump, Too)|date=6 August 2016|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/06/how-russia-dominates-your-twitter-feed-to-promote-lies-and-trump-too.html|author1=Weisburd, Andrew|author2=Watts, Clint|work=]|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531031716/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/06/how-russia-dominates-your-twitter-feed-to-promote-lies-and-trump-too.html|archive-date=31 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LaCapria-2016b">{{citation|url=http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/|access-date=19 November 2016|date=2 November 2016|work=]|title=Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors - Snopes.com's updated guide to the internet's clickbaiting, news-faking, social media exploiting dark side.|first=Kim|last=LaCapria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628060536/https://www.snopes.com/news/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/|archive-date=28 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sanders-2016">{{citation|title='Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda|date=11 October 2016|url=http://www.dw.com/en/divide-europe-european-lawmakers-warn-of-russian-propaganda/a-36016836|author=Lewis Sanders IV|work=]|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325134130/https://www.dw.com/en/divide-europe-european-lawmakers-warn-of-russian-propaganda/a-36016836|archive-date=25 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> These sites are distinguished from ] (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' ].<ref name="LaCapria-2016b" /> While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of ], structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ] <!--www.abcnews.com.co--> or ].<ref name="Gilbert-2016">{{citation|work=]|access-date=16 November 2016|date=15 November 2016|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-users-crowdsource-fake-news-document-2016-11|title=Fed up with fake news, Facebook users are solving the problem with a simple list|first=Ben|last=Gilbert|quote=Some of these sites are intended to look like real publications (there are false versions of major outlets like ABC and MSNBC) but share only fake news; others are straight-up propaganda created by foreign nations (Russia and Macedonia, among others).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526185301/https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-users-crowdsource-fake-news-document-2016-11|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> '']'' pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to ] readers, generally with the goal of profiting through ].<ref name="Tavernise-2016">{{citation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/06/us/fake-news-partisan-republican-democrat.html|work=]|access-date=9 December 2016|date=7 December 2016|first=Sabrina|last=Tavernise|page=A1|quote=Narrowly defined, 'fake news' means a made-up story with an intention to deceive, often geared toward getting clicks.|title=As Fake News Spreads Lies, More Readers Shrug at the Truth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203114/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/06/us/fake-news-partisan-republican-democrat.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ] described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.<ref name="Kertscher-2016">{{citation|url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/politifactwisconsin/2016/12/13/politifacts-lie-year-2016-fake-news/95395008/|work=]|date=13 December 2016|access-date=14 December 2016|first=Tom|last=Kertscher|title=PolitiFact's Lie of the Year 2016: Fake news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222243/https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/politifactwisconsin/2016/12/13/politifacts-lie-year-2016-fake-news/95395008/|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>


''The New York Times'' noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within ] in the years prior to the ].<ref name=tavernise /> Prior to the election between ] and ], fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree.<ref name=tavernise /> Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of ] saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of ] arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor ].<ref name=tavernise /> Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.<ref name=tavernise /> ''The New York Times'' noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within ] in the years prior to the ].<ref name="Tavernise-2016" /> Except for the ],<ref name="Ong-2018">{{cite news |last1=Ong |first1=Jonathan Corpus |title=Trolls for Sale in the World's Social Media Capital |url=https://www.asiaglobalonline.hku.hk/philippines-internet-trolls-social-media-duterte/ |publisher=AsiaGlobal Online |date=August 30, 2018 |access-date=February 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011921/https://www.asiaglobalonline.hku.hk/philippines-internet-trolls-social-media-duterte/ |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> prior to the election between ] and ], fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree.<ref name="Tavernise-2016" /> Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of ] saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of ] arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor ].<ref name="Tavernise-2016" /> Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.<ref name="Tavernise-2016" />


==Lists==
==List of fake news sites==


=== Campaigns by individuals ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
The following is a list of websites created by individuals (aside from those associated with corporations or political actors) that have been assessed by fact-checkers as fake news websites.
!Name

! class="unsortable"|Notes
==== American News LLC ====
! class="unsortable"|Sources
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|- |-
|American News
|]
|americannews.com
|Owned by ]. Mimics the URL, design and logo of ].
|Defunct
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name=cjr>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cjr.org/analysis/how_fake_news_sites_frequently_trick_big-time_journalists.php|title=How fake news sites frequently trick big-time journalists|newspaper=Columbia Journalism Review|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref><ref name=kxlh>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kxlh.com/story/33744836/heres-how-to-outsmart-fake-news-in-your-facebook-feed|title=Here's how to outsmart fake news in your Facebook feed|access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref><ref name=politifact>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/nov/17/blog-posting/no-someone-wasnt-paid-3500-protest-donald-trump-it/|title=No, someone wasn't paid $3,500 to protest Donald Trump|newspaper=@politifact|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref name=wapo18november2016>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/11/17/facebook-fake-news-writer-i-think-donald-trump-is-in-the-white-house-because-of-me/?tid=sm_tw|title=Facebook fake-news writer: ‘I think Donald Trump is in the White House because of me’|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref name="atc" />
|Published a false story claiming actor ] endorsed ] for ]. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on ], a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election.
|<ref name="Iannelli-2017">{{cite web |last=Iannelli |first=Jerry |date=28 February 2017 |title=There's Reportedly a Gigantic #FakeNews Operation Run From Miami (and It's Not New Times!) |url=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/theres-reportedly-a-gigantic-fakenews-operation-run-from-miami-and-its-not-new-times-9173747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506200051/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/theres-reportedly-a-gigantic-fakenews-operation-run-from-miami-and-its-not-new-times-9173747 |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017 |work=Miami New Times}}</ref>
<ref name="Silverman-2017">{{cite news |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=February 27, 2017 |title=This Is How Your Hyperpartisan Political News Gets Made |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-the-hyperpartisan-sausage-is-made |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717154405/https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-the-hyperpartisan-sausage-is-made |archive-date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2019 |work=Buzzfeed News}}</ref><ref name="Bump-2016">{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=14 November 2016 |title=Denzel Washington endorsed Trump, according to AmericaNews, Breitbart, USANewsHome — and Facebook |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/14/denzel-washington-endorsed-trump-according-to-americanews-breitbartt-usanewshome-and-facebook/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221203603/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/14/denzel-washington-endorsed-trump-according-to-americanews-breitbartt-usanewshome-and-facebook/ |archive-date=21 February 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2019 |newspaper=]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2018-07-29 |title=This Huge Hyperpartisan American Conservative Facebook Page Was Rented Out To Guys In India |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/hyperpartisan-conservative-facebook-page-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730043759/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/hyperpartisan-conservative-facebook-page-india |archive-date=2018-07-30 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
|Conservative 101
|Bloomberg'''.ma'''
|conservative101.com
|Designed to imitate ]. Was used to issue a false report announcing that Twitter had received a USD $31 billion takeover offer, the false report resulted in an 8% stock price spike of Twitter. Site now defunct.
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/15/business/dealbook/twitter-shares-jump-after-fake-bloomberg-report.html|title=Twitter Shares Jump After Faked Bloomberg Report|last=Merced|first=Michael J. De La|date=2015-07-14|last2=Goldstein|first2=Matthew|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/07/14/fake-twitter-bloomberg-report/|title=Fake Bloomberg News Report Drives Twitter Stock Up 8%|last=FORTUNE|website=Fortune|access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>
|Falsely claimed that the ] fired ].
|<ref name="Iannelli-2017" /><ref name="Silverman-2017" /><ref name=":5" />
|- |-
|Democratic Review
|DrudgeReport.com'''.co'''
|DemocraticReview.com
|Owned by Jestin Coler (mimics the name of the ]).
|Defunct
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name="atc" />
|Owned by American Review LLC of Miami, the same company that owns American News (americannews.com), Conservative 101 and Liberal Society.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017" /><ref name=":5" />
|- |-
|Liberal Society
|MSNBC.com'''.co'''
|LiberalSociety.com
|Defunct
|Published a fake direct quote attributed to Obama, Falsely claimed that the White House fired ].
|<ref name="Iannelli-2017" /><ref name="Silverman-2017" /><ref name=":5" />
|}

==== Conservative Beaver ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|Conservative Beaver
|conservativebeaver.com
|Defunct
|Published false anti-vaccination claims related to Pfizer, leading to Pfizer filing a petition to compel the site host to reveal the site owner's identity.
|<ref name="Schenk-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=Pfizer Petitions Court For Identity of 'Conservative Beaver' Publisher -- Lead Stories May Have Found Him |url=https://leadstories.com/analysis/2021/11/who-is-conservative-beaver.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406144753/https://leadstories.com/analysis/2021/11/who-is-conservative-beaver.html |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Lead Stories}}</ref>
|-
|The Red Panther
|theredpanther.com
|Defunct
|Former name of Toronto Today.
As of 2024, is now an e-commerce site.
|<ref name="Schenk-2021" />
|-
|Toronto99.com
|Toronto99.com
|Active
|Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver.
|<ref name="Schenk-2021" />
|-
|Toronto Today
|torontotoday.net
|Defunct
|Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver.
|<ref name="Schenk-2021" />
|-
|Vancouver Times
|vancouvertimes.org
|Defunct
|Likely shares the same site owner as the Conservative Beaver and Toronto Today.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=Fact Check: Trucker Convoy Leader Was NOT Found Dead In Her Cell {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2022/02/fact-check-trucker-convoy-leader-not-found-dead-in-her-cell.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606210012/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2022/02/fact-check-trucker-convoy-leader-not-found-dead-in-her-cell.html |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==== Jestin Coler ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|Conservative Frontline
|conservativefrontline.com
| |
|
|<ref name="dd" />
|<ref name="atc">{{cite web |last=Sydell |first=Laura |date=23 November 2016 |title=We Tracked Down A Fake-News Creator In The Suburbs. Here's What We Learned |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/11/23/503146770/npr-finds-the-head-of-a-covert-fake-news-operation-in-the-suburbs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515130230/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/11/23/503146770/npr-finds-the-head-of-a-covert-fake-news-operation-in-the-suburbs |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=5 April 2018 |work=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|MSNBC'''.website'''
|denverguardian.com
| |
|
|<ref name="dd" />
|<ref name="atc" />
|- |-
|usatoday.com'''.co''' |DrudgeReport.com.co
|DrudgeReport.com.co
|Owned by Jestin Coler.
|
|Mimics the name of the ].
|<ref name="atc" /> |<ref name="atc" />
|- |-
|United Media Publishing
|washingtonpost.com'''.co'''
|unitedmediapublishing.com
|Originally registered by Jestin Coler
|
|<ref name="atc" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adrforum.com/Domaindecisions/1636671.htm|title=NATIONAL ARBITRATION FORUM|website=www.adrforum.com|access-date=2016-11-28}}</ref>
|
|<ref name="atc" />
|- |-
|usatoday.com.co
|Celebtricity
|usatoday.com.co
|Has claimed that:
|Defunct
<nowiki>*</nowiki>President Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago after more than 300 people were shot in one night.
|Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns
|<ref name="atc" />
|-
|washingtonpost.com.co
|washingtonpost.com.co
|
|Originally registered by Jestin Coler. ''The Washington Post'' submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with ] under the ], and in 2015, an ] ruled that Coler's registration of the ] was a form of bad-faith ] (specifically, ]), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue."
|<ref name="NAF-2015">{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2015 |title=WP Company LLC v. Jestin Coler / DisInfoMedia Inc - Claim Number: FA1509001636671 |url=http://www.adrforum.com/Domaindecisions/1636671.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128044434/http://www.adrforum.com/Domaindecisions/1636671.htm |archive-date=November 28, 2016 |access-date=November 28, 2016 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="atc" />
|}


==== Paul Horner ====
<nowiki>*</nowiki>That an employee at a Wendy's put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|]
|ABCnews.com.co
|Defunct
|Owned by ]. Mimics the URL, design and logo of ] (owned by ]).
|<ref name="Murtha-2016">{{cite news |last=Murtha |first=Jack |date=May 26, 2016 |title=How fake news sites frequently trick big-time journalists |magazine=] |url=https://www.cjr.org/analysis/how_fake_news_sites_frequently_trick_big-time_journalists.php |url-status=live |access-date=November 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120085429/https://www.cjr.org/analysis/how_fake_news_sites_frequently_trick_big-time_journalists.php |archive-date=November 20, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="politifact">{{cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=November 17, 2016 |title=No, someone wasn't paid $3,500 to protest Donald Trump |website=] |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/nov/17/blog-posting/no-someone-wasnt-paid-3500-protest-donald-trump-it/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119052850/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/nov/17/blog-posting/no-someone-wasnt-paid-3500-protest-donald-trump-it/ |archive-date=November 19, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|CBSnews.com.co
|CBSnews.com.co
|Defunct
|Mimics the URL, design and logo of ].
|<ref name="Funke-2017">{{Cite web |last=Funke |first=Daniel |date=2017-11-07 |title=Weeks after his death, most of Paul Horners fake news sites are down. So whats left? |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2017/weeks-after-his-death-most-of-paul-horner%C2%92s-fake-news-sites-are-down-so-what%C2%92s-left/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007184151/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2017/weeks-after-his-death-most-of-paul-horner%c2%92s-fake-news-sites-are-down-so-what%c2%92s-left/ |archive-date=2022-10-07 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Poynter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|christianfreedommovement.com
|christianfreedommovement.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|cnn.com.de
|cnn.com.de
|Defunct
|Impostor site of CNN.
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|donaldjtrump.com.co
|donaldjtrump.com.co
|
|
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-14 |title=Fake News King Paul Horner Launches New Website Named My Phoenix Daily |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2017/09/fake-news-king-paul-horner-launches-new-website-named-my-phoenix-daily.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225024431/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2017/09/fake-news-king-paul-horner-launches-new-website-named-my-phoenix-daily.html |archive-date=2023-12-25 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|isissingles.com
|isissingles.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|iywib.com
|iywib.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|keepdonaldtrump.com
|keepdonaldtrump.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|makeredhatswearableagain.com
|makeredhatswearableagain.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|mericaland.com
|mericaland.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" /><ref name=":6" />
|-
|microsoftsite.com
|microsoftsite.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|My Phoenix Daily
|myphoenixdaily.com
|
|
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|nationalgeographic.com.co
|nationalgeographic.com.co
|
|Spoof of '']''.
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|nationalreview.biz
|nationalreview.biz
|Defunct
|Spoof of '']''.
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|NBC.com.co
|NBC.com.co
|
|Imitates NBC.
|<ref name="politifact-guide">{{cite web |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |date=2018-04-20 |title=PolitiFact's guide to fake news websites and what they peddle |url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/article/2017/apr/20/politifacts-guide-fake-news-websites-and-what-they/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803065242/https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/article/2017/apr/20/politifacts-guide-fake-news-websites-and-what-they/ |archive-date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2018-06-18 |publisher=PolitiFact}}</ref><ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|NBCNews.com.co
|NBCNews.com.co
|Defunct
|Mimics the URL, design and logo of ].
|<ref>{{cite news |author=Becky Bratu |author2=Erin Calabrese |author3=Kurt Chirbas |author4=Emmanuelle Saliba |author5=Adam Howard |date=December 15, 2016 |title=Tall Tale or Satire? Authors of So-Called 'Fake News' Feel Misjudged |publisher=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n689421 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916045245/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n689421 |archive-date=16 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|News Examiner
|newsexaminer.net
|
|Started in 2015 by ], the lead writer of the ]. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news.
|<ref name="LaCapria-2016a">{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=14 January 2016 |title=Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors |url=http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628060536/https://www.snopes.com/news/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/ |archive-date=2020-06-28 |access-date=2016-11-24 |website=snopes}}</ref>
|-
|paulhorner.org
|paulhorner.org
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|snopes.com.co
|snopes.com.co
|Defunct
|Imposter site of ].
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|St George Gazette
|stgeorgegazette.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |date=2017-07-05 |title=Story about Ryan announcing Trump's resignation comes from infamous fake news writer |url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2017/jul/05/stgeorgegazettecom/story-about-ryan-announcing-trumps-resignation-com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024843/http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2017/jul/05/stgeorgegazettecom/story-about-ryan-announcing-trumps-resignation-com/ |archive-date=2018-06-20 |access-date=2018-06-19 |publisher=PolitiFact}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Levin |first=Sam |date=2017-05-16 |title=Facebook promised to tackle fake news. But the evidence shows it's not working. |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/16/facebook-fake-news-tools-not-working |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021654/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/16/facebook-fake-news-tools-not-working |archive-date=2018-06-25 |access-date=2018-06-24 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
|-
|superofficialnews.com
|superofficialnews.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|thephoenixnewtimes.com
|thephoenixnewtimes.com
|
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|-
|trumptized.com
|trumptized.com
|
|
|<ref name="Funke-2017" />
|}


==== WTOE 5 News ====
<nowiki>*</nowiki>] is ]'s son.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/11/06/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-amazing-cows-the-kkk-and-a-secret-sister-gift-exchange/?utm_term=.66b54d2701ea|title=What was fake on the Internet this week: amazing cows, the KKK and a ‘Secret Sister’ gift exchange|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=2015-11-06|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/08/28/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-selfie-lice-joey-fatone-and-james-earl-jones-rips/?utm_term=.b0c9d16a7cd0|title=What was fake on the Internet this week: Selfie lice, Joey Fatone and James Earl Jones RIPs|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=2015-08-28|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/09/25/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-casey-anthonys-death-and-chipotles-911-ad/?utm_term=.8a4b1ee82486|title=What was fake on the Internet this week: Casey Anthony’s death and Chipotle’s 9/11 ad|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=2015-09-25|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref>
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|- |-
|16WMPO
|Cream BMP
|16WMPO.com
|Defunct
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact.
Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Gillin-2017a">{{Cite web |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |date=2017-01-06 |title=PolitiFact - No, a celebrity's car didn't break down in your hometown |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/jan/06/blog-posting/celebrity-praise-helpful-locals-are-fake-stories-c/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908180451/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/jan/06/blog-posting/celebrity-praise-helpful-locals-are-fake-stories-c/ |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="AP News-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-06 |title=AP FACT CHECK: Alike tales of actors' car trouble are false |url=https://apnews.com/celebrity-general-news-a664afac61b24203bf0748ba05cfc09b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126045421/https://apnews.com/celebrity-general-news-a664afac61b24203bf0748ba05cfc09b |archive-date=2024-01-26 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|AlexJones.xyz
|AlexJones.xyz
| |
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="dd" />
|<ref name="Silverman-2016d">{{Cite web |last1=Silverman |first1=Craig |last2=Singer-Vine |first2=Jeremy |date=2016-12-16 |title=The True Story Behind The Biggest Fake News Hit Of The Election |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/the-strangest-fake-news-empire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203065708/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/the-strangest-fake-news-empire |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
|alynews.com
|Empire News
|alynews.com
|Many of this website's fake news hoaxes were widely shared on social media, with stories based off social or political controversies, or were simply appalling to readers.
|
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name=cjr/><ref name=snopes/>
|Part of a network that posted a false story that there was a sequel to the movie ] in the works in 2016.
Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b">{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2016-12-30 |title=Here Are 50 Of The Biggest Fake News Hits On Facebook From 2016 |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/top-fake-news-of-2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510164042/https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/top-fake-news-of-2016#.ns5WzWdomR |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Evon-2016">{{Cite web |last=Evon |first=Dan |date=2016-03-22 |title='Step Brothers 2' Rumors Are False |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/step-brothers-2-hoax/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611004400/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/step-brothers-2-hoax/ |archive-date=2023-06-11 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|channel16news.com
|Empire Sports
|channel16news.com
| |
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Rensin">{{Cite web|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118013/satire-news-websites-are-cashing-gullible-outraged-readers|title=These Satire News Sites Are Taking Advantage of You|last=Rensin|first=Emmett|date=2014-06-06|website=New Republic|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|channel17news.com
|{{sort|Enduring Vision, The|The Enduring Vision}}
|channel17news.com
| |
|Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="dd">Andrew Couts, , ''Daily Dot'' ( November 16, 2016).</ref>
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Cain-2016">{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Patrick |date=2016-12-24 |title=Fake news: No room in the stadium, Brad Pitt moving to Brantford, the War on Christmas and more |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3131245/fake-news-no-room-in-the-stadium-brad-pitt-moving-to-brantford-the-war-on-christmas-and-more/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909224947/https://globalnews.ca/news/3131245/fake-news-no-room-in-the-stadium-brad-pitt-moving-to-brantford-the-war-on-christmas-and-more/ |archive-date=2022-09-09 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- |-
|Channel 18 News
|Firebrand Left
|Channel18News.com
|Owned by Jestin Coler.
|
|<ref name="atc" />
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact.
Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=David |date=2016-07-29 |title=Celebrity Summoned to Jury Duty in Your Town! |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/celebrity-summoned-to-jury-duty-in-your-town/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606142431/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/celebrity-summoned-to-jury-duty-in-your-town/ |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gillin-2017a" />
|- |-
|clancyreport.com
|Global Associated News
|clancyreport.com
| |
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Rensin"/>
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|Daily News 10
|Huzlers
|DailyNews10.com
|Fake news from this website often involve popular restaurants and brands to disgust readers with its gross-out stories. One story by the site falsely reported that Dong Nguyen, the creator of ], killed himself. Another story made up an incident where a person working at a ] restaurant put his ] in ]s.
|
|<ref name="snopes" /><ref name="Rensin"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Campbell|first1=Jon|title=Flappy Bird Game Creator Dead? Dong Nguyen Suicide Death Rumors Confirmed as Malicious Hoax|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/flappy-bird-game-creator-dead-dong-nguyen-suicide-death-rumors-confirmed-as-malicious-hoax-114467/|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=www.christianpost.com|date=12 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wile|first1=Rob|title=A Story About Mixtapes in Happy Meals Shows Viral Fake News Sites Still Run the Internet|url=http://fusion.net/story/163556/a-story-about-mixtapes-in-happy-meals-shows-viral-fake-news-sites-still-run-the-internet/|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=Fusion|date=8 July 2015}}</ref>
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact.
Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Dietrich-2017">{{Cite web |last=Dietrich |first=Matt |date=2017-04-13 |title=PolitiFact - Fake news alert: Vin Diesel names Rockford his favorite city |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/apr/13/blog-posting/fake-news-alert-vin-diesel-names-rockford-his-favo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008213557/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/apr/13/blog-posting/fake-news-alert-vin-diesel-names-rockford-his-favo/ |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gillin-2017a" />
|- |-
|Daily News 11
|Indecision Forever
|dailynews11.com
|A fake news site owned by ].
|
|<ref name="dd" />
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|Daily News 5
|{{sort|Last Line of Defense, The|The Last Line of Defense}}
|DailyNews5.com
|This website has a history of publishing fake news articles, especially of the political genre. Notable hoaxes include ] revoking the press credentials of six major news outlets, ] getting ditched by the ], and ] describing ]'s music using racial slurs.
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/trump-revokes-press-credentials-six-news-outlets/ | title=White House Press Corpse | publisher=] | accessdate=January 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/michelle-obama-ditched-by-secret-service/ | title=Reject and Serve | publisher=] | accessdate=January 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/hillary-caught-trashing-beyonce/ | title=Diss Is Unreal | publisher=] | accessdate=January 16, 2017}}</ref>
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact.
Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" /><ref name="Gillin-2017a" />
|- |-
|FoxBusiness.xyz
|LinkBeef
|FoxBusiness.xyz
|Fake news website that has published claims about the pilot of ] reappearing, a billionaire wanting to recruit 1,000 women to bear his children, and an ] death hoax.
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/mh370-pilot-mysteriously-resurfaces/ | title=Pilot Sight | publisher=] | accessdate=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/billionaire-baby-james-horton/ | title=Billionaire Baby | publisher=] | accessdate=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/adam-sandler-death-hoax-2/ | title=Unhappy Gilmore | publisher=] | accessdate=January 13, 2017}}</ref>
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|-
|Headline Brief
|headlinebrief.com
|
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Evon-2016" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|-
|km8news.com
|km8news.com
|
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|KMT 11 News |KMT 11 News
|kmt11.com
|Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns.
|Defunct
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Paulson|first1=Dave|title=Sorry, Forrest Gump 2 NOT filming in Brentwood|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2016/06/30/sorry-forrest-gump-2-not-filming-brentwood/86544764/|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=The Tennessean|date=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=No, a new 'Harry Potter' movie will not be filmed in Arizona|url=http://ktar.com/story/1124229/cruci-no-new-harry-potter-movie-will-not-be-filmed-in-arizona/|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=KTAR.com|date=20 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cataldo|first1=Laurie|title='The Notebook 2' Not Filming in Atlantic City...or Anywhere Else|url=http://943thepoint.com/the-notebook-2-not-filming-in-atlantic-city-or-anywhere-else/|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=94.3 The Point|date=14 June 2016}}</ref>
|Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns. Before the website went down, it referred to itself as a "fantasy news website".<ref name="KTAR-2016">{{cite news |date=20 June 2016 |title=No, a new 'Harry Potter' movie will not be filmed in Arizona |url=http://ktar.com/story/1124229/cruci-no-new-harry-potter-movie-will-not-be-filmed-in-arizona/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325134127/http://ktar.com/story/1124229/cruci-no-new-harry-potter-movie-will-not-be-filmed-in-arizona/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=13 December 2016 |work=KTAR.com}}</ref><ref name="notebook2">{{cite news |last1=Cataldo |first1=Laurie |date=14 June 2016 |title='The Notebook 2' Not Filming in Atlantic City...or Anywhere Else |url=http://943thepoint.com/the-notebook-2-not-filming-in-atlantic-city-or-anywhere-else/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325134132/https://943thepoint.com/the-notebook-2-not-filming-in-atlantic-city-or-anywhere-else/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=13 December 2016 |publisher=]}}</ref>
Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paulson |first1=Dave |date=30 June 2016 |title=Sorry, Forrest Gump 2 NOT filming in Brentwood |url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2016/06/30/sorry-forrest-gump-2-not-filming-brentwood/86544764/ |access-date=13 December 2016 |work=The Tennessean}}</ref><ref name="KTAR-2016" /><ref name="notebook2" /><ref name="Gillin-2017a" />
|- |-
|knp7.com
|]
|knp7.com
|Founder Jestin Coler told ''Columbia Journalism Review'' "When it comes to the fake stuff, you really want it to be red meat. It doesn’t have to be offensive. It doesn’t have to be outrageous. It doesn’t have to be anything other than just giving them what they already wanted to hear."
|
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name=cjr/><ref name=atc>{{cite web|work=All Things Considered|publisher=NPR|title=We Tracked Down A Fake-News Creator In The Suburbs. Here's What We Learned|last=Sydell|first=Laura|date=23 November 2016|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/11/23/503146770/npr-finds-the-head-of-a-covert-fake-news-operation-in-the-suburbs}}</ref><ref name=snopes>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/|title=Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors|last=LaCapria|first=Kim|website=snopes|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|kspm33.com
|News Biscuit
|kspm33.com
| |
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="dd" />
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Evon-2016" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|KUPR7
|Newslo
|kupr7.com
| |
|Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name=usnews/>
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Szaroleta |first=Tom |date=2016-04-07 |title=Clint Eastwood moving to Jacksonville? |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/entertainment/local/2016/04/07/clint-eastwood-moving-jacksonville/15706547007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125024237/https://www.jacksonville.com/story/entertainment/local/2016/04/07/clint-eastwood-moving-jacksonville/15706547007/ |archive-date=2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barlette |first=Kristi Gustafson |date=2016-05-11 |title=Johnny Depp did *not* say Albany has beautiful women |url=https://blog.timesunion.com/kristi/2016/05/11/johnny-depp-did-not-say-albany-has-beautiful-women/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206211515/https://blog.timesunion.com/kristi/2016/05/11/johnny-depp-did-not-say-albany-has-beautiful-women/ |archive-date=2019-02-06 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- |-
|ky6news.com
|News Mutiny
|ky6news.com
| |
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="dd" />
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Evon-2016" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|KY12News.com
|React 365
|KY12News.com
|This user-created fake news generator, supposedly for "pranking your friends", had at least two stories that went viral.
|
|<ref name=snopes/>
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact.
Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Gillin-2017a" />
|-
|KYPO6
|kypo6.com
|Defunct
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|Rile News |Local 31 News
|Local31News.com
| |
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact.
|<ref name="dd" />
Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Dietrich-2017" /><ref name="Gillin-2017a" />
|- |-
|localnews33.com
|Stuppid
|localnews33.com
|This fake news purveyor specializes in articles with stories that are morally offensive.
|
|<ref name=snopes/>
|Part of the same network as alynews.com
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Evon-2016" />
|- |-
|lopezreport.com
|{{sort|Boston Tribune, The|The Boston Tribune}}
|lopezreport.com
|Starting in February 2016, this website's outright hoaxes quickly became popular with its readers.
|
|<ref name=snopes/>
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|maywoodpost.com
|{{sort|News Nerd, The|The News Nerd}}
|maywoodpost.com
| |
|Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Rensin"/>
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-14 |title=Adam Sandler spoof article goes viral |url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/maidstone/news/adam-sandler-spoof-article-115716/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125132805/https://www.kentonline.co.uk/maidstone/news/adam-sandler-spoof-article-gets-115716/ |archive-date=2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Kent Online |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
|mbynews.com
|World News Daily Report
|mbynews.com
|Has often published many hoaxes that are mistaken for being true, with topics ranging from religion, science, and political conspiracy.
|
|<ref name="cjr" /><ref name="snopes" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jacksonville.com/reason/fact-check/2015-01-06/story/fact-check-one-you-could-call-giant-hoax|title=Fact Check: This is one you could call a 'giant' hoax|newspaper=jacksonville.com|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/12/20/orangutan-sexually-assaulted-zoo-employee-report-a-hoax-zoo-official.html|title=Orangutan sexually assaulted by zoo employee report a hoax: Zoo official|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>
|Part of the same network as alynews.com
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Evon-2016" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|McKenzie Post
|Conservative Frontline
|mckenziepost.com
|Owned by Jestin Coler.
|
|<ref name="atc" />
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Evon-2016" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|NewsDaily12.com
|]
|NewsDaily12.com
|Owned by Jestin Coler.
|
|<ref name="atc" />
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact.
Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Gillin-2017a" /><ref name="AP News-2017" />
|- |-
|newsdaily27.com
|International Report
|newsdaily27.com
|Owned by Jestin Coler.
|
|<ref name="atc" />
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|News Now 11
|Naha Daily
|newsnow11.com
|This fake news website is now defunct, and was active in a span of five months with popular fake news articles, including a fake quote by ].
|
|<ref name=snopes/>
|Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-20 |title=This story about Leonardo DiCaprio moving to Galway is going insanely viral - but it's not true |url=https://www.dailyedge.ie/leonardo-dicaprio-galway-3505305-Jul2017/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=]}}</ref>
|- |-
|oreillypost.com
|News Hound
|oreillypost.com
| |
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name="Rensin"/>
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|- |-
|WBN 12 News
|United Media Publishing
|wbn12.com
|Owned by Jestin Coler.
|
|<ref name="atc" />
|Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Dietrich-2017" />
|- |-
|wcpm3.com
<ref name=usnews/>
|wcpm3.com
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/dont-get-fooled-by-these-fake-news-sites/5/ |title=Don't get fooled by these fake news sites|date=9 December 2016|work=CBS News|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>
|
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/12/04/fake-news-delivers-real-gunman-to-pizzeria-caught-up-in-alt-right-fake-news.html |title=‘Pizzagate’ Gunman Liked Alex Jones|first=Tim|last=Mak|date=4 December 2016|work=thedailybeast.com|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blake|first1=Andrew|title=Alex Jones, Infowars founder, appeals to Trump for aid over fears of ‘fake news’ crackdown|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/9/alex-jones-conspiracy-theorist-appeals-trump-aid-o/|accessdate=16 December 2016|work=The Washington Times|date=9 December 2016}}</ref>
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2016/12/06/504590375/radio-conspiracy-theorist-claims-ear-of-trump-pushes-pizzagate-fictions |title=Radio Conspiracy Theorist Claims Ear Of Trump, Pushes 'Pizzagate' Fictions|work=NPR|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mike-flynn-conspiracy-theories |title=The InfoWars Presidency Arrives in Washington|first=Abigail|last=Tracy|work=Vanity Fair|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>
|wleb21.com
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-wont-donald-trump-denounce-sandy-hook-deniers |title=Why Won’t Donald Trump Denounce Sandy Hook Deniers?|date=22 November 2016|work=newyorker.com|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>
|wleb21.com
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/page/ct-pizzagate-fake-news-first-amendment-perspec-1207-20161206-story.html |title=Does the First Amendment protect fake news?|first=Clarence|last=Page|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>
|
<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1215/Why-fake-news-holds-such-allure</ref>
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|-
|WRPT 16 News
|wrpt16.com
|
|Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016b" /><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|-
|WTOE 5 News
|wtoe5news.com
|Defunct
|Original source of false claim that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump in 2016.
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allcott |first1=Hunt |last2=Gentzkow |first2=Matthew |date=2017-05-01 |title=Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=211–236 |doi=10.1257/jep.31.2.211 |issn=0895-3309 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Silverman-2016d" />
|}

