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{{Short description|British royal house of Scottish origin}}
#REDIRECT ] {{R from alternative spelling}}
{{Redirect|Stuarts|the defunct New England store chain|Stuarts (store)}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:House of Stewart}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Royal house|
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
| surname = House of Stewart (Stuart)
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
| coat of arms = ]<br>Last armorial of the Stuart monarch for use in Great Britain, 1707 to 1714
{{Infobox family
| parent house = ]
|name=Stuart
| country = ], ], ], ],<ref group="note">titular claim rather than ''de facto''</ref> ]
|other_names=Stewart
| titles = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref group="note">titular claim rather than ''de facto''</ref> ]
|type=]
| founder = ]
|coat_of_arms=File:Coat of Arms of England (1603-1649).svg
| final ruler = ]
|coat_of_arms_size=200px
| current head = Extinct{{#tag:ref|While the ] are the senior surviving line of the Stuarts, they descend from a line which originated from the second son of ]. They do not have any claims to English, Scottish, Irish and French thrones, but continue to be part of the ]—the legitimist ] line ceased to be Stuart with the death of ].|group=note}}
|alt=
| founding year = 1371
|coat_of_arms_caption=Coat of arms of ], 1603–1649
| dissolution =
|image=
| ethnicity = Scottish, English<br>originally ] ], French {{#tag:ref|The progenitor of the Stewarts (Stuarts) is ], himself a Normanised Breton.<ref>Mackenzie, A. M., MA., D.Litt., ''The Rise of the Stewarts'', London, 1935, pps.8 -9.</ref>|group=note}}
|image_size=
| cadet branches =]<br>
|alt2=
]<br />
|image_caption=
]<br>
|parent_family=]
]<br />
|country=], ], ], ]
]<br>
|region=<!-- Main current location - please note, countries that are merely associated with titles should be indicated in "titles" -->
]
|early_forms=
|etymology=<!-- Etymology; name origin and/or meaning -->
|origin=<!-- Country, region, town, location etc. of origin -->
|founded={{circa|1371}} ({{time ago|1371}})
|founder=] (1371–1390)
|dissolution={{End date|1807}}
|deposition=<!-- {{End date|YYYY}}, removal of authority applicable primarily to royal houses -->
|cadet_branches={{Collapsible list
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]

}} }}
|final_ruler=] (1702–1714)
The '''House of Stewart''', or '''Stuart''', was a European ]. Founded by ], the Stewarts first became monarchs of the ] during the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the Kings of England, Ireland, and Great Britain. Their patrilineal ancestors (from ]) had held the office of ] since the 12th century, after arriving by way of ]. The dynasty inherited further territory by the 17th century which covered the entire ], including the ] and ], also maintaining a claim to the ].
|final_head=<!-- I.e. last person with family name or else subject to end of continuous consistency -->
|titles={{Collapsible list
|]
|]
|]
|]
|'']''<ref group="note" name="France">titular claim rather than ''de facto''</ref>
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]<ref group="note" name="Ireland">Title assumed by James V of Scotland, in correspondence with Irish chieftains, as a challenge to Henry VIII, who had recently been declared 'King of Ireland.'</ref>
|]


}}
In total, nine Stewart monarchs ruled just Scotland from 1371 until 1603. After this there was a ] under ] who had become the senior genealogical claimant to ] holdings of the extinct ]. Thus there were six Stewart monarchs who ruled both England and Scotland as well as Ireland (although the later Stuart era was interrupted by an ] lasting from 1649–1660, as a result of the ]). Additionally, at the foundation of the ] after the ], which officially united England and Scotland politically, the first monarch was ]. After her death, all the holdings passed to the ], under the terms of the ].
|styles=<!-- Styles (manners of address) -->
|members=
|connected_members=<!-- Notable members in selection, only if relevant in infobox and readability-wise applicable -->
|other_families=<!-- Connected families, typically qualified by marriage (or rarely rivalry) -->
|distinctions=<!-- Primarily associated distinctions such as orders, prizes, awards, etc. -->
|traditions=<!-- Religion, philosophy, movement, adherence, allegiance, etc. -->
|motto=
|motto_lang=
|motto_trans=
|heirlooms=<!-- Inheritances; antiques, mementoes, jewelry, etc. -->
|estate=<!-- Residence, seat, etc. -->
|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}}, website of the family association/foundation/memorial, etc. -->
|footnotes=
}}


The '''House of Stuart''', originally spelled '''Stewart''', was a ] of ], ], ] and later ]. The family name comes from the office of ], which had been held by the family progenitor ] ({{Circa|1150}}). The name Stewart and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandson ]. The first monarch of the Stewart line was ], whose male-line descendants were kings and queens in Scotland from 1371, and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714. ] (r. 1542–1567), was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name Stuart.
During the reign of the Stewarts, Scotland developed from a relatively poor and feudal country into a prosperous, fairly modern and centralised state. They ruled during a time in European history of transition from the ] to the ]. Monarchs such as ] were known for sponsoring exponents of the ] such as the poet ], and others. After the Stewarts gained control of all of Great Britain, the arts and sciences continued to develop; many of ]'s best known plays were authored during the ], while institutions such as the ] and ] were established during the reign of ].


In 1503, ] married ], thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England. Margaret's niece, ] died without ] in 1603, and James IV's and Margaret's great-grandson ] acceded to the thrones of England and Ireland as James I in the ]. The Stuarts were monarchs of Britain and Ireland and its growing ] until the death of ] in 1714, except for the period of the ] between 1649 and 1660.{{refn|The ] are the senior surviving line of the Stuarts. They are descended from a line which originated from the second son of ], and are not members of the Stewart/Stuart royal line; however, they are part of the peerage.|group=note}}
==Origins==

===Etymology===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}
The name Stewart derives from the political position of office similar to a governor, known as a '']''. It was originally adopted as the family surname by ], who was the third member of the family to hold the position. Prior to this, family names were not used, but instead they had ]s defined through the father; for example the first two High Stewards were known as '']''Alan and FitzWalter respectively. During the 16th century the French spelling ''Stuart'' was adopted by ] when she was living in ]. She sanctioned the change to ensure the correct pronunciation of the ] version of the name ''Stewart'', because retaining the letter 'w' would have made it difficult for French speakers, who usually render "w" as "v". The spelling ''Stuart'' was also used by her second husband, ]; he was the father of ], so the spelling ''Stuart'' for the British royal family officially derives from him.
{{-}}


