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{{Short description|List of languages}}
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=jewish+languages+diaspora#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages|last=Rubin|first=Aaron D.|last2=Kahn|first2=Lily|date=2015-10-30|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004297357|language=en}}</ref>
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&q=jewish+languages+diaspora&pg=PA6 |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages |last1=Rubin |first1=Aaron D. |last2=Kahn |first2=Lily |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004297357 |language=en}}</ref>


==Afro-Asiatic languages== == Afro-Asiatic languages ==
=== Cushitic languages ===
* ]<ref>], "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, ''Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994'', Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. {{ISBN|3-927620-28-9}}.</ref>
* ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review) |year=2013 |series=New series |last=Hudson |first=Grover |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=13 |number=2 |pages=225–229 |doi=10.1353/nas.2013.0021 |s2cid=143577497}}</ref>


===Cushitic languages=== === Semitic languages ===
==== Arabic languages ====
* ]{{cn|date=September 2016}}
* ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)|year = 2013|series = New series|last = Hudson|first = Grover|journal = Northeast African Studies | volume = 13 | number = 2|doi = 10.1353/nas.2013.0021}}</ref>

===Semitic languages===

====Arabic languages====
* ]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" />
:* Judeo-] (extinct) :* ]
:* ] :* Judeo-] (extinct)
:* ]
:* ]
:**]
:* Judeo-] (extinct)
:** ]
:** ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judeo-Arabic |url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-arabic |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Jewish Languages |language=en}}</ref>
:* ] :* ]
:* ] :* ]
:* ] :* ]
:* ] :* ]


* ], based on old ] * ], based on old ]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |date=1997 |title=The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit |journal=Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik |issue=34 |pages=53–102 |issn=0170-026X |jstor=43525685}}</ref>


====Aramaic languages==== ==== Aramaic languages ====
* ]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rS9CwAAQBAJ&q=%22geoffrey++khan%22&pg=PR3 |title=A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel |last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |date=8 June 1999 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004305045 |language=en}}</ref>


:* ]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&q=hulaula%2520jews&pg=PA709 |publisher =] |date=23 December 2011 |isbn=9783110251586 |first=Stefan |last=Weninger |page=709 |ref=weninger}}</ref>
* ]<ref name=":2" />
:* ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|url = https://books.google.com/?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&pg=PA709&lpg=PA709&dq=hulaula+jews#v=onepage&q=hulaula%2520jews&f=false|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|date = 2011-12-23|isbn = 9783110251586|first = Stefan|last = Weninger|page = 709|ref = weninger}}</ref>
:* ] (extinct) :* ] (extinct)
::* ] (extinct) ::* ] (extinct)
Line 30: Line 35:
:* ] :* ]


=== Other Afro-Asiatic languages ===
* ] (a Karaite variety of Aramaic) (extinct)
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)


====Canaanite languages==== == Austronesian languages ==
* Judeo-] (extinct) * ] (extinct)
:* Judeo-] (extinct)


===Other Afro-Asiatic languages=== == Dravidian languages ==
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects) * ]<ref name=":2" />
* Judeo-] (extinct)


==Dravidian languages==
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct)
* ], a variety of ]
(both written in local alphabets) (both written in local alphabets)
==Indo-European languages==


===Germanic languages=== == Indo-European languages ==
*] === Germanic languages ===
* ]
* ] (extinct)
* ] (extinct)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Contact Manchester |url=http://languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/ELA/languages/Lekoudesch.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk}}</ref>
* ]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" />
** ]
** ]


===Iranian languages=== === Indo-Aryan languages ===
* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/judeo-persian/ |title=Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian |website=blogs.bl.uk}}</ref>
* ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA351&lpg=PA351&dq=%2522judeo+golpaygani%2522#v=onepage&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&f=false|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2014-03-27|isbn = 9781139917148|first = Bernard|last = Spolsky|page = 241}}</ref> (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of ])
* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gorgiaspress.com/a-unique-hebrew-glossary-from-india-an-analysis-of-judeo-urdu |title=A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India |website=Gorgias Press LLC}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-003380961&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-003380961&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=0&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&tab=local&dstmp=1508327520166&srt=rank&mode=Basic&&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=Or%2014014&vid=IAMS_VU2&_ga=2.106079044.638512483.1572398805-681626015.1571658942 |title=Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era |publisher=] |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (almost extinct)
* ]<ref name=":1" /> * ]<ref name=":4" />
* ]
* Judeo-] (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Aramaic)
* Judeo-] (extinct)
*]<ref name=":1" />
*]<ref name=":1" /><ref> Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295.
. </ref>
*]<ref> Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74.
. </ref>


===Romance languages=== === Iranian languages ===
* ]<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&pg=PA351 |publisher=] |date=27 March 2014 |isbn=9781139917148 |first=Bernard |last=Spolsky |page=241}}</ref> (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of ])
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (possibly extinct)
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (possibly extinct)
* ]
* ]<ref name=":1" />
* ]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Habib |last=Borjian |chapter=Judeo-Iranian Languages |editor1-first=Lily |editor1-last=Kahn |editor2-first=Aaron D. |editor2-last=Rubin |title=A Handbook of Jewish Languages |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=] |date=2015 |pages=234–295 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12266165}}</ref>
* ]<ref>Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51–74.
.</ref>

=== ] ===
* ] (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages) * ] (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
:* ] (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of ]){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
::* Judeo-] with a significant Jewish koiné of ] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
:* Judeo-] (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
:* ]:<ref name=":2" /> a group of Jewish northern ] languages and their dialects (extinct)
:* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of ], ] and ]) and Judeo-] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Judeo-Galician}}
:* ]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct)
:* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&q=Judeo-Sicilian&pg=PA99 |title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present |last1=Hary |first1=Benjamin |last2=Benor |first2=Sarah Bunin |date=5 November 2018 |publisher=] |via=] |isbn=9781501504631}}</ref> (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of ], ] and ], including Judeo-] of ]) (extinct or almost extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Judeo-Neapolitan and Meridionali Estremi}}

==== ] ====

* ]

* ]
** ]

==== ] ====
Source:<ref name=":2" />
:*]
:*]

==== ] ====

* ]† (''Giudeo-Ferrarese'') in ]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Judeo-Italian |url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-italian |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Jewish Languages |language=en}}</ref>
* ]† (''Giudeo-Modenese'') in ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]/ ]† ''(Giudeo-Pitigliano/ Giudeo-Pitgiliananese)'' in ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Salentino'') In ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Resab'') in the region of ] of ]<ref name=":5" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Torinese'') in ]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryzhik |first=Michael |date=2016-08-16 |title=Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile. 2012 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340074 |journal=Journal of Jewish Languages |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.1163/22134638-12340074 |issn=2213-4387}}</ref>
* ]† (''Giudeo-italiano di Lugo Di Romanga'') in ]<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Minervini |first=Laura |title=Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan) |date=2021-06-28 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454 |access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 }}</ref>
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Moncalvo)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Casale Monferrato)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ]† ''(Giudeo-italiano di Finale Emilia)'' in ]<ref name=":6" />
* ] (''Giudeo-Romanesco'') in ]<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Colasuonno |first=Maria Maddalena |title=Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese |date=2018-06-28 |work=Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective |pages=122–156 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004376588_008 |access-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004376588_008 |isbn=978-90-04-37658-8}}</ref>

* ]/]† ''(Bagitto/Giudeo-Livornese'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Fiorentino'') in ]<ref name=":7" />

* ]† (''Giudeo-Veneziano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Triestino'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
* ]† (''Giudeo-Veronese'') in ]<ref name=":7" />


* ]† (''Giudeo-Reggiano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
:*] (extinct)
* ]† (''Giudeo-Piemontese'') in the region of ]<ref name=":7" />
::* Judeo-] with a significant Jewish koiné of ] (extinct)
* ]† (''Giudeo-Mantovano'') in ]<ref name=":7" />
:*] and Judeo-] (extinct)
:*Judeo-] (including the ]) (extinct)


=== Other Indo-European languages ===
:* ]<ref name=":2" />: a group of Jewish northern ] languages and their dialects (extinct)
* ]<ref>{{cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=knaanic%2520czech&pg=RA3-PA83 |publisher=] |date=1 January 2003 |isbn=9780195139778 |language=en |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/2014_Knaanic_Medieval_Modern_Scholarly_Imagination.pdf |title=Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination |last=Katz |first=Dovid |date=October 2012 |journal=Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background |access-date=1 August 2015 |editor-first=Ondřej |editor-last=Bláha |editor2-first=Robert |editor2-last=Dittman |editor3-first=Lenka |editor3-last=Uličná |pages=164, 173}}</ref> (extinct)
* ]<ref name=":2" />
:* Judeo-] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
* ] (extinct)


== Kartvelian languages ==
:* Judeo-]<ref>Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.</ref> (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)
* ]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632 |doi=10.1163/22134638-07011146|title=Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia) |year=2019 |last1=Lomtadze |first1=Tamari |last2=Enoch |first2=Reuven |journal=Journal of Jewish Languages |volume=7 |pages=1–26 |s2cid=166295234 }}</ref>
* Judeo-] (first of all — so called ]–] dialect of Mingrelian,<ref>{{cite book |title=THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) |url=http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/303243/1/Gruzinskiee_Ivreii.pdf |publisher=D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia |date= |isbn= |language=Russian, Georgian, English, German |page=55}}</ref> e.g. ] and ] Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)<ref name=":3" /> (almost extinct)


== Turkic languages ==
:*]<ref name=":2" /> with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called ''Toscani'' (]) and ''Mediani'' (]) dialects)
* Judeo-] (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of ]){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
:*] (almost extinct)
* ]<ref>{{cite web|title=YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks |website=www.yivoencyclopedia.org |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> (almost extinct)
:*]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct) and Judeo-] (extinct)
* ]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&q=judeo-turkish&pg=PR6 |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004359543 |language=en}}</ref> (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
:*]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct)
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words){{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=Citation needed for claim about Karaim being multiple languages}}
:*Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=Judeo-Sicilian#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian&f=false|title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present|last1=Hary|first1=Benjamin|last2=Benor|first2=Sarah Bunin|date=5 November 2018|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|via=Google Books|isbn=9781501504631}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uGwxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=Judeo-Sicilian+translation#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian+translation&f=false|title=Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages|last1=Weiss|first1=Hillel|last2=Katsman|first2=Roman|date=17 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|via=Google Books|last3=Kotlerman|first3=Ber|isbn=9781443857529}}</ref> (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of ], ] and ]) (extinct)
:*]<ref name=":2" />
::*]
::*]


== Creole languages ==
:* Judeo-] (almost extinct)
* ]<ref>{{cite web|author = Jacobs, Neil G.|title = Jewish Papiamentu|website = Jewish Language Project|url = https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-papiamentu|accessdate = 2023-05-29}}</ref>
* ] (extinct)<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://aljamiah.or.id/index.php/AJIS/article/view/60107|title=Dialectic of Religion and National Identity in North Sulawesi Jewish Communities in The Perspective of Cross-Cultural and Religious Psychology|language=en-ID|date=2022|first=Sekar Ayu|last=Aryani|doi=10.14421/ajis.2022.601.199-226|doi-access=free|publisher=UIN Sunan Kalijaga|location=], Indonesia|journal=Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies}}</ref>


== See also ==
===Other Indo-European languages===
* ]
* ]<ref>{{Cite book|title = International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|url = https://books.google.com/?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=RA3-PA83&lpg=RA3-PA83&dq=knaanic+czech#v=onepage&q=knaanic%2520czech&f=false|publisher = Oxford University Press|date = 2003-01-01|isbn = 9780195139778|language = en|page = 83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/2014_Knaanic_Medieval_Modern_Scholarly_Imagination.pdf|title = Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination|last = Katz|first = Dovid|date = October 2012|journal = Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 1 August 2015|editor-first = Ondřej|editor-last = Bláha|editor2-first = Robert|editor2-last = Dittman|editor3-first = Lenka|editor3-last = Uličná|pages = 164, 173}}</ref> (extinct)
*]<ref name=":2" />
*], based on ]
*], a ] variety of ]
* ]


== References ==
==Kartvelian languages==
{{Reflist}}
* ]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia</ref>
* Judeo-] (e.g. ] and ] Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendence is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)<ref name=":3" /> (almost extinct)


==Turkic languages== ]
]
*Judeo-] (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of ])
]
*]<ref>{{cite web|title = YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks|url = http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks|website = www.yivoencyclopedia.org|accessdate = 2015-08-01}}</ref> (almost extinct)
]
*]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=%22handbook+of+jewish+languages%22+rubin+%22judeo+turkish%22#v=onepage&q=judeo-turkish&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=2017-09-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004359543|language=en}}</ref>
]
*]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct)
*] (a Karaite variety of Ottoman Turkish)

Latest revision as of 00:38, 29 December 2024

List of languages

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

Aramaic languages

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

  • Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Austronesian languages

Dravidian languages

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

Indo-Aryan languages

Iranian languages

Romance languages

  • Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)

Occitan

Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)

Source:

Judeo-Italian

Other Indo-European languages

Kartvelian languages

Turkic languages

  • Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
  • Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak) (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Turkish (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
  • Karaim (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)

Creole languages

See also

References

  1. ^ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (30 October 2015). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
  2. Appleyard, David, "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. ISBN 3-927620-28-9.
  3. Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021. S2CID 143577497.
  4. "Judeo-Arabic". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  5. Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.
  6. Khan, Geoffrey (8 June 1999). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.
  7. ^ Weninger, Stefan (23 December 2011). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
  8. "Language Contact Manchester". languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
  9. "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
  10. "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
  11. ^ "Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era". British Library. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  12. ^ Spolsky, Bernard (27 March 2014). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
  13. Borjian, Habib (2015). "Judeo-Iranian Languages". In Kahn, Lily; Rubin, Aaron D. (eds.). A Handbook of Jewish Languages. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. pp. 234–295.
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