==== Your News Wire ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|Neon Nettle
|neonnettle.com
|
|Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact.
Stated by Snopes to be "interrelated" with NewsPunch and Your News Wire.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="FactCheck-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-06 |title=Misinformation Directory |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/07/websites-post-fake-satirical-stories/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129185536/https://www.factcheck.org/2017/07/websites-post-fake-satirical-stories/ |archive-date=2023-11-29 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=David |date=2018-01-19 |title=Did Macaulay Culkin Say Satanic Hollywood Executives Wear Shoes Made From Dead Children? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/macauley-culkin-satanic-hollywood/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604205845/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/macauley-culkin-satanic-hollywood/ |archive-date=2023-06-04 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|]
|Newspunch.com
|
|Alternative name for YourNewsWire.
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" />
|-
|'']'' (formerly ''NewsPunch'' and ''Your News Wire'')
|thepeoplesvoice.tv
|Active
|Founded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to ''NewsPunch'' in 2018 and ''The People's Voice'' in 2023.
|<ref name="Schaedel-2017">{{cite web |last=Schaedel |first=Sydney |date=2017-07-06 |title=Websites that post fake and satirical stories |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/07/websites-post-fake-satirical-stories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512172836/https://www.factcheck.org/2017/07/websites-post-fake-satirical-stories/ |archive-date=2018-05-12 |access-date=2018-06-18 |publisher=FactCheck}}</ref><ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="FactCheck-2017" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Baum |first=Gary |date=September 21, 2017 |title=L.A. Alt-Media Agitator (Not Breitbart) Clashes With Google, Snopes |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/hollywoods-hidden-alt-media-firebrands-1041157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924022038/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/hollywoods-hidden-alt-media-firebrands-1041157 |archive-date=September 24, 2017 |access-date=September 23, 2017 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="Boswell">{{cite news |last=Boswell |first=Josh |date=January 29, 2017 |title=Mother churns out stories for master of fake news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mother-churns-out-stories-for-master-of-fake-news-fcmzc05sx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718214753/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mother-churns-out-stories-for-master-of-fake-news-fcmzc05sx |archive-date=July 18, 2017 |access-date=May 23, 2017 |newspaper=] |location=London |quote=The man behind one of America's biggest 'fake news' websites is a former BBC worker from London whose mother writes many of his stories. Sean Adl-Tabatabai, 35, runs YourNewsWire.com, the source of scores of dubious news stories, including claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 10, 2017 |title=Don't get fooled by these fake news sites |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/dont-get-fooled-by-these-fake-news-sites/5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301084744/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/dont-get-fooled-by-these-fake-news-sites/5/ |archive-date=March 1, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2019 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 6, 2017 |title=Misinformation Directory |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/07/websites-post-fake-satirical-stories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828113630/https://www.factcheck.org/2017/07/websites-post-fake-satirical-stories/ |archive-date=August 28, 2018 |access-date=August 27, 2018 |website=FactCheck.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Silverman-2017c">{{cite news |last1=Silverman |first1=Craig |last2=Lytvynenko |first2=Jane |last3=Pham |first3=Scott |date=December 28, 2017 |title=These Are 50 Of The Biggest Fake News Hits On Facebook In 2017 |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/these-are-50-of-the-biggest-fake-news-hits-on-facebook-in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105053901/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/these-are-50-of-the-biggest-fake-news-hits-on-facebook-in |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2019 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Funke |first=Daniel |date=July 20, 2018 |title=Fact-checkers have debunked this fake news site 80 times. It's still publishing on Facebook. |url=https://www.poynter.org/news/fact-checkers-have-debunked-fake-news-site-80-times-its-still-publishing-facebook |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210225305/https://www.poynter.org/news/fact-checkers-have-debunked-fake-news-site-80-times-its-still-publishing-facebook |archive-date=December 10, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2019 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Frier |first=Sarah |date=November 4, 2018 |title=Facebook Tamped Down on Hoax Sites, But Polarization Thrives |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-04/facebook-tamped-down-on-hoax-sites-but-polarization-thrives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132153/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-04/facebook-tamped-down-on-hoax-sites-but-polarization-thrives |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |access-date=November 25, 2018 |website=bloomberg.com}}</ref>
|-
|Your News Wire
|yournewswire.com
|
|Former name for The People's Voice.
|<ref name="Schaedel-2017" /><ref name="politifact-guide" />
|}

==== Others ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|ABCNews1.us
|ABCNews1.us
|
|Same owner as AJUAnews.
|<ref name="Funke-2023">{{Cite web |last=Funke |first=Daniel |title=PolitiFact - How a disinformation network exploited satire to become a popular source of false news on Facebook |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/jan/23/one-most-popular-false-news-sites-facebook-part-pa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208111921/https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/jan/23/one-most-popular-false-news-sites-facebook-part-pa/ |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=PolitiFact |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|African News Updates
|africannewupsdate.com
|
|Same owner as News Updates South Africa. Published a false story about election fraud during the ], which led to the ] filing a criminal complaint against the site owner.
|<ref name="News24-2022">{{Cite web |title=The former PWC staffer in charge of fake news – #exposed |url=https://exposed.news24.com/newsupdatessa-site/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004123402/https://exposed.news24.com/newsupdatessa-site/ |archive-date=2022-10-04 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Africa Check-2016">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-18 |title=GUIDE: How to stop falling for fake news |url=https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/guides/guide-how-stop-falling-fake-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326223551/https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/guides/guide-how-stop-falling-fake-news |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Africa Check |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|AJUAnews
|AJUAnews.com
|
|Plagiarized content from The Last Line of Defense. Reportedly owned by individual based in Pakistan.
|<ref name="Funke-2023" />
|-
|ALNewsNetwork.press
|ALNewsNetwork.press
|
|Same owner as AJUAnews.
|<ref name="Funke-2023" />
|-
|America Talks
|Americatalks.com
|
|Per FactCheck.org.
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" />
|-
|America's Freedom Fighters
|Americasfreedomfighters.com
|
|Per FactCheck.org.
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" />
|-
|Banned Information
|BannedInformation.com
|
|Per FactCheck.org.
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" />
|-
|Dos Palos News
|dospalosnews.com
|
|Same owner as AJUAnews.
|<ref name="Funke-2023" />
|-
|FB News Cycle
|Fbnewscycle.com
|
|Per FactCheck.org.
Same owner as Banned Information.
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" />
|-
|HealthFacts.pro
|HealthFacts.pro
|
|Same owner as AJUAnews.
|<ref name="Funke-2023" />
|-
|Hot Global News
|hotglobalnews.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2016c">{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2016-08-09 |title=These Two Teenagers Keep Fooling The Internet With Justin Trudeau Hoaxes |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/teen-trudeau-hoaxes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205212042/https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/teen-trudeau-hoaxes |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=BuzzFeed |language=en-ca}}</ref>
|-
|ILoveQuilting.pro
|ILoveQuilting.pro
|
|Same owner as AJUAnews.
|<ref name="Funke-2023" />
|-
|]
|theleadingreport.com
|
|A website and Twitter account that promotes misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and United States politics.
|<ref name="Teoh-2023">{{Cite web |last=Teoh |first=Flora |date=31 October 2023 |title=Who's Behind The (Mis)Leading Report? |url=https://science.feedback.org/who-is-behind-the-misleading-leading-report/ |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaheen |first=Mansur |date=2024-06-28 |title=CNN denies rumors of delay in TV broadcast of presidential debate |url=https://www.themirror.com/news/politics/cnn-debate-delay-biden-trump-561568 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628045051/https://www.themirror.com/news/politics/cnn-debate-delay-biden-trump-561568 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Mirror US |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Merlan-2024">{{Cite web |last=Merlan |first=Anna |date=September 17, 2024 |title=How the debate whistleblower car crash conspiracy went viral |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/09/presidential-debate-abc-whistleblower-car-crash/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918020250/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/09/presidential-debate-abc-whistleblower-car-crash/ |archive-date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|National News Bulletin
|nationalnewsbulletin.com
|
|Same Google Analytics ID as News Updates South Africa.
|<ref name="News24-2022" /><ref name="Africa Check-2016" />
|-
|The National Sun
|thenationalsun.com
|
|Same owners as Hot Global News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2016c" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2016-08-12 |title=A Bunch Of Conservative Sites Fell For A Hoax Claiming Obama Will Move To Canada If Trump Wins |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/obama-moving-to-canada-hoax |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624161814/https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/obama-moving-to-canada-hoax |archive-date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=BuzzFeed |language=en-ca}}</ref>
|-
|net-breaking.com
|net-breaking.com
|
|Affiliated with Leading Report.
|<ref name="Teoh-2023" />
|-
|News@Last
|newsatlast.com
|
|Fake news website in South Africa, per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory.
Same owner as News Updates South Africa.
|<ref name="News24-2022" /><ref name="Africa Check-2016" />
|-
|News Updates South Africa
|newsupdatessa.site
|
|Per Africa Check and News24.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=Fake quote has South Africa's agriculture minister blaming white people for cold weather |url=https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/meta-programme-fact-checks/fake-quote-has-south-africas-agriculture-minister-blaming |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130020443/https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/meta-programme-fact-checks/fake-quote-has-south-africas-agriculture-minister-blaming |archive-date=2023-01-30 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Africa Check |language=en}}</ref><ref name="News24-2022" />
|-
|Ohio Press Pro
|ohiopress.pro
|
|Same owner as AJUAnews.
|<ref name="Funke-2023" />
|-
|thepedogate.com
|thepedogate.com
|
|Part of same network as America Talks. Spread the false ].
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" />
|-
|Right Wing Tribune
|Rightwingtribune.com
|
|Per FactCheck.org.
Same owners as America's Freedom Fighters.
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" />
|}

=== Disinformation campaigns ===

==== Corporate disinformation campaigns ====
{{Main page|List of corporate disinformation campaigns}}
Examples of disinformation campaigns from companies include Eliminalia, a ] firm that created a network of over 600 websites for its clients,<ref name="Boburg-2023">{{Cite news |last=Boburg |first=Shawn |title=Leaked files reveal reputation-management firm's deceptive tactics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2023/eliminalia-fake-news-misinformation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315120650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2023/eliminalia-fake-news-misinformation/ |archive-date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-12-18 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Qurium-2023a">{{Cite web |title=Part 2 – Analysis of the fake articles |url=https://www.qurium.org/dark-ops-undercovered/episode-xiii/part2-analysis-of-the-articles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218043124/https://www.qurium.org/dark-ops-undercovered/episode-xiii/part2-analysis-of-the-articles/ |archive-date=2023-02-18 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Qurium Media Foundation |language=en-GB}}</ref> and Regency Enterprises, which created sites to promote the movie ].<ref name="Schenk-2017b">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-13 |title=Fake News Websites Used to Promote Horror Flick A Cure For Wellness {{!}} Lead Stories |url=http://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3207746-fake-news-websites-a-cure-for-wellness.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331002054/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2017/02/fake-news-websites-a-cure-for-wellness.html |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Silverman-2017b">{{Cite web |last1=Silverman |first1=Craig |last2=Lytvynenko |first2=Jane |date=2017-02-13 |title=A Hollywood Film Is Funding Fake News As Part Of Its Publicity Campaign |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/a-hollywood-film-is-funding-fake-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318215154/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/a-hollywood-film-is-funding-fake-news |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref>

==== Political disinformation campaigns ====
{{Main article|List of political disinformation website campaigns}}
Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil,<ref name="Dourado-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Dourado |first1=Tatiana |last2=Salgado |first2=Susana |date=2021-10-02 |title=Disinformation in the Brazilian pre-election context: probing the content, spread and implications of fake news about Lula da Silva |journal=The Communication Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=297–319 |doi=10.1080/10714421.2021.1981705 |issn=1071-4421 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10451/49827}}</ref> India,<ref name="BBC-20202">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-10 |title=The dead professor and the vast pro-India disinformation campaign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55232432 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926003617/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55232432 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2023-12-27 |work=] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Iran,<ref name="Lim-2019" /> Italy,<ref name="Nardelli-2016">{{Cite web |last1=Nardelli |first1=Alberto |last2=Silverman |first2=Craig |date=2016-11-29 |title=Italy's Most Popular Political Party Is Leading Europe In Fake News And Kremlin Propaganda |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/albertonardelli/italys-most-popular-political-party-is-leading-europe-in-fak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203084223/https://www.buzzfeed.com/albertonardelli/italys-most-popular-political-party-is-leading-europe-in-fak |archive-date=2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=BuzzFeed |language=en-gb}}</ref> the People's Republic of China,<ref name="Serabian-2022">{{Cite web |last1=Serabian |first1=Ryan |last2=Kapellmann Zafra |first2=Daniel |title=Pro-PRC "HaiEnergy" Information Operations Campaign Leverages Infrastructure from Public Relations Firm to Disseminate Content on Inauthentic News Sites |url=https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/pro-prc-information-operations-campaign-haienergy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831142904/https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/pro-prc-information-operations-campaign-haienergy |archive-date=2022-08-31 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> the Philippines,<ref name="Bacungan-2017">{{cite news|last1=Bacungan|first1=VJ|title=CBCP to public: Fight 'fake news'|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/06/22/cbcp-fight-fake-news.html|publisher=CNN Philippines|date=June 23, 2017|access-date=June 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626010459/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/06/22/cbcp-fight-fake-news.html|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Russia,<ref name="Nimmo-2022">{{Cite web |last1=Nimmo |first1=Ben |last2=Torrey |first2=Mike |date=2022-09-27 |title=Taking down coordinated inauthentic behavior from Russia and China |url=https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/CIB-Report_-China-Russia_Sept-2022-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927153619/https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/CIB-Report_-China-Russia_Sept-2022-1.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-27 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=]}}</ref> Ukraine (Luhansk),<ref name="Nimmo-2023">{{Cite web |last1=Nimmo |first1=Ben |last2=Ronzaud |first2=Léa |last3=Eib |first3=C. Shawn |title=Echoes of Fake News - Facebook Downs Assets Linked to Deceptive Websites Run from Separatist-Held Ukraine, First Reported by Die Welt and Netzpolitik |url=https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/graphika_report_echoes_of_fake_news.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226235530/https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/graphika_report_echoes_of_fake_news.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Graphika}}</ref> and the United States.<ref name="Bengani-20212">{{Cite web |last=Bengani |first=Priyanjana |date=2021-10-14 |title=The Metric Media network runs more than 1,200 local news sites. Here are some of the non-profits funding them. |url=https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/metric-media-lobbyists-funding.php/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730113840/https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/metric-media-lobbyists-funding.php |archive-date=2023-07-30 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref>

=== Fraudulent fact-checking websites ===
{{Main article|List of fact-checking websites#Fraudulent fact-checking websites}}
According to the ], there are four categories of false fact-checking websites:

# Sites that are satirical in nature
# Sites that attempt to subvert serious fact-checking sites
# Sites that re-appropriate the term "fact-check" for partisan political causes
# Sites with more violent intentions, such as genocide denial.<ref name="Funke-2018">{{Cite web |last=Funke |first=Daniel |date=2018-10-18 |title=Khashoggi misinformation highlights a growing number of fake fact-checkers |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/khashoggi-misinformation-highlights-a-growing-number-of-fake-fact-checkers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025223516/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/khashoggi-misinformation-highlights-a-growing-number-of-fake-fact-checkers/ |archive-date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Poynter |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|AosFatos.com
|AosFatos.com
|
|Spoof of Brazilian fact-checking organization ].
|<ref name="Funke-2019">{{Cite web |last=Funke |first=Daniel |date=2019-02-15 |title=This website impersonated a fact-checking outlet to publish fake news stories |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2019/this-website-impersonated-a-fact-checking-outlet-to-publish-fake-news-stories/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107014051/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2019/this-website-impersonated-a-fact-checking-outlet-to-publish-fake-news-stories/ |archive-date=2023-01-07 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Poynter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Business2Community
|business2community.com
|
|Plagiarized fact-checks from Lead Stories.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018b">{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2018-06-14 |title=A Marketing Site Deleted Over 7,000 Articles After It Was Caught Stealing Fact-Checks And Plagiarizing |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/this-prolific-fact-checker-is-a-plagiarist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224200604/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/this-prolific-fact-checker-is-a-plagiarist#.aiwKDK89aZ |archive-date=2022-12-24 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|The California Republican
|carepublican.com
|
|Run by Devin Nunes' political campaign.
|<ref name="Funke-2018" />
|-
|Descobrindo As Verdades
|descobrindoasverdades.blogspot.com
|
|Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
|<ref name="Funke-2019" />
|-
|Duboka Voda
|dubokavoda.com
|
|Partisan false fact-checking site in Croatia, per the Poynter Institute.
|<ref name="Funke-2018" />
|-
|]
|factcheckarmenia.com
|
|A website with ties to Turkish government-related organizations that ] of the ].
|<ref name="Sozeri-2017">{{Cite web |last=Sözeri |first=Efe Kerem |date=2017-05-31 |title=These fake 'fact-checkers' are peddling lies about genocide and censorship in Turkey |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2017/these-fake-fact-checkers-are-peddling-lies-about-genocide-and-censorship-in-turkey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083053/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2017/these-fake-fact-checkers-are-peddling-lies-about-genocide-and-censorship-in-turkey/ |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Moshirnia-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Moshirnia |first=Andrew |date=2020 |title=Who Will Check the Checkers? False Factcheckers and Memetic Misinformation |url=https://dc.law.utah.edu/ulr/vol2020/iss4/5/ |journal=Utah Law Review |volume=2020 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919064244/https://dc.law.utah.edu/ulr/vol2020/iss4/5/ |archive-date=2020-09-19}}</ref>
|-
|Fact-Checking Turkey
|factcheckingturkey.com
|
|Operated by PR company Bosphorus Global and counters criticism of Turkey in foreign media. It treats statements by Turkish government officials as arbiters of the truth.
|<ref name="Sozeri-2017" /><ref name="Moshirnia-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=Fact-checkers seek out grain of truth in Turkey's fake-news onslaught |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/turkey-fact-checkers/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201100719/https://www.politico.eu/article/turkey-fact-checkers/ |archive-date=2020-12-01 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jackson |first=Jasper |date=2017-02-15 |title=Fact-checkers are weapons in the post-truth wars, but they're not all on one side |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/feb/15/fact-checkers-are-weapons-in-the-post-truth-wars-but-theyre-not-all-on-one-side |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201191934/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/feb/15/fact-checkers-are-weapons-in-the-post-truth-wars-but-theyre-not-all-on-one-side |archive-date=2022-02-01 |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
|-
|Faktiskt.eu
|Faktiskt.eu
|
|Spoof of Swedish fact-checking organization Faktiskt.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Funke |first=Daniel |date=2018-07-27 |title=When fact-checkers are the subjects of misinformation |url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/when-fact-checkers-are-the-subjects-of-misinformation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230050659/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/when-fact-checkers-are-the-subjects-of-misinformation/ |archive-date=2022-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Poynter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|India News Network
|indianewsnetwork.com
|Active
|Same owner as India Vs Disinformation.
|<ref name="DFR Lab-2021" />
|-
|India Vs Disinformation
|indiavsdisinformation.com
|
|Owned by "a Canadian communications firm called Press Monitor"<ref name="Fisher-2021">{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2021-07-25 |title=Disinformation for Hire, a Shadow Industry, Is Quietly Booming |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/25/world/europe/disinformation-social-media.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102162700/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/25/world/europe/disinformation-social-media.html |archive-date=2023-11-02}}</ref>
|<ref name="Fisher-2021" /><ref name="DFR Lab-2021">{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-05-27 |title=Bogus fact-checking site amplified by dozens of Indian embassies on social media |url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/bogus-fact-checking-site-amplified-by-dozens-of-indian-embassies-on-social-media-7b4b31004699 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331205407/http://medium.com/dfrlab/bogus-fact-checking-site-amplified-by-dozens-of-indian-embassies-on-social-media-7b4b31004699 |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Digital Forensic Research Lab |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Jigyasa Online
|jigyasaonline.org
|
|Same owner as India Vs Disinformation.
|<ref name="DFR Lab-2021" />
|-
|Middle East Guardians
|meguardians.com
|
|Published false fact-check about ].
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daro |first=Ishmael N. |date=2018-10-12 |title=Saudi Media Are Promoting A Ludicrous "Fake Fiancé" Conspiracy Theory About Missing Journalist Jamal Khashoggi |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ishmaeldaro/saudi-media-jamal-khashoggi-conspiracy-theories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025223353/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ishmaeldaro/saudi-media-jamal-khashoggi-conspiracy-theories |archive-date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Notícias Brasil Online
|noticiasbrasilonline.com.br
|
|Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
|<ref name="Funke-2019" />
|-
|O Detetive
|odetetive.com
|
|Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. The website owner was summoned by a regional court in Brazil for publishing a false story about the ].
|<ref name="Funke-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-12 |title=Mural Eletrônico |url=https://mural.tre-rs.jus.br/publicacoes/2375 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713084214/https://mural.tre-rs.jus.br/publicacoes/2375 |archive-date=2020-07-13 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=]}}</ref>
|-
|{{anchor|OpIndia}}]
|opindia.com
|Active
|OpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the ] (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-10 |title=IFCN Code of Principles |url=https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/application/public/opindiacom/EED18C9F-C8B2-258A-BB43-7E90FA57C26C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310013235/https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/application/public/opindiacom/EED18C9F-C8B2-258A-BB43-7E90FA57C26C |archive-date=2019-03-10 |access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tiwari |first1=Ayush |date=18 July 2020 |title=OpIndia: Hate speech, vanishing advertisers, and an undisclosed BJP connection |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/06/23/opindia-hate-speech-vanishing-advertisers-and-an-undisclosed-bjp-connection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217205447/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/06/23/opindia-hate-speech-vanishing-advertisers-and-an-undisclosed-bjp-connection |archive-date=17 December 2021 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=]}}</ref>
|-
|Pensa Brasil
|pensabrasil.com
|
|Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
|<ref name="Funke-2019" />
|-
|Plantão Brasil
|plantaobrasil.net
|
|Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
|<ref name="Funke-2019" />
|-
|Shayeaat
|shayeaat.ir
|
|Partisan false fact-checking site in Iran, per the Poynter Institute.
|<ref name="Funke-2018" />
|-
|Vøx
|voxnews.info
|
|Partisan false fact-checking site in Italy, per the Poynter Institute. Not to be confused with ], the American news site.
|<ref name="Funke-2018" />
|-
|]
|waronfakes.com
|Defunct
|A Russian website that promotes ] and ] about the ].
Seized by the United States federal government in 2024.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baig |first=Rachel |date=2022-03-09 |title=How one 'fact-checking' site spreads Russian propaganda |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-war-how-a-fact-checking-website-is-spreading-russian-propaganda/a-61062940 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113122545/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-war-how-a-fact-checking-website-is-spreading-russian-propaganda/a-61062940 |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Luiz |date=2022-08-08 |title=PolitiFact - How 'War on Fakes' uses fact-checking to spread pro-Russia propaganda |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/aug/08/how-war-fakes-uses-fact-checking-spread-pro-russia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610035826/https://www.politifact.com/article/2022/aug/08/how-war-fakes-uses-fact-checking-spread-pro-russia/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-06 |title=U.S. Seizes Websites NewsGuard Rated as Russian Disinformation |url=https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/us-seizes-websites-newsguard-rated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907120320/https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/us-seizes-websites-newsguard-rated |archive-date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=doppelganger_affidavit_9.4.24.pdf |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1366261/dl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907010027/https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1366261/dl |archive-date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=]}}</ref>
|}