In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603, the last of whom was James VI, before his accession in England. Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following the ] in 1688: ] and ]. Both were the Protestant daughters of ] by his first wife ] and the great-grandchildren of James VI and I. Their father had converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who was to be brought up as a Roman Catholic; so James was deposed by Parliament in 1689, in favour of his daughters. However, neither daughter had any children who survived to adulthood, so the crown passed to the ] on the death of Queen Anne in 1714 under the terms of the ] and the ]. The House of Hanover had become linked to the House of Stuart through the line of ].
]


After the loss of the throne, the descendants of James VII and II continued for several generations to attempt to reclaim the Scottish and English (and later British) throne as the rightful heirs, their supporters being known as ]. Since the early 19th century, when the James II direct line failed, there have been no active claimants from the Stuart family. The current Jacobite heir to the claims of the historical Stuart monarchs is a distant cousin ], of the ]. The senior living member of the royal Stewart family, descended in a legitimate male line from Robert II of Scotland, is ].
===Background===


== Background ==
The ancestral origins of the Stewart family are quite obscure—what is known for certain is that they can trace their ancestry back to ], a ] who came over to Great Britain not long after the ].<ref name="stewartorigins">{{cite web |title=J.H. Round: The Origin of the Stewarts: Part 1|url=http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources/round/stewarts1.shtml|publisher=MedievalGenealogy.org.uk}} Retrieved on 13&nbsp;November 2008.</ref> Alan had been the hereditary steward of the ] of ] in the ];<ref name="bartlett">Bartlett, ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225'', 544.</ref> Alan had a good relationship with the ruling ] monarch ] who awarded him with lands in ].<ref name="bartlett"/> The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent ] noble house, with some of its members serving as ].<ref name="bartlett"/><ref>Lieber, ''Encyclopædia Americana'', 30.</ref> It was the great-grandson of Alan named ] who became the first hereditary ], while his brother William's family would go on to become ].
The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back to ], a ] who went to England not long after the ].<ref name="stewartorigins">{{cite web |title=J.H. Round: The Origin of the Stewarts: Part 1|url=http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources/round/stewarts1.shtml|publisher=MedievalGenealogy.org.uk}} Retrieved on 13 November 2008.</ref> Alan had been the hereditary steward of the ] in the ];<ref name="bartlett">Bartlett, ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225'', 544.</ref> Alan had a good relationship with ] who awarded him with lands in ].<ref name="bartlett" /> The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent ] noble house, with some of its members serving as ].<ref name="bartlett" /><ref>Lieber, ''Encyclopædia Americana'', 30.</ref> It was the son of Alan named ] who became the first hereditary ], while his brother William's family went on to become ].


When the civil war in the ], known as ], broke out between legitimist claimant ] and her cousin who had usurped her; ], Walter had sided with Matilda.<ref name="king">King, '' The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign'', 249.</ref> Another supporter of Matilda was her uncle ] from the ].<ref name="king" /> After Matilda was pushed out of England into the ], essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the ], where he was granted lands in ] and the title for life of Lord High Steward.<ref name="king" /> The next monarch of Scotland, ] made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at ], Ayrshire between the 12th and 13th centuries. When the civil war in the ], known as ], broke out between the legitimist claimant ], and her cousin who had usurped her, ], Walter had sided with Matilda.<ref name="king">King, '' The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign'', 249.</ref> Another supporter of Matilda was her uncle ] from the ].<ref name="king" /> After Matilda was pushed out of England into the ], essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the ], where he was granted lands in ] and the title for life of Lord High Steward.<ref name="king" /> The next monarch of Scotland, ], made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at ], between the 12th and 13th centuries.


==History== == History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2012}} {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}
{| style="width:300px; height:350px" border=0" align="right" {| style="width:300px; height:350px" border=0" align="right"
|- |-
! ]<small>Stewart of Stewart</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Stewart}}
! ]<small>Stewart of Albany</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Albany}}
! <!-- ]<small>Stewart of Buchan</small>--> ! <!-- ]{{small|Stewart of Buchan}}-->
|- |-
! ]<small>Stewart of Barclye</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Barclye}}
! ]<small>Stewart of Garlies</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Garlies}}
! ]<small>Stewart of Minto</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Minto}}
|- |-
! ]<small>Stewart of Atholl</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Atholl}}
! ]<small>Stewart of Bute</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Bute}}
! ]<small>Stuart of Bute</small> ! ]{{small|Stuart of Bute}}
|- |-
! ]<small>Stewart of Ardvorlich</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Ardvorlich}}
! ]<small>Stewart of Physgill</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Physgill}}
! ]<small>Stewart of Rothesay</small> ! ]{{small|Stewart of Rothesay}}
|- |-
! !
Line 65: Line 107:
The sixth High Steward of Scotland, ] (1293–1326), married ], daughter of ], and also played an important part in the ] gaining further favour. Their son ] was heir to the ], the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of ]; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle ] died childless in 1371. The sixth High Steward of Scotland, ] (1293–1326), married ], daughter of ], and also played an important part in the ] gaining further favour. Their son ] was heir to the ], the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of ]; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle ] died childless in 1371.


In 1503, ] attempted to secure peace with ] by marrying ]'s daughter, ]. The birth of their son, later ], brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the ], and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married ], and their daughter, ], was the mother of ]. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin ], the daughter of ]. Darnley's father was ], a member of the ] branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of ], also descended from ], being Mary's ]. Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stewart. Following ]'s ennoblement for his part at the ] in 1421, and the grant of lands to him at ] and ], the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to ''Stuart''. In 1503, ] attempted to secure peace with ] by marrying ]'s daughter, ]. The birth of their son, later ], brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the ], and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married ], and their daughter, ], was the mother of ]. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin ], the daughter of ]. Darnley's father was ], a member of the ] branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of ], also descended from ], being Mary's ]. Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. Following ]'s ennoblement for his part at the ] in 1421 and the grant of lands to him at ] and ], the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to ''Stuart''.


Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne, through their mutual grandmother, Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child ] as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this was a ], as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the ], breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of ], culminating in a series of conflicts known as the ]. The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the ]. Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called ], as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by ]'s occupying army. During this period, the principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in ]. The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as "]", but would date his reign from his father's death eleven years before. Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne through their mutual grandmother Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child ] as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this was a ], as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed, the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the ], breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of ], Scotland and Ireland, culminating in a series of conflicts known as the ]. The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the ]. Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called ], as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by ]'s occupying army. During this period, the principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in ]. The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as "], Scotland and Ireland" - with the support of General Monck - but dated his reign from his father's death eleven years before.


