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{{Short description|none}} {{Short description|List of languages}}
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&q=jewish+languages+diaspora&pg=PA6 |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages |last1=Rubin |first1=Aaron D. |last2=Kahn |first2=Lily |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004297357 |language=en}}</ref> This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&q=jewish+languages+diaspora&pg=PA6 |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages |last1=Rubin |first1=Aaron D. |last2=Kahn |first2=Lily |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004297357 |language=en}}</ref>


== Afro-Asiatic languages == == Afro-Asiatic languages ==
=== Cushitic languages === === Cushitic languages ===
* ]<ref>], "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, ''Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994'', Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. {{ISBN|3-927620-28-9}}.</ref>
* ]{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
* ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review) |year=2013 |series=New series |last=Hudson |first=Grover |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=13 |number=2 |doi=10.1353/nas.2013.0021 |s2cid=143577497}}</ref> * ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review) |year=2013 |series=New series |last=Hudson |first=Grover |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=13 |number=2 |pages=225–229 |doi=10.1353/nas.2013.0021 |s2cid=143577497}}</ref>


=== Semitic languages === === Semitic languages ===
==== Arabic languages ==== ==== Arabic languages ====
* ]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" />
:* Judeo-] (extinct) :* ]
:* Judeo-] (extinct) :* Judeo-] (extinct)
:* Judeo-] (extinct) :* ]
:* ] :* ]
:**]
:* Judeo-] (extinct) :* Judeo-] (extinct)
:** ]
:** ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judeo-Arabic |url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-arabic |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Jewish Languages |language=en}}</ref>
:* ] :* ]
:* ] :* ]
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=== Other Afro-Asiatic languages === === Other Afro-Asiatic languages ===
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects) * ]<ref name=":2" /> (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

== Austronesian languages ==
⚫ * ] (extinct)


== Dravidian languages == == Dravidian languages ==
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== Indo-European languages == == Indo-European languages ==
=== Germanic languages === === Germanic languages ===
* ] * ]
* ] (extinct) * ] (extinct)
* ] (extinct)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Contact Manchester |url=http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/ELA/languages/Lekoudesch.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk}}</ref> * ] (extinct)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Contact Manchester |url=http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/ELA/languages/Lekoudesch.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk}}</ref>
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=== Iranian languages === === Iranian languages ===
* ]<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&pg=PA351 |publisher=] |date=27 March 2014 |isbn=9781139917148 |first=Bernard |last=Spolsky |page=241}}</ref> (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of ]) * ]<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&pg=PA351 |publisher=] |date=27 March 2014 |isbn=9781139917148 |first=Bernard |last=Spolsky |page=241}}</ref> (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of ])
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (Possibly extinct) * ]<ref name=":1" /> (possibly extinct)
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (Possibly extinct) * ]<ref name=":1" /> (possibly extinct)
* ]
* ]<ref name=":1" /> * ]<ref name=":1" />
* ]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Habib |last=Borjian |chapter=Judeo-Iranian Languages |editor1-first=Lily |editor1-last=Kahn |editor2-first=Aaron D. |editor2-last=Rubin |title=A Handbook of Jewish Languages |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=] |date=2015 |pages=234–295 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12266165}}</ref> * ]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Habib |last=Borjian |chapter=Judeo-Iranian Languages |editor1-first=Lily |editor1-last=Kahn |editor2-first=Aaron D. |editor2-last=Rubin |title=A Handbook of Jewish Languages |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=] |date=2015 |pages=234–295 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12266165}}</ref>
Line 64: Line 71:
.</ref> .</ref>


=== Romance languages === === ] ===
* ] (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages) * ] (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
:* ] (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of ]) :* ] (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of ]){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
::* Judeo-] with a significant Jewish koiné of ] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} ::* Judeo-] with a significant Jewish koiné of ] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
:* Judeo-] (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} :* Judeo-] (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
:* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reggioebraica.it/parlata-giudeo-reggiana/ |title=La parlata giudeo-reggiana &#124; ESTER |trans-title=The Giudeo-Reggio speaking & # 124; FOREIGN |language=it}}</ref> (e.g., the citilects of ],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doIH53-wgGUC&q=giudeo-modenese&pg=PA385 |title=Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen: Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie |language=de |trans-title=Contact, migration and artificial languages: contrastivity, classification and typology |isbn=9783110959925 |last1=Holtus |first1=Günter |last2=Metzeltin |first2=Michael |last3=Schmitt |first3=Christian |date=24 February 2011}}</ref> and ]) (almost extinct)
:* ]:<ref name=":2" /> a group of Jewish northern ] languages and their dialects (extinct) :* ]:<ref name=":2" /> a group of Jewish northern ] languages and their dialects (extinct)