=== Generative AI ===
{{Main article|Generative artificial intelligence}}
As of October 2024, ] has tracked at least 1,090 news/information websites automatically generated by machine learning models that span 16 languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracking AI-enabled Misinformation: 1,090 'Unreliable AI-Generated News' Websites (and Counting), Plus the Top False Narratives Generated by Artificial Intelligence Tools |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/ai-tracking-center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008060737/https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/ai-tracking-center/ |archive-date=2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|AlaskaCommons.com
|AlaskaCommons.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023b">{{Cite web |title=Funding the Next Generation of Content Farms - Misinformation Monitor: June 2023 |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/june-2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206055052/https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/june-2023/ |archive-date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=NewsGuard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|The Americans Daily
|theamericansdaily.com
|
|
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-07-26 |title="Biden is Dead" Hoax Lives On |url=https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/biden-is-dead-hoax-lives-on |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240802120952/https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/biden-is-dead-hoax-lives-on |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|BestBudgetUSA.com
|BestBudgetUSA.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023c">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Rise of the Newsbots: AI-Generated News Websites Proliferating Online |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/newsbots-ai-generated-news-websites-proliferating |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133037/https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/newsbots-ai-generated-news-websites-proliferating/ |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=NewsGuard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Biz Breaking News
|bizbreakingnews.com
|
|Summarizes ] and ].
|<ref name="Bloomberg2023">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-01 |title=AI Chatbots Have Been Used to Create Dozens of News Content Farms |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-01/ai-chatbots-have-been-used-to-create-dozens-of-news-content-farms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230501043649/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-01/ai-chatbots-have-been-used-to-create-dozens-of-news-content-farms?leadSource=uverify%20wall |archive-date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |]
|bnnbreaking.com
|Redirect
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regimbal |first=Alec |date=October 18, 2023 |title='Fake news' site publishes more false stories about San Francisco Supervisor Dean Preston |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/bnn-posts-more-false-stories-about-dean-preston-18429261.php |access-date=March 6, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Kashmir |last2=Hsu |first2=Tiffany |date=2024-06-06 |title=It Looked Like a Reliable News Site. It Was an A.I. Chop Shop. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/technology/bnn-breaking-ai-generated-news.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240612001704/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/technology/bnn-breaking-ai-generated-news.html |archive-date=2024-06-12 |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|bnngpt.com
|Redirect
|-
|bnn.network
|Redirect
|-
|trimfeed.com
|Redirect
|-
|Boluno.com
|Boluno.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023a">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: NewsGuard Uncovers Network of Italian-Language Unreliable AI Generated Sites |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/exclusive-newsguard-uncovers-network-of-italian-language-unreliable-ai-generated-sites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013173221/https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/exclusive-newsguard-uncovers-network-of-italian-language-unreliable-ai-generated-sites/ |archive-date=2023-10-13 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=NewsGuard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|bosase.com
|bosase.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023a" />
|-
|Buckeye State Press
|buckeyestatepress.com
|
|Created by a journalist to demonstrate the ease of building generative AI-based political news sites.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brewster |first=Jack |date=2024-04-12 |title=How I Built an AI-Powered, Self-Running Propaganda Machine for $105 |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/how-i-built-an-ai-powered-self-running-propaganda-machine-for-105-e9888705 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240414095216/https://www.wsj.com/politics/how-i-built-an-ai-powered-self-running-propaganda-machine-for-105-e9888705 |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|]
|celebjihad.com
|Active
|Described by the Daily Beast as a "satirical celebrity gossip website",<ref name="Stern-2017">{{Cite news |last=Stern |first=Marlow |date=2017-08-24 |title=Inside the Fake-Islamic Site Posting Hacked Nude Photos of A-List Celebrities |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/celebrity-nude-photo-hack-mysterious-poster-of-stolen-a-list-images-speaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205173145/https://www.thedailybeast.com/celebrity-nude-photo-hack-mysterious-poster-of-stolen-a-list-images-speaks |archive-date=2024-02-05 |access-date=2024-04-17 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> the site has spread real and fake nude images of celebrities using Photoshop and ].
|<ref name="Stern-2017" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Taneem |date=2018 |title=Can Islam Be Satirized? Celeb Jihad's "Explosive Celebrity Gossip" and the Divide between Islam and Mainstream American Culture |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/120/article/697037 |journal=American Studies |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=69–82 |doi=10.1353/ams.2018.0003 |issn=2153-6856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331060119/https://journals.ku.edu/amsj/article/view/7590/6932 |archive-date=2022-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=2024-01-27 |title=The violation of Taylor Swift |url=https://www.newsweek.com/taylor-swift-ai-pornography-deepfake-photos-twitter-x-1864445 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406232621/https://www.newsweek.com/taylor-swift-ai-pornography-deepfake-photos-twitter-x-1864445 |archive-date=2024-04-06 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Martha |date=2018-03-16 |title=Meghan Markle, the latest female celebrity to deal with real or fake nude photos posted online |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/16/meghan-markle-the-latest-female-celebrity-to-deal-with-real-or-fake-nude-photos-posted-online/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724011033/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/16/meghan-markle-the-latest-female-celebrity-to-deal-with-real-or-fake-nude-photos-posted-online/ |archive-date=2022-07-24 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|celebritiesdeaths.com
|celebritiesdeaths.com
|
|
|<ref name="Cantor-2023">{{Cite news |last=Cantor |first=Matthew |date=2023-05-08 |title=Nearly 50 news websites are 'AI-generated', a study says. Would I be able to tell? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/08/ai-generated-news-websites-study |access-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211115804/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/08/ai-generated-news-websites-study |archive-date=2023-12-11 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" />
|-
|County Local News
|CountyLocalNews.com
|
|Promotes ].
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=ChatGPT-4o Is Sending Users to a Scammy Website That Floods Your Screen With Fake Virus Warnings |url=https://futurism.com/chatgpt-fake-virus-warnings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701162535/https://futurism.com/chatgpt-fake-virus-warnings |archive-date=2024-07-01 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Futurism}}</ref>
|-
|Daily Business Post
|
|
|
|<ref name="Bloomberg2023" />
|-
|DailyHeadliner.com
|DailyHeadliner.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023d">{{Cite web |title=Plagiarism-Bot? How Low-Quality Websites Are Using AI to Deceptively Rewrite Content from Mainstream News Outlets - Misinformation Monitor: August 2023 |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/august-2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826120750/https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/august-2023/ |archive-date=2023-08-26 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=NewsGuard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Daily Time Update
|
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023e" />
|-
|Digital Information World
|digitalinformationworld.com
|
|Accused of plagiarism from ].
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last1=Koebler |first1=Jason |last2=Cole |first2=Samantha |last3=Maiberg |first3=Emanuel |last4=Cox |first4=Joseph |date=2024-01-26 |title=We Need Your Email Address |url=https://www.404media.co/why-404-media-needs-your-email-address/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202213628mp_/https://www.404media.co/why-404-media-needs-your-email-address/ |archive-date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Esspots
|esspots.com
|
|Part of the same network as SpaceXMania.
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Abels |first=Grace |date=2024-06-14 |title=No, Steelers coach did not call Pride Month 'woke crap.' |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/jun/14/facebook-posts/no-steelers-coach-did-not-call-pride-month-woke-cr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614225156/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/jun/14/facebook-posts/no-steelers-coach-did-not-call-pride-month-woke-cr/ |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Famadillo.com
|Famadillo.com
|
|
|<ref name="Cantor-2023" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" />
|-
|FilthyLucre.com
|FilthyLucre.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" />
|-
|FoodingWorld.com
|FoodingWorld.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023b" />
|-
|Getintoknowledge.com
|Getintoknowledge.com
|
|
|<ref name="Cantor-2023" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" />
|-
|globalvillagespace.com
|globalvillagespace.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023d" />
|-
|GlobeEcho.com
|GlobeEcho.com
|
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Pink Slime Network Infects 49 States with Fake COVID-19 Death Claims |url=https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/fake-local-news-network-infects-49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607161909/https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/fake-local-news-network-infects-49 |archive-date=2024-06-07 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|HistoryFact.in
|HistoryFact.in
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" />
|-
|iBusiness Day
|
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023e" />
|-
|IheartDogs.com
|IheartDogs.com
|
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=NewsGuard |title=Google News Promotes AI-Generated "News" |url=https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/google-news-promotes-ai-generated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624163316/https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/google-news-promotes-ai-generated |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|InternationalNewsandViews.com
|InternationalNewsandViews.com
|
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Ireland Top News
|irelandtopnews.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023e">{{Cite web |title=NewsGuard Now Identifies 125 News and Information Websites Generated by AI, Develops Framework for Defining 'Unreliable AI-Generated News' and Information Sources |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/press/newsguard-now-identifies-125-news-and-information-websites-generated-by-ai-develops-framework-for-defining-unreliable-ai-generated-news-and-information-sources/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028034357/https://www.newsguardtech.com/press/newsguard-now-identifies-125-news-and-information-websites-generated-by-ai-develops-framework-for-defining-unreliable-ai-generated-news-and-information-sources/ |archive-date=2023-10-28 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=NewsGuard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|L'Observatoire de l'Europe
|observatoiredeleurope.com
|
|Accused of automatically plagiarizing stories from ].
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-03-25 |title=NewsGuard's Reality Check |url=https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/pink-slime-time-election-year-launches |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408035415/https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/pink-slime-time-election-year-launches |archive-date=2024-04-08 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Lawyer Legality
|lawyerlegality.com
|
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|LiverPoolDigest.co.uk
|LiverPoolDigest.co.uk
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023d" />
|-
|Lunumi.com
|Lunumi.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023a" />
|-
|Medical Outline
|medicaloutline.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023e" />
|-
|Michigan Sports Zone
|michigansportszone.com
|
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Nation World News
|nationworldnews.com
|
|Accused of plagiarism from ].
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|NewsGPT
|newsgpt.ai
|Active
|Accused by Annie Lab of "factual errors, misleading images, and possible plagiarism" from ], ], and ].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Wang |first1=Berry |last2=Xiaoyu |first2=Li |last3=Clarke |first3=Jamie |date=2023-06-14 |title=Analysis: NewsGPT publishes an array of AI-generated falsehood |url=https://annielab.org/2023/06/14/analysis-newsgpt-publishes-an-array-of-ai-generated-falsehood/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901175958/https://annielab.org/2023/06/14/analysis-newsgpt-publishes-an-array-of-ai-generated-falsehood/ |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Maggie |date=2023-03-03 |title=News Site Launches That's Completely Generated by AI |url=https://futurism.com/news-site-completely-generated-ai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330075655/https://futurism.com/news-site-completely-generated-ai |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Futurism}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
|-
|News Live 79
|
|
|
|<ref name="Bloomberg2023" />
|-
|News Today
|sagenews.site
|
|Part of the same network as SpaceXMania.
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cercone |first=Jeff |date=2024-06-10 |title=Chiefs have issued no statements about Pride Month |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/jun/10/facebook-posts/kansas-city-chiefs-didnt-issue-statement-about-not/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613070602/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2024/jun/10/facebook-posts/kansas-city-chiefs-didnt-issue-statement-about-not/ |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|News You Can't Use
|newsyoucantuse.com
|Defunct
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fong |first=Joss |date=2020-03-04 |title=The era of fake writing is upon us |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/4/21163743/ai-language-generation-fake-text-gpt2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304195452/https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/4/21163743/ai-language-generation-fake-text-gpt2 |archive-date=2020-03-04 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|NewYorkFolk.com
|NewYorkFolk.com
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br
|NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023b" />
|-
|NotRealNews.net
|NotRealNews.net
|Defunct
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robitzski |first=Dan |date=2020-02-13 |title=This site uses AI to generate fake news articles |url=https://futurism.com/site-ai-generate-fake-news-articles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606025937/https://futurism.com/site-ai-generate-fake-news-articles |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Futurism}}</ref>
|-
|Roadan.com
|Roadan.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023d" />
|-
|SpaceXMania
|spacexmania.com
|Active
|Accused by Christopher Blair, the owner of The Last Line of Defense, of plagiarizing its stories via a generative AI model. The New York Times also found that many stories from SpaceXMania were produced by generative AI.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thompson |first=Stuart A. |date=2024-06-13 |title=Fake News Still Has a Home on Facebook |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/13/technology/facebook-fake-news-culture-wars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618010356/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/13/technology/facebook-fake-news-culture-wars.html |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Saranac Hale |date=2023-12-15 |title=Fake Story About Trans Athlete Spreads Online |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2023/12/fake-story-about-trans-athlete-spreads-online/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223070935/https://www.factcheck.org/2023/12/fake-story-about-trans-athlete-spreads-online/ |archive-date=2024-02-23 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liles |first=Jordan |date=2023-12-01 |title=Did Tucker Carlson and Elon Musk Announce a New Media Empire Collaboration in November 2023? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/carlson-musk-media-collaboration/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228182602/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/carlson-musk-media-collaboration/ |archive-date=2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Check: Taylor Swift has not been banned from attending NFL games |url=https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/taylor-swift-has-not-been-banned-attending-nfl-games-2024-06-13/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240619005622/https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/taylor-swift-has-not-been-banned-attending-nfl-games-2024-06-13/ |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=Fact Check: Kansas City Chiefs Did NOT 'Refuse To Participate In Pride Month' -- It's A Satirical Article |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2024/06/fact-check-kansas-city-chiefs-did-not-refuse-to-participate-in-pride-month-its-a-satirical-article.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613150523/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2024/06/fact-check-kansas-city-chiefs-did-not-refuse-to-participate-in-pride-month-its-a-satirical-article.html |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hudnall |first=Hannah |date=2023-03-10 |title=Fact check: Claim of Twitter ban for Greta Thunberg is satire |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2023/03/10/fact-check-claim-twitter-ban-greta-thunberg-satire/11438652002/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411180653/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2023/03/10/fact-check-claim-twitter-ban-greta-thunberg-satire/11438652002/ |archive-date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn't happen this week |url=https://apnews.com/article/fake-news-misinformation-transgender-swimmer-zelenskyy-arlington-explosion-48dda946b274d3a9240f74c8c4fa3191 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511150642/https://apnews.com/article/fake-news-misinformation-transgender-swimmer-zelenskyy-arlington-explosion-48dda946b274d3a9240f74c8c4fa3191 |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Scoop Earth
|ScoopEarth.com
|Active
|
|<ref name="Cantor-2023" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" />
|-
|setolu.com
|setolu.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023a" />
|-
|Time.news
|Time.news
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023b" />
|-
|TnewsNetwork.com
|TnewsNetwork.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" />
|-
|TopGolf.kr
|TopGolf.kr
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023d" />
|-
|topnews67.com
|topnews67.com
|
|Accused of plagiarizing story from The Last Line of Defense, possibly via ChatGPT.
|<ref name="Schenk-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Plag-AI-rism: How Lead Stories Used ChatGPT To Find A False Story about Tucker Carlson ... That Was 'Plagiarised' With ChatGPT |url=https://leadstories.com/analysis/2023/05/using-chatgpt-to-find-false-story-plagiarized-with-chatgpt.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127145117/https://leadstories.com/analysis/2023/05/using-chatgpt-to-find-false-story-plagiarized-with-chatgpt.html |archive-date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|TopStories.com.ng
|TopStories.com.ng
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023d" />
|-
|TrendFool.com
|TrendFool.com
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|US Newsper
|usnewsper.com
|
|Registered in Lithuania, falsely claims to be a news site for the United States. Spread false claim that ] was a hoax. Accused by ] of having a network of ] to share its stories on social media.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsGuard |date=2024-08-05 |title=USNewsper.com is not American or News; It's Lithuanian AI! |url=https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/usnewspercom-is-not-american-or-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805143243/https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/usnewspercom-is-not-american-or-news |archive-date=2024-08-05 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|vatolu.com
|vatolu.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023a" />
|-
|Walli.us
|Walli.us
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023d" />
|-
|WaveFunction.info
|WaveFunction.info
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023c" />
|-
|WestObserver.com
|WestObserver.com
|
|Imitates ].
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|WhatsNew2Day.com
|WhatsNew2Day.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023d" />
|-
|World-Today-News.com
|World-Today-News.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023b" />
|-
|World Nation News
|worldnationnews.com
|
|Accused of plagiarism from ].
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|Worldtimetodays.com
|worldtimetodays.com
|
|Accused of plagiarizing stories from ] and ].
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=2024-01-18 |title=Google News Is Boosting Garbage AI-Generated Articles |url=https://www.404media.co/google-news-is-boosting-garbage-ai-generated-articles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411142231/https://www.404media.co/google-news-is-boosting-garbage-ai-generated-articles/ |archive-date=2024-04-11 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=404 Media |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Hate groups ===
{{Main article|List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups}}
The following table lists websites that have been both considered by fact-checkers as distributing false news and are run by organizations that have been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|banned.video
|banned.video
|
|Sister site of InfoWars.
Warned by the US ] for spreading misinformation on COVID-19 for "claims on videos posted on your websites that establish the intended use of your products and misleadingly represent them as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19."
|<ref>{{cite letter|url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/warning-letters/covid-19-letter_to_freespeechsystems.pdf|recipient=Alexander E. Jones|subject=RE: Unapproved and Misbranded Products Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|date=April 9, 2020|author=]|access-date=February 26, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Curet |first=Monique |title=PolitiFact - A video that originated on InfoWars is filled with falsehoods about COVID-19 vaccines |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/nov/17/tiktok-posts/video-originated-infowars-filled-falsehoods-about-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825102159/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/nov/17/tiktok-posts/video-originated-infowars-filled-falsehoods-about-/ |archive-date=2023-08-25 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-04-21 |title=Infowars, resurrected: how the conspiracy site evaded a cross-platform ban |url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/infowars-resurrected-how-the-conspiracy-site-evaded-a-cross-platform-ban-f19f971f69a2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714125224/https://medium.com/dfrlab/infowars-resurrected-how-the-conspiracy-site-evaded-a-cross-platform-ban-f19f971f69a2 |archive-date=2022-07-14 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Digital Forensic Research Lab |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Bare Naked Islam
|barenakedislam.com
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palma |first=Bethania |date=2016-08-25 |title=Were Tennessee Schoolchildren Forced to Bow Down to Allah? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/tennessee-schoolchildren-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202180546/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/tennessee-schoolchildren-islam/ |archive-date=2021-12-02 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2023">{{Cite web |title=Active Anti-Muslim Groups |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/active-anti-muslim-groups |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122071659/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/active-anti-muslim-groups |archive-date=2023-11-22 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Brighteon
|Brighteon.com
|
|Sister site of Natural News.
|<ref name="NBC News-2020">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2020 |title=Troll farms from North Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation on Facebook |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/n1218376 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916045421/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/n1218376 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'']''
|DailyStormer.com
|
|Per PolitiFact.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Active White Nationalist Groups |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/2015-active-white-nationalist-groups |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328031923/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/2015-active-white-nationalist-groups |archive-date=2023-03-28 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|]
|Gellerreport.com
|
|Registered through Pamela Geller's organization, the American Freedom Defense Initiative.
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" /><ref name="SPLC-2023" />
|-
|HoggWatch
|hoggwatch.com
|
|Setup by Natural News founders to publish attacks against ] survivors.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2018 |title=Fringe websites double down on attacking Parkland teens |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/n862191 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916045732/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/n862191 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2018-04-16 |title='Natural News' Creator's Newest Site Focuses Entirely on Teenaged Mass Shooting Survivor |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2018/04/16/natural-news-creator-site-parkland-survivor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314183850/https://www.snopes.com/news/2018/04/16/natural-news-creator-site-parkland-survivor/ |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'']''
|infowars.com
|
|Managed by ]. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the ] was a hoax, that the ] was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party ].
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Mak |first=Tim |date=4 December 2016 |title='Pizzagate' Gunman Liked Alex Jones |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/12/04/fake-news-delivers-real-gunman-to-pizzeria-caught-up-in-alt-right-fake-news.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211223215/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/12/04/fake-news-delivers-real-gunman-to-pizzeria-caught-up-in-alt-right-fake-news.html |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=thedailybeast.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Andrew |date=9 December 2016 |title=Alex Jones, Infowars founder, appeals to Trump for aid over fears of 'fake news' crackdown |work=The Washington Times |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/9/alex-jones-conspiracy-theorist-appeals-trump-aid-o/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209224504/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/9/alex-jones-conspiracy-theorist-appeals-trump-aid-o/ |archive-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio Conspiracy Theorist Claims Ear Of Trump, Pushes 'Pizzagate' Fictions |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/06/504590375/radio-conspiracy-theorist-claims-ear-of-trump-pushes-pizzagate-fictions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211164147/http://www.npr.org/2016/12/06/504590375/radio-conspiracy-theorist-claims-ear-of-trump-pushes-pizzagate-fictions |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Tracy |first=Abigail |date=6 December 2016 |title=The InfoWars Presidency Arrives in Washington |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mike-flynn-conspiracy-theories |url-status=live |magazine=Vanity Fair |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209163115/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/mike-flynn-conspiracy-theories |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Finnegan |first=William |author-link=William Finnegan |date=22 November 2016 |title=Why Won't Donald Trump Denounce Sandy Hook Deniers? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-wont-donald-trump-denounce-sandy-hook-deniers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124081417/http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/why-wont-donald-trump-denounce-sandy-hook-deniers |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=newyorker.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Page |first=Clarence |date=6 December 2016 |title=Does the First Amendment protect fake news? |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/page/ct-pizzagate-fake-news-first-amendment-perspec-1207-20161206-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212023032/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/page/ct-pizzagate-fake-news-first-amendment-perspec-1207-20161206-story.html |archive-date=12 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hinckley |first=Story |date=15 December 2016 |title=Why fake news holds such allure |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1215/Why-fake-news-holds-such-allure |url-status=live |journal=Christian Science Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111010102/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2016/1215/Why-fake-news-holds-such-allure |archive-date=11 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldman |first=Adam |date=2016-12-07 |title=The Comet Ping Pong Gunman Answers Our Reporter's Questions |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/edgar-welch-comet-pizza-fake-news.html |url-status=live |access-date=2017-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213214547/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/edgar-welch-comet-pizza-fake-news.html |archive-date=2016-12-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahani |first1=Doha |title=InfoWars' Alex Jones claims a 'psychosis' caused him to question Sandy Hook massacre |language=en |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n989091 |url-status=live |date=March 30, 2019 |access-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916045916/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n989091 |archive-date=16 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="Owen-2020">{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=Laura Hazard |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Older people and Republicans are most likely to share Covid-19 stories from fake news sites on Twitter |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/10/older-people-and-republicans-are-most-likely-to-share-covid-19-stories-from-fake-news-sites-on-twitter/ |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=] |archive-date=2020-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030040313/https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/10/older-people-and-republicans-are-most-likely-to-share-covid-19-stories-from-fake-news-sites-on-twitter/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2020">{{Cite web |title=The Year in Hate and Extremism 2020 |url=https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/yih_2020-21_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208103718/https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/yih_2020-21_final.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref>
|-
|'']''
|nationalfile.com
|
|Sister site of ''InfoWars''. It has promoted ] and the COVID-19 vaccines.
Leaked texts from Alex Jones's phone indicated that he started ''National File'' to promote ''InfoWars'' content while obscuring its origin to evade an ''InfoWars'' ban on ].
|{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kornbluh|first=Jacob|author-link=Jacob Kornbluh|date=October 1, 2021|title=4 GOP candidates in key House races invoke the Holocaust against mask and vaccine mandates|url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/476208/several-gop-candidates-in-key-house-races-equate-covid-19-measures-vaccine/|access-date=October 25, 2021|website=]|language=en-US|archive-date=October 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160735/https://forward.com/fast-forward/476208/several-gop-candidates-in-key-house-races-equate-covid-19-measures-vaccine/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 12, 2021|title=Fact Check-No evidence that Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine causes Alzheimer's disease|language=en|work=]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1N2MZ382/|access-date=October 25, 2021|archive-date=October 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161001/https://www.reuters.com/article/fact-check-no-evidence-that-pfizers-covi-idUSL1N2MZ382|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Czopek|first=Madison|date=February 5, 2021|title=No, the CDC isn't inflating coronavirus statistics|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/feb/05/blog-posting/no-cdc-isnt-inflating-coronavirus-statistics/|access-date=October 25, 2021|website=]|language=en-US|archive-date=October 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160432/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/feb/05/blog-posting/no-cdc-isnt-inflating-coronavirus-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Health Feedback-2021">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |first=Iria |last=Carballo-Carbajal |title=Flawed speculative study incorrectly claims that mRNA COVID-19 vaccines cause neurodegenerative diseases |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/flawed-speculative-study-incorrectly-claims-that-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-cause-neurodegenerative-diseases/ |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=] |language=en-US |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916022511/https://science.feedback.org/review/flawed-speculative-study-incorrectly-claims-that-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-cause-neurodegenerative-diseases/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MacGuill |first=Dan |date=2021-08-20 |title=No, Australian Officials Did Not Say They Would 'Seize' and Forcibly Vaccinate 24K Kids |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/australia-forced-vaccination-stadium/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=] |language=en |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628214907/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/australia-forced-vaccination-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sadeghi|first=McKenzie|date=September 8, 2021|title=Fact check: Pfizer is testing a drug to treat COVID-19 infections. It's not tied to vaccinations|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/09/08/fact-check-pfizer-covid-19-pills-treatment-not-tied-vaccine/5698007001/|access-date=October 25, 2021|website=]|language=en-US|archive-date=October 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160517/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/09/08/fact-check-pfizer-covid-19-pills-treatment-not-tied-vaccine/5698007001/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Squire |first1=Megan |last2=Hayden |first2=Michael Edison |date=March 8, 2023 |title='Absolutely Bonkers': Inside Infowars' Money Machine |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2023/03/08/absolutely-bonkers-inside-infowars-money-machine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327030127/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2023/03/08/absolutely-bonkers-inside-infowars-money-machine |archive-date=March 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=] |language=en |quote=Jones' text messages suggest Jones and his collaborators sought to launder his Infowars content to social media sites that had banned it, while disguising its true origin. For example, the texts reveal that Jones created the junk-news website National File.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Kyle |date=2023-03-17 |title=Alex Jones' Alleged Secret Site Gets Around Social Media Bans |url=https://gizmodo.com/alex-jones-infowars-national-file-facebook-twitter-1850238082 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202344/https://gizmodo.com/alex-jones-infowars-national-file-facebook-twitter-1850238082 |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=] |language=en |quote=In leaked texts shared earlier this month by the Southern Poverty Law Center between him and well-known Republican operative Roger Stone in 2020, Jones said "off record this is my site" in relation to National File.}}</ref>
|- |-
|] |]
|naturalnews.com
|
|Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various ]s, promotion of ], controversial nutrition and health claims, and various ], such as "]", ] claims (including the purported dangers of ], ], ], ], ]), and ] caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the ]. |Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various ]s, promotion of ], controversial nutrition and health claims, and various ], such as "]", ] claims (including the purported dangers of ], ], ], ], ]), and ] caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the ].
|<ref name=usnews/><ref name= "Novella2010">{{cite web |last= Novella |first= Steven |authorlink= Steven Novella |url= http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/h1n1-vaccine-and-miscarriages-more-fear-mongering/ |title= H1N1 Vaccine and Miscarriages – More Fear Mongering |work= Neurologica |type= blog |publisher= ] |date= 2010-12-14}}</ref><ref name= "Novella2010"/><ref>{{cite news |first= Matt |last= Pearce |url= http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-aurora-victims-conspiracy-20130207,0,5313001.story |title= Conspiracy theorists harassing, impersonating Aurora victims |newspaper= ] |date= 2013-02-07 |accessdate= 2013-10-25}}</ref><ref name=crank>{{cite web |url= http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/mike-adams-takes-on-skeptics/ |title= Mike Adams Takes On 'Skeptics' |work= Neurologica |type= blog |publisher= ] |last= Novella |first= Steven |authorlink= Steven Novella |date= 2010-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Orac |authorlink=David_Gorski |date= 2011-10-27 |title= Mike Adams vs. the flu vaccine |url= http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/10/27/mike-adams-vs-the-flu-vaccine/ |work= Respectful Insolence |publisher= ] |accessdate= 2014-03-11}}</ref> |<ref name="Novella2010">{{cite web |last=Novella |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Novella |date=2010-12-14 |title=H1N1 Vaccine and Miscarriages – More Fear Mongering |url=http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/h1n1-vaccine-and-miscarriages-more-fear-mongering/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223031133/http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/h1n1-vaccine-and-miscarriages-more-fear-mongering/ |archive-date=2016-12-23 |access-date=2016-11-26 |work=Neurologica |publisher=] |type=blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pearce |first=Matt |date=2013-02-07 |title=Conspiracy theorists harassing, impersonating Aurora victims |newspaper=] |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-aurora-victims-conspiracy-20130207,0,5313001.story |url-status=live |access-date=2013-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524031850/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-aurora-victims-conspiracy-20130207,0,5313001.story |archive-date=2013-05-24}}</ref><ref name="Novella-2010">{{cite web |last=Novella |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Novella |date=2010-01-25 |title=Mike Adams Takes On 'Skeptics' |url=http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/mike-adams-takes-on-skeptics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206115221/http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/mike-adams-takes-on-skeptics/ |archive-date=2016-12-06 |access-date=2016-11-26 |work=Neurologica |publisher=] |type=blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Orac |author-link=David Gorski |date=2011-10-27 |title=Mike Adams vs. the flu vaccine |url=http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/10/27/mike-adams-vs-the-flu-vaccine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311092831/http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/10/27/mike-adams-vs-the-flu-vaccine/ |archive-date=2014-03-11 |access-date=2014-03-11 |work=Respectful Insolence |publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="Owen-2020" /><ref name="SPLC-2020" />
|- |-
|NewsTarget
|]
|newstarget.com
|A ] news site described by '']'' as "a disreputable outlet that has a penchant for publishing both fake news and spurious pro-Trump articles."
|
|<ref name="Snopes">{{cite web|last1=Evon|first1=Dan|title=False: A tweet ostensibly posted by vice presidential candidate Tim Kaine allegedly acknowledges that he has an open marriage.|url=http://www.snopes.com/tim-kaine-open-marriage/|website=]|accessdate=28 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/02/in-the-year-of-trump-a-made-up-news-website-run-by-an-ex-convict-finds-success/|title=The pro-Trump fake news website that’s finding an audience — with Trump’s help|website=Washington Post|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref>
|Sister site of Natural News.
|<ref name="NBC News-2020" />
|- |-
|Red Flag News |Next News Network
|nextnewsnetwork.com
| |
|Combined content from mainstream sites such as the Associated Press with content from sites such as ] and ].
|<ref name=usnews/>
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=2018-02-02 |title='Fiction is outperforming reality': how YouTube's algorithm distorts truth |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/02/how-youtubes-algorithm-distorts-truth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407024503/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/02/how-youtubes-algorithm-distorts-truth |archive-date=2020-04-07 |access-date=2020-04-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Timberg |first=Craig |date=2016-11-24 |title=Russian propaganda effort helped spread 'fake news' during election, experts say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/russian-propaganda-effort-helped-spread-fake-news-during-election-experts-say/2016/11/24/793903b6-8a40-4ca9-b712-716af66098fe_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404191413/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/russian-propaganda-effort-helped-spread-fake-news-during-election-experts-say/2016/11/24/793903b6-8a40-4ca9-b712-716af66098fe_story.html |archive-date=2020-04-04 |access-date=2020-04-11 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigovernment General |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antigovernment-general |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622064809/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antigovernment-general |archive-date=2023-06-22 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palma |first=Bethania |date=2018-09-20 |title=Was the Mayor of San Juan Arrested for Misuse of Disaster Funds? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/san-juan-mayor-misuse/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330212241/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/san-juan-mayor-misuse/ |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
|PrisonPlanet
|70 News
|prisonplanet.com
|a ]-hosted site that published a false news story, stating that ] had won the popular vote in the 2016 United States presidential election; the fake story rose to the top in searches for "final election results" on ]
|
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name=wapo14november2016>{{cite web|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/14/googles-top-news-link-for-final-election-results-goes-to-a-fake-news-site-with-false-numbers/|last=Bump|first=Philip|title=Google’s top news link for ‘final election results’ goes to a fake news site with false numbers|date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Politifact|last=Jacobson|first=Louis|title=No, Donald Trump is not beating Hillary Clinton in the popular vote|date=14 November 2016|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/nov/14/blog-posting/no-donald-trump-not-beating-hillary-clinton-popula/}}</ref>
|Sister site of InfoWars.
|<ref name="Collins-2016">{{Cite news |last=Collins |first=Ben |date=2016-10-28 |title=This 'Conservative News Site' Trended on Facebook, Showed Up on Fox News... and Duped the World |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/28/the-man-who-duped-trumpkins-fox-news |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|Activist Post
|RedIce.tv
| |
|
|<ref name=usnews/>
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-27 |title=Old Network of Anti-Islam Fake News Websites Turns To Twitter Trolling |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469931-old-network-of-anti-islam-fake-news-websites-turns-to-twitter-trolling.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923111814/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/11/old-network-of-anti-islam-fake-news-websites-turns-to-twitter-trolling.html |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Beirich |first=Heidi |date=Spring 2019 |title=The Year in Hate and Extremism: Rage Against Change |url=https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/intelligence_report_166.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903124651/https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/intelligence_report_166.pdf |archive-date=2023-09-03 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=] |oclc=796223066}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|American News
|returnofkings.com
|Published a false story claiming actor ] endorsed Donald Trump for president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election.
|
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name=usnews>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2016-11-14/avoid-these-fake-news-sites-at-all-costs|title=Avoid These Fake News Sites at All Costs|last=Dicker|first=Rachel|date=November 14, 2016|website=usnews.com|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name=dailybeast>{{cite web|work=Daily Beast|last=Collins|first=Ben|date=16 November 2016|title=48 Hours in Facebook’s Unreality|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/11/16/48-hours-in-facebook-s-unreality.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Washington Post|date=14 November 2016|last=Bump|first=Philip|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/14/denzel-washington-endorsed-trump-according-to-americanews-breitbartt-usanewshome-and-facebook/|title=Denzel Washington endorsed Trump, according to AmericaNews, Breitbartt, USANewsHome — and Facebook}}</ref>
|
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-21 |title=The Year in Hate: Trump buoyed white supremacists in 2017, sparking backlash among black nationalist groups |url=https://www.splcenter.org/news/2018/02/21/year-hate-trump-buoyed-white-supremacists-2017-sparking-backlash-among-black-nationalist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221223009/https://www.splcenter.org/news/2018/02/21/year-hate-trump-buoyed-white-supremacists-2017-sparking-backlash-among-black-nationalist |archive-date=2018-02-21 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online |url=https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/DataAndSociety_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325093015/https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/DataAndSociety_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline-1.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-25 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=]}}</ref>
|- |-
|'']''
|Before It's News
|trunews.com
|Cited by US President-elect ] at his 2016 campaign rallies. Before Its News and Infowars were described as "unabashedly unhinged 'news' sites" in 2014 by the '']'' following its promotion of conspiracy theories relation to ].
|
|<ref name=usnews/><ref>Schwartz, Rafi (August 15, 2016). . ''Fusion''.</ref><ref>Dewey, Caitlin (July 18, 2014). . '']''. {{subscription}}</ref>
|
|<ref name="Grinberg-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Grinberg |first1=Nir |last2=Joseph |first2=Kenneth |last3=Friedland |first3=Lisa |last4=Swire-Thompson |first4=Briony |last5=Lazer |first5=David |date=2019-01-25 |title=Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election |journal=Science |language=en |volume=363 |issue=6425 |pages=374–378 |doi=10.1126/science.aau2706 |pmid=30679368 |bibcode=2019Sci...363..374G |s2cid=59248491 |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Guess-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Guess |first1=Andy |last2=Aslett |first2=Kevin |last3=Tucker |first3=Joshua |last4=Bonneau |first4=Richard |last5=Nagler |first5=Jonathan |date=2021 |title=Cracking Open the News Feed: Exploring What U.S. Facebook Users See and Share with Large-Scale Platform Data |url=https://journalqd.org/article/view/2586 |journal=Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media |language=en |volume=1 |doi=10.51685/jqd.2021.006 |s2cid=236598470 |issn=2673-8813 |doi-access=free |access-date=2022-08-31 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602040723/https://journalqd.org/article/view/2586 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2020" />
|- |-
|'']''
|Civic Tribune
|wnd.com
| |
|A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that ] ]
|<ref name="dd" />
|<ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref name="Osmundsen-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Osmundsen|first1=Mathias|last2=Bor|first2=Alexander|last3=Vahlstrup|first3=Peter Bjerregaard|last4=Bechmann|first4=Anja|last5=Petersen|first5=Michael Bang|date=May 7, 2021|title=Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter|url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?fileId=4491271&version=1.0|journal=]|language=en|publisher=]|volume=115|issue=3|pages=999–1015|doi=10.1017/S0003055421000290|s2cid=235527523|issn=0003-0554|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=August 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822100753/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?fileId=4491271&version=1.0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ognyanova-2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Ognyanova|first1=Katherine|last2=Lazer|first2=David|last3=Robertson|first3=Ronald E.|last4=Wilson|first4=Christo|date=2020-06-02|title=Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power|url=https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Misinformation-in-action-Ognyanova-et-al-2020.pdf|journal=]|language=en-US|publisher=]|volume=1|issue=4|doi=10.37016/mr-2020-024|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320192323/https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Misinformation-in-action-Ognyanova-et-al-2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Owen-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kukura |first=Joe |date=2017-03-16 |title=The Inside Dope on Jean Quan's Pot Club |url=https://www.sfweekly.com/news/suckafreecity/the-inside-dope-on-jean-quans-pot-club/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008131523/https://www.sfweekly.com/news/suckafreecity/the-inside-dope-on-jean-quans-pot-club/ |archive-date=2022-10-08 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=] |language=en-US |quote=As of press time, the homepage of their website lists links to right-wing fake news sites like WorldNetDaily...}}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2020" />
|}