In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of ], whose own mother was French. His sister ] married into the French Royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the ], the ], the ] and the ]. In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of ], whose own mother was French. His sister ] married into the French royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the ], the ], the ] and the ].
] - Work of ].]]
These French and Roman Catholic connections proved unpopular and resulted in the downfall of the Stuarts, whose mutual enemies identified with Protestantism and because ] offended the Anglican establishment by proposing tolerance not only for Catholics but for Protestant Dissenters. The ] caused the overthrow of King James in favour of his son-in-law and his daughter, ] and ]. James continued to claim the thrones of England and Scotland to which he had been crowned, and encouraged ] in his name, and his grandson ] (also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie) led an ultimately ], ironically becoming symbols of conservative ] and ]. Some blame the identification of the Roman Catholic Church with the Stuarts for the extremely lengthy delay in the passage of ] until Jacobitism (as represented by direct Stuart heirs) was extinguished; however it was as likely to be caused by entrenched anti-Catholic prejudice among the Anglican establishment of England. Despite the ] intentions of tolerance to be extended to ], this was not the preference of Georgian Tories and their failure at compromise played a subsequent role in the present division of Ireland. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}


] in ] – Work of ].]]
==Present-day==
The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal ], brother of ], in 1807. ] is the current senior heir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/nking107.xml |title=Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland |accessdate=2008-06-22 |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |coauthors=de Quetteville, Harry |date=7 April 2008 |work=]}}</ref>


==List of monarchs== == Present-day ==
The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal ], brother of ], in 1807. ] is the current senior heir.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/nking107.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010657/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/nking107.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2008 |title=Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland |access-date=22 June 2008 |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |author2=de Quetteville, Harry |date=7 April 2008 |work=]}}</ref>


===Monarchs of Scotland=== == List of monarchs ==

{{refimprove section|date=July 2012}}
=== Monarchs of Scotland ===
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2012}}
{| width=90% class="wikitable" {| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Portrait ! width=8% | Portrait
Line 87: Line 129:
! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor ! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|]||align="center"|22 February 1371||align="center"|19 April 1390||nephew<ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> of ] who died without issue. Robert's mother ] was daughter of ]. |align="center"|]|| align="center" |]||align="center"|22 February 1371||align="center"|19 April 1390||Nephew<ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> of ] who died without issue. Robert's mother ] was daughter of ].
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|19 April 1390||align="center"|4 April 1406||son of Robert II of Scotland. |align="center"|]|| align="center" |] ||align="center"|19 April 1390||align="center"|4 April 1406||Son of Robert II.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|4 April 1406||align="center"|21 February 1437||son of Robert III of Scotland. |align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|4 April 1406||align="center"|21 February 1437||Son of Robert III.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|21 February 1437||align="center"|3 August 1460||son of James I of Scotland. |align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|21 February 1437||align="center"|3 August 1460||Son of James I.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|3 August 1460||align="center"|11 June 1488||son of James II of Scotland. |align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|3 August 1460||align="center"|11 June 1488||Son of James II.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|11 June 1488||align="center"|9 September 1513||son of James III of Scotland. |align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|11 June 1488||align="center"|9 September 1513||Son of James III.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|9 September 1513||align="center"|14 December 1542||son of James IV of Scotland. |align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|9 September 1513||align="center"|14 December 1542||Son of James IV.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|] ||align="center"|14 December 1542||align="center"|24 July 1567||daughter of James V of Scotland. |align="center"|]|| align="center" |] ||align="center"|14 December 1542||align="center"|24 July 1567||Daughter of James V.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|]||align="center"|24 July 1567<br />||align="center"|27 March 1625||Son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
|} |}


===Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland=== === Monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2012}} {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}
These monarchs used the title "King/Queen of Great Britain", although that title had no basis in law until the ] came into effect on 1 May 1707. Legally, they each simultaneously occupied two thrones, as "King/Queen of England" and "King/Queen of Scotland". From the ], which came into effect on 1 May 1707, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.
{| width=90% class="wikitable" {| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Portrait ! width=8% | Portrait
Line 115: Line 158:
! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor ! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|]<br>and<br>]||align="center"|24 July 1567<br>and<br>24 March 1603||align="center"|27 March 1625||son of ] and ]. King of Scotland alone, 1567—1603, until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct ]. |align="center"|]|| align="center" |] <br />||align="center"|24 March 1603||align="center"|27 March 1625||Great-great grandson of ]. King of Scotland alone until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct ].
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|]||align="center"|27 March 1625||align="center"|30 January 1649 (executed) ||son of James VI of Scotland & I of England & Ireland. |align="center"|]|| align="center" |]||align="center"|27 March 1625||align="center"|30 January 1649 (executed) ||Son of James VI and I
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|]||align="center"|30 January 1649||align="center"|6 February 1685||son of Charles I of England, Scotland & Ireland. In exile from 1649 to 1660, during a republican period of government known as the ]. |align="center"|]|| align="center" |]||align="center"|30 January 1649 (de jure); 2 May 1660 (de facto)||align="center"|6 February 1685||Son of Charles I. Prohibited by Parliament from assuming the throne during a republican period of government known as the ], but then accepted as king in 1661.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|]<br>and<br>]||align="center"|6 February 1685||align="center"|13 February 1689||brother of Charles II of England, Scotland & Ireland, who died with no legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the ]. |align="center"|]|| align="center" |]||align="center"|6 February 1685||align="center"|11 December 1688||Brother of Charles II, who died without legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the ]. Died in 1701.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|]||align="center"|13 February 1689||align="center"|28 December 1694||daughter of James II of England and Ireland & VII of Scotland, who was still alive and pretending to the throne. Co-monarch was ] who outlived his wife. |align="center"|]||align="center"|]||align="center"|13 February 1689||align="center"|28 December 1694||Daughter of James II & VII, who was still alive and pretending to the throne. Co-monarch was ] who outlived his wife.
|- |-
|align="center"|]||align="center"|]||align="center"|8 March 1702||align="center"|1 May 1707||sister of Mary II. daughter of James II of England and Ireland & VII of Scotland. Name of state changed to Great Britain with the political ], though family has used title since James I & VI. Died issueless, rights pass to ]. |align="center"|]||align="center"|]||align="center"|8 March 1702||align="center"|1 August 1714||Sister of Mary II. daughter of James II & VII. Name of state changed to Great Britain with the political ], though family has used title since James I & VI. Died childless, rights pass to ].
|- |-
|} |}


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==See also==
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from:1337 till:1390.30 shift:(-25,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
color:SCOTLAND
from:1390.30 till:1406.26

bar:3 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1394.56 till:1406.26 shift:(-38,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
color:SCOTLAND
from:1406.26 till:1437.14

bar:4 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1430.79 till:1437.14 shift:(-45,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
color:SCOTLAND
from:1437.14 till:1460.59

bar:5 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1451.52 till:1460.59 shift:(-45,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
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from:1460.59 till:1488.44

bar:6 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1473.21 till:1488.44 shift:(-40,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
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from:1488.44 till:1513.69

bar:7 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1512.28 till:1513.69 shift:(-50,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
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from:1513.69 till:1542.95

bar:8 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1542.94 till:1542.95
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from:1542.95 till:1567.56
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from:1567.56 till:1587.11 shift:(-18,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]

bar:9 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1566.47 till:1567.56
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from:1567.56 till:1603.23
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from:1603.23 till:1625.24 shift:(-17,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]