:* ]<ref>{{cite book|last=Nahon |first=Peter |date=2018 |title=Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine |language=fr |trans-title=Gascon and French among the Israelites of Aquitaine |location=Paris |publisher=Classiques Garnier}}</ref> (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)

:* ]<ref name=":2" /> with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called ''Toscani'' (], e.g. the citylect of ]){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} and ''Mediani'' (], besides all the city koiné of ]) dialects{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}})
:* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patrimonilinguistici.it/il-giudeo-italiano/ |title=Il giudeo-italiano: Le lingue degli Ebrei in Italia |trans-title=The Judeo-Italian: The languages of the Jews in Italy |language=it |date=27 January 2018}}</ref> (e.g., the citylect of ]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxLKPq7-Ca8C&q=giudeo-mantovano&pg=PA44 |title=La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane |trans-title=The speech of the Jews of Venice and the Judeo-Italian speeches |language=it |isbn=9788880572435 |last1=Fortis |first1=Umberto |year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41283353 |jstor=41283353 |title=La parlata degli ebrei mantovani |trans-title=The speech of the Mantuan Jews |language=it |last1=Colorni |first1=Vittore |journal=La Rassegna Mensile di Israel |year=1970 |volume=36 |issue=7/9 |pages=109–164}}</ref>) (almost extinct)
⚫ :* ] (almost extinct)
:* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of ], ] and ]) and Judeo-] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Judeo-Galician}} :* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of ], ] and ]) and Judeo-] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Judeo-Galician}}
:* ]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct) :* ]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct)
:* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&q=Judeo-Sicilian&pg=PA99 |title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present |last1=Hary |first1=Benjamin |last2=Benor |first2=Sarah Bunin |date=5 November 2018 |publisher=] |via=] |isbn=9781501504631}}</ref> (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of ], ] and ], including Judeo-] of ]) (extinct or almost extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Judeo-Neapolitan and Meridionali Estremi}} :* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&q=Judeo-Sicilian&pg=PA99 |title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present |last1=Hary |first1=Benjamin |last2=Benor |first2=Sarah Bunin |date=5 November 2018 |publisher=] |via=] |isbn=9781501504631}}</ref> (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of ], ] and ], including Judeo-] of ]) (extinct or almost extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Judeo-Neapolitan and Meridionali Estremi}}
:*Judeo-] varieties (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali'' (Intermediate Southern Italian) dialects) (almost extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
⚫ :*]<ref name=":2" />
⚫ ::*]
⚫ ::*]


==== ] ====
:* Judeo-], including Judeo-Venetian of ] (almost extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

* ]

* ]
** ]

⚫ ==== ] ====
Source:<ref name=":2" />
⚫ :*]
⚫ :*]

==== ] ====

* ]† (''Giudeo-Ferrarese'') in ]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Judeo-Italian |url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-italian |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Jewish Languages |language=en}}</ref>
* ]† (''Giudeo-Modenese'') in ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]/ ]† ''(Giudeo-Pitigliano/ Giudeo-Pitgiliananese)'' in ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Salentino'') In ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Resab'') in the region of ] of ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Torinese'') in ]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryzhik |first=Michael |date=2016-08-16 |title=Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile. 2012 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340074 |journal=Journal of Jewish Languages |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.1163/22134638-12340074 |issn=2213-4387}}</ref>
* ]† (''Giudeo-italiano di Lugo Di Romanga'') in ]<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Minervini |first=Laura |title=Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan) |date=2021-06-28 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454 |access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 }}</ref>
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Moncalvo)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Casale Monferrato)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Finale Emilia)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ] (''Giudeo-Romanesco'') in ]<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Colasuonno |first=Maria Maddalena |title=Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese |date=2018-06-28 |work=Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective |pages=122–156 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004376588_008 |access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004376588_008 |isbn=978-90-04-37658-8}}</ref>