=== Pseudoscience and junk science ===
The following is a list of websites that have been characterized by journalists and researchers as promoting ] or ].
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|- |-
|ancient-code.com
|Daily Buzz Live
|ancient-code.com
| |
|
|<ref name=usnews/>
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" />
|-
|]
|childrenshealthdefense.org
|Active
|Accused by NBC of " research to stoke fears that vaccines might be dangerous for children and pregnant women".<ref name="NBC-2019a">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-29 |title=These are the fake health news that went viral in 2019 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n1107466 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916051002/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n1107466 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Filed a lawsuit in 2020 against Facebook, PolitiFact, Science Feedback, and the Poynter Institute over advertisements and fact-checked claims. Produced an ] that was marketed towards Black Americans. One of its participants, a medical history professor, felt that she had been "used" as part of "an advocacy piece for anti-vaxxers."<ref name="NPR-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=An Anti-Vaccine Film Targeted To Black Americans Spreads False Information |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/06/08/1004214189/anti-vaccine-film-targeted-to-black-americans-spreads-false-information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509000313/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/06/08/1004214189/anti-vaccine-film-targeted-to-black-americans-spreads-false-information |archive-date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=NPR}}</ref> Cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.<ref name="CCDH-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=The Disinformation Dozen |url=https://counterhate.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/210324-The-Disinformation-Dozen.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511125505/https://counterhate.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/210324-The-Disinformation-Dozen.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=]}}</ref> Banned by Facebook and Instagram in 2022 for repeatedly spreading medical misinformation.
|<ref name="NBC-2019a" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=2020-08-18 |title=Anti-vaccination group sues Facebook over fact-checking program |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/18/21373530/robert-kennedy-childrens-health-defense-facebook-zuckerberg-fact-checking-lawsuit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201100220/https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/18/21373530/robert-kennedy-childrens-health-defense-facebook-zuckerberg-fact-checking-lawsuit |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |first=Chelsea |last=Brett |title=Anti-vaccination organization spreads baseless claim that global HPV vaccination campaign will lead to "mass casualty event" |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/anti-vaccination-organization-spreads-baseless-claim-global-hpv-vaccination-campaign-mass-casualty-event/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916022706/https://science.feedback.org/review/anti-vaccination-organization-spreads-baseless-claim-global-hpv-vaccination-campaign-mass-casualty-event/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Health Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-30 |title=Fact Check: Trump DID Sign 5G Bill, But Exposure Effects Are Misleading {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2020/03/Fact-Check-Trump-DID-Sign-5G-Bill-But-Exposure-Effects-Are-Misleading.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205093212/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2020/03/Fact-Check-Trump-DID-Sign-5G-Bill-But-Exposure-Effects-Are-Misleading.html |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Frenkel |first=Sheera |date=2022-08-18 |title=Facebook and Instagram Remove Robert Kennedy Jr.'s Nonprofit for Misinformation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/18/technology/facebook-instagram-robert-kennedy-jr-misinformation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510173817/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/18/technology/facebook-instagram-robert-kennedy-jr-misinformation.html |archive-date=2024-05-10 |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="NPR-2021" /><ref name="CCDH-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=What VAERS Can and Can't Do, and How Anti-Vaccination Groups Habitually Misuse Its Data |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2023/06/scicheck-what-vaers-can-and-cant-do-and-how-anti-vaccination-groups-habitually-misuse-its-data/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423195429/https://www.factcheck.org/2023/06/scicheck-what-vaers-can-and-cant-do-and-how-anti-vaccination-groups-habitually-misuse-its-data/ |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=]}}</ref>
|-
|Collective Evolution
|collective-evolution.com
|Active
|Spread misinformation about vaccines and COVID-19, and shared conspiracy theories about Mark Zuckerberg and airport body scanners.
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023">{{Cite web |title=Special Report: COVID-19 Myths |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/covid-19-myths |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807034530/https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/covid-19-myths/ |archive-date=2023-08-07 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Carrasco-Farré |first=Carlos |date=2022-05-09 |title=The fingerprints of misinformation: how deceptive content differs from reliable sources in terms of cognitive effort and appeal to emotions |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1057/s41599-022-01174-9 |issn=2662-9992 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lytvynenko |first1=Jane |last2=Silverman |first2=Craig |date=2019-07-03 |title=These Bizarre Kamala Harris And Mark Zuckerberg Conspiracy Sites Are Run By A Montessori School Operator |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/kamala-harris-and-mark-zuckerberg-conspiracy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922191343/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/kamala-harris-and-mark-zuckerberg-conspiracy |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2017-02-24 |title=Did a Study Prove That Airport Scanners 'Rip Apart' Your DNA? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/do-airport-scanners-rip-apart-dna/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510171122/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/do-airport-scanners-rip-apart-dna/ |archive-date=2024-05-10 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
|collectivelyconscious.net
|DC Gazette
|collectivelyconscious.net
| |
|
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name=usnews/>
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" />
|- |-
|dineal.com
|Disclose TV
|dineal.com
| |
|
|<ref name=usnews/>
|<ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-11 |title=Russian Trolls Fooled Sanders Voters With Anti-Clinton Fake News |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-fake-news-russia_n_58c34d97e4b0ed71826cdb36 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118064206/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-fake-news-russia_n_58c34d97e4b0ed71826cdb36 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref name="Buntain-2023">{{Cite web |last1=Buntain |first1=Cody |last2=Golbeck |first2=Jennifer |last3=Auxier |first3=Brooke |last4=Girum Assefa |first4=Biniyam |title=Analyzing a Fake News Authorship Network |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~mattm401/docs/2019-Buntain-iConf-AnalyzingAFakeNewsAuthorshipNetwork-Abstract.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229174805/https://web.stanford.edu/~mattm401/docs/2019-Buntain-iConf-AnalyzingAFakeNewsAuthorshipNetwork-Abstract.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-29 |access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref><ref name="Guess-2016">{{Cite web |last1=Guess |first1=Andrew |last2=Nyhan |first2=Brendan |last3=Reifler |first3=Jason |title=Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/fake-news-2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102163017/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/fake-news-2016.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-02 |access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref>
|- |-
|EWAO (Earth. We Are One)
|Empire Herald
|ewao.com
|Starting in January 2016, this fake news site had spread many of its hoaxes online in just a few weeks.
|
|<ref name=snopes/>
|Published false claim that images of a mountain formation in Antartica is evidence of an ancient civilization.
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2017-08-24 |title=FACT CHECK: Were Enormous Pyramids Just Discovered In Antarctica? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/enormous-pyramids-just-discovered-in-antarctica/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209051936/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/enormous-pyramids-just-discovered-in-antarctica/ |archive-date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
|Feature Remedies
|Gummy Post
|featureremedies.com
|Fake news website that has published claims about President Obama issuing a full pardon for convicted rapper ], Musician ] getting shot outside a nightclub in Florida, and a ] death hoax.
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/obama-pardoned-c-murder/ | title=Pardon for the Course | publisher=] | accessdate=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/was-musician-kodak-black-shot-in-florida/ | title=Kodak Moment | publisher=] | accessdate=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/hulk-hogan-death-hoax/ | title=Hulk Hogan Death Hoax | publisher=] | accessdate=January 13, 2017}}</ref>
|Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy.
|<ref name="NBC-2019a" /><ref name="Health Feedback-2019">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |first=Flora |last=Teoh |title=Claim that ginger is more effective than chemotherapy for cancer treatment is unsupported |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/claim-that-ginger-is-more-effective-than-chemotherapy-for-cancer-treatment-is-unsupported/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916022859/https://science.feedback.org/review/claim-that-ginger-is-more-effective-than-chemotherapy-for-cancer-treatment-is-unsupported/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Health Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Fake News: Study Does NOT Find Ginger Is 10,000x More Effective At Killing Cancer Than Chemo |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3470871-fake-news-study-does-not-find-ginger-10,000x-more-effective-at-killing-cancer-than-chemo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326210409/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2019/09/fake-news-study-does-not-find-ginger-10,000x-more-effective-at-killing-cancer-than-chemo.html |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- |-
|] |]
|foodbabe.com
|Established in 2015 by Paris Wade and Ben Goldman, who told the ''Washington Post'' their stories focus on "violence and chaos and aggressive wording" to attract readers. The stories reflect the positions of supporters of ].
|Active
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/5-important-stories-arent-fake-news/|title=5 important stories that aren't fake news|newspaper=PBS NewsHour|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref name=wapo20november2016>{{cite news|last1=McCoy|first1=Terrence|title=For the ‘new yellow journalists,’ opportunity comes in clicks and bucks|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/for-the-new-yellow-journalists-opportunity-comes-in-clicks-and-bucks/2016/11/20/d58d036c-adbf-11e6-8b45-f8e493f06fcd_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-top-table-main_opportunists-633pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory|accessdate=21 November 2016|work=Washington Post|date=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=wapo20november2016/>
|Promoted anti-vaccine misinformation. Criticized for promoting ] and "misinformation and fear-mongering about food ingredients."<ref name="Gorski-2014">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-08 |title=Vani Hari, a.k.a. "The Food Babe," finally responds to critics |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/vani-hari-a-k-a-the-food-babe-finally-responds-to-critics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719200818/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/vani-hari-a-k-a-the-food-babe-finally-responds-to-critics/ |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref> ] notes that a revenue stream is based on ] partnerships with organic and non-GMO food brands. Alleged collusion between ] and the ] over cancelling a program to monitor ] in food, which ] has deemed as false.
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-04 |title=Is The Food Babe A Fearmonger? Scientists Are Speaking Out |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/12/04/364745790/food-babe-or-fear-babe-as-activist-s-profile-grows-so-do-her-critics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926223808/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/12/04/364745790/food-babe-or-fear-babe-as-activist-s-profile-grows-so-do-her-critics |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="Gorski-2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2016-11-16 |title=Is Monsanto Suppressing Evidence of a Cancerous Herbicide in Food? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/monsanto-suppressing-evidence-of-cancerous-herbicide-in-food/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401232200/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/monsanto-suppressing-evidence-of-cancerous-herbicide-in-food/ |archive-date=2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
|Galactic Connection
|Media Mass
|galacticconnection.com
| |
|Published an article claiming the existence of aliens was disclosed by Russia after a joke made by then-Prime Minister ].
|<ref name="dd" /><ref name="Rensin"/>
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Alex |date=2012-12-11 |title=5 signs the UFO community can't take a joke |url=https://www.salon.com/2012/12/10/5_signs_the_ufo_community_cant_take_a_joke/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205012126/https://www.salon.com/2012/12/10/5_signs_the_ufo_community_cant_take_a_joke/ |archive-date=2024-02-05 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref>
|- |-
|Geoengineering Watch
|News Examiner
|geoengineeringwatch.org
|Started in 2015 by ], the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news.
|Active
|<ref name=snopes/>
|Published video claiming the existence of ] and ], which ] deemed as incorrect. The site owner filed a lawsuit against one of the scientist reviewers, claiming that the fact-check limited the video's reach on social media. The lawsuit was dismissed, with plans to appeal as of September 2022.
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2021 |first=Nikki |last=Forrester |title=Solar geoengineering isn't happening or damaging the planet; aircraft contrails are formed by water vapor, not chemicals |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/solar-geoengineering-isnt-happening-or-damaging-the-planet-aircraft-contrails-are-formed-by-water-vapor-not-chemicals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916044521/https://science.feedback.org/review/solar-geoengineering-isnt-happening-or-damaging-the-planet-aircraft-contrails-are-formed-by-water-vapor-not-chemicals/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Climate Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-19 |title=Researchers Hit With Lawsuits, Records Requests for Fact-Checking Climate Claims |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-19/climate-fact-checkers-hit-with-lawsuits-foias-for-challenging-dubious-claims |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230108225015/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-19/climate-fact-checkers-hit-with-lawsuits-foias-for-challenging-dubious-claims |archive-date=2023-01-08 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cairns |first=Rose |date=March 2016 |title=Climates of suspicion: 'chemtrail' conspiracy narratives and the international politics of geoengineering |url=https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geoj.12116 |journal=The Geographical Journal |language=en |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=70–84 |doi=10.1111/geoj.12116 |bibcode=2016GeogJ.182...70C |issn=0016-7398}}</ref>
|- |-
|]
|News Breaks Here
|goop.com
|Active
|Accused in 2020 by ] of violating a court settlement to stop spreading false medical claims about Goop products. Criticized by ], the then-], for promoting products and procedures that he described as monetarily wasteful or "carrying considerable risks to health".<ref name="Boseley-2020">{{Cite news |last=Boseley |first=Sarah |date=2020-01-30 |title=Gwyneth Paltrow's Goop wellness products condemned by NHS chief |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jan/30/nhs-chief-simon-stevens-condemns-gwyneth-paltrow-wellness-products |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120120314/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jan/30/nhs-chief-simon-stevens-condemns-gwyneth-paltrow-wellness-products |archive-date=2024-01-20 |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sells many of the same ] products as ].
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mole |first=Beth |date=2020-02-03 |title=Goop accused of more deceptive health claims, violating court order |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/02/goop-violating-court-order-with-yet-more-bogus-health-claims-watchdog-says/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524174010/https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/02/goop-violating-court-order-with-yet-more-bogus-health-claims-watchdog-says/ |archive-date=2023-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Boseley-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonnad |first=Nikhil |date=2017-06-29 |title=All the "wellness" products Americans love to buy are sold on both Infowars and Goop |url=https://qz.com/1010684/all-the-wellness-products-american-love-to-buy-are-sold-on-both-infowars-and-goop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512111803/https://qz.com/1010684/all-the-wellness-products-american-love-to-buy-are-sold-on-both-infowars-and-goop |archive-date=2024-05-12 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|]
|greenmedinfo.com
|Active
|Founded by ], who has been cited by the ] as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.<ref name="CCDH-2021" /> Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which ] concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread false claims about COVID-19 vaccines. Includes a search engine that McGill University describes as "biased toward scientific papers that claim natural food and alternative medicine can prevent and heal diseases."<ref name="Jarry-2024">{{Cite web |title=Popular Health Guru Sayer Ji Curates the Scientific Literature with His Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/pseudoscience/popular-health-guru-sayer-ji-curates-scientific-literature-his-bachelors-degree-philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418032543/https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/pseudoscience/popular-health-guru-sayer-ji-curates-scientific-literature-his-bachelors-degree-philosophy |archive-date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> Claims without evidence that marijuana is a cure for cancer.
|<ref name="Kasprak-2018">{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2018-12-18 |title=Pinterest Removes Three Prominent "Natural Health" Pages for Peddling Health Misinformation |url=https://www.snopes.com//news/2018/12/18/pinterest-removes-three-prominent-natural-health-pages-for-peddling-health-misinformation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429212219/https://www.snopes.com/news/2018/12/18/pinterest-removes-three-prominent-natural-health-pages-for-peddling-health-misinformation/ |archive-date=2024-04-29 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Funke |first=Daniel |date=2020-12-09 |title=The FDA did not find that COVID-19 vaccines may cause death |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/dec/09/blog-posting/alternative-health-website-spreads-false-claim-abo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511125507/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/dec/09/blog-posting/alternative-health-website-spreads-false-claim-abo/ |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Jarry-2024" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Guerin |first=Cécile |title=The yoga world is riddled with anti-vaxxers and QAnon believers |url=https://www.wired.com/story/yoga-disinformation-qanon-conspiracy-wellness/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405224946/https://www.wired.com/story/yoga-disinformation-qanon-conspiracy-wellness/ |archive-date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2024-05-14 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref name="Gregory-2019" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Beckett |first=Lois |date=2021-01-06 |title=Misinformation 'superspreaders': Covid vaccine falsehoods still thriving on Facebook and Instagram |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/06/facebook-instagram-urged-fight-deluge-anti-covid-vaccine-falsehoods |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405163816/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/06/facebook-instagram-urged-fight-deluge-anti-covid-vaccine-falsehoods |archive-date=2024-04-05 |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports spread misinformation on Pfizer vaccine trial deaths |url=https://www.aap.com.au/factcheck/reports-spread-misinformation-on-pfizer-vaccine-trial-deaths/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302030254/https://www.aap.com.au/factcheck/reports-spread-misinformation-on-pfizer-vaccine-trial-deaths/ |archive-date=2024-03-02 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CCDH-2021" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |Health Holistic Living
|healthyholisticliving.com
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy, that manuka honey is more effective than antibiotics, and that repeatedly boiling water is harmful. Cites peer-reviewed research to draw conclusions not supported by the works in question, such as citing four studies to claim that magnesium is an effective treatment for ADHD.
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="NBC-2019a" /><ref name="Health Feedback-2019" /><ref name="Gregory-2019">{{Cite web |last=Gregory |first=John |date=2019-07-26 |title=Health websites are notoriously misleading. So we rated their reliability |url=https://www.statnews.com/2019/07/26/health-websites-are-notoriously-misleading-so-we-rated-their-reliability/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408212318/https://www.statnews.com/2019/07/26/health-websites-are-notoriously-misleading-so-we-rated-their-reliability/ |archive-date=2024-04-08 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2017-10-20 |title=FACT CHECK: Is Manuka Honey 'Better Than All Known Antibiotics?' |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/is-manuka-honey-better-than-all-known-antibiotics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002204032/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/is-manuka-honey-better-than-all-known-antibiotics/ |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kasprak |first1=Alex |last2=LaCapria |first2=Kim |date=2015-11-12 |title=FACT CHECK: Is Twice-Boiled Water "Toxic"? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/never-boil-water-twice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506040205/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/never-boil-water-twice/ |archive-date=2024-05-06 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|healthy-holistic-living.com
|-
|Health Impact News
|healthimpactnews.com
| |
|Falsely linked deaths to flu vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, and spread unproven cures for COVID-19.
|<ref name="Mcintire">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/world/europe/fake-news-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-georgia.html|title=Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: ‘This Is All About Income’|last=Mcintire|first=Andrew Higgins, Mike|date=2016-11-25|last2=Dance|first2=Gabriel J. x|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Andy |title=No, COVID-19 vaccines haven't caused higher vaccine deaths |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/apr/06/instagram-posts/covid-19-vaccines-have-not-led-6000-increase-patie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002021635/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/apr/06/instagram-posts/covid-19-vaccines-have-not-led-6000-increase-patie/ |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2019-11-01 |title=Did 23 Seniors Die After Receiving a Flu Shot Sold by Pharmacies? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/23-seniors-die-from-flu-shot/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133222/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/23-seniors-die-from-flu-shot/ |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=Video Makes Bogus Claims About 'War Crimes' and COVID-19 Vaccine Safety |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/02/scicheck-video-makes-bogus-claims-about-war-crimes-and-covid-19-vaccine-safety/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207170717/https://www.factcheck.org/2021/02/scicheck-video-makes-bogus-claims-about-war-crimes-and-covid-19-vaccine-safety/ |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2019 |first=Flora |last=Teoh |title=Article claiming flu vaccine causes serious illness and death is misleading and inaccurate |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/article-claiming-flu-vaccine-causes-serious-illness-and-death-is-misleading-and-inaccurate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916023025/https://science.feedback.org/review/article-claiming-flu-vaccine-causes-serious-illness-and-death-is-misleading-and-inaccurate/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Health Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NFJ-2023">{{Cite web |title="Experiments," "shedding," and variants: Here's where Covid-19 misinformation went in May |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2021/06/covid-vaccine-fact-checks-have-a-problem-few-people-are-clicking/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401040943/https://www.niemanlab.org/2021/06/covid-vaccine-fact-checks-have-a-problem-few-people-are-clicking/ |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=]}}</ref>
|- |-
|Health Nut News
|{{sort|News Buzz Daily, The|The News Buzz Daily}}
|healthnutnews.com
|This fake news website mostly consists of celebrity gossip and death hoaxes, but a few of its other stories became popular on social media.
|
|<ref name=snopes/>
|Founded by ], who was cited by the ] as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.<ref name="CCDH-2021" /> Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which ] concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread conspiracy theories falsely alleging that the deaths of doctors or alternative health practitioners were connected.
|<ref name="CCDH-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-04-04 |title=Doctors' deaths were not connected, as website claims |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/apr/04/blog-posting/doctors-deaths-were-not-connected-fake-news-websit/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321223133/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/apr/04/blog-posting/doctors-deaths-were-not-connected-fake-news-websit/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2017-05-03 |title=FACT CHECK: Were Doctors Who Discovered Cancer Enzymes in Vaccines All Found Murdered? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/holistic-doctor-death-conspiracy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128091815/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/holistic-doctor-death-conspiracy/ |archive-date=2022-11-28 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2018-11-13 |title=Did a 5G Cellular Network Test Cause Hundreds of Birds to Die? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/5g-cellular-test-birds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404182250/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/5g-cellular-test-birds/ |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-02 |title=Fake News: Experts Do NOT Say Kids That Eat Boogers Are Happier, Healthier Adults |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3470423-fake-news-experts-do-not-say-kids-that-eat-boogers-are-happier-healthier-adults.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201224051/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2019/05/fake-news-experts-do-not-say-kids-that-eat-boogers-are-happier-healthier-adults.html |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2018-01-15 |title=FACT CHECK: Less Effective Flu Shots 'Prove' You Shouldn't Get Them at All? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/flu-shot-less-effective-season/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002211246/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/flu-shot-less-effective-season/ |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Gorski |first=David H. |title=Cancer Quackery and Fake News: Targeting the Most Vulnerable |date=2019 |work=Cancer and Society: A Multidisciplinary Assessment and Strategies for Action |pages=95–112 |editor-last=Bernicker |editor-first=Eric H. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05855-5_7 |access-date=2024-05-15 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05855-5_7 |isbn=978-3-030-05855-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2019 |first=Flora |last=Teoh |title=Claim that ingredients in flu vaccine are known neurotoxins found to be incorrect |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/claim-that-ingredients-in-flu-vaccine-are-known-neurotoxins-found-to-be-incorrect-erin-elizabeth-health-nut-news/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916042941/https://science.feedback.org/review/claim-that-ingredients-in-flu-vaccine-are-known-neurotoxins-found-to-be-incorrect-erin-elizabeth-health-nut-news/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Health Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Kasprak-2018" />
|- |-
|In5D
|NewsWatch33
|in5d.com
|Starting in April 2015 under the name NewsWatch28 and later becoming NewsWatch33, the website disguises itself as a local television outlet. It has also been known to mix real news along with its fake news in an attempt to circumvent Facebook’s crackdown on them.
|
|<ref name=snopes/>
|
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" />
|-
|]
|icr.org
|
|
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" />
|-
|Institute for Responsible Technology
|responsibletechnology.org
|
|Founded by ].
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-15 |title=The Misleading War on GMOs: The Food Is Safe. The Rhetoric Is Dangerous. |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2015/07/are_gmos_safe_yes_the_case_against_them_is_full_of_fraud_lies_and_errors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511122527/https://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2015/07/are_gmos_safe_yes_the_case_against_them_is_full_of_fraud_lies_and_errors.html |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref>
|-
|Medical Kidnap
|medicalkidnap.com
|
|Spread false or unproven claims about cases involving ]. Falsely framed COVID-19 vaccines as "experimental".<ref name="NFJ-2023" /> Part of the same network as Vaccine Impact and Health Impact News.
|<ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-06-17 |title=Alabama CPS 'Medical Kidnap' |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/alabama-cps-medical-kidnap/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201073455/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/alabama-cps-medical-kidnap/ |archive-date=2022-12-01 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=2014-11-26 |title=Breastfed, Homebirthed Babies Taken Away from Parents for Not Using Hospital? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/child-defective-services/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207001332/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/child-defective-services/ |archive-date=2022-12-07 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NFJ-2023" />
|-
|Mercola.com
|mercola.com
|
|Founded by ], who was cited by the ] as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.<ref name="CCDH-2021" /> Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which ] concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation.
|<ref name="CCDH-2021" /><ref name="Kasprak-2018" /><ref name="Guess-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Guess |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Nyhan |first2=Brendan |last3=O’Keeffe |first3=Zachary |last4=Reifler |first4=Jason |date=November 2020 |title=The sources and correlates of exposure to vaccine-related (mis)information online |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.018 |journal=Vaccine |volume=38 |issue=49 |pages=7799–7805 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.018 |issn=0264-410X |pmc=7578671 |pmid=33164802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708223821/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7578671/ |archive-date=2022-07-08}}</ref>
|-
|Natural Blaze
|naturalblaze.com
|
|
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |Principia Scientific International
|principia-scientific.com
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Repeatedly published climate change denial and false claims about COVID-19.
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-07-29 |title=The Left's Myths About Project 2025 |url=https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/the-lefts-myths-about-project-2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240802121353/https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/the-lefts-myths-about-project-2025 |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngo |first=Madeleine |date=2021-01-30 |title=Fact check: WHO recommends mask-wearing to prevent COVID-19 spread |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/01/30/who-advises-people-continue-wearing-masks/4314055001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203220959/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/01/30/who-advises-people-continue-wearing-masks/4314055001/ |archive-date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Fact Check: Merck Did NOT Say It Is 'Better' to Get COVID And Recover Than Take Its Vaccines |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2021/01/fact-check-merck-scraps-covid-vaccines-says-it%E2%80%99s-more-effective-to-get-the-virus-and-recover-did-not-say-it-is-better-to-get-covid.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414043645/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2021/01/fact-check-merck-scraps-covid-vaccines-says-it%E2%80%99s-more-effective-to-get-the-virus-and-recover-did-not-say-it-is-better-to-get-covid.html |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Principia Scientific International |url=https://www.desmog.com/principia-scientific-international/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613021929/https://www.desmog.com/principia-scientific-international/ |archive-date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2020 |first=Scott |last=Johnson |title=Article falsely attributes invented quotes to James Hansen |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/article-falsely-attributes-invented-quotes-to-james-hansen-dmitry-baxter/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916044858/https://science.feedback.org/review/article-falsely-attributes-invented-quotes-to-james-hansen-dmitry-baxter/ |archive-date=16 September 2024|access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Climate Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|principia-scientific.org
|-
|RealFarmacy
|realfarmacy.com
|
|Noted by the Wall Street Journal to promote homeopathy. Spread false claims about COVID-19 origins and unproven treatments. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and has been noted by ] to have "promoted ineffective and potentially dangerous cancer treatments."<ref name="NewsGuard-2020a">{{Cite web |title=realfarmacy.com |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/RealFarmacy.com-3-24-20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414073046/https://www.newsguardtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/RealFarmacy.com-3-24-20.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-14 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=]}}</ref>
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-03-24 |title=The FDA Classified Walnuts as Drugs? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/fda-classified-walnuts-drugs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608083600/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/fda-classified-walnuts-drugs/ |archive-date=2023-06-08 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Kelsey |title=LibGuides: Fake News: What Is Fake News? |url=https://libguides.ucc.edu/fake-news/definitions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923002704/https://libguides.ucc.edu/fake-news/definitions |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ask the Expert: Six tips for fighting fake news |url=https://news.iu.edu/live/news/24730-ask-the-expert-six-tips-for-fighting-fake-news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218233538/https://news.iu.edu/live/news/24730-ask-the-expert-six-tips-for-fighting-fake-news |archive-date=2023-12-18 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-04 |title=Coronavirus: Far-right spreads Covid-19 'infodemic' on Facebook |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52490430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301132136/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52490430 |archive-date=2024-03-01 |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-09 |title=How dangerous fake health news conquered Facebook |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/fake-news-health-facebook-cruel-damaging-social-media-mike-adams-natural-health-ranger-conspiracy-a7498201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310191724/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/fake-news-health-facebook-cruel-damaging-social-media-mike-adams-natural-health-ranger-conspiracy-a7498201.html |archive-date=2024-03-10 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NewsGuard-2020a" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alpert |first=Lukas I. |date=2020-04-20 |title=Coronavirus Misinformation Spreads on Facebook, Watchdog Says |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-misinformation-spreads-on-facebook-watchdog-says-11587436159 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200421035927/https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-misinformation-spreads-on-facebook-watchdog-says-11587436159 |archive-date=2020-04-21 |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Riposte laique
|ripostelaique.com
|
|Spread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=Quels sont les sites qui ont publié le plus d'intox sur le coronavirus ? |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/high-tech/2936119-20201221-sites-publie-plus-intox-coronavirus-france |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308013205/https://www.20minutes.fr/high-tech/2936119-20201221-sites-publie-plus-intox-coronavirus-france |archive-date=2023-03-08 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The COVID-19 "Infodemic" - A Preliminary Analysis of the Online Conversation Surrounding the Coronavirus Pandemic |url=https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/Graphika_Report_Covid19_Infodemic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226235537/https://public-assets.graphika.com/reports/Graphika_Report_Covid19_Infodemic.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-26 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=]}}</ref>
|-
|Science Vibe
|sciencevibe.com
|
|Reposted satirical story from ] and framed it as genuine news. Reposted hoax on assassination of Marilyn Monroe.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evon |first=Dan |date=2019-08-02 |title=Was a 5-Meter-Tall Human Skeleton Unearthed in Australia? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/5-meter-tall-human-skeleton/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003005310/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/5-meter-tall-human-skeleton/ |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soellner |first=Mica |date=2018-04-12 |title=No, Marilyn Monroe was not assassinated by a CIA agent |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2018/apr/12/science-vibe/recycled-hoax-falsely-claim-cia-agent-admitted-kil/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602211150/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2018/apr/12/science-vibe/recycled-hoax-falsely-claim-cia-agent-admitted-kil/ |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ronzani |first1=Piero |last2=Panizza |first2=Folco |last3=Morisseau |first3=Tiffany |last4=Mattavelli |first4=Simone |last5=Martini |first5=Carlo |date=2024-01-25 |title=How different incentives reduce scientific misinformation online |url=https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/how-different-incentives-reduce-scientific-misinformation-online/ |journal=Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review |language=en-US |doi=10.37016/mr-2020-131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316150007/https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/how-different-incentives-reduce-scientific-misinformation-online/ |archive-date=2024-03-16|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|]
|stopmandatoryvaccination.com
|
|The founder has been described by NBC News as "a man without medical training who has made a name as a leader of the online anti-vaccination movement."<ref name="NBC-2019b">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-24 |title=How anti-vaxxers target grieving moms and turn them into crusaders against vaccines |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n1057566 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916051032/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/n1057566 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>
Censured by the Advertising Standards Authority in 2018 for distributing a Facebook ad targeted towards parents with misleading claims about vaccines.
Accused by the Guardian of " Facebook’s advertising tools to target their propaganda exclusively at women."<ref name="Wong-2019">{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Julia Carrie |date=2019-02-01 |title=How Facebook and YouTube help spread anti-vaxxer propaganda |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/feb/01/facebook-youtube-anti-vaccination-misinformation-social-media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420114233/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/feb/01/facebook-youtube-anti-vaccination-misinformation-social-media |archive-date=2024-04-20 |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
Publishes "accounts from parents who claim that a baby's death was the result of a vaccination. Many of those viral articles have been debunked with official, medically supported explanations that include sudden infant death syndrome, pneumonia and accidental asphyxiation."<ref name="NBC-2019a" />
Misinformation from the group has resulted in at least one death: a child whose mother was urged by other group members not to give her son Tamiflu after he had a bout of the flu.
Accounts associated with the site and its founder have been suspended from Facebook and Twitter in 2020 for promoting ] conspiracy theories. The founder’s YouTube channel was demonetized in 2019 due to " anti-vaccination content".<ref name="O'Donovan-2019">{{Cite web |last=O'Donovan |first=Caroline |date=2019-02-22 |title=YouTube Just Demonetized Anti-Vax Channels |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/youtube-just-demonetized-anti-vax-channels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526083408/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/youtube-just-demonetized-anti-vax-channels |archive-date=2023-05-26 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref> Ads to the site were also removed by Facebook in 2019 for violating Facebook’s policies on misinformation about vaccines. The founder’s Twitter account was reinstated in 2023.
|<ref name="NBC-2019a" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-07 |title=On Facebook, anti-vaxxers urged a mom not to give her son Tamiflu. He later died. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/n1131936 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916050220/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/n1131936 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NBC-2019b" /><ref name="Wong-2019" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Muldowney |first=Decca |date=2023-06-12 |title=Banned Anti-Vax 'Menace' Is Back and Selling 'Vaccine Cures' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/banned-anti-vax-menace-larry-page-is-back-on-elon-musks-twitter-and-selling-vaccine-cures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621192334/https://www.thedailybeast.com/banned-anti-vax-menace-larry-page-is-back-on-elon-musks-twitter-and-selling-vaccine-cures |archive-date=2023-06-21 |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arciga |first=Julia |date=2019-03-12 |title=Anti-Vax Ad King Larry Cook Dethroned After Facebook Removes His Posts |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/anti-vax-ad-king-larry-cook-dethroned-after-facebook-removes-his-posts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211095538/https://www.thedailybeast.com/anti-vax-ad-king-larry-cook-dethroned-after-facebook-removes-his-posts |archive-date=2024-02-11 |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2019 |first=Flora |last=Teoh |title=Popular Facebook meme misleadingly suggests that the measles vaccine caused 2019 Samoa measles outbreak |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/popular-facebook-meme-misleadingly-suggests-that-the-measles-vaccine-caused-2019-samoa-measles-outbreak/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916043159/https://science.feedback.org/review/popular-facebook-meme-misleadingly-suggests-that-the-measles-vaccine-caused-2019-samoa-measles-outbreak/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Health Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="O'Donovan-2019" />
|-
|Technocracy News
|technocracy.news
|
|Spread misinformation about face masks with respect to COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccinations. Falsely claimed that carbon dioxide is not a greenhouse gas. The site owner edits a health newsletter for ].
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |first= Scott|last=Johnson |title=Simple measurements demonstrate that CO2 is a greenhouse gas contrary to claim in online blogs |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/simple-measurements-demonstrate-that-co2-is-a-greenhouse-gas-tim-ball/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916043413/https://science.feedback.org/review/simple-measurements-demonstrate-that-co2-is-a-greenhouse-gas-tim-ball/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Climate Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2020 |first=Flora |last=Teoh |title=No evidence that using a face mask helps coronavirus enter the brain, contrary to claim by Russell Blaylock |url=https://science.feedback.org/review/no-evidence-that-using-a-face-mask-helps-coronavirus-enter-the-brain-contrary-to-claim-by-russell-blaylock/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916044240/https://science.feedback.org/review/no-evidence-that-using-a-face-mask-helps-coronavirus-enter-the-brain-contrary-to-claim-by-russell-blaylock/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Health Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Posts Distort Misleading Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Data |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2022/10/scicheck-posts-distort-misleading-analysis-of-covid-19-vaccine-safety-data/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205092300/https://www.factcheck.org/2022/10/scicheck-posts-distort-misleading-analysis-of-covid-19-vaccine-safety-data/ |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario nurse under investigation over anti-mask, conspiracy theory Facebook posts |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7210573/ontario-nurse-coronavirus-conspiracy-facebook-posts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130072334/https://globalnews.ca/news/7210573/ontario-nurse-coronavirus-conspiracy-facebook-posts/ |archive-date=2023-11-30 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|The Truth About Cancer
|thetruthaboutcancer.com
|
|According to NewsGuard, "repeatedly promotes ineffective, unproven, and dangerous treatments for cancer".<ref name="NewsGuard-2024">{{Cite web |title=Beware of Websites With "Truth" in their Names |url=https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/beware-websites-with-truth-in-their |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508034721/https://www.newsguardrealitycheck.com/p/beware-websites-with-truth-in-their |archive-date=2024-05-08 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2024" />
|-
|TruthKings
|truthkings.com
|
|Posted false allegations of fraud in the ]. Spread false information about vaccines. Reportedly owned by ].
|<ref name="Guess-2016" /><ref name="Buntain-2023" /><ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-03-18 |title=TruthKings: Not so truthful about vaccines |url=https://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2016/03/18/truthkings-not-so-truthful-about-vaccines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603220700/https://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2016/03/18/truthkings-not-so-truthful-about-vaccines |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |title=The claim that Gardasil causes premature ovarian failure: Ideology, not science |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-claim-that-gardasil-causes-premature-ovarian-failure-ideology-not-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013115321/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-claim-that-gardasil-causes-premature-ovarian-failure-ideology-not-science/ |archive-date=2023-10-13 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-01-20 |title=FALSE: Pediatricians' Association Admits HPV Vaccine-Cancer Link |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/pediatricians-association-admits-hpv-vaccine-cancer-link/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003082349/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/pediatricians-association-admits-hpv-vaccine-cancer-link/ |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yuhas |first=Alan |date=2016-10-30 |title=Facebook fact-check: all the fake news, from the Obamas to miracle cannabis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/30/facebook-fake-news-fact-check |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614213445/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/30/facebook-fake-news-fact-check |archive-date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
|-
|Vaccine Impact
|vaccineimpact.com
|
|Part of the same network as Medical Kidnap and Health Impact News.
|<ref name="NFJ-2023" /><ref name="Guess-2020" />
|-
|The Waking Times
|wakingtimes.com
|
|Accused by the ] of spreading disinformation on COVID-19 public policies.
|<ref name="Buntain-2023" /><ref name="Carrasco-Farre-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Disinformation Index - Brand sponsors of AdWeek Europe 2021 |url=https://www.disinformationindex.org/files/gdi_addeck_adweekeurope_10-may.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329042746/https://www.disinformationindex.org/files/gdi_addeck_adweekeurope_10-may.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-29 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=]}}</ref>
|}