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from:1600.88 till:1625.24 shift:(-30,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
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from:1625.24 till:1649.08

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color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1630.41 till:1649.08 shift:(-40,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
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from:1649.08 till:1651.67
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from:1651.67 till:1660.41
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from:1660.41 till:1685.1

bar:12 width:18
color:LIFESPAN align:left fontsize:M
from:1633.81 till:1685.1 shift:(-45,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
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from:1685.1 till:1688.95
color:LIFESPAN
from:1688.95 till:1701.71

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from:1662.36 till:1689.12 shift:(-20,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:]
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from:1689.12 till:1695.02

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color:UNION
from:1702.18 till:1714.58

TextData =
pos:(315,$height)
fontsize:L
textcolor:black
text:"Lifespan of each Stuart monarch"
}}
</div>

], Fife]]

==Family tree==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
{{See also|Scottish monarchs' family tree#House of Stewart|l1=Stuart Scottish monarchs family tree|British monarchs' family tree#House of Stuart|l2=Stuart British monarchs family tree}}

Round provided a family tree<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/studiesinpeerage02rounuoft#page/128/mode/2up|title=Studies in peerage and family history|year=1901|publisher=New York Longmans, Green}}</ref> to embody his essential findings, which is adapted below.

{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart| | | | | Ala |Ala='''Alan''',<br/>''Dapifer Dolensis''<br/>(Seneschal or Steward of Dol)}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| Aln | | Fla | | Rhi |Aln='''Alan''',<br/>''Dapifer Dolensis'',<br />Took part in First Crusade, 1097.|Fla='''Flaald'''<br/>Occurs at ], 1101/2|Rhi='''Rhiwallon'''<br/>Monk of St Florent.}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | AlF |AlF='''Alan Fitz Flaad''',<br/>Founder of ]|boxstyle_Al= background-color: #ccddcc;|}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| Jor | | Wil | | Wal |Jor='''Jordan Fitz Alan''',<br/>''Dapifer'' in Brittany,<br />Benefactor of ].|Wil=''']''',<br/>Lord of ]<br/>Founder/benefactor of ],<br/>Died 1160|Wal=''']'''<br/>''Dapifer Regis Scotiae'',<br/>Founder of ],<br/>Died 1177|}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| AlJ | | Wll | | Al2 |AlJ='''Alan Fitz Jordan''',<br/>''Dapifer Dolensis''.|Wll=''']''',<br/>Lord of Oswestry and ]|Al2=''']'''<br/>''Senescallus Regis Scotiae''|}}
{{tree chart/end}}

===Origin===

<section begin=Origins Tree />
{{Tree list}}
* ]
** ]
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
**** ]
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''House of ]''
** Jordan fitz Alan, Seneschal of Dol
** ], 1st High Steward of Scotland
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
***** ]
****** ]
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
********''']'''
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} John Stewart of Ralston
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
******* ]
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']'' (extinct 1361)
******* ]
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''''']'''''
********* ''''']'''''
********* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Stewart of Garlies''
********** '']''
********** ''Stewart of Burray''
********** ''Stewart of Physgill (Phisgal)''
********** ''Stewart of Minto''
*********** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
********** ''Stewart of Tongrie''
********** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Stewart of Barclye''
******* Walter Stewart of Garlies and Dalswinton
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} John Stewart of Dalswinton
********* {{Tree list/final branch}} Walter Stewart of Garlies and Dalswinton
******* James Stewart of Pearston
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Stewart of Pearston''
********* ''Stewart of Lorn''
********** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
********* '']''
********* {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
********** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']'' (illegitimate)
******* John Stewart of Daldon
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} Robert Stewart of Daldowie
***** ]
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} Robert Stewart, Lord of Darnley
** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
{{Tree list/end}}
<section end=Origins Tree />

===House of Stewart===
{{Tree list}}
* ]
** ]
*** ]
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
**** ]
**** ]
***** ]
****** ]
******* ]
******* ]
******* ]
******** ]
******** Arthur, Duke of Albany
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''']'''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
****** ]
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
***** ]
****** ]
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
***** ]
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} Sir John Stewart (illegitimate)
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Stewart of Ballechin''
** Walter, Lord of Fife
** ]
*** ]
**** Robert Stewart
**** Walter Stewart
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Lords Avandale''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Lords Stuart of Ochiltree''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Barons Castle Stewart''
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
**** Alasdair Stewart
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} ] (illegitimate)
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
******* ''Stewart of Ardvorlich''
******* ''Stewart of Glen Buckie''
******* ''Stewart of Gartnafuaran''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Stewart of Annat''
*** ]
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} Robert Stewart, Earl of Ross
** ], the Wolf of Badenoch
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Illegitimate sons''
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''Stewart of Atholl''
** ]
** ]
*** Alan Stewart, 4th Earl of Caithness
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} David Stewart, Master of Atholl
** {{Tree list/final branch}} John Stewart, Sheriff of Bute (illegitimate)
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
{{Tree list/end}}

===House of Stuart===
Descended from the ] (Stewarts of Lennox)
{{Tree list}}
* ], husband of ]
** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
*** ]
*** ]
**** ]
***** ] (illegitimate)
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
***** ] (illegitimate)
***** ] (illegitimate)
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']'' (extinct 1774)
***** ] (illegitimate)
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
***** ] (illegitimate)
***** ] (illegitimate)
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} ] (illegitimate)
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''], ] and ]''
**** ]
***** ]
***** ]
***** ]
***** ]
***** ]
***** ]
****** ]
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
***** ] (illegitimate)
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '']''
******* '']''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} '']'' (extinct 1967)
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} ] (illegitimate)
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} ]
{{Tree list/end}}

