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| | date = October 1667 | | date = October 1667 | ||
| | type = ], ], ] | | type = ], ], ] | ||
| | victims = |
| victims = 1,500 enslaved | ||
| | fatalities = 2,000 | |||
| *2,000 killed | |||
| *1,500 enslaved | |||
| | perps = {{flagdeco|Cossack Hetmanate}} ], ] | | perps = {{flagdeco|Cossack Hetmanate}} ], ] | ||
| | motive = ], ] | | motive = Retaliation for the ], ], ] | ||
| }} | }} | ||
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| == Background == | == Background == | ||
| Cossacks often took part in raids and campaigns against the ], ] and ], with the desire to acquire loot, captives and deterring the ]. ] were the most active in their raids and campaigns into ] in the 1660s and 1670s under command of ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author=A. B. Şirokorad |title=Osmanli - Rus Savaslari |publisher=Selenge |date=2009 |page=61 |isbn=9789758839636}}</ref> Italian ] missionary ] noted the brutality of Cossack activities, |
Cossacks often took part in raids and campaigns against the ], ] and ], with the desire to acquire loot, captives and deterring the ]. ] were the most active in their raids and campaigns into ] in the 1660s and 1670s under command of ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author=A. B. Şirokorad |title=Osmanli - Rus Savaslari |publisher=Selenge |date=2009 |page=61 |isbn=9789758839636}}</ref> Italian ] missionary ] noted the brutality of Cossack activities, describing the process of Cossacks capturing cities, which was accompanied by looting, massacres and enslavement of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Felicia Roşu |title=Chapter 8 (Maryna Kravets & Victor Ostapchuk). Slavery In The Black Sea Region, C. 900– 1900 |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |page=276 |isbn=978-9004470712}}</ref> One of such campaigns was the ] in October 1667, which was accompanied by Cossack looting and massacres of Tatar settlements.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |author=Kostomarov N. |title=Ruina |publisher=Moscow Charli |date=1995 |page=104 |isbn=586859018X}}</ref> | ||
| == Massacre == | == Massacre == | ||
| Before ] launched his campaign, he made a speech to Cossacks, in which he talked about taking revenge on Tatars for their |
Before ] launched his campaign, he made a speech to Cossacks, in which he talked about taking revenge on Tatars for ] and his negative sentiment towards Tatars.<ref name=":1"/> Sirko's doctrine was described as "staunchly anti-Muslim".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.pavlusenkoart.com.ua/ivan-sirko|title=Kish otaman Ivan Sirko|website=en.pavlusenkoart.com.ua|access-date=2024-12-25}}</ref> | ||
| When the campaign begun, he ravaged through Eastern Crimea with his 2,000 Cossacks and reached ] city, where Crimean lord Shirin Bey lived.<ref name=":1"/> Shirin Bey was unable to prevent Cossacks from capturing the city and Tatar troops were unable to put up a sufficient resistance, suffering heavy losses. | When the campaign begun, he ravaged through Eastern Crimea with his 2,000 Cossacks and reached ] city, where Crimean lord Shirin Bey lived.<ref name=":1"/> Shirin Bey was unable to prevent Cossacks from capturing the city and Tatar troops were unable to put up a sufficient resistance, suffering heavy losses. | ||
| After Cossacks captured Kaffa, they plundered the city, taking property, ] and other possessions with them. |
After Cossacks captured Kaffa, they plundered the city, taking property, ] and other possessions with them. Cossacks massacred 2,000 Tatar civilians, reportedly "cut everyone down".<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/> Cossacks took 1,500 Tatar women and children with them as captives.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3">Korzon, Tadeusz (1923). , p. 399.</ref> Among the captives were Shirin Bey's 7-year-old son and mother.<ref name=":1"/> Cossacks also freed 2,000 Rus' captives from Kaffa.<ref name=":2"/> | ||
| == Aftermath == | == Aftermath == | ||
| ] was severely plundered by Cossacks, with Northern Crimea suffering the most.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dmytro Doroshenko|title=History of the Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UElpAAAAMAAJ|year=1939|location=University of Michigan|publisher=Institute Press|page=303}}</ref> Cossacks took part in the same brutal actions in other Tatar settlements, before returning to the ] with loot and captives.<ref name=":1"/> | ] was severely plundered by Cossacks, with Northern Crimea suffering the most.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dmytro Doroshenko|title=History of the Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UElpAAAAMAAJ|year=1939|location=University of Michigan|publisher=Institute Press|page=303}}</ref> Cossacks took part in the same brutal actions in other Tatar settlements, defeating Tatar reinforcements before returning to the ] with loot and captives.<ref name=":1"/> | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 04:03, 31 December 2024
| Kaffa massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Crimean Campaign (1667) | |
| Location | Kaffa, Crimea |
| Date | October 1667 |
| Target | Crimean Tatars |
| Attack type | Massacre, slavery, looting |
| Deaths | 2,000 |
| Victims | 1,500 enslaved |
| Perpetrators |  Zaporozhian Cossacks, Ivan Sirko |
| Motive | Retaliation for the Crimean-Nogai raids, Tatarophobia, Islamophobia |
The Kaffa massacre or Sack of Kaffa took place during the Crimean campaign in October 1667, after Cossack capture of Kaffa and subsequent sacking of it, during which 3,500 Tatar civilians fell victim to the Cossacks.
Background
Cossacks often took part in raids and campaigns against the Ottoman Empire, Crimean Khanate and Nogai Horde, with the desire to acquire loot, captives and deterring the Tatar raids. Zaporozhian Cossacks were the most active in their raids and campaigns into Crimea in the 1660s and 1670s under command of Ivan Sirko. Italian Dominican missionary d’Ascoli noted the brutality of Cossack activities, describing the process of Cossacks capturing cities, which was accompanied by looting, massacres and enslavement of the population. One of such campaigns was the Crimean campaign in October 1667, which was accompanied by Cossack looting and massacres of Tatar settlements.
Massacre
Before Ivan Sirko launched his campaign, he made a speech to Cossacks, in which he talked about taking revenge on Tatars for their raids and his negative sentiment towards Tatars. Sirko's doctrine was described as "staunchly anti-Muslim".
When the campaign begun, he ravaged through Eastern Crimea with his 2,000 Cossacks and reached Kaffa city, where Crimean lord Shirin Bey lived. Shirin Bey was unable to prevent Cossacks from capturing the city and Tatar troops were unable to put up a sufficient resistance, suffering heavy losses.
After Cossacks captured Kaffa, they plundered the city, taking property, herd and other possessions with them. Cossacks massacred 2,000 Tatar civilians, reportedly "cut everyone down". Cossacks took 1,500 Tatar women and children with them as captives. Among the captives were Shirin Bey's 7-year-old son and mother. Cossacks also freed 2,000 Rus' captives from Kaffa.
Aftermath
Crimea was severely plundered by Cossacks, with Northern Crimea suffering the most. Cossacks took part in the same brutal actions in other Tatar settlements, defeating Tatar reinforcements before returning to the Sich with loot and captives.
References
- ^ "Incursiones crimeanas en Rusia segunda mitad del siglo XVII". arrecaballo.es. 17 July 2022. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
- A. B. Şirokorad (2009). Osmanli - Rus Savaslari. Selenge. p. 61. ISBN 9789758839636.
- Felicia Roşu (2021). Chapter 8 (Maryna Kravets & Victor Ostapchuk). Slavery In The Black Sea Region, C. 900– 1900. Brill. p. 276. ISBN 978-9004470712.
- ^ Kostomarov N. (1995). Ruina. Moscow Charli. p. 104. ISBN 586859018X.
- "Kish otaman Ivan Sirko". en.pavlusenkoart.com.ua. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
- Korzon, Tadeusz (1923). Dzieje wojen i wojskowości w Polsce. T.2 Epoka przedrozbiorowa, p. 399.
- Dmytro Doroshenko (1939). History of the Ukraine. University of Michigan: Institute Press. p. 303.