==== Climate change denial ====
{{Main article|Climate change denial}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
| rowspan="2" |Chicks On The Right
|chicksonright.com
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Spread false claim about an upcoming "mini ice age".<ref name="Climate Feedback-2018">{{Cite web |date=21 November 2018 |first=Emmanuel |last=Vincent |title=False claims of a coming ice age spread through ecosystem of unreliable news sites, blogs, and social media accounts |url=https://science.feedback.org/false-claims-coming-ice-age-ecosystem-unreliable-news-sites-blogs-social-media-accounts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916045028/https://science.feedback.org/false-claims-coming-ice-age-ecosystem-unreliable-news-sites-blogs-social-media-accounts/ |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=Science Feedback |publisher=Climate Feedback |language=en-US}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Buntain-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=Fact Check: Kamala Harris Said She Believed Women Who Said They Felt 'Uncomfortable' By Biden Touching -- NOT 'Rape Accusers' |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2020/08/fact-check-kamala-harris-said-she-believes-women-who-said-they-felt-uncomfortable-by-biden's-touching-not-rape-acccusers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225103636/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2020/08/fact-check-kamala-harris-said-she-believes-women-who-said-they-felt-uncomfortable-by-biden's-touching-not-rape-acccusers.html |archive-date=2023-12-25 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Climate Feedback-2018" /><ref name="Guess-2016" /><ref name="Grinberg-2019" />
|-
|chicksontheright.com
|-
|Climate Intelligence Foundation (CLINTEL)
|clintel.org
|
|
|<ref name="Simmons-2023">{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Cécile |date=2023-03-15 |title=Mainstreaming climate scepticism: Analysing the reach of fringe websites on Twitter |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/mainstreaming-climate-scepticism-analysing-the-reach-of-fringe-websites-on-twitter/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429025211/https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/mainstreaming-climate-scepticism-analysing-the-reach-of-fringe-websites-on-twitter/ |archive-date=2023-04-29 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=Don't stop me now: the growing disinformation threat against climate change |url=https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/dont-stop-me-now-the-growing-disinformation-threat-against-climate-change/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327000414/https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/dont-stop-me-now-the-growing-disinformation-threat-against-climate-change/ |archive-date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=EU DisinfoLab |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|NoTricksZone
|notrickszone.com
|
|
|<ref name="Simmons-2023" /><ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Klimaat Feiten
|klimaatfeiten.nl
|
|
|<ref name="Simmons-2023" /><ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climate Gate
|climategate.nl
|
|
|<ref name="Simmons-2023" /><ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Energy Talking Points
|energytalkingpoints.com
|
|
|<ref name="Simmons-2023" /><ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Clima et Verité
|climatetverite.net
|
|
|<ref name="Simmons-2023" /><ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climato-Réalistes
|climato-realistes.fr
|
|
|<ref name="Simmons-2023" /><ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Global Warming Scare
|globalwarmingscare.wordpress.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climate Fraud
|klima-schwindel.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climate Skeptical
|climat-sceptique.over-blog.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climate Depot
|climatedepot.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climate Exit (CLEXIT)
|clexit.net
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climate Resistance
|climate-resistance.org
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|CO2 Coalition
|co2coalition.org
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|'']''
|dailysceptic.org
|
|Publishes anti-vaccine and climate change denial misinformation.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-20 |title=Vaccines do not raise your risk of catching Covid |url=https://fullfact.org/health/daily-sceptic-phe-over-40s/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019054309/https://fullfact.org/health/daily-sceptic-phe-over-40s/ |archive-date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Full Fact |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Simmons-2023" />
|-
|]
|dailywire.com
|
|Published multiple false claims that were debunked by ]. Per the Daily Beast, ] would repeatedly post to the site "to attack and mock... students, staff, and faculty" at ].<ref name="Hoffman-2016">{{Cite news |last=Hoffman |first=Jenn |date=2016-11-28 |title=UNC Professor Allowed to Harass LGBTQ Students |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/11/28/unc-professor-gets-away-with-harassing-lgbtq-students |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918094356/https://www.thedailybeast.com/unc-professor-allowed-to-harass-lgbtq-students |archive-date=2021-09-18 |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> Identified by the ] as a major distributor of climate change denialism. In 2022, the ] described the Daily Wire as having a high risk of disinformation due to "bias", "sensational language" and "a high degree of sensational visuals".<ref name="GDI-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=Brief: Disinformation Risk in the United States Online Media Market, October 2022 |url=https://www.disinformationindex.org/research/2022-10-21-brief-disinformation-risk-in-the-united-states-online-media-market-october-2022/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529212707mp_/https://www.disinformationindex.org/research/2022-10-21-brief-disinformation-risk-in-the-united-states-online-media-market-october-2022/ |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> Alongside ] and ], filed a lawsuit in 2023 against the ], partially as a result of this assessment by the GDI, alleging censorship of right-wing media and revenue loss.
|<ref name="Guess-2016" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE TOXIC TEN - How ten fringe publishers fuel 69% of digital climate change denial |url=https://counterhate.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/211101-Toxic-Ten-Report-FINAL-V2.5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215180708/https://counterhate.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/211101-Toxic-Ten-Report-FINAL-V2.5.pdf |archive-date=2022-12-15 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="GDI-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Texas claims US State Department funds tech that censors conservative news |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/texas-claims-us-state-department-funds-tech-that-censors-conservative-news-2023-12-06/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231206233257/https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/texas-claims-us-state-department-funds-tech-that-censors-conservative-news-2023-12-06/ |archive-date=2023-12-06 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="Buntain-2023" /><ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Evon |first=Dan |date=2017-04-27 |title=FACT CHECK: Did Bill Nye Say Gender is Determined 'by Your Chromosomes?' |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/bill-nye-gender-chromosomes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202113552/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/bill-nye-gender-chromosomes/ |archive-date=2023-02-02 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mikkelson |first1=David |last2=LaCapria |first2=Kim |date=2017-03-01 |title=FACT CHECK: Did Democrats Refuse to Stand for a Navy SEAL's Widow? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/democrats-stand-seal-widow/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418013435/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/democrats-stand-seal-widow/ |archive-date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2017-05-09 |title=FACT CHECK: Is Harvard University Segregating Graduation Ceremonies? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/harvard-segregated-graduation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220182623/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/harvard-segregated-graduation/ |archive-date=2022-12-20 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MacGuill |first=Dan |date=2020-09-02 |title=Did California DA Say Looting Is 'Okay' If Suspects 'Need' the Items? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/california-da-becton-looting-need/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234520/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/california-da-becton-looting-need/ |archive-date=2023-10-07 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hoffman-2016" />
|-
|De Groene Rekenkamer
|groene-rekenkamer.nl
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Destaatvanhet Klimaat
|destaatvanhet-klimaat.nl
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Ecologia, Clima, Aquecimento
|ecologia-clima-aquecimento.blogspot.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climate Curious
|shortfall.blog
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Climate Etc
|judithcurry.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Environmental Progress
|environmentalprogress.org
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|European Climate Realist Network
|ecr.network
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Everything Climate
|everythingclimate.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Klimaat Gek
|klimaatgek.nl
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Klima Realisme
|klimarealisme.dk
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Klima Realistene
|klimarealistene.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Klimat Sans
|klimatsans.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Klimat Upplysningen
|klimatupplysningen.se
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Koklimaat
|koklimaat.nl
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|La Question Climatique
|laquestionclimatique.org
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Science, Climat et Énergie
|science-climat-energie.be
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Sky Fall
|skyfall.fr
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|Weather Action
|weatheraction.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|-
|A Grande Farsa do Aquecimento Global
|agfdag.wordpress.com
|
|
|<ref name="EU DisinfoLab-2023" />
|}

=== Satire ===
{{Main article|List of satirical fake news websites}}

Numerous websites have been created by companies that contain satirical or news parody content that is intended to be or has been designated by fact-checkers as fake news.

=== Troll farms ===
{{Main article|List of fake news troll farms}}
{{See also|Troll farm}}Examples of countries with troll farms that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Cambodia,<ref name="Thompson-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Lead Stories Uncovers Network of Cambodian Websites Pushing Death Hoaxes On Facebook To Spread Malware {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://leadstories.com/analysis/2022/12/lead-stories-uncovers-network-of-websites-from-cambodia-pushing-death-hoaxes-on-facebook-to-spread-malware.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127145327/https://leadstories.com/analysis/2022/12/lead-stories-uncovers-network-of-websites-from-cambodia-pushing-death-hoaxes-on-facebook-to-spread-malware.html |archive-date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> Ghana,<ref name="Lead Stories-2018b">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-25 |title=Global Fake News Network Responsible For Dozens of Death Hoaxes Shuts Down After Ghana Connections Revealed {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469299-global-fake-news-network-responsible-for-dozens-of-death-hoaxes-shuts-down-after-ghana-connections-r.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206122834/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/04/global-fake-news-network-responsible-for-dozens-of-death-hoaxes-shuts-down-after-ghana-connections-r.html |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref> North Macedonia,<ref name="Schenk-2019a">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-17 |title=Macedonian Fake News Network Shuts Down Dozens Of Websites After Joint Investigation By Lead Stories & Nieuwscheckers {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3470104-macedonian-fake-news-network-shuts-down-dozens-of-websites-after-joint-investigation-by-lead-stories.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329160014/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2019/01/macedonian-fake-news-network-shuts-down-dozens-of-websites-after-joint-investigation-by-lead-stories.html |archive-date=2023-03-29 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> the Republic of Georgia,<ref name="Mcintire">{{Cite news |last1=Higgins |first1=Andrew |last2=Mcintire |first2=Mike |last3=Dance |first3=Gabriel J.x. |date=2016-11-25 |title=Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/world/europe/fake-news-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-georgia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407012227/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/world/europe/fake-news-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-georgia.html |archive-date=2019-04-07 |access-date=2016-11-26 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ackerman |first1=Spencer |last2=Resnick |first2=Gideon |last3=Collins |first3=Ben |date=2018-03-02 |title=Leaked: Secret Documents From Russia's Election Trolls |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/exclusive-secret-documents-from-russias-election-trolls-leak |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216095248/https://www.thedailybeast.com/exclusive-secret-documents-from-russias-election-trolls-leak |archive-date=2023-12-16 |access-date=2023-12-25 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref>

=== User-generated fake news ===
The following table lists websites that have allowed users to generate their own hoaxes that appear in the form of news articles. While the stated purpose is for users to prank their friends, many of the resulting false stories have spread on social media and have led to harassment.<ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|12minutos.com
|12minutos.com
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-04 |title=Fake News: Gérard Jugnot Did NOT Die This Morning |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3470153-fake-news-la-mort-de-gerard-jugnot-tot-ce-matin.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924180507/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2019/02/fake-news-la-mort-de-gerard-jugnot-tot-ce-matin.html |archive-date=2023-09-24 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|24aktuelles.com
|24aktuelles.com
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|24hnoticias.com
|24hnoticias.com
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|actualite.co
|actualite.co
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|actualites.co
|actualites.co
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Grinberg-2019" />
|-
|actualitesdujour.fr
|actualitesdujour.fr
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|theasociatedpress.com
|theasociatedpress.com
|
|Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
|<ref name="Kim-2018">{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Sunny |date=2018-09-20 |title=This fake news generator is a head-turning troll machine |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/fake-news-generator/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929205335/https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/fake-news-generator/ |archive-date=2020-09-29 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Schenk-2018f">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-23 |title=Reign of "New Fake News King" Already At An End? The Fake News Generator Blocked By Facebook |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469795-fake-news-kings-reign-ended.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001193154/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/09/fake-news-kings-reign-ended.html |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|thebreakingnews.co
|thebreakingnews.co
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|BreakingNews247.net
|BreakingNews247.net
|
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|BreakingNews365.net
|BreakingNews365.net
|
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|cbs-news.us
|cbs-news.us
|
|Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
|<ref name="Schenk-2018g" />
|-
|cbsnews.us
|cbsnews.us
|
|Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
|<ref name="Schenk-2018g" />
|-
|channel22news.com
|channel22news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d">{{Cite web |last1=Silverman |first1=Craig |last2=Spary |first2=Sara |date=2017-05-29 |title=Create-Your-Own-Fake-News Sites Are Booming On Facebook And Victims Feel Powerless To Stop Them |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/create-your-own-fake-news-sites-are-booming-on-facebook-and |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208110200/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/create-your-own-fake-news-sites-are-booming-on-facebook-and |archive-date=2022-12-08 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Channel 23 News
|Channel23News.com
|
|Prank website for generating false stories.
|<ref name="Schaedel-2017" />
|-
|Channel24news.com
|Channel24news.com
|
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel28news.com
|channel28news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel33news.com
|channel33news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel34news.com
|channel34news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel40news.com
|channel40news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel45news.com
|channel45news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel46news.com
|channel46news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel55news.com
|channel55news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel56news.com
|channel56news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel59news.com
|channel59news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel60news.com
|channel60news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel62news.com
|channel62news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel63news.com
|channel63news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel65news.com
|channel65news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel66news.com
|channel66news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel68news.com
|channel68news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|channel77news.com
|channel77news.com
|
|Same owner as Channel 23 News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017d" />
|-
|Clone Zone
|clonezone.link
|
|Impersonated The New York Times to spread the false story that ] had endorsed ] in 2016.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Fake New York Times Article Claims Elizabeth Warren Endorsed Bernie Sanders |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/us/fake-new-york-times-article-claims-elizabeth-warren-endorsed-bernie-sanders.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712205738/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/us/fake-new-york-times-article-claims-elizabeth-warren-endorsed-bernie-sanders.html |archive-date=2023-07-12 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Claire L. |date=2015-04-23 |title='Clone Zone' Is an Easy Tool for Building Fake Websites |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/3dkyyb/clone-zone-is-an-easy-tool-for-building-fake-websites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030015553/https://www.vice.com/en/article/3dkyyb/clone-zone-is-an-easy-tool-for-building-fake-websites |archive-date=2020-10-30 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Reynolds |first=Emily |date=2016-03-02 |title='Clone Zone' website tricks gullible Facebook users |url=https://www.wired.com/story/clone-zone-tricks-internet-users/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205124246/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/clone-zone-tricks-internet-users |archive-date=2022-12-05 |access-date=2024-04-02 |magazine=] |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-24 |title=The True Story Behind Those Mysterious Fake Web Pages You've Been Seeing |url=https://www.thefader.com/2015/04/24/clone-zone-4real-interview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522224845/https://www.thefader.com/2015/04/24/clone-zone-4real-interview |archive-date=2022-05-22 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Matt |date=2016-04-01 |title=Clone Zone: Democratizing April Foolery |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2016/04/clone-zone/624478/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814220231/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2016/04/clone-zone/624478/ |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-02 |title=This is what happens when someone decides an Internet hoax is 'art' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/03/02/this-is-what-happens-when-someone-decides-an-internet-hoax-is-art/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015122427/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/03/02/this-is-what-happens-when-someone-decides-an-internet-hoax-is-art/ |archive-date=2017-10-15 |access-date=2024-04-02 |newspaper=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=Don't fall for this fake website trick |url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/news/a559854/clone-zone-fake-website-tool/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306045845/https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/news/a559854/clone-zone-fake-website-tool/ |archive-date=2024-03-06 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=] |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|cnoticias.net
|cnoticias.net
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|en-bref.fr
|en-bref.fr
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|fakeawish.com
|fakeawish.com
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-18 |title=Faking celeb deaths a big business for some websites, expert says |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/faking-celeb-deaths-a-big-business-for-some-websites-expert-says/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184141/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/faking-celeb-deaths-a-big-business-for-some-websites-expert-says/ |archive-date=2022-09-28 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|The Fake News Generator
|thefakenewsgenerator.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2018g">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-05 |title=Is The Fake News Generator Back In Business? -- It Took a Single Dash and $12 To Evade Filters {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469823-fake-news-generator-returns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607221859/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/10/fake-news-generator-returns.html |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|fakeShare
|fakeshare.com
|
|
|<ref name="Evon-2015">{{Cite web |last=Evon |first=Dan |date=2015-08-04 |title=Is Pepsico Discontinuing Mountain Dew? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/mountain-dew-discontinued/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927123629/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/mountain-dew-discontinued/ |archive-date=2023-09-27 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=2014-06-16 |title=Beware fakeShare, the tricky new hoax site sowing lies in your Facebook feed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/06/16/beware-fakeshare-the-tricky-new-hoax-site-sowing-lies-in-your-facebook-feed/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206032730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/06/16/beware-fakeshare-the-tricky-new-hoax-site-sowing-lies-in-your-facebook-feed/ |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2024-01-07 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|-
|FeedNewz
|feednewz.com
|
|Renamed to prank.link.
|<ref name="LaCapria-2015">{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2015-09-09 |title=Doe Rations |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/deer-season-canceled/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226094623/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/deer-season-canceled/ |archive-date=2022-12-26 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|flashinfo.org
|flashinfo.org
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Grinberg-2019" />
|-
|Journific
|journific.com
|
|Often used to spread false claims of businesses about to close.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-05-11 |title=Big Lots Closing? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/big-lots-closing/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130170208/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/big-lots-closing/ |archive-date=2023-11-30 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|nachrichten.de.com
|nachrichten.de.com
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|nachrichten247.de
|nachrichten247.de
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|nachrichten365.com
|nachrichten365.com
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|net-infosnews.com
|net-infosnews.com
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|thenewyorktimes.company
|thenewyorktimes.company
|
|Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
|<ref name="Kim-2018" /><ref name="Schenk-2018f" />
|-
|Nipsy’s News
|nipsysnews.com
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brodeur |first=Michael Andor |date=2014-08-30 |title=The Internet's fake news problem - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2014/08/30/large-the-internet-fake-news-problem/SABBRta88xgqwEPY86oP3M/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905071501/https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2014/08/30/large-the-internet-fake-news-problem/SABBRta88xgqwEPY86oP3M/story.html |archive-date=2014-09-05 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|noticias-frescas.com
|noticias-frescas.com
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|noticias365.info
|noticias365.info
|
|
|<ref name="Grinberg-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-16 |title=Estado Islámico NO ha emitido amenaza contra Puerto Rico |url=http://www.univision.com/noticias/terrorismo/estado-islamico-no-ha-emitido-amenaza-contra-puerto-rico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123215100/http://www.univision.com/noticias/terrorismo/estado-islamico-no-ha-emitido-amenaza-contra-puerto-rico |archive-date=2016-01-23 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=]}}</ref>
|-
|notizzia.com
|notizzia.com
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|nsfnews.com
|nsfnews.com
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|prank.link
|prank.link
|
|
|<ref name="LaCapria-2015" /><ref name="Evon-2015" />
|-
|prankyourfriends.com
|prankyourfriends.com
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|PunkShare
|PunkShare.com
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evon |first=Dan |date=2015-09-14 |title=No Dough? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/dunkin-donuts-bankruptcy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225111456/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/dunkin-donuts-bankruptcy/ |archive-date=2022-12-25 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|react2424.com
|react2424.com
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|React 365
|React365.com
|
|This user-created fake news generator, supposedly for "pranking your friends", had at least two stories that went viral.
|<ref name="LaCapria-2016a" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|routers.news
|routers.news
|
|Same owner as PunkShare. Spoof of Reuters.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-03-31 |title=Kohl's Bankrupt, Closing 818 Stores? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/kohls-bankrupt-closing-818-stores/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208004259/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/kohls-bankrupt-closing-818-stores/ |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|SHRTURL
|shrturl.co
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-17 |title=SHRTURL, The Hoax News Generator, Has Shut Down |url=https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/articles/shrturl-hoax-news-generator-has-shut-down |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003071449/https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/articles/shrturl-hoax-news-generator-has-shut-down |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|toutelinfo.fr
|toutelinfo.fr
|
|Same owner as React 365.
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|trend-news.com
|trend-news.com
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|yam.fr
|yam.fr
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|youreact247.com
|youreact247.com
|
|Part of the same network as React 365.
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

=== Other networks ===
Many fake news websites can be assessed as likely being part of the same network campaign if some combination of the following are true:

* They share the same ] account<ref name="Schenk-2017c">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-10 |title=Entire Network Of Fake News Websites Vanishes In Wake Of Mandalay Bay Hoax |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3468860-entire-network-of-fake-news-websites-vanishes-in-wake-of-mandalay-bay-hoax.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206113719/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2017/11/entire-network-of-fake-news-websites-vanishes-in-wake-of-mandalay-bay-hoax.html |archive-date=2022-02-06 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Silverman-2017e">{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2017-03-30 |title=More Than 30 Websites Are Churning Out Viral Hoaxes About Crazy Crimes And Hip-Hop Beefs |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/the-celebtricity-network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128145420/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/the-celebtricity-network |archive-date=2022-11-28 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Alba-2020">{{Cite news |last1=Alba |first1=Davey |last2=Nicas |first2=Jack |date=2020-10-20 |title=Here Are the Hundreds of Sites in a Pay-to-Play Local News Network |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/technology/timpone-network-pay-to-play-local-news.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303022747/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/technology/timpone-network-pay-to-play-local-news.html |archive-date=2023-03-03 |access-date=2023-12-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* They share the same ] account<ref name="Schenk-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" /><ref name="Funke-2023" /><ref name="Alba-2020" /><ref name="Vera files-2018">{{cite news |date=December 30, 2018 |title=VERA FILES FACT CHECK YEARENDER: Ads reveal links between websites producing fake news |url=http://www.verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-yearender-ads-reveal-links-between-web |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212053040/http://www.verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-yearender-ads-reveal-links-between-web |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |access-date=February 10, 2019 |publisher=]}}</ref>
* They share the same IP address(es)<ref name="Silverman-2017e" /><ref name="Lim-2019" />
* They share the same Gravatar ID<ref name="Thompson-2022" />
* They refer to each other's domains<ref name="FactCheck-2017" />
* They publish the exact or near-exact same content,<ref name="Schenk-2017c" /> especially content that has been plagiarized from other sources<ref name="Funke-2023" /><ref name="Qurium-2023a" />
* They have the same or similar designs (layouts, bylines, privacy policies, "About" pages, etc.)<ref name="Schenk-2017c" /><ref name="Alba-2020" />
* They have the same owner(s) or hosting provider, based on domain registration information.<ref name="Silverman-2017e" /><ref name="Funke-2023" /><ref name="Lim-2019" />

==== Action News 3 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|Action News 3
|actionnews3.com
|
|Spread death hoaxes about various public figures.
|<ref name="LaCapria-2016a" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2022">{{Cite web |title=Now8News.com Network |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/now8news.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721125718/https://www.newsguardtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/now8news.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-21 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|-
|Breaking13News.com
|Breaking13News.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2022" /><ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|-
|Daily Buzz Live
|DailyBuzzLive.com
|
|Per PolitiFact.
Republished a hoax about worldwide blackout, a false claim that had been spreading since 2012.

Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Rourke |first=Ciara |title=PolitiFact - No, NASA didn't confirm Earth will go dark for six days |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/dec/16/blog-posting/no-nasa-didnt-confirm-earth-will-go-dark-six-days/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926064247/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/dec/16/blog-posting/no-nasa-didnt-confirm-earth-will-go-dark-six-days/ |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=2012-08-12 |title=6 Days of Darkness in December 2020? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/nasa-blackout-warning/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929234951/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/nasa-blackout-warning/ |archive-date=2023-09-29 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lead Stories-2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-05 |title=Fake News: Zika Virus NOT Found In Recent Shipment Of Bananas; CDC NOT Warning Of Safety Concerns {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3470566-fake-news-zika-virus-shipment-bananas-cdc-warns.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923032359/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2019/06/fake-news-zika-virus-shipment-bananas-cdc-warns.html |archive-date=2023-09-23 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|dailyviralbuzz.com
|dailyviralbuzz.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|-
|News4KTLA.com
|News4KTLA.com
|
|Impostor site, per PolitiFact.
Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

Cited story from World News Daily Report.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Schenk-2018e">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-29 |title=Fake News: Comedian Bill Cosby NOT Dead Of Apparent Suicide At Age 80 {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469322-no-suicide-bill-cosby.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193532/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/04/no-suicide-bill-cosby.html |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gillin-2022">{{Cite web |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |title=PolitiFact - Fake headline muddles real story of man cooked to death in tuna oven |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/jun/26/blog-posting/fake-headline-muddles-real-story-man-cooked-death-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816220955/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/jun/26/blog-posting/fake-headline-muddles-real-story-man-cooked-death-/ |archive-date=2022-08-16 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-06-23 |title=Las Vegas Parents Facing Charges for Modifying 8-Month-Old Baby's Ears |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/lv-parents-ear-modification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207014550/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/lv-parents-ear-modification/ |archive-date=2023-02-07 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gillin-2017b">{{Cite web |last=Gillin |first=Joshua |date=2017-03-06 |title=PolitiFact - Rats! Rumors of tons of rodent meat passed off as chicken wings in U.S. are fake news |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/mar/06/blog-posting/rats-rumors-tons-rodent-meat-passed-chicken-wings-/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814024901/https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2017/mar/06/blog-posting/rats-rumors-tons-rodent-meat-passed-chicken-wings-/ |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NewsGuard-2022" /><ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|-
|News4Local.com
|News4Local.com
|
|
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2022" /><ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|- |-
|Now 8 News |Now 8 News
|Now8News.com
|Starting in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. A lot of hoaxes were successfully spread on social media.
|
|<ref name=snopes/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/04/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-bear-rapes-false-flags-and-gold-testicles/?utm_term=.df0964803d32|title=What was fake on the Internet this week: bear rapes, ‘false flags’ and gold testicles|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=2015-12-04|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2017-01-02}}</ref>
|Started in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media. Has the same IP address as Action News 3.
|<ref name="LaCapria-2016a" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=2015-12-04 |title=What was fake on the Internet this week: bear rapes, 'false flags' and gold testicles |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/04/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-bear-rapes-false-flags-and-gold-testicles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095611/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/12/04/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-bear-rapes-false-flags-and-gold-testicles/ |archive-date=2017-10-12 |access-date=2017-01-02 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Gillin-2017">Joshua Gillin, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422174350/http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2017/apr/18/now8newscom/fake-news-story-says-united-flight-attendant-slapp/|date=2017-04-22}}, ''PolitiFact'' (April 18, 2017).</ref><ref name="Schenk-2018e" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2022" /><ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|- |-
|TheRacketReport.com
|Real News Right Now
|TheRacketReport.com
| |
|Per PolitiFact.
|<ref name="dd" />
Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Schenk-2018e" /><ref name="Gillin-2022" /><ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|- |-
|realstonedtimes.com
|{{sort|Reporterz. The|The Reporterz}}
|realstonedtimes.com
|Starting in early 2016, this fake news website penned several different hoaxes, including one about a murder over a ] trend.
|
|<ref name="snopes" />
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|- |-
|Straight Stoned
|World Truth TV
|straightstoned.com
| |
|Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.
|<ref name=usnews/>
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="LaCapria-2016">{{Cite web |last=LaCapria |first=Kim |date=2016-05-10 |title=Pro-Lifers Declare Every Sperm Is Sacred |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/every-sperm-is-sacred/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112055842/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/every-sperm-is-sacred/ |archive-date=2023-01-12 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lead Stories-2019" />
|} |}

==== Batty Post ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|abc14news.com
|abc14news.com
|
|Spoof of ABC News.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018a">{{Cite web |last1=Silverman |first1=Craig |last2=Pham |first2=Scott |date=2018-12-28 |title=In Spite Of Its Efforts, Facebook Is Still The Home Of Hugely Viral Fake News |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/facebook-fake-news-hits-2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016155957/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/facebook-fake-news-hits-2018 |archive-date=2023-10-16 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NewsGuard-2023f">{{Cite web |title=NewsGuard's Misinformation SWAT Team Issues Red Ratings to Two Networks Publishing Dozens of Hoax Websites |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/press/newsguards-misinformation-swat-team-issues-red-ratings-to-two-networks-publishing-dozens-of-hoax-websites/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113194601/https://www.newsguardtech.com/press/newsguards-misinformation-swat-team-issues-red-ratings-to-two-networks-publishing-dozens-of-hoax-websites/ |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=NewsGuard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|abcnews-us.com
|abcnews-us.com
|
|Spoof of ABC News.
|<ref name="LaCapria-2016a" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|abcnews5.com
|abcnews5.com
|
|Spoof of ABC News.
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-01 |title=Fake News: Woman NOT Charged After Slowly Eating Husband Alive Over Three Years |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3470037-fake-news-centerville-oh-woman-charged-after-slowly-eating-husband-alive-over-three-years.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092402/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2019/01/fake-news-centerville-oh-woman-charged-after-slowly-eating-husband-alive-over-three-years.html |archive-date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|AlabamaObserver.com
|AlabamaObserver.com
|
|
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|albertatimes.com
|albertatimes.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|Batty Post
|battypost.com
|
|Published a false claim about being acquired by East Asia Tribune, a page that has the same Google AdSense ID.
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Horgan |first=Richard |date=2016-04-18 |title=This Fake News Site Really Is Batty |url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/batty-post-east-asia-tribune/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225225141/https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/batty-post-east-asia-tribune/ |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2017-04-17 |title=How A False Story About A Husband And Wife Being Twins Ended Up On Major News Websites |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/this-false-story-about-a-husband-and-wife-discovering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927113301/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/this-false-story-about-a-husband-and-wife-discovering |archive-date=2018-09-27 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Border Herald
|borderherald.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|Boston Leader
|bostonleader.com
|
|Possibly part of same network as ''Associated Media Coverage'', another fake news site.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="LaCapria-2016a" /><ref name="Emery-2017">{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=David |date=2017-04-20 |title=Florida Man, High on Meth, Cuts Off Genitals and Feeds Them to Alligator? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/florida-man-genitals-alligator/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203070948/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/florida-man-genitals-alligator/ |archive-date=2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|boston-post.com
|boston-post.com
|
|Not to be confused with the ].
Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018a" /><ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|cairnstimes.com
|cairnstimes.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|cbs15.com
|cbs15.com
|
|Spoof of CBS News. Possibly part of same network as abc14news.com.
|<ref name="NewsGuard-2020">{{Cite web |title=abc14news.com |url=https://www.newsguardtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ABC14News-Label.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425155256/https://www.newsguardtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ABC14News-Label.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-25 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="Schenk-2018h">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=Fake News: Boy NOT Hailed As Hero, Did NOT Shoot Pedophile Home Intruder Dead |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469817-fake-news-west-jordan-boy-7-hailed-as-hero-after-he-shoots-pedophile-home-intruder-dead.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924105939/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/10/fake-news-west-jordan-boy-7-hailed-as-hero-after-he-shoots-pedophile-home-intruder-dead.html |archive-date=2023-09-24 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|cbsnews10.com
|cbsnews10.com
|
|Spoof of CBS News. Part of same network as abc14news.com.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018a" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2023f" />
|-
|cbsnews15.com
|cbsnews15.com
|
|Spoof of CBS News.
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|cbsnews24.com
|cbsnews24.com
|
|Spoof of CBS News.
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|cgcnews.com
|cgcnews.com
|
|Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
|<ref name="Schenk-2018h" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2020" />
|-
|cnn-globalnews.com
|cnn-globalnews.com
|
|Impostor site of CNN. Published death hoax on Clint Eastwood.
|<ref name="Schenk-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-01 |title=Fake News: Lexington Man NOT Arrested After He Was Caught Masturbating $35 Million Stud Horse Trying To Steal Its Semen {{!}} Lead Stories |url=http://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3468691-fake-news-lexington-man-not-arrested-after-he-was-caught-masturbating-35-million-stud-horse-trying-t.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331212519/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2017/08/fake-news-lexington-man-not-arrested-after-he-was-caught-masturbating-35-million-stud-horse-trying-t.html |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Schenk-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|cnn-internationaledition.com
|cnn-internationaledition.com
|
|Impostor site of CNN.
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|coindesk-us.com
|coindesk-us.com
|
|Spoof of ].
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|countyweekly.com
|countyweekly.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|dallastimes.us
|dallastimes.us
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|DenverInquirer.com
|DenverInquirer.com
|
|
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|dublintribune.com
|dublintribune.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|East Asia Tribune
|eastasiatribune.com
|
|Published death hoax about Kim Jong-un.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gamp |first=Joseph |date=2016-06-18 |title=It's official: Kim Jong-un has NOT been killed by suicide bombers |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/kim-jong-un-killed-suicide-attack-news-report-fake-say-south-korean-officials-1566181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812125639/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/kim-jong-un-killed-suicide-attack-news-report-fake-say-south-korean-officials-1566181 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Florida Sun Post
|floridasunpost.com
|
|Possibly part of same network as ''Associated Media Coverage'', another fake news site.
|<ref name="Emery-2017" /><ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|focustimes.org
|focustimes.org
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|foreignjournal.com
|foreignjournal.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|fox-26houston.com
|fox-26houston.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|fox-32chicago.com
|fox-32chicago.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|foxnews-us.com
|foxnews-us.com
|
|Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018a" /><ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|foxnews15.com
|foxnews15.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|freeinquirer.com
|freeinquirer.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|The Jackson Telegraph
|jacksontelegraph.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017" /><ref name="Schenk-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|longarticles.com
|longarticles.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|MississippiHerald.com
|MississippiHerald.com
|
|
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Schenk-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|nbc9news.com
|nbc9news.com
|
|Spoof of NBC. Part of same network as abc14news.com.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018a" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2023f" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2020" /><ref name="Schenk-2018h" />
|-
|nbcnews11.com
|nbcnews11.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|nbcnews15.com
|nbcnews15.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|nbcnews6.com
|nbcnews6.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|newjournal.us
|newjournal.us
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|thenyherald.com
|thenyherald.com
|
|Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
|<ref name="Schenk-2018h" />
|-
|pressunion.org
|pressunion.org
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|si-nba.com
|si-nba.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|sundayregister.com
|sundayregister.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|The Sunday Inquirer
|sundayinquirer.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017" /><ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|The Sunday Post
|sundaypost.org
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|surreytelegraph.com
|surreytelegraph.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|sydneybulletin.com
|sydneybulletin.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|Telegraph Sun
|telegraphsun.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|timesofcambodia.com
|timesofcambodia.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|tmz-us.com
|tmz-us.com
|
|Spoof of ]. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
|<ref name="Schenk-2018h" />
|-
|tvtnews.com
|tvtnews.com
|
|Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
|<ref name="Schenk-2018h" /><ref name="NewsGuard-2020" />
|-
|unitednews.org
|unitednews.org
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|us-nbcnews.com
|us-nbcnews.com
|
|Spoof of NBC News. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
|<ref name="Schenk-2018h" />
|-
|usatoday-go.com
|usatoday-go.com
|
|Has the same IP address as cbsnews10.com.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018a" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=Fake News: Woman High On Meth Did NOT Die After Pumping Gasoline Into Her Anus |url=https://hoax-alert.leadstories.com/3469851-fake-news-erie-pennsylvania-woman-high-on-meth-dies-after-pumping-gasoline-into-her-anus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928072301/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/10/fake-news-erie-pennsylvania-woman-high-on-meth-dies-after-pumping-gasoline-into-her-anus.html |archive-date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Vancouver Inquirer
|vancouverinquirer.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" />
|-
|vice-en-us.com
|vice-en-us.com
|
|Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018a" /><ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|-
|weekendherald.com
|weekendherald.com
|
|
|<ref name="Schenk-2017c" />
|-
|yahoonews-us.com
|yahoonews-us.com
|
|Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
|<ref name="Silverman-2018a" /><ref name="Schenk-2019b" />
|}

==== Celebtricity ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|20minutenews.com
|20minutenews.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|alertchild.com
|alertchild.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|areyousleep.com
|areyousleep.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|badcriminals.com
|badcriminals.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|cartelreport.com
|cartelreport.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|Celebtricity
|celebtricity.com
|
|Has falsely claimed that ] declared a ] in ] after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a ] employee put ] on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that ] was ]'s son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world".<ref name="Dewey-2015">{{Cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=2015-08-28 |title=What was fake on the Internet this week: Selfie lice, Joey Fatone and James Earl Jones RIPs |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/08/28/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-selfie-lice-joey-fatone-and-james-earl-jones-rips/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409075949/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/08/28/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-selfie-lice-joey-fatone-and-james-earl-jones-rips/ |archive-date=2017-04-09 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=2015-11-06 |title=What was fake on the Internet this week: amazing cows, the KKK and a 'Secret Sister' gift exchange |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/11/06/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-amazing-cows-the-kkk-and-a-secret-sister-gift-exchange/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115014731/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/11/06/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-amazing-cows-the-kkk-and-a-secret-sister-gift-exchange/ |archive-date=2015-11-15 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Dewey-2015" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |date=2015-09-25 |title=What was fake on the Internet this week: Casey Anthony's death and Chipotle's 9/11 ad |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/09/25/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-casey-anthonys-death-and-chipotles-911-ad/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112092805/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/09/25/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-casey-anthonys-death-and-chipotles-911-ad/ |archive-date=2016-11-12 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|-
|channel5000.com
|channel5000.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|drugsofficial.com
|drugsofficial.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|everydaybreakingnews.com
|everydaybreakingnews.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|FedsAlert.com
|FedsAlert.com
|
|
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|folksvideo.com
|folksvideo.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|thefrt.com
|thefrt.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|jokerviral.com
|jokerviral.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|mrnewswatch.com
|mrnewswatch.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|Persecutes.com
|Persecutes.com
|
|
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|qualitysharing.com
|qualitysharing.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|scaryhours.com
|scaryhours.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|smhwtfnews.com
|smhwtfnews.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|tmzbreaking.com
|tmzbreaking.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|tmzbusiness.com
|tmzbusiness.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|tmzcomedy.com
|tmzcomedy.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|tmzhiphop.com
|tmzhiphop.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|tmzurban.com
|tmzurban.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|tmzuncut.com
|tmzuncut.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|TMZWorldNews.com
|TMZWorldNews.com
|
|
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|tmzworldstar.com
|tmzworldstar.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|tmzworldstarnews.com
|tmzworldstarnews.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|ViralActions.com
|ViralActions.com
|
|Cited story from World News Daily Report.
|<ref name="politifact-guide" /><ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" /><ref name="Gillin-2017b" />
|-
|viralcocaine.com
|viralcocaine.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|viraldevil.com
|viraldevil.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|viralmugshot.com
|viralmugshot.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|viralpropaganda.com
|viralpropaganda.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|viralspeech.com
|viralspeech.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" />
|-
|viralstuppid.com
|viralstuppid.com
|
|
|<ref name="Silverman-2017c" /><ref name="Silverman-2017e" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2017-06-05 |title=An Ad Network That Works With Fake News Sites Just Launched An Anti—Fake News Initiative |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/an-ad-network-that-works-with-fake-news-sites-just-launched |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803091444/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/an-ad-network-that-works-with-fake-news-sites-just-launched |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Grinberg-2019" />
|}

==== PoliticsFocus ====
Used a technique called "domain hopping" - repeatedly switching domain names to stay ahead of advertising blacklists on social media.<ref name="Lead Stories-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-18 |title=Fake News: Melania Trump Did NOT Announce Divorce |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/03/fake-news-melania-trump-divorce-announcement.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927121116/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2018/03/fake-news-melania-trump-divorce-announcement.html |archive-date=2023-09-27 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Lead Stories}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2018-03-01 |title=Publishers Are Switching Domain Names To Try To Stay Ahead Of Facebook's Algorithm Changes |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/publishers-are-switching-domain-names-to-try-and-stay-ahead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430162022/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/publishers-are-switching-domain-names-to-try-and-stay-ahead |archive-date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
!Domain
!Status
! class="sortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Sources
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|anypolitical.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|cloudpolitical.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" /><ref name="FactCheck.org-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-02 |title=No Logan Act Charges Against John Kerry |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2018/02/no-logan-act-charges-john-kerry/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609155718/https://www.factcheck.org/2018/02/no-logan-act-charges-john-kerry/ |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=FactCheck.org}}</ref>
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|goldpolitics.com
|
|
|<ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|flexpolitics.com
|
|
|<ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|jetpolitics.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" /><ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|maxrepublican.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" /><ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|politicsbee.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|politicsedge.com
|
|
|<ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|politicsfast.com
|
|
|<ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|Politicsfocus.com
|
|Per FactCheck.org.
|<ref name="FactCheck-2017" /><ref name="Lead Stories-2018" /><ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-15 |title=John Kerry not facing Logan Act charges |url=https://apnews.com/f0a3ec34cdb449d29a4988486e6f74fd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128023859/https://apnews.com/f0a3ec34cdb449d29a4988486e6f74fd |archive-date=2024-01-28 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|politicsmate.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" /><ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|politicstec.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" /><ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|politicsvision.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" /><ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|sunrepublican.com
|
|
|<ref name="Lead Stories-2018" />
|-
|PoliticsFocus
|totalpolitical.com
|
|
|<ref name="FactCheck.org-2018" />
|}

=== Miscellaneous ===
The following article lists miscellaneous sites that are one-offs or otherwise lack information that would place them into one of the other categories above.

{{Main|List of miscellaneous fake news websites}}


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Internet|Journalism}}
* ]
<!-- alphabetical order please & add a short description ] -->
*]
* {{annotated link |Alternative facts}}
* ]
* {{annotated link |Big lie}}
* {{annotated link |Chequebook journalism}}
* {{Annotated link |Clickbait}}
* {{annotated link |Demoralization (warfare)}}
* {{Annotated link |Disinformation}}
* {{Annotated link |Echo chamber (media)}}
* {{Annotated link |Fake news by country}}
* {{Annotated link |Filter bubble}}
* {{Annotated link |Firehose of falsehood}}
* {{annotated link |Journalism ethics and standards}}
* {{Annotated link |Post-truth politics}}
* {{annotated link |Pseudohistory}}
* {{Annotated link |Selective exposure theory}}
* {{Annotated link |Spiral of silence}}
* {{Annotated link |Tabloid journalism}}
* {{Annotated link |Troll farm}}
* {{Annotated link |Yellow journalism}}
<!--alphabetical order please-->


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|30em}} {{Reflist|30em}}


{{Disinformation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fake news websites}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 22:24, 28 December 2024

For satirical news, see List of satirical news websites.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.

Definition

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media. These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility. While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC. The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait. PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election. Except for the 2016 Philippine elections, prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree. Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views. Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.

Lists

Campaigns by individuals

The following is a list of websites created by individuals (aside from those associated with corporations or political actors) that have been assessed by fact-checkers as fake news websites.

American News LLC

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
American News americannews.com Defunct Published a false story claiming actor Denzel Washington endorsed Donald Trump for U.S. president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election.

Conservative 101 conservative101.com Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway.
Democratic Review DemocraticReview.com Defunct Owned by American Review LLC of Miami, the same company that owns American News (americannews.com), Conservative 101 and Liberal Society.
Liberal Society LiberalSociety.com Defunct Published a fake direct quote attributed to Obama, Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway.

Conservative Beaver

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Conservative Beaver conservativebeaver.com Defunct Published false anti-vaccination claims related to Pfizer, leading to Pfizer filing a petition to compel the site host to reveal the site owner's identity.
The Red Panther theredpanther.com Defunct Former name of Toronto Today.

As of 2024, is now an e-commerce site.

Toronto99.com Toronto99.com Active Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver.
Toronto Today torontotoday.net Defunct Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver.
Vancouver Times vancouvertimes.org Defunct Likely shares the same site owner as the Conservative Beaver and Toronto Today.

Jestin Coler

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Conservative Frontline conservativefrontline.com
Denver Guardian denverguardian.com
DrudgeReport.com.co DrudgeReport.com.co Mimics the name of the Drudge Report.
United Media Publishing unitedmediapublishing.com
usatoday.com.co usatoday.com.co Defunct Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns
washingtonpost.com.co washingtonpost.com.co Originally registered by Jestin Coler. The Washington Post submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with GoDaddy under the UDRP, and in 2015, an arbitral panel ruled that Coler's registration of the domain name was a form of bad-faith cybersquatting (specifically, typosquatting), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue."

Paul Horner

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ABCnews.com.co ABCnews.com.co Defunct Owned by Paul Horner. Mimics the URL, design and logo of ABC News (owned by Disney–ABC Television Group).

CBSnews.com.co CBSnews.com.co Defunct Mimics the URL, design and logo of CBS News.
christianfreedommovement.com christianfreedommovement.com Defunct
cnn.com.de cnn.com.de Defunct Impostor site of CNN.
donaldjtrump.com.co donaldjtrump.com.co
isissingles.com isissingles.com Defunct
iywib.com iywib.com Defunct
keepdonaldtrump.com keepdonaldtrump.com Defunct
makeredhatswearableagain.com makeredhatswearableagain.com Defunct
mericaland.com mericaland.com Defunct
microsoftsite.com microsoftsite.com Defunct
My Phoenix Daily myphoenixdaily.com
nationalgeographic.com.co nationalgeographic.com.co Spoof of National Geographic.
nationalreview.biz nationalreview.biz Defunct Spoof of National Review.
NBC.com.co NBC.com.co Imitates NBC.
NBCNews.com.co NBCNews.com.co Defunct Mimics the URL, design and logo of NBC News.
News Examiner newsexaminer.net Started in 2015 by Paul Horner, the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news.
paulhorner.org paulhorner.org Defunct
snopes.com.co snopes.com.co Defunct Imposter site of Snopes.
St George Gazette stgeorgegazette.com Defunct
superofficialnews.com superofficialnews.com Defunct
thephoenixnewtimes.com thephoenixnewtimes.com
trumptized.com trumptized.com

WTOE 5 News

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
16WMPO 16WMPO.com Defunct Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

AlexJones.xyz AlexJones.xyz Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
alynews.com alynews.com Part of a network that posted a false story that there was a sequel to the movie Step Brothers in the works in 2016.

Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

channel16news.com channel16news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
channel17news.com channel17news.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Channel 18 News Channel18News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

clancyreport.com clancyreport.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Daily News 10 DailyNews10.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

Daily News 11 dailynews11.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Daily News 5 DailyNews5.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

FoxBusiness.xyz FoxBusiness.xyz Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Headline Brief headlinebrief.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
km8news.com km8news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
KMT 11 News kmt11.com Defunct Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns. Before the website went down, it referred to itself as a "fantasy news website".

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

knp7.com knp7.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
kspm33.com kspm33.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
KUPR7 kupr7.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
ky6news.com ky6news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
KY12News.com KY12News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

KYPO6 kypo6.com Defunct Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
Local 31 News Local31News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

localnews33.com localnews33.com Part of the same network as alynews.com
lopezreport.com lopezreport.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
maywoodpost.com maywoodpost.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
mbynews.com mbynews.com Part of the same network as alynews.com
McKenzie Post mckenziepost.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
NewsDaily12.com NewsDaily12.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

newsdaily27.com newsdaily27.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
News Now 11 newsnow11.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
oreillypost.com oreillypost.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
WBN 12 News wbn12.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
wcpm3.com wcpm3.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
wleb21.com wleb21.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
WRPT 16 News wrpt16.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.
WTOE 5 News wtoe5news.com Defunct Original source of false claim that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump in 2016.

Your News Wire

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Neon Nettle neonnettle.com Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact.

Stated by Snopes to be "interrelated" with NewsPunch and Your News Wire.

Newspunch Newspunch.com Alternative name for YourNewsWire.
The People's Voice (formerly NewsPunch and Your News Wire) thepeoplesvoice.tv Active Founded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to NewsPunch in 2018 and The People's Voice in 2023.
Your News Wire yournewswire.com Former name for The People's Voice.

Others

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ABCNews1.us ABCNews1.us Same owner as AJUAnews.
African News Updates africannewupsdate.com Same owner as News Updates South Africa. Published a false story about election fraud during the 2016 municipal elections in South Africa, which led to the Electoral Commission of South Africa filing a criminal complaint against the site owner.
AJUAnews AJUAnews.com Plagiarized content from The Last Line of Defense. Reportedly owned by individual based in Pakistan.
ALNewsNetwork.press ALNewsNetwork.press Same owner as AJUAnews.
America Talks Americatalks.com Per FactCheck.org.
America's Freedom Fighters Americasfreedomfighters.com Per FactCheck.org.
Banned Information BannedInformation.com Per FactCheck.org.
Dos Palos News dospalosnews.com Same owner as AJUAnews.
FB News Cycle Fbnewscycle.com Per FactCheck.org.

Same owner as Banned Information.

HealthFacts.pro HealthFacts.pro Same owner as AJUAnews.
Hot Global News hotglobalnews.com
ILoveQuilting.pro ILoveQuilting.pro Same owner as AJUAnews.
Leading Report theleadingreport.com A website and Twitter account that promotes misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and United States politics.
National News Bulletin nationalnewsbulletin.com Same Google Analytics ID as News Updates South Africa.
The National Sun thenationalsun.com Same owners as Hot Global News.
net-breaking.com net-breaking.com Affiliated with Leading Report.
News@Last newsatlast.com Fake news website in South Africa, per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory.

Same owner as News Updates South Africa.

News Updates South Africa newsupdatessa.site Per Africa Check and News24.
Ohio Press Pro ohiopress.pro Same owner as AJUAnews.
thepedogate.com thepedogate.com Part of same network as America Talks. Spread the false Pizzagate conspiracy theory.
Right Wing Tribune Rightwingtribune.com Per FactCheck.org.

Same owners as America's Freedom Fighters.

Disinformation campaigns

Corporate disinformation campaigns

Main article: List of corporate disinformation campaigns

Examples of disinformation campaigns from companies include Eliminalia, a reputation management firm that created a network of over 600 websites for its clients, and Regency Enterprises, which created sites to promote the movie A Cure for Wellness.

Political disinformation campaigns

Main article: List of political disinformation website campaigns

Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil, India, Iran, Italy, the People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Russia, Ukraine (Luhansk), and the United States.