===Complete male-line family tree===
{{hidden begin
|toggle = right
|title = List of male-line members of the Houses of FitzAlan and Stuart
|titlestyle = background:lightgrey;
}}
Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.
{{Tree list}}
*], c. 1060–1120
**], 1085–1160
***], d. 1210
****], d. 1215
****], 1200–1240
*****], 1223–1267
******], 1246–1272
*******], 1267–1302
********], 1285–1326
*********], 1313–1376
**********], 1346–1397
***********], 1381–1415
***********William Fitzalan
**********], 1348–1379
***********], 1364–1390
************], 1385–1421
*************], 1408–1435
**************Humphrey Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel, 1429–1438
*************], 1417–1487
**************], 1450–1524
***************], 1476–1544
****************], 1512–1580
*****************Henry Fitzalan, 1538–1556
***************Edward Fitzalan
**************William Fitzalan
**************George Fitzalan
**************John Fitzalan
************], d. 1430
************Edward (or Edmund) Fitzalan
***********Richard FitzAlan, 1366–1419
***********], c. 1369–1400
**********], 1353–1414
*********Edmund, d. 1349
*********Michael
********John, a priest
**], 1090–1177
***], 1120–1204
****David fitz Alan
****], d. 1246
*****], 1210–1282
******], 1260–1309
*******], 1296–1327
********], 1316–1390
*********], 1337–1406
**********], 1376–1402
**********], 1394–1437
***********], 1430–1460
************], 1452–1488
*************], 1473–1513
**************], 1512–1542
*************], 1476–1504
*************], 1479–1503
************], 1454–1485
*************], 1482–1536
************], 1456–1479
*********], 1338–1362
*********], 1340–1420
**********], 1362–1425
***********Robert Stewart, d. 1421
***********Walter Stewart, c. 1392–1425
************], 1420–1488
************Walter Stewart
*************Alexander Stewart
**************], d. 1513
***************], d. 1549
****************], 1521–1591
*****************Andrew Stewart, Master of Ochiltree, d. 1578
******************], 3rd Lord Ochiltree, 1560–1629
*******************Andrew Stewart, 2nd Baron Castle Stewart, 1590–1639
********************Andrew Stewart, 3rd Baron Castle Stewart, d. 1650
********************Josias Stewart, 4th Baron Castle Stewart, d. 1662
*******************John Stewart, 5th Baron Castle Stewart, d. 1685
*******************], 1598–1662
********************Robert Stewart, de jure 6th Baron Castle Stewart, d. 1686
*********************Andrew Stewart, de jure 7th Baron Castle Stewart, 1672–1715
**********************Robert Stewart, de jure 8th Baron Castle Stewart, 1700–1742
***********************Andrew Thomas Stewart, 9th Baron Castle Stewart, 1st Earl Castle Stewart, 1725–1809
************************Robert Stewart, 2nd Earl Castle Stewart, 1784–1854
*************************Edward Stewart, 3rd Earl Castle Stewart, 1807–1857
*************************Charles Andrew Knox Stewart, 4th Earl Castle Stewart, 1810–1874
**************************Henry James Stuart-Richardson, 5th Earl Castle Stewart, 1837–1914
*************************Rev. Hon. Andrew Godfrey Stewart, 1812–1889
**************************Andrew Stuart, 6th Earl Castle Stewart, 1841–1921
***************************Andrew John Stuart, Viscount Stuart, 1880–1915
***************************Robert Sheffield Stuart, 1886–1914
***************************], 1889–1961
****************************David Andrew Noel Stuart, Viscount Stuart, 1921–1942
****************************Robert John Ochiltree Stuart, Viscount Stuart, 1923−1944
****************************], 1928–2023
*****************************Andrew Richard Charles, 9th Earl Castle Stewart, b. 1953, the senior living Stewart
****************************Hon. Simon Walter Erskine Stuart, 1930–2002
*****************************Thomas Harry Erskine Stuart, b. 1974)
*****************************Corin Edward Leveson Stuart, b. 1975
*****************************], b. 1977
***************************Charles Patrick Stuart, 1892–1928
************************Hon. Andrew Godfrey Stuart, 1790–1872
*************************Andrew Thomas Stuart, 1814–1894
**************************Robert Walter Stuart, 1845–1918
***************************Walter Burleigh Stuart, 1875–1912
****************************Burleigh Athol Stuart, 1904–1982
*****************************Ernest Martin Stuart, b. 1935
******************************Conway Athol Stuart, b. 1968
*************************Burleigh William Henry Fitzgibbon Stuart, 1823–1905
**************************Godfrey Richard Conyngham Stuart, 1866–1955
***************************Robin Charles Burleigh Stuart, 1907–1970
****************************Douglas Charles Burleigh Stuart, b. 1940
*****************************Andrew John Burleigh Stuart, b. 1967
******************************James William Burleigh Stuart, b. 2006
**************************Burleigh Francis Brownlow Stuart, 1868–1952
***************************Burleigh Edward St. Lawrence Stuart, 1920–2004
****************************Edward John Burleigh Stuart, b. 1953
*****************************Simon Francis Brownlow Stuart, b. 1980
*****************************Henry George Burleigh Stuart, b. 1982
******************Josias Stewart of Bonington
*****************], d. 1595
******************], d. 1658
*******************William Stewart, 5th Lord Ochiltree, d. 1675
*****************], d. 1588
******************William Stewart
*****************Henry Stewart of Braidwood
***************], 1495–1552
****************Henry Stewart, 2nd Lord Methven, 1551–1572
*****************Henry Stewart, 3rd Lord Methven, d. 1586
***************James Stewart of Beath
****************], 1529–1590
*****************], 1565–1592
******************], 1581–1638
*******************], 1611–1653
********************], 1634–1701
*********************James, Lord Doune, 1660–1685
*********************], 1683–1735
*********************], 1683–1739
**********************], 1708–1767
***********************Francis Stuart, 9th Earl of Moray, 1737–1810
************************], 1771–1848
*************************Francis Stuart, 11th Earl of Moray, 1795–1859
*************************John Stuart, 12th Earl of Moray, 1797–1867
*************************Archibald Stuart, 13th Earl of Moray, 1810–1872
*************************George Stuart, 14th Earl of Moray, 1816–1895
************************Archibald Stewart, 1771–1832
*************************Francis Stuart, 1793–1875
*************************John Stuart, 1795–1840
*************************James Stuart, 1797–1850
*************************Rev. Edmund Stuart, 1798–1869
**************************Edmund Stuart, 15th Earl of Moray, 1840–1901
**************************Francis Stuart, 16th Earl of Moray, 1842–1909
**************************Morton Stuart, 17th Earl of Moray, 1855–1930
***************************Francis Stuart, 18th Earl of Moray, 1892–1943
***************************Archibald Stuart, 19th Earl of Moray, 1894–1974
****************************], 1928–2011
*****************************John Stuart, 21st Earl of Moray, b. 1966
******************************James Stuart, Lord Doune, b. 2002
******************************Alexander Stuart, b. 2004
******************************Frederick Stuart, b. 2006
****************************Charles Stuart, b. 1933
*****************************James Stuart, b. 1962
*****************************Justin Stuart, b. 1964
*****************************Duncan Stuart, b. 1967
****************************James Stuart, b. 1933
***************************], 1897–1971
****************************David Stuart, 2nd Viscount Stuart of Findhorn, 1924–1999
*****************************James Stuart, 3rd Viscount Stuart of Findhorn, b. 1948
****************************John Stuart, 1925–1990
*************************Douglas Stuart, 1801–1855
**************************Douglas Stuart, 1843–1863
*************************George Stuart, 1805–1835
***********************James Stuart, 1741–1809
***********************David Stuart, 1745–1784
**********************Francis Stuart
***********************Francis Stuart, d. 1766
*********************John Stuart, 1675–1765
********************Francis Stuart of Cullello, b. 1636
********************Archibald Stuart, 1643–1688
*********************Charles Stuart, d. 1732
**********************], 1716–1777
***********************], 1745–1826
************************], 1775–1849
*******************George Stewart
******************], 1589–1635
*****************Henry Stewart, Lord St Colm
*****************Archibald Stewart
*****************John Stewart, d. 1609
*****************Alexander Stewart
***************David Stewart
***********Alexander Stewart, d. 1425
***********], 1400–1429
**********], 1381–1424
**********Robert Stewart
*********], 1343–1394
*********], 1357–1386
*********], 1360–1437
**********Alan Stewart, 4th Earl of Caithness, d. 1431
**********David Stewart, Master of Atholl, d. bef. 1437
********]
*********John Stewart
*********Walter Stewart
********Andrew Stewart
*******John Stewart, d. 1318
*******Andrew Stewart
*******James Stewart, fl. 1327
******], d. 1298
*******], 1271–1319
********], d. 1331
*********], d. 1361
*******], d. 1333
********], d. 1374
*********], d. 1404
**********], 1380–1429
***********], 1406–1439
************], 1430–1495
*************], 1460–1513
**************Mungo Stewart
**************], 1490–1526
***************], 1516–1571
****************], 1546–1567
*****************], 1566–1625
******************], 1594–1612
******************], 1600–1649
*******************], 1630–1685
*******************], 1633–1701
********************], 1688–1766
*********************], 1720–1788
*********************], 1725–1807
*******************], 1640–1660
****************], 1557–1576
***************], 1522–1586
***************John Stewart, 6th Seigneur d'Aubigny, d. c. 1567
****************], 1542–1583
*****************], 1574–1624
*****************], 1579–1624
******************], 1612–1655
*******************], 1649–1660
******************Henry Stewart, 8th Seigneur d'Aubigny, 1616–1632
******************], 1618–1642
*******************], 1639–1672
******************Ludovic Stewart, 11th Seigneur d'Aubigny, 1619–1665
******************], 1621–1644
******************], 1623–1645
*************], 1470–1544
*************John Stewart, Seigneur d'Oison, d. c. 1512
*************William Stewart, Seigneur d'Oison, d. bef. 1504
************Alexander Stewart of Galston
***********], d. 1482
************], 1452–1508
***********Alexander Stewart of Darnley
**********William Stewart of Jedsworth, d. 1402
***********?
************?
*************?
**************], 1580–1649
***************James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Galloway, 1610–1671
****************Alexander Stewart, 3rd Earl of Galloway, 1643–1690
*****************Alexander Stewart, 4th Earl of Galloway, 1660–1694
*****************James Stewart, 5th Earl of Galloway, d. 1746
******************], 1694–1773
*******************Alexander Stewart, Master of Garlies, 1719–1738
*******************], 1736–1806
********************], 1768–1834
*********************], 1800–1873
**********************], 1835–1901
**********************], 1836–1920
***********************], 1892–1978
************************], 1928–2020
***********************Keith Stewart, 1894–1915
**********************Alexander Stewart, 1838–1896
***********************Walter Stewart, 1888–1918
************************Alexander Stewart, 1914–1985
*************************Andrew Stewart, 14th Earl of Galloway, b. 1949
**************************Alexander Stewart, Lord Garlies, b. 1980
*************************David Stewart, b. 1960
**************************Samuel Stewart, b. 1990
**************************Harry Stewart, b. 1992
**************************Jack Stewart, b. 1999
************************Ian Stewart, 1917–1973
*************************Alastair Stewart, b. 1944
**************************James Stewart, b. 1975
**********************FitzRoy Stewart, 1855–1914
*********************], 1814–1879
********************], 1774–1827
*********************Horatio Stewart, 1806–1835
**********************Horatio Murray-Stewart, 1834–1904
********************], 1775–1837
********************Montgomery Stewart, 1780–1860
*********************Alexander Stewart, 1808–1837
*********************James Stewart, 1819–1895
**********************Montgomery Stewart, 1863–1895
**********************Frederick Stewart, 1865–1930
**********************Herbert Stewart, 1866–1960
**********************Douglas Stewart, 1869–1888
**********************Percy Stewart, 1871–1962
**********************Archibald Stewart, 1874–1930
**********************Horatio Stewart, 1877–1943
**********************Arthur Stewart, 1879–1967
********************], 1782–1851
*********************Edward Stewart, 1808–1875
**********************], 1843–1885
***********************Geoffrey Stewart, 1878–1914
************************Malise Stewart, 1911–1974
**********************William Stewart, 1847–1883
********************], 1783–1836
*******************George Stewart, d. 1758
*******************], 1739–1795
********************Archibald Stewart, d. 1795
********************], 1784–1843
*********************Keith Stewart-MacKenzie, 1818–1881
**********************], 1847–1923
*********************George Stewart-Mackenzie, 1824–1852
********************Leveson Stewart, 1786–1819
***************Alexander Stewart, 4th Earl of Galloway
**********Alexander Stewart of Torbane and Galston
**********Robert Stewart of Newtoun and Westoun
**********James Stewart
**********William Stewart of Castlemilk, d. 1429
********John Stewart of Cruikston and Darnley
********Walter Stewart
*******Walter Stewart of Garlies
*******James Stewart of Pearston, d. 1333
********''], ], ], ] and ]''
*******John Stewart of Daldon, d. 1333
*******Robert Stewart of Daldowie,
********''] and ]''
*******Hugh Stewart
*****Robert Stewart
*****John Stewart, d. 1249
*****], 1230–1293
******], d. bef. 1306
*******], d. 1310
********], d. bef. 1323
*******Peter Stewart
*******], d. 1332
*******Alexander Stewart
******], 1275–1329
*******John de Menteith
*******Walter Menteith
*****William Stewart
****Leonard
**Jordan fitz Alan
**], fl. 1163
{{Tree list/end}}
{{hidden end}}

== See also ==
* ], for more on the legitimist House of Stuart, following the ]
* ], the first Stewart court poet and genealogist * ], the first Stewart court poet and genealogist
* The family trees of the Stuarts: ] – ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] Stewarton in ] and the Stuart connection. * ] Stewarton in ] and the Stuart connection
* ]

==Notes==


== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}} {{Reflist|group=note}}


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist|3}} {{Reflist|30em}}


==Sources== == Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
*{{Cite book |title=The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ychyAQ1JTVAC&pg=PA249&dq=walter+fitzalan+matilda+scotland |last= King, Edmund|year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-820364-0}} * {{cite book |title=The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ychyAQ1JTVAC&q=walter+fitzalan+matilda+scotland&pg=PA249 |last= King, Edmund|year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-820364-0}}
* {{cite book | last = Barrow | first = G. W. S. | author-link = G. W. S. Barrow | title = The Kingdom of the Scots | place = Edinburgh | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | year = 2003| isbn = 0-7486-1802-3}}
</div>
* {{Citation | last = Barrow | first = G. W. S. | author-link = G. W. S. Barrow | title = The Kingdom of the Scots | place = Edinburgh | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | year = 2003| series = | isbn = 0-7486-1802-3}} * {{cite ODNB | last =Barrow | first =G. W. S.| author-link =G. W. S. Barrow | year =2004 | title =Stewart family (per. c.1110–c.1350) | edition = online | series =Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/49411 | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49411 | access-date = 11 October 2010}}
* {{cite book | last = Round | first = J. Horace | title = Studies in Peerage and Family History | place = Westminster, London | publisher = Archibald Constable & Co Ltd | year = 1901}}
* {{Citation | last =Barrow | first =G. W. S.| author-link =G. W. S. Barrow | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | publication-date =| date = | year =2004 | title =Stewart family (per. c.1110–c.1350) | edition = online | volume = | series =Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publication-place = | place = | publisher =Oxford University Press | pages = | page = | id = | isbn = | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/49411 | oclc = | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49411 | accessdate = 11 Oct 2010}}
{{Refend}}
* {{Citation | last = Round | first = J. Horace | author-link = | title = Studies in Peerage and Family History | place = Westminster, London | publisher = Archibald Constable & Co Ltd | year = 1901| series = | isbn = }}


==Further reading== == Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
*Addington, Arthur C. ''The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England)''. 3v. Charles Skilton, 1969–76.
* Addington, Arthur C. ''The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England)''. 3v. Charles Skilton, 1969–76.
*Cassavetti, Eileen. ''The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France''. Macdonald & Jane’s, 1977.
* Cassavetti, Eileen. ''The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France''. Macdonald & Jane's, 1977.
{{Refend}}


==External links== == External links ==
{{commonscat|House of Stuart}} {{Commons category|House of Stuart}}
* on the official website of the British monarchy *
* on the official website of the British monarchy
* on the official website of the British monarchy
* the official website of the Stewarts of Argyll


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{{Royal houses of Britain and Ireland}}
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Latest revision as of 00:49, 31 December 2024

British royal house of Scottish origin "Stuarts" redirects here. For the defunct New England store chain, see Stuarts (store).

Stuart
Stewart
Royal house
Coat of arms of James VI and I, 1603–1649
Parent familyClan Stewart
CountryScotland, England, Ireland, Great Britain
Foundedc. 1371 (654 years ago)
FounderRobert II of Scotland (1371–1390)
Final rulerAnne, Queen of Great Britain (1702–1714)
Titles List
Dissolution1807 (1807)
Cadet branches List

The House of Stuart, originally spelled Stewart, was a royal house of Scotland, England, Ireland and later Great Britain. The family name comes from the office of High Steward of Scotland, which had been held by the family progenitor Walter fitz Alan (c. 1150). The name Stewart and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandson Walter Stewart. The first monarch of the Stewart line was Robert II, whose male-line descendants were kings and queens in Scotland from 1371, and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714. Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567), was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name Stuart.

In 1503, James IV married Margaret Tudor, thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England. Margaret's niece, Elizabeth I of England died without issue in 1603, and James IV's and Margaret's great-grandson James VI of Scotland acceded to the thrones of England and Ireland as James I in the Union of the Crowns. The Stuarts were monarchs of Britain and Ireland and its growing empire until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, except for the period of the Commonwealth between 1649 and 1660.

In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603, the last of whom was James VI, before his accession in England. Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following the Glorious Revolution in 1688: Mary II and Anne. Both were the Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife Anne Hyde and the great-grandchildren of James VI and I. Their father had converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who was to be brought up as a Roman Catholic; so James was deposed by Parliament in 1689, in favour of his daughters. However, neither daughter had any children who survived to adulthood, so the crown passed to the House of Hanover on the death of Queen Anne in 1714 under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Act of Security 1704. The House of Hanover had become linked to the House of Stuart through the line of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia.

After the loss of the throne, the descendants of James VII and II continued for several generations to attempt to reclaim the Scottish and English (and later British) throne as the rightful heirs, their supporters being known as Jacobites. Since the early 19th century, when the James II direct line failed, there have been no active claimants from the Stuart family. The current Jacobite heir to the claims of the historical Stuart monarchs is a distant cousin Franz, Duke of Bavaria, of the House of Wittelsbach. The senior living member of the royal Stewart family, descended in a legitimate male line from Robert II of Scotland, is Andrew Richard Charles Stuart, 9th Earl Castle Stewart.

Background

The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back to Alan FitzFlaad, a Breton who went to England not long after the Norman conquest. Alan had been the hereditary steward of the Bishop of Dol in the Duchy of Brittany; Alan had a good relationship with Henry I of England who awarded him with lands in Shropshire. The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house, with some of its members serving as High Sheriff of Shropshire. It was the son of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland, while his brother William's family went on to become Earls of Arundel.

When the civil war in the Kingdom of England, known as The Anarchy, broke out between the legitimist claimant Matilda, Lady of the English, and her cousin who had usurped her, King Stephen, Walter had sided with Matilda. Another supporter of Matilda was her uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld. After Matilda was pushed out of England into the County of Anjou, essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the Kingdom of Scotland, where he was granted lands in Renfrewshire and the title for life of Lord High Steward. The next monarch of Scotland, Malcolm IV, made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at Dundonald, South Ayrshire, between the 12th and 13th centuries.

History

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undiffered arms of stewart
undiffered arms of stewart
Stewart of Stewart
Arms of Stewart of Albany
Arms of Stewart of Albany
Stewart of Albany
Arms of Stewart of Barclye
Arms of Stewart of Barclye
Stewart of Barclye
Arms of Stewart of Garlies
Arms of Stewart of Garlies
Stewart of Garlies
Arms of Stewart of Minto
Arms of Stewart of Minto
Stewart of Minto
Arms of Stewart of Atholl
Arms of Stewart of Atholl
Stewart of Atholl
Arms of Stewart of Bute
Arms of Stewart of Bute
Stewart of Bute
Arms of Stuart of Bute
Arms of Stuart of Bute
Stuart of Bute
Arms of Stewart of Ardvorlich
Arms of Stewart of Ardvorlich
Stewart of Ardvorlich
Arms of Stewart of Physgill
Arms of Stewart of Physgill
Stewart of Physgill
Arms of Stewart of Rothesay
Arms of Stewart of Rothesay
Stewart of Rothesay

The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293–1326), married Marjorie, daughter of Robert the Bruce, and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn gaining further favour. Their son Robert was heir to the House of Bruce, the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of Bourtreehill; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371.

In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, the daughter of James V. Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, also descended from James II, being Mary's heir presumptive. Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. Following John Stewart of Darnley's ennoblement for his part at the Battle of Baugé in 1421 and the grant of lands to him at Aubigny and Concressault, the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to Stuart.

Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne through their mutual grandmother Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child James as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this was a personal union, as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed, the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the Bishops' Wars, breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, culminating in a series of conflicts known as the War of the Three Kingdoms. The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the English Interregnum. Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called Charles, as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by General Monck's occupying army. During this period, the principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in mainland Europe. The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as "Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland" - with the support of General Monck - but dated his reign from his father's death eleven years before.

In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of Charles II, whose own mother was French. His sister Henrietta married into the French royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the Dukes of Buccleuch, the Dukes of Grafton, the Dukes of Saint Albans and the Dukes of Richmond.

Monument to the Royal Stuarts in St. Peter's Basilica – Work of Antonio Canova.

Present-day

The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, brother of Charles Edward Stuart, in 1807. Duke Francis of Bavaria is the current senior heir.

List of monarchs

Monarchs of Scotland

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Portrait Name From Until Relationship with predecessor
Robert II 22 February 1371 19 April 1390 Nephew of David II who died without issue. Robert's mother Marjorie Bruce was daughter of Robert I.
Robert III 19 April 1390 4 April 1406 Son of Robert II.
James I 4 April 1406 21 February 1437 Son of Robert III.
James II 21 February 1437 3 August 1460 Son of James I.
James III 3 August 1460 11 June 1488 Son of James II.
James IV 11 June 1488 9 September 1513 Son of James III.
James V 9 September 1513 14 December 1542 Son of James IV.
Mary 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 Daughter of James V.
James VI 24 July 1567
 27 March 1625 Son of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland

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From the Acts of Union 1707, which came into effect on 1 May 1707, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.

Portrait Name From Until Relationship with predecessor
James VI and I
24 March 1603 27 March 1625 Great-great grandson of Henry VII of England. King of Scotland alone until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct Tudors.
Charles I 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 (executed) Son of James VI and I
Charles II 30 January 1649 (de jure); 2 May 1660 (de facto) 6 February 1685 Son of Charles I. Prohibited by Parliament from assuming the throne during a republican period of government known as the Commonwealth of England, but then accepted as king in 1661.
James VII and II 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 Brother of Charles II, who died without legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the Revolution of 1688. Died in 1701.
Mary II 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 Daughter of James II & VII, who was still alive and pretending to the throne. Co-monarch was William III & II who outlived his wife.
Anne 8 March 1702 1 August 1714 Sister of Mary II. daughter of James II & VII. Name of state changed to Great Britain with the political Acts of Union 1707, though family has used title since James I & VI. Died childless, rights pass to House of Hanover.
Anne, Queen of Great BritainMary II of EnglandJames II of EnglandCharles II of EnglandCharles I of EnglandJames VI and IMary, Queen of ScotsJames V of ScotlandJames IV of ScotlandJames III of ScotlandJames II of ScotlandJames I of ScotlandRobert III of ScotlandRobert II of Scotland
Armorial tablet of the Stewarts at Falkland Palace, Fife

Family tree

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See also: Stuart Scottish monarchs family tree and Stuart British monarchs family tree

Round provided a family tree to embody his essential findings, which is adapted below.

Alan,
Dapifer Dolensis
(Seneschal or Steward of Dol)
Alan,
Dapifer Dolensis,
Took part in First Crusade, 1097.		Flaald
Occurs at Monmouth, 1101/2		Rhiwallon
Monk of St Florent.
Alan Fitz Flaad,
Founder of Sporle Priory
Jordan Fitz Alan,
Dapifer in Brittany,
Benefactor of Sele Priory.		William Fitz Alan,
Lord of Oswestry
Founder/benefactor of Haughmond Abbey,
Died 1160		Walter fitz Alan
Dapifer Regis Scotiae,
Founder of Paisley Abbey,
Died 1177
Alan Fitz Jordan,
Dapifer Dolensis.		William Fitz Alan II,
Lord of Oswestry and Clun		Alan the Steward
Senescallus Regis Scotiae

Origin


House of Stewart

House of Stuart

Descended from the Stewarts of Darnley (Stewarts of Lennox)

Complete male-line family tree

List of male-line members of the Houses of FitzAlan and Stuart

Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.

See also

Notes

  1. titular claim rather than de facto
  2. Title assumed by James V of Scotland, in correspondence with Irish chieftains, as a challenge to Henry VIII, who had recently been declared 'King of Ireland.'
  3. The Earls of Galloway are the senior surviving line of the Stuarts. They are descended from a line which originated from the second son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, and are not members of the Stewart/Stuart royal line; however, they are part of the peerage.

References

  1. "J.H. Round: The Origin of the Stewarts: Part 1". MedievalGenealogy.org.uk. Retrieved on 13 November 2008.
  2. ^ Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, 544.
  3. Lieber, Encyclopædia Americana, 30.
  4. ^ King, The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign, 249.
  5. Alleyne, Richard; de Quetteville, Harry (7 April 2008). "Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  6. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  7. "Studies in peerage and family history". New York Longmans, Green. 1901.

Sources

Further reading

  • Addington, Arthur C. The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England). 3v. Charles Skilton, 1969–76.
  • Cassavetti, Eileen. The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France. Macdonald & Jane's, 1977.

External links

Royal house House of Stuart
Preceded byHouse of Bruce Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland
1371–1649 		VacantThe Covenanters
Preceded byHouse of Tudor Ruling house of the Kingdom of England
1603–1649 		VacantCommonwealth of England
VacantThe Covenanters Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland
1660–1694 		VacantHouse of Orange-Nassau
VacantCommonwealth of England Ruling house of the Kingdom of England
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