* ]/]† ''(Bagitto/Giudeo-Livornese'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Fiorentino'') in ]<ref name=":7" />

* ]† (''Giudeo-Veneziano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Triestino'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Veronese'') in ]<ref name=":7" />

* ]† (''Giudeo-Reggiano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Piemontese'') in the region of ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Mantovano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />


=== Other Indo-European languages === === Other Indo-European languages ===
Line 105: Line 136:
== Creole languages == == Creole languages ==
* ]<ref>{{cite web|author = Jacobs, Neil G.|title = Jewish Papiamentu|website = Jewish Language Project|url = https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-papiamentu|accessdate = 2023-05-29}}</ref> * ]<ref>{{cite web|author = Jacobs, Neil G.|title = Jewish Papiamentu|website = Jewish Language Project|url = https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-papiamentu|accessdate = 2023-05-29}}</ref>
* ] (extinct)<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://aljamiah.or.id/index.php/AJIS/article/view/60107|title=Dialectic of Religion and National Identity in North Sulawesi Jewish Communities in The Perspective of Cross-Cultural and Religious Psychology|language=en-ID|date=2022|first=Sekar Ayu|last=Aryani|doi=10.14421/ajis.2022.601.199-226|doi-access=free|publisher=UIN Sunan Kalijaga|location=], Indonesia|journal=Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
Line 115: Line 147:
] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 00:38, 29 December 2024

List of languages

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

Aramaic languages

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

  • Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Austronesian languages

Dravidian languages

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

Indo-Aryan languages

Iranian languages

Romance languages

  • Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)

Occitan

Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)

Source:

Judeo-Italian

Other Indo-European languages

Kartvelian languages

Turkic languages

  • Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
  • Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak) (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Turkish (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
  • Karaim (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)

Creole languages

See also

References

  1. ^ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (30 October 2015). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
  2. Appleyard, David, "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. ISBN 3-927620-28-9.
  3. Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021. S2CID 143577497.
  4. "Judeo-Arabic". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  5. Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.
  6. Khan, Geoffrey (8 June 1999). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.
  7. ^ Weninger, Stefan (23 December 2011). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
  8. "Language Contact Manchester". languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
  9. "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
  10. "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
  11. ^ "Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era". British Library. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  12. ^ Spolsky, Bernard (27 March 2014). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
  13. Borjian, Habib (2015). "Judeo-Iranian Languages". In Kahn, Lily; Rubin, Aaron D. (eds.). A Handbook of Jewish Languages. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. pp. 234–295.
  14. Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51–74. .
  15. Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ "Judeo-Italian". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  17. Ryzhik, Michael (2016-08-16). "Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile. 2012". Journal of Jewish Languages. 4 (2): 261–266. doi:10.1163/22134638-12340074. ISSN 2213-4387.
  18. ^ Minervini, Laura (2021-06-28), "Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454, ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5, retrieved 2024-01-19
  19. ^ Colasuonno, Maria Maddalena (2018-06-28), "Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese", Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective, BRILL, pp. 122–156, doi:10.1163/9789004376588_008, ISBN 978-90-04-37658-8, retrieved 2024-01-19
  20. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 1 January 2003. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
  21. Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  22. ^ Lomtadze, Tamari; Enoch, Reuven (2019). "Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia)". Journal of Jewish Languages. 7: 1–26. doi:10.1163/22134638-07011146. S2CID 166295234.
  23. THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) (PDF) (in Russian, Georgian, English, and German). D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia. p. 55.
  24. "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  25. Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543.
  26. Jacobs, Neil G. "Jewish Papiamentu". Jewish Language Project. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
  27. Aryani, Sekar Ayu (2022). "Dialectic of Religion and National Identity in North Sulawesi Jewish Communities in The Perspective of Cross-Cultural and Religious Psychology". Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: UIN Sunan Kalijaga. doi:10.14421/ajis.2022.601.199-226.
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