Fraudulent fact-checking websites

Main article: List of fact-checking websites § Fraudulent fact-checking websites

According to the Poynter Institute, there are four categories of false fact-checking websites:

  1. Sites that are satirical in nature
  2. Sites that attempt to subvert serious fact-checking sites
  3. Sites that re-appropriate the term "fact-check" for partisan political causes
  4. Sites with more violent intentions, such as genocide denial.
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
AosFatos.com AosFatos.com Spoof of Brazilian fact-checking organization Aos Fatos.
Business2Community business2community.com Plagiarized fact-checks from Lead Stories.
The California Republican carepublican.com Run by Devin Nunes' political campaign.
Descobrindo As Verdades descobrindoasverdades.blogspot.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
Duboka Voda dubokavoda.com Partisan false fact-checking site in Croatia, per the Poynter Institute.
Fact Check Armenia factcheckarmenia.com A website with ties to Turkish government-related organizations that denies the historical facts of the Armenian genocide.
Fact-Checking Turkey factcheckingturkey.com Operated by PR company Bosphorus Global and counters criticism of Turkey in foreign media. It treats statements by Turkish government officials as arbiters of the truth.
Faktiskt.eu Faktiskt.eu Spoof of Swedish fact-checking organization Faktiskt.
India News Network indianewsnetwork.com Active Same owner as India Vs Disinformation.
India Vs Disinformation indiavsdisinformation.com Owned by "a Canadian communications firm called Press Monitor"
Jigyasa Online jigyasaonline.org Same owner as India Vs Disinformation.
Middle East Guardians meguardians.com Published false fact-check about Jamal Khashoggi.
Notícias Brasil Online noticiasbrasilonline.com.br Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
O Detetive odetetive.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. The website owner was summoned by a regional court in Brazil for publishing a false story about the 2018 attack on Jair Bolsonaro.
OpIndia opindia.com Active OpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020.
Pensa Brasil pensabrasil.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
Plantão Brasil plantaobrasil.net Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com.
Shayeaat shayeaat.ir Partisan false fact-checking site in Iran, per the Poynter Institute.
Vøx voxnews.info Partisan false fact-checking site in Italy, per the Poynter Institute. Not to be confused with Vox, the American news site.
War on Fakes waronfakes.com Defunct A Russian website that promotes Russian propaganda and disinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Seized by the United States federal government in 2024.

Generative AI

Main article: Generative artificial intelligence

As of October 2024, NewsGuard has tracked at least 1,090 news/information websites automatically generated by machine learning models that span 16 languages.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
AlaskaCommons.com AlaskaCommons.com
The Americans Daily theamericansdaily.com
BestBudgetUSA.com BestBudgetUSA.com
Biz Breaking News bizbreakingnews.com Summarizes The Financial Times and Fortune.
BNN Breaking bnnbreaking.com Redirect
bnngpt.com Redirect
bnn.network Redirect
trimfeed.com Redirect
Boluno.com Boluno.com
bosase.com bosase.com
Buckeye State Press buckeyestatepress.com Created by a journalist to demonstrate the ease of building generative AI-based political news sites.
Celeb Jihad celebjihad.com Active Described by the Daily Beast as a "satirical celebrity gossip website", the site has spread real and fake nude images of celebrities using Photoshop and Generative AI.
celebritiesdeaths.com celebritiesdeaths.com
County Local News CountyLocalNews.com Promotes rogue security software.
Daily Business Post
DailyHeadliner.com DailyHeadliner.com
Daily Time Update
Digital Information World digitalinformationworld.com Accused of plagiarism from 404 Media.
Esspots esspots.com Part of the same network as SpaceXMania.
Famadillo.com Famadillo.com
FilthyLucre.com FilthyLucre.com
FoodingWorld.com FoodingWorld.com
Getintoknowledge.com Getintoknowledge.com
globalvillagespace.com globalvillagespace.com
GlobeEcho.com GlobeEcho.com
HistoryFact.in HistoryFact.in
iBusiness Day
IheartDogs.com IheartDogs.com
InternationalNewsandViews.com InternationalNewsandViews.com
Ireland Top News irelandtopnews.com
L'Observatoire de l'Europe observatoiredeleurope.com Accused of automatically plagiarizing stories from Euronews.
Lawyer Legality lawyerlegality.com
LiverPoolDigest.co.uk LiverPoolDigest.co.uk
Lunumi.com Lunumi.com
Medical Outline medicaloutline.com
Michigan Sports Zone michigansportszone.com
Nation World News nationworldnews.com Accused of plagiarism from 404 Media.
NewsGPT newsgpt.ai Active Accused by Annie Lab of "factual errors, misleading images, and possible plagiarism" from Reuters, CBS News, and CNN.
News Live 79
News Today sagenews.site Part of the same network as SpaceXMania.
News You Can't Use newsyoucantuse.com Defunct
NewYorkFolk.com NewYorkFolk.com
NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br
NotRealNews.net NotRealNews.net Defunct
Roadan.com Roadan.com
SpaceXMania spacexmania.com Active Accused by Christopher Blair, the owner of The Last Line of Defense, of plagiarizing its stories via a generative AI model. The New York Times also found that many stories from SpaceXMania were produced by generative AI.
Scoop Earth ScoopEarth.com Active
setolu.com setolu.com
Time.news Time.news
TnewsNetwork.com TnewsNetwork.com
TopGolf.kr TopGolf.kr
topnews67.com topnews67.com Accused of plagiarizing story from The Last Line of Defense, possibly via ChatGPT.
TopStories.com.ng TopStories.com.ng
TrendFool.com TrendFool.com
US Newsper usnewsper.com Registered in Lithuania, falsely claims to be a news site for the United States. Spread false claim that Joe Biden's withdrawal from the 2024 United States presidential election was a hoax. Accused by NewsGuard of having a network of bots to share its stories on social media.
vatolu.com vatolu.com
Walli.us Walli.us
WaveFunction.info WaveFunction.info
WestObserver.com WestObserver.com Imitates CNN.
WhatsNew2Day.com WhatsNew2Day.com
World-Today-News.com World-Today-News.com
World Nation News worldnationnews.com Accused of plagiarism from 404 Media.
Worldtimetodays.com worldtimetodays.com Accused of plagiarizing stories from Distractify and Heavy.com.

Hate groups

Main article: List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups

The following table lists websites that have been both considered by fact-checkers as distributing false news and are run by organizations that have been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
banned.video banned.video Sister site of InfoWars.

Warned by the US Food and Drug Administration for spreading misinformation on COVID-19 for "claims on videos posted on your websites that establish the intended use of your products and misleadingly represent them as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19."

Bare Naked Islam barenakedislam.com
Brighteon Brighteon.com Sister site of Natural News.
The Daily Stormer DailyStormer.com Per PolitiFact.
Geller Report Gellerreport.com Registered through Pamela Geller's organization, the American Freedom Defense Initiative.
HoggWatch hoggwatch.com Setup by Natural News founders to publish attacks against Parkland high school shooting survivors.
InfoWars infowars.com Managed by Alex Jones. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a hoax, that the Boston Marathon bombing was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant.

National File nationalfile.com Sister site of InfoWars. It has promoted misinformation about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines.

Leaked texts from Alex Jones's phone indicated that he started National File to promote InfoWars content while obscuring its origin to evade an InfoWars ban on Facebook.

Natural News naturalnews.com Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various dietary supplements, promotion of alternative medicine, controversial nutrition and health claims, and various conspiracy theories, such as "chemtrails", chemophobic claims (including the purported dangers of fluoride in drinking water, anti-perspirants, laundry detergent, monosodium glutamate, aspartame), and purported health problems caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the now-discredited link to autism.
NewsTarget newstarget.com Sister site of Natural News.
Next News Network nextnewsnetwork.com Combined content from mainstream sites such as the Associated Press with content from sites such as RT and Sputnik.
PrisonPlanet prisonplanet.com Sister site of InfoWars.
Red Ice RedIce.tv
Return of Kings returnofkings.com
TruNews trunews.com
WorldNetDaily wnd.com A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Barack Obama was not born in the United States.

Pseudoscience and junk science

The following is a list of websites that have been characterized by journalists and researchers as promoting pseudoscience or junk science.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ancient-code.com ancient-code.com
Children's Health Defense childrenshealthdefense.org Active Accused by NBC of " research to stoke fears that vaccines might be dangerous for children and pregnant women". Filed a lawsuit in 2020 against Facebook, PolitiFact, Science Feedback, and the Poynter Institute over advertisements and fact-checked claims. Produced an anti-vaccine film that was marketed towards Black Americans. One of its participants, a medical history professor, felt that she had been "used" as part of "an advocacy piece for anti-vaxxers." Cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. Banned by Facebook and Instagram in 2022 for repeatedly spreading medical misinformation.
Collective Evolution collective-evolution.com Active Spread misinformation about vaccines and COVID-19, and shared conspiracy theories about Mark Zuckerberg and airport body scanners.
collectivelyconscious.net collectivelyconscious.net
dineal.com dineal.com
EWAO (Earth. We Are One) ewao.com Published false claim that images of a mountain formation in Antartica is evidence of an ancient civilization.
Feature Remedies featureremedies.com Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy.
Food Babe foodbabe.com Active Promoted anti-vaccine misinformation. Criticized for promoting chemophobia and "misinformation and fear-mongering about food ingredients." NPR notes that a revenue stream is based on affiliate marketing partnerships with organic and non-GMO food brands. Alleged collusion between Monsanto and the Food and Drug Administration over cancelling a program to monitor glyphosate in food, which Snopes has deemed as false.
Galactic Connection galacticconnection.com Published an article claiming the existence of aliens was disclosed by Russia after a joke made by then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.
Geoengineering Watch geoengineeringwatch.org Active Published video claiming the existence of solar geoengineering and chemtrails, which Climate Feedback deemed as incorrect. The site owner filed a lawsuit against one of the scientist reviewers, claiming that the fact-check limited the video's reach on social media. The lawsuit was dismissed, with plans to appeal as of September 2022.
Goop goop.com Active Accused in 2020 by Truth in Advertising of violating a court settlement to stop spreading false medical claims about Goop products. Criticized by Simon Stevens, the then-Chief Executive of NHS England, for promoting products and procedures that he described as monetarily wasteful or "carrying considerable risks to health". Sells many of the same wellness products as Infowars.
GreenMedInfo greenmedinfo.com Active Founded by Sayer Ji, who has been cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread false claims about COVID-19 vaccines. Includes a search engine that McGill University describes as "biased toward scientific papers that claim natural food and alternative medicine can prevent and heal diseases." Claims without evidence that marijuana is a cure for cancer.
Health Holistic Living healthyholisticliving.com Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy, that manuka honey is more effective than antibiotics, and that repeatedly boiling water is harmful. Cites peer-reviewed research to draw conclusions not supported by the works in question, such as citing four studies to claim that magnesium is an effective treatment for ADHD.
healthy-holistic-living.com
Health Impact News healthimpactnews.com Falsely linked deaths to flu vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, and spread unproven cures for COVID-19.
Health Nut News healthnutnews.com Founded by Erin Elizabeth, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread conspiracy theories falsely alleging that the deaths of doctors or alternative health practitioners were connected.
In5D in5d.com
The Institute for Creation Research icr.org
Institute for Responsible Technology responsibletechnology.org Founded by Jeffrey M. Smith.
Medical Kidnap medicalkidnap.com Spread false or unproven claims about cases involving Child protective services. Falsely framed COVID-19 vaccines as "experimental". Part of the same network as Vaccine Impact and Health Impact News.
Mercola.com mercola.com Founded by Joseph Mercola, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media. Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation.
Natural Blaze naturalblaze.com
Principia Scientific International principia-scientific.com Repeatedly published climate change denial and false claims about COVID-19.
principia-scientific.org
RealFarmacy realfarmacy.com Noted by the Wall Street Journal to promote homeopathy. Spread false claims about COVID-19 origins and unproven treatments. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and has been noted by NewsGuard to have "promoted ineffective and potentially dangerous cancer treatments."
Riposte laique ripostelaique.com Spread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Science Vibe sciencevibe.com Reposted satirical story from World News Daily Report and framed it as genuine news. Reposted hoax on assassination of Marilyn Monroe.
Stop Mandatory Vaccination stopmandatoryvaccination.com The founder has been described by NBC News as "a man without medical training who has made a name as a leader of the online anti-vaccination movement."

Censured by the Advertising Standards Authority in 2018 for distributing a Facebook ad targeted towards parents with misleading claims about vaccines. Accused by the Guardian of " Facebook’s advertising tools to target their propaganda exclusively at women." Publishes "accounts from parents who claim that a baby's death was the result of a vaccination. Many of those viral articles have been debunked with official, medically supported explanations that include sudden infant death syndrome, pneumonia and accidental asphyxiation." Misinformation from the group has resulted in at least one death: a child whose mother was urged by other group members not to give her son Tamiflu after he had a bout of the flu. Accounts associated with the site and its founder have been suspended from Facebook and Twitter in 2020 for promoting QAnon conspiracy theories. The founder’s YouTube channel was demonetized in 2019 due to " anti-vaccination content". Ads to the site were also removed by Facebook in 2019 for violating Facebook’s policies on misinformation about vaccines. The founder’s Twitter account was reinstated in 2023.

Technocracy News technocracy.news Spread misinformation about face masks with respect to COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccinations. Falsely claimed that carbon dioxide is not a greenhouse gas. The site owner edits a health newsletter for Newsmax.
The Truth About Cancer thetruthaboutcancer.com According to NewsGuard, "repeatedly promotes ineffective, unproven, and dangerous treatments for cancer".
TruthKings truthkings.com Posted false allegations of fraud in the 2008 US presidential election. Spread false information about vaccines. Reportedly owned by Sherri Tenpenny.
Vaccine Impact vaccineimpact.com Part of the same network as Medical Kidnap and Health Impact News.
The Waking Times wakingtimes.com Accused by the Global Disinformation Index of spreading disinformation on COVID-19 public policies.

Climate change denial

Main article: Climate change denial
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Chicks On The Right chicksonright.com Spread false claim about an upcoming "mini ice age".
chicksontheright.com
Climate Intelligence Foundation (CLINTEL) clintel.org
NoTricksZone notrickszone.com
Klimaat Feiten klimaatfeiten.nl
Climate Gate climategate.nl
Energy Talking Points energytalkingpoints.com
Clima et Verité climatetverite.net
Climato-Réalistes climato-realistes.fr
Global Warming Scare globalwarmingscare.wordpress.com
Climate Fraud klima-schwindel.com
Climate Skeptical climat-sceptique.over-blog.com
Climate Depot climatedepot.com
Climate Exit (CLEXIT) clexit.net
Climate Resistance climate-resistance.org
CO2 Coalition co2coalition.org
The Daily Sceptic dailysceptic.org Publishes anti-vaccine and climate change denial misinformation.
The Daily Wire dailywire.com Published multiple false claims that were debunked by Snopes. Per the Daily Beast, Mike Adams would repeatedly post to the site "to attack and mock... students, staff, and faculty" at University of North Carolina Wilmington. Identified by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as a major distributor of climate change denialism. In 2022, the Global Disinformation Index described the Daily Wire as having a high risk of disinformation due to "bias", "sensational language" and "a high degree of sensational visuals". Alongside Ken Paxton and The Federalist, filed a lawsuit in 2023 against the United States Department of State, partially as a result of this assessment by the GDI, alleging censorship of right-wing media and revenue loss.
De Groene Rekenkamer groene-rekenkamer.nl
Destaatvanhet Klimaat destaatvanhet-klimaat.nl
Ecologia, Clima, Aquecimento ecologia-clima-aquecimento.blogspot.com
Climate Curious shortfall.blog
Climate Etc judithcurry.com
Environmental Progress environmentalprogress.org
European Climate Realist Network ecr.network
Everything Climate everythingclimate.com
Klimaat Gek klimaatgek.nl
Klima Realisme klimarealisme.dk
Klima Realistene klimarealistene.com
Klimat Sans klimatsans.com
Klimat Upplysningen klimatupplysningen.se
Koklimaat koklimaat.nl
La Question Climatique laquestionclimatique.org
Science, Climat et Énergie science-climat-energie.be
Sky Fall skyfall.fr
Weather Action weatheraction.com
A Grande Farsa do Aquecimento Global agfdag.wordpress.com

Satire

Main article: List of satirical fake news websites

Numerous websites have been created by companies that contain satirical or news parody content that is intended to be or has been designated by fact-checkers as fake news.

Troll farms

Main article: List of fake news troll farms See also: Troll farm

Examples of countries with troll farms that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Cambodia, Ghana, North Macedonia, the Republic of Georgia, and Russia.

User-generated fake news

The following table lists websites that have allowed users to generate their own hoaxes that appear in the form of news articles. While the stated purpose is for users to prank their friends, many of the resulting false stories have spread on social media and have led to harassment.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
12minutos.com 12minutos.com Same owner as React 365.
24aktuelles.com 24aktuelles.com Same owner as React 365.
24hnoticias.com 24hnoticias.com Part of the same network as React 365.
actualite.co actualite.co Same owner as React 365.
actualites.co actualites.co Part of the same network as React 365.
actualitesdujour.fr actualitesdujour.fr Part of the same network as React 365.
theasociatedpress.com theasociatedpress.com Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
thebreakingnews.co thebreakingnews.co Same owner as React 365.
BreakingNews247.net BreakingNews247.net Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365.
BreakingNews365.net BreakingNews365.net Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365.
cbs-news.us cbs-news.us Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
cbsnews.us cbsnews.us Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
channel22news.com channel22news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
Channel 23 News Channel23News.com Prank website for generating false stories.
Channel24news.com Channel24news.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel28news.com channel28news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel33news.com channel33news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel34news.com channel34news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel40news.com channel40news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel45news.com channel45news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel46news.com channel46news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel55news.com channel55news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel56news.com channel56news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel59news.com channel59news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel60news.com channel60news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel62news.com channel62news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel63news.com channel63news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel65news.com channel65news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel66news.com channel66news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel68news.com channel68news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
channel77news.com channel77news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News.
Clone Zone clonezone.link Impersonated The New York Times to spread the false story that Elizabeth Warren had endorsed Bernie Sanders in 2016.
cnoticias.net cnoticias.net Same owner as React 365.
en-bref.fr en-bref.fr Same owner as React 365.
fakeawish.com fakeawish.com
The Fake News Generator thefakenewsgenerator.com
fakeShare fakeshare.com
FeedNewz feednewz.com Renamed to prank.link.
flashinfo.org flashinfo.org Part of the same network as React 365.
Journific journific.com Often used to spread false claims of businesses about to close.
nachrichten.de.com nachrichten.de.com Same owner as React 365.
nachrichten247.de nachrichten247.de Part of the same network as React 365.
nachrichten365.com nachrichten365.com Same owner as React 365.
net-infosnews.com net-infosnews.com Same owner as React 365.
thenewyorktimes.company thenewyorktimes.company Same owner as The Fake News Generator.
Nipsy’s News nipsysnews.com
noticias-frescas.com noticias-frescas.com Same owner as React 365.
noticias365.info noticias365.info
notizzia.com notizzia.com Same owner as React 365.
nsfnews.com nsfnews.com Part of the same network as React 365.
prank.link prank.link
prankyourfriends.com prankyourfriends.com Part of the same network as React 365.
PunkShare PunkShare.com
react2424.com react2424.com Part of the same network as React 365.
React 365 React365.com This user-created fake news generator, supposedly for "pranking your friends", had at least two stories that went viral.
routers.news routers.news Same owner as PunkShare. Spoof of Reuters.
SHRTURL shrturl.co
toutelinfo.fr toutelinfo.fr Same owner as React 365.
trend-news.com trend-news.com Part of the same network as React 365.
yam.fr yam.fr Part of the same network as React 365.
youreact247.com youreact247.com Part of the same network as React 365.

Other networks

Many fake news websites can be assessed as likely being part of the same network campaign if some combination of the following are true:

  • They share the same Google Analytics account
  • They share the same Google AdSense account
  • They share the same IP address(es)
  • They share the same Gravatar ID
  • They refer to each other's domains
  • They publish the exact or near-exact same content, especially content that has been plagiarized from other sources
  • They have the same or similar designs (layouts, bylines, privacy policies, "About" pages, etc.)
  • They have the same owner(s) or hosting provider, based on domain registration information.

Action News 3

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Action News 3 actionnews3.com Spread death hoaxes about various public figures.
Breaking13News.com Breaking13News.com
Daily Buzz Live DailyBuzzLive.com Per PolitiFact.

Republished a hoax about worldwide blackout, a false claim that had been spreading since 2012.

Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.

dailyviralbuzz.com dailyviralbuzz.com
News4KTLA.com News4KTLA.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

Cited story from World News Daily Report.

News4Local.com News4Local.com
Now 8 News Now8News.com Started in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media. Has the same IP address as Action News 3.
TheRacketReport.com TheRacketReport.com Per PolitiFact.

Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

realstonedtimes.com realstonedtimes.com
Straight Stoned straightstoned.com Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.

Batty Post

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
abc14news.com abc14news.com Spoof of ABC News.
abcnews-us.com abcnews-us.com Spoof of ABC News.
abcnews5.com abcnews5.com Spoof of ABC News.
AlabamaObserver.com AlabamaObserver.com
albertatimes.com albertatimes.com
Batty Post battypost.com Published a false claim about being acquired by East Asia Tribune, a page that has the same Google AdSense ID.
Border Herald borderherald.com
Boston Leader bostonleader.com Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site.
boston-post.com boston-post.com Not to be confused with the Boston Post.

Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.

cairnstimes.com cairnstimes.com
cbs15.com cbs15.com Spoof of CBS News. Possibly part of same network as abc14news.com.
cbsnews10.com cbsnews10.com Spoof of CBS News. Part of same network as abc14news.com.
cbsnews15.com cbsnews15.com Spoof of CBS News.
cbsnews24.com cbsnews24.com Spoof of CBS News.
cgcnews.com cgcnews.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
cnn-globalnews.com cnn-globalnews.com Impostor site of CNN. Published death hoax on Clint Eastwood.
cnn-internationaledition.com cnn-internationaledition.com Impostor site of CNN.
coindesk-us.com coindesk-us.com Spoof of CoinDesk.
countyweekly.com countyweekly.com
dallastimes.us dallastimes.us
DenverInquirer.com DenverInquirer.com
dublintribune.com dublintribune.com
East Asia Tribune eastasiatribune.com Published death hoax about Kim Jong-un.
Florida Sun Post floridasunpost.com Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site.
focustimes.org focustimes.org
foreignjournal.com foreignjournal.com
fox-26houston.com fox-26houston.com
fox-32chicago.com fox-32chicago.com
foxnews-us.com foxnews-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
foxnews15.com foxnews15.com
freeinquirer.com freeinquirer.com
The Jackson Telegraph jacksontelegraph.com
longarticles.com longarticles.com
MississippiHerald.com MississippiHerald.com
nbc9news.com nbc9news.com Spoof of NBC. Part of same network as abc14news.com.
nbcnews11.com nbcnews11.com
nbcnews15.com nbcnews15.com
nbcnews6.com nbcnews6.com
newjournal.us newjournal.us
thenyherald.com thenyherald.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
pressunion.org pressunion.org
si-nba.com si-nba.com
sundayregister.com sundayregister.com
The Sunday Inquirer sundayinquirer.com
The Sunday Post sundaypost.org
surreytelegraph.com surreytelegraph.com
sydneybulletin.com sydneybulletin.com
Telegraph Sun telegraphsun.com
timesofcambodia.com timesofcambodia.com
tmz-us.com tmz-us.com Spoof of TMZ. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
tvtnews.com tvtnews.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
unitednews.org unitednews.org
us-nbcnews.com us-nbcnews.com Spoof of NBC News. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com.
usatoday-go.com usatoday-go.com Has the same IP address as cbsnews10.com.
Vancouver Inquirer vancouverinquirer.com
vice-en-us.com vice-en-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.
weekendherald.com weekendherald.com
yahoonews-us.com yahoonews-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.

Celebtricity

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
20minutenews.com 20minutenews.com
alertchild.com alertchild.com
areyousleep.com areyousleep.com
badcriminals.com badcriminals.com
cartelreport.com cartelreport.com
Celebtricity celebtricity.com Has falsely claimed that Barack Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago, Illinois after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a Wendy's employee put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that Bryshere Y. Gray was Jay-Z's son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world".
channel5000.com channel5000.com
drugsofficial.com drugsofficial.com
everydaybreakingnews.com everydaybreakingnews.com
FedsAlert.com FedsAlert.com
folksvideo.com folksvideo.com
thefrt.com thefrt.com
jokerviral.com jokerviral.com
mrnewswatch.com mrnewswatch.com
Persecutes.com Persecutes.com
qualitysharing.com qualitysharing.com
scaryhours.com scaryhours.com
smhwtfnews.com smhwtfnews.com
tmzbreaking.com tmzbreaking.com
tmzbusiness.com tmzbusiness.com
tmzcomedy.com tmzcomedy.com
tmzhiphop.com tmzhiphop.com
tmzurban.com tmzurban.com
tmzuncut.com tmzuncut.com
TMZWorldNews.com TMZWorldNews.com
tmzworldstar.com tmzworldstar.com
tmzworldstarnews.com tmzworldstarnews.com
ViralActions.com ViralActions.com Cited story from World News Daily Report.
viralcocaine.com viralcocaine.com
viraldevil.com viraldevil.com
viralmugshot.com viralmugshot.com
viralpropaganda.com viralpropaganda.com
viralspeech.com viralspeech.com
viralstuppid.com viralstuppid.com

PoliticsFocus

Used a technique called "domain hopping" - repeatedly switching domain names to stay ahead of advertising blacklists on social media.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
PoliticsFocus anypolitical.com
PoliticsFocus cloudpolitical.com
PoliticsFocus goldpolitics.com
PoliticsFocus flexpolitics.com
PoliticsFocus jetpolitics.com
PoliticsFocus maxrepublican.com
PoliticsFocus politicsbee.com
PoliticsFocus politicsedge.com
PoliticsFocus politicsfast.com
PoliticsFocus Politicsfocus.com Per FactCheck.org.
PoliticsFocus politicsmate.com
PoliticsFocus politicstec.com
PoliticsFocus politicsvision.com
PoliticsFocus sunrepublican.com
PoliticsFocus totalpolitical.com

Miscellaneous

The following article lists miscellaneous sites that are one-offs or otherwise lack information that would place them into one of the other categories above.

Main article: List of miscellaneous fake news websites

See also

References

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Disinformation and misinformation
Types
Books and documentaries
Examples
Health
Operations and events by country
CanadaJihadunspun.com
China
CzechoslovakiaOperation Neptune
Germany
India
IsraelTeam Jorge
KoreaVoluntary Agency Network of Korea
KuwaitFintas Group
MexicoPeñabots
Philippines
Russia /
Soviet Union
Soviet era
Post-Soviet era
South AfricaHIV/AIDS denialism
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
VenezuelaBolivarian Army of Trolls
Vietnam
Opposition
Categories: