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{{Short description|1789–1925 Iranian royal dynasty of Turkic origin}} {{Short description|Iranian royal dynasty of Turkic origin (1789–1925)}}
{{about|the Qajar imperial dynasty|the imperial state|Qajar Iran}} {{about|the Qajar imperial dynasty|the imperial state|Qajar Iran}}
{{Redirect|Qajars||Qajar (disambiguation)}} {{Redirect|Qajars||Qajar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox royal house {{Infobox royal house
|surname = Qajar dynasty | surname = Qajar
|coat of arms = Imperial Emblem of the Qajar Dynasty (Lion and Sun).svg | coat of arms = Imperial Emblem of the Qajar Dynasty (Lion and Sun).svg
| coat_of_arms_caption = Coat of arms of Qajar Iran (1907–1925)
⚫ |parent house = Qoyunlu line of ]
|country = ] | image = State flag of Persia (1907–1933).svg
| image_caption = Flag of Qajar Iran (1906–1925)
⚫ |founding year = 1789
⚫ | parent house = ]
⚫ |founder = ] (1789–1797)
| country = ]
⚫ |current head =
⚫ | founding year = 1789
⚫ |final ruler = ] (1909–1925)
⚫ | founder = ]
⚫ |titles = ]
⚫ | current head =
⚫ |deposition = 1925
⚫ | final ruler = ]
⚫ |cadet branches = ]
⚫ | titles = ]
}}The '''Qajar dynasty''' ({{Audio|Qajar.ogg|listen}}; {{lang-fa|سلسله قاجار}} ''{{transl|fa|Selsele-ye Qājār}}'', {{lang-az|Qacarlar}} {{lang|azb|قاجارلر}}){{efn|Also romanized as ''Ghajar'', ''Kadjar'', ''Qachar'' etc.}} was an ]ian<ref name="Abbas">Abbas Amanat, ''The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896'', I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3</ref> royal dynasty of ] origin,<ref name="ghani1">Cyrus Ghani. ''Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power'', I. B. Tauris, 2000, {{ISBN|1-86064-629-8}}, p. 1</ref><ref name="William Bayne Fisher 1993, p. 344">William Bayne Fisher. ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, {{ISBN|0-521-20094-6}}</ref><ref name="online edition">Dr ], ''A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire'', Universe, 2011, p. 36, .</ref><ref>Jamie Stokes and Anthony Gorman, ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East'', 2010, p. 707, : "The Safavid and Qajar dynasties, rulers in Iran from 1501 to 1722 and from 1795 to 1925 respectively, were Turkic in origin."</ref> specifically from the ], ruling over ].<ref name="autogenerated1">Abbas Amanat, ''The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896'', I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3; "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty."</ref><ref>Choueiri, Youssef M., ''A companion to the history of the Middle East'', (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516.</ref> The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing ], the last ] of the ], and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the ]. In 1796, ] seized ] with ease,<ref>{{cite book |title=Muslim World|last1=H. Scheel|last2=Jaschke|first2=Gerhard|last3=H. Braun|last4= Spuler|first4=Bertold|last5=T Koszinowski|last6=Bagley|first6=Frank|year=1981|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-06196-5 |pages=65, 370|access-date=28 September 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> putting an end to the ], and Mohammad Khan was formally crowned as Shah after his ].<ref name="books.google.nl">]. , Penguin UK, 6 November 2008. {{ISBN|0141903414}}</ref> In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost many of Iran's integral areas{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=330}} to the ] over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Timothy C. Dowling pp 729">Timothy C. Dowling. , pp 728-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 {{ISBN|1598849484}}</ref>
⚫ | deposition = 1925
⚫ | cadet branches = ], ]
}}The '''Qajar dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|دودمان قاجار|translit=Dudemâne Ǧâjâr}}; 1789–1925){{efn|Also romanized as ''Ghajar'', ''Kadjar'', ''Qachar'' etc.}} was an ]<ref>{{harvnb|Amanat|1997|p=2}}: "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy."</ref> ] founded by ] ({{reign|1789|1797}}) of the Qoyunlu clan of the ]{{Sfn|Sümer|1978}} ].


The dynasty's effective rule in Iran ended in 1925 when Iran's '']'', convening as a constituent assembly on 12 December 1925, declared ], a former brigadier-general of the ], as the new '']'' of ].
== Qajar Shahs of Iran, 1789–1925==


== List of Qajar monarchs ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:69%; text-align:center;"
|- |-
! width="5%" | No.
! colspan=2|Name
! width="5%" | Shah
! Portrait
! width="80px" | Portrait
! Title
! width="10%" | Reigned from
! Born-Died
! width="10%" | Reigned until
! Entered office
! width="10px" | Tughra
! Left office
|- |-
! style="background:White;"| 1 | colspan=9 style="background:#B9B9B9" |
⚫ |-
⚫ | ]
⚫ | 1
⚫ | ]
| ]
| Khan<ref name="Amanat"/><br/>Shah<ref name="Amanat">{{citation|title=Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896|first=Abbas|last=Amanat|publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=1997|isbn=9781860640971|series=Comparative studies on Muslim societies|page=10}}</ref>
⚫ | ]
| 1742–1797
| 1789<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=ĀḠĀ MOḤAMMAD KHAN QĀJĀR|encyclopedia=]|year=1984|volume=I/6|pages=602–605|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aga-mohammad-khan|last1=Perry|first1=J. R.|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater|quote= in Ramażān, 1210/ March, 1796, he was officially crowned shah of Iran.}}</ref> | 1789<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=ĀḠĀ MOḤAMMAD KHAN QĀJĀR|encyclopedia=]|year=1984|volume=I/6|pages=602–605|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aga-mohammad-khan|last1=Perry|first1=J. R.|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater|quote= in Ramażān, 1210/ March, 1796, he was officially crowned shah of Iran.}}</ref>
| 17 June 1797 | 17 June 1797
⚫ |]
|- |-
⚫ | 2
! style="background:White;"| 2
| ] | ''']'''
| ] | ]
| Shahanshah<ref name="Amanat"/><br/>Khaqan<ref name="Amanat"/>
| 1772–1834
| 17 June 1797 | 17 June 1797
| 23 October 1834 | 23 October 1834
|]
|- |-
| 3
! style="background:White;"| 3
| ] | ''']'''
| ] | ]
| Khaqan son of Khaqan<ref name="Amanat"/>
| 1808–1848
| 23 October 1834 | 23 October 1834
| 5 September 1848 | 5 September 1848
|]
|- |-
| 4
! style="background:White;"| 4
| ] | ''']'''
| ] | ]
| Zell'ollah (Shadow of God )<ref name="Amanat"/><br>Qebleh-ye 'ālam (Pivot of the Universe)<ref name="Amanat"/><br>Islampanah (Refuge of Islam)<ref name="Amanat"/>
| 1831–1896
| 5 September 1848 | 5 September 1848
| 1 May 1896 | 1 May 1896
|]
|- |-
| 5
! style="background:White;"| 5
| ] | ''']'''
| ] | ]
⚫ |
| 1853–1907
| 1 May 1896 | 1 May 1896
| 3 January 1907 | 3 January 1907
|]
|- |-
| 6
! style="background:White;"| 6
| ] | ''']'''
| ] | ]
⚫ |
| 1872–1925
| 3 January 1907 | 3 January 1907
| 16 July 1909 | 16 July 1909
|]
|- |-
| 7
! style="background:White;"| 7
| ] | ''']'''
| ] | ]
⚫ |
| 1898–1930
| 16 July 1909 | 16 July 1909
| 31 October 1925 | 31 October 1925
|]
|} |}


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==Notable members== ==Notable members==
]]] ]]]
⚫ ]]]
; Politics ; Politics
* Princess ], she was the third wife of ], with whom she had one son ]
* Prince ] (1859–1939), ] * Prince ], ]
* ], prime minister of Iran and nephew of Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma. * ], prime minister of Iran and nephew of Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma.
* ] (1889–1937), son of Prince Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma, foreign minister of Iran * ], son of Prince Abdol-Hossein Farmanfarma, foreign minister of Iran
* ] (1740–1830), last ruler of the ] administrative division * ], last ruler of the ] administrative division
* Prince ], one of Iran's most influential politicians of his time. He was a key court figure throughout the reigns of several Qajar Shahs, including ], ], ], and ].
* ], Iranian economist and politician, ] from 1965 to 1977, a Qajar descendant on his maternal side * ], Iranian economist and politician, ] from 1965 to 1977, a Qajar descendant on his maternal side
* ], ] * ], ]
* Prince ], Iranian communist politician * Prince ], Iranian communist politician
* Princess ] (b. 1914–d. 2008) Iranian communist politician, founder of the women's section of the ] * Princess ], Iranian communist politician, founder of the women's section of the ]
* ] (b. 1928–d. 2021) Iranian diplomat, Qajar descendant on his maternal side. * ], Iranian diplomat, Qajar descendant on his maternal side.
* Prince ], health minister in Mosaddeq cabinet * Prince ], health minister in Mosaddeq cabinet
* ] (1914–1981), Consul General at the Iranian Embassy in Paris 1940–1945; helped and saved the lives of Jews in danger of deportation by issuing them with Iranian passports. A Qajar Qoyunlu and through his mother a grandson of Princess Malekzadeh Khanoum Ezzat od-Doleh, the sister of Nasser ed-Din Shah. * ], Consul General at the Iranian Embassy in Paris 1940–1945; helped and saved the lives of Jews in danger of deportation by issuing them with Iranian passports. A Qajar Qoyunlu and through his mother a grandson of Princess Malekzadeh Khanoum Ezzat od-Doleh, the sister of Nasser ed-Din Shah.
*] (1877–1957), President of the ] from 1937 to 1938, one of the founders and the first president of the ] and the 48th ] of ] ] Muslims. *], President of the ] from 1937 to 1938, one of the founders and the first president of the ] and the 48th ] of ] ] Muslims.


; Military ; Military
<gallery>
File:Aleksander Petrovich Reza Qoli Mirza Qajar in Russian military uniform.png|Aleksander Petrovich Reza Qoli Mirza (1869-1941)
⚫ File:Feyzulla Mirza Qovanlu-Qajar.JPG|Feyzullah Mirza Qajar (1872-1920)
File:Amanullah Mirza Jahanbani.png|Amanullah Mirza Jahanbani (1869-1912)<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_acku_pk6820_ghain94_daal48_1368 |title=برخورد جهان اسلام با مسئله افغانستان. |date=1989 |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries}}</ref>
File:General Nader Jahanbani.png|Nader Jahanbani (1928-1979)
</gallery>
* Prince ], ], ], and ]ian military commander * Prince ], ], ], and ]ian military commander
* Prince ], Imperial Russian and Azerbaijani (ADR) military commander * Prince ], Imperial Russian and Azerbaijani (ADR) military commander
* Prince ], Imperial Russian military commander, having the rank of Lieutenant Colonel
* Prince ], Imperial Russian military leader, commander of Yekaterinburg (1918) * Prince ], Imperial Russian military leader, commander of Yekaterinburg (1918)
* Prince ], senior Iranian general * Prince ], senior Iranian general
Line 146: Line 153:
'''Religion''' '''Religion'''


* ] (1936–), the 49th and current ] of ], a ] of ] within ]. * ], the 49th and current ] of ], a ] of ] within ].


; Women's rights ; Women's rights
* Princess ], intellectual and pioneering figures in Iranian women's movement.{{sfn|Paidar|1997|page=95}} * Princess ], intellectual and pioneering figures in Iranian women's movement.{{sfn|Paidar|1997|page=95}}
* Dr. ] (Légion d'honneur) (1914–1991), journalist, editor and publisher of the newspaper ''Rastakhiz'', founder of an association for helping destitute women. Daughter of court minister Abdolhossein Teymourtash and through both her maternal grandparents a Qajar.<ref>L. A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn (Khosrovani) (ed.), "Qajar Studies". ''Journal of the International Qaja Studies Association'', vol. X–XI, Rotterdam, Gronsveld, Santa Barbara and Tehran 2011, p. 220.</ref> * ] (''Légion d'honneur''), journalist, editor and publisher of the newspaper ''Rastakhiz'', founder of an association for helping destitute women. Daughter of court minister Abdolhossein Teymourtash and through both her maternal grandparents a Qajar.<ref>L. A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn (Khosrovani) (ed.), "Qajar Studies". ''Journal of the International Qaja Studies Association'', vol. X–XI, Rotterdam, Gronsveld, Santa Barbara and Tehran 2011, p. 220.</ref>


; Literature ; Literature
* Prince ] (1874–1926), Iranian poet and translator * Prince ], Iranian poet and translator
* Princess ] (b. 1930), Iranian poet and campaigner for the Women Liberation{{Clarify|date=October 2015}}
* ], Iranian novelist, a Qajar descendant on her maternal side{{Clarify|date=October 2015}}
* ], a Qajar descendant through the female line * ], a Qajar descendant through the female line
* Dr. ], the Iranian economist, politician, and sociologist. * ], the Iranian economist, politician, and sociologist.


; Entertainment ; Entertainment
* ], Iranian actor.
* ], Iranian actress.
* ], Iranian musician and singer, Qajar descendant on his maternal side.{{sfn|Caton|1988}} * ], Iranian musician and singer, Qajar descendant on his maternal side.{{sfn|Caton|1988}}



== Family tree == == Family tree ==
Line 187: Line 195:
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


== Sources== == Sources ==
* {{cite book | last = Atabaki | first = Touraj | title = Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers | publisher = I. B. Tauris | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1860649646}} * {{cite book | last = Atabaki | first = Touraj | title = Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers | publisher = I.B. Tauris | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1860649646}}
⚫ * {{cite conference|last1=Bournoutian|first1=George A.|author-link=George A. Bournoutian|title=The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832|date=1980|publisher=The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies|conference=Nationalism and social change in Transcaucasi}}
⚫ * {{cite book | last = Amanat | first = Abbas | title = Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896 | publisher = I. B. Tauris | year = 1997 | isbn = 9781860640971}}
⚫ * {{cite journal|last1=Bournoutian|first1=George A.|author-link=George A. Bournoutian|title=The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826-1832|date=1980|publisher=The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bournoutian|first1=George A.|title=A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)|date=2002|publisher=Mazda Publishers|isbn=978-1568591414|edition=2|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00geor}} * {{cite book|last1=Bournoutian|first1=George A.|title=A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)|date=2002|publisher=Mazda Publishers|isbn=978-1568591414|edition=2|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00geor}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = BANĀN, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN | last = Caton | first = M. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/banan-golam-hosayn | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 1988 }} * {{cite encyclopedia | title = BANĀN, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN | last = Caton | first = M. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/banan-golam-hosayn | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 1988 }}
Line 206: Line 213:
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic | year = 1991 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | last = Perry | first = John | chapter = The Zand dynasty | pages = 63–104 | isbn = 9780521200950 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&q=false}} * {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic | year = 1991 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | last = Perry | first = John | chapter = The Zand dynasty | pages = 63–104 | isbn = 9780521200950 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&q=false}}
* {{cite book|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald Grigor|author-link1=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=The Making of the Georgian Nation|date=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253209153}} * {{cite book|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald Grigor|author-link1=Ronald Grigor Suny|title=The Making of the Georgian Nation|date=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253209153}}
* {{EI2|last=Sümer|first=Faruk|title=Ḳād̲j̲ār|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kadjar-SIM_3767?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Kadjar|page=387|volume=4}}
⚫ * {{Cite book |last=Amanat |first=Abbas |url=https://archive.org/details/pivotofuniversen0000aman |title=Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-520-08321-9 |pages=}}


==External links== ==External links==
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] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 18:01, 29 December 2024

Iranian royal dynasty of Turkic origin (1789–1925) This article is about the Qajar imperial dynasty. For the imperial state, see Qajar Iran. "Qajars" redirects here. For other uses, see Qajar (disambiguation).

Qajar
Coat of arms of Qajar Iran (1907–1925)
Flag of Qajar Iran (1906–1925)
Parent houseQajar tribe
CountryQajar Iran
Founded1789
FounderAgha Mohammad Shah
Final rulerAhmad Shah
TitlesShah of Iran
Deposition1925
Cadet branchesAmirsoleimani, Bahmani

The Qajar dynasty (Persian: دودمان قاجار, romanized: Dudemâne Ǧâjâr; 1789–1925) was an Iranian royal dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan (r. 1789–1797) of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman Qajar tribe.

The dynasty's effective rule in Iran ended in 1925 when Iran's Majlis, convening as a constituent assembly on 12 December 1925, declared Reza Shah, a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, as the new shah of Pahlavi Iran.

List of Qajar monarchs

No. Shah Portrait Reigned from Reigned until Tughra
1 Mohammad Khan Qajar 1789 17 June 1797
2 Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar 17 June 1797 23 October 1834
3 Mohammad Shah Qajar 23 October 1834 5 September 1848
4 Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 5 September 1848 1 May 1896
5 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 1 May 1896 3 January 1907
6 Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 3 January 1907 16 July 1909
7 Ahmad Shah Qajar 16 July 1909 31 October 1925

Qajar imperial family

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The Qajar Imperial Family in exile is currently headed by the eldest descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah, Sultan Mohammad Ali Mirza Qajar, while the Heir Presumptive to the Qajar throne is Mohammad Hassan Mirza II, the grandson of Mohammad Hassan Mirza, Sultan Ahmad Shah's brother and heir. Mohammad Hassan Mirza died in England in 1943, having proclaimed himself shah in exile in 1930 after the death of his brother in France.

Today, the descendants of the Qajars often identify themselves as such and hold reunions to stay socially acquainted through the Kadjar (Qajar) Family Association, often coinciding with the annual conferences and meetings of the International Qajar Studies Association (IQSA). The Kadjar (Qajar) Family Association was founded for a third time in 2000. Two earlier family associations were stopped because of political pressure. The offices and archives of IQSA are housed at the International Museum for Family History in Eijsden.

Titles and styles

The shah and his consort were styled Imperial Majesty. Their children were addressed as Imperial Highness, while male-line grandchildren were entitled to the lower style of Highness; all of them bore the title of Shahzadeh or Shahzadeh Khanoum.

Qajar dynasty since 1925

Heads of the Qajar Imperial Family

The headship of the Imperial Family is inherited by the eldest male descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah.

Heirs Presumptive of the Qajar dynasty

The Heir Presumptive is the Qajar heir to the Persian throne.

Notable members

Bahram Mirza
Politics
Military
  • Aleksander Petrovich Reza Qoli Mirza (1869-1941) Aleksander Petrovich Reza Qoli Mirza (1869-1941)
  • Feyzullah Mirza Qajar (1872-1920) Feyzullah Mirza Qajar (1872-1920)
  • Amanullah Mirza Jahanbani (1869-1912) Amanullah Mirza Jahanbani (1869-1912)
  • Nader Jahanbani (1928-1979) Nader Jahanbani (1928-1979)
Social work
Business

Religion

Women's rights
  • Princess Mohtaram Eskandari, intellectual and pioneering figures in Iranian women's movement.
  • Iran Teymourtash (Légion d'honneur), journalist, editor and publisher of the newspaper Rastakhiz, founder of an association for helping destitute women. Daughter of court minister Abdolhossein Teymourtash and through both her maternal grandparents a Qajar.
Literature
  • Prince Iraj, Iranian poet and translator
  • Sadegh Hedayat, a Qajar descendant through the female line
  • Anvar Khamei, the Iranian economist, politician, and sociologist.
Entertainment


Family tree

Main article: Qajar dynasty family tree

Mothers of Qajar Shahs

Main article: Mothers of Qajar Shahs

See also

Notes

  1. Also romanized as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.

Citations

  1. Amanat 1997, p. 2: "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy."
  2. Sümer 1978.
  3. Perry, J. R. (1984). "ĀḠĀ MOḤAMMAD KHAN QĀJĀR". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I/6. pp. 602–605. in Ramażān, 1210/ March, 1796, he was officially crowned shah of Iran.
  4. "Qajar People". Qajars. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  5. "Qajar (Kadjar) Titles and Appellations". www.qajarpages.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  6. برخورد جهان اسلام با مسئله افغانستان. University of Arizona Libraries. 1989.
  7. Paidar 1997, p. 95.
  8. L. A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn (Khosrovani) (ed.), "Qajar Studies". Journal of the International Qaja Studies Association, vol. X–XI, Rotterdam, Gronsveld, Santa Barbara and Tehran 2011, p. 220.
  9. Caton 1988.

Sources

External links

— Royal house —Qajar dynasty
Preceded byAfsharid dynasty
Zand dynasty 		Ruling house of Iran
1796–1925 		Succeeded byPahlavi dynasty
Categories: