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| {{Short description| |
{{Short description|Muslim preacher, mystic and theologian (1078–1166)}} | ||
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| {{Infobox religious biography | {{Infobox religious biography | ||
| | religion = ] | | religion = ] | ||
| | region = | |||
| | creed = ]<ref>Al-Dhayl 'ala Tabaqat al-Hanabilah vol. 2 pg. 200</ref> | |||
| | |
| era = | ||
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| image = Shaykh 'Abd al Qadir Jalani.jpg | ||
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| caption = Imaginary depiction of Abdul Qadir Gilani. Created in ] in {{circa|1680}} | ||
| | honorific_prefix = |
| honorific_prefix = | ||
| | |
| name = Abdul Qadir Gilani<br />{{lang|ar|عبد القادر الجيلاني}} | ||
| | |
| native_name = | ||
| | birth_date = 1077 or 1078 (1 ] 470 AH) | |||
| | native_name = ؓالشيخ عبد القادر الجيلاني | |||
| | |
| birth_place = ], ] | ||
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| death_date = 1166 CE (11 ] 561 ]) | ||
| ⚫ | | death_place = ], ] | ||
| | death_date = February 21, 1166 ]<br/>{{small|(11 ], 561 AH)}}<br/>{{small|(aged 90)}} | |||
| | resting_place = ], Baghdad | |||
| ⚫ | | death_place = ], Abbasid Caliphate | ||
| | |
| children = ] | ||
| ⚫ | | |
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| | Sufi_order = ] {{small|(''founder'')}} | | Sufi_order = ] {{small|(''founder'')}} | ||
| | main_interests = ], ] | | main_interests = ], ] | ||
| | title = | |||
| | title = Ghawth ul Adham <br/> ] <br/> ]<br/> Sultān al-Awliyā <br/>Pīrān-i-Pīr <br/>Mehboobeh Subhani <br/>Dastgeer Sahab(Particularly in Kashmir) <br/>Ghous Paak | |||
| | denomination = ] | | denomination = ] | ||
| | jurisprudence = ] | | jurisprudence = ] | ||
| | creed = | |||
| | works = | |||
| ⚫ | | disciples = ], ] | ||
| | disciple_of = ] | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Sufism}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] (1595) |
||
| '''Abdul Qadir Gilani''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|عبدالقادر گیلانی}}|translit='Abdulqādir Gīlānī}}, {{langx|ar|عبد القادر الجيلاني|translit=ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī}}) was a ] scholar, preacher, and ] leader who was the ] of the ], one of the oldest Sufi orders.{{sfn|Chabbi|2009}} | |||
| '''ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī''', ({{lang-ar|عبدالقادر الجيلاني|ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī}}; {{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|عبدالقادر گیلانی}}}}) known by admirers as '''Muḥyī l-Dīn Abū Muḥammad b. Abū Sāliḥ ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī al-Baḡdādī al-Ḥasanī al-Ḥusaynī''' (March 23, 1078{{Spaced en dash}}February 21, 1166), was a ] ], ], ], ], and ] belonging to the ], and the ]ous founder of the ] ] (Sufi order) of ].<ref name="W. Braune, 1986">W. Braune, ''Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R Gibb, J.H.Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 69;"authorities are unanimous in stating that he was a Persian from Nayf (Nif) in Djilan, south of the Caspian Sea."</ref><ref name="John Renard p 142">John Renard, The A to Z of Sufism. p 142. {{ISBN|081086343X}}</ref><ref name="Juan Eduardo Campo p. 288">Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 288. {{ISBN|1438126964}}</ref> The Qadiriyya tariqa is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sufism, Sufis, and Sufi Orders: Sufism's Many Paths |url=http://islam.uga.edu/sufismorders.html |access-date=2017-07-21 |website=islam.uga.edu}}</ref> | |||
| He was born |
He was born in 1077 or 1078 in the town of Na'if, ] in ], ], and died in 1166 in ].<ref name="W. Braune, 1986">W. Braune, ''Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R Gibb, J.H.Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 69; "authorities are unanimous in stating that he was a Persian from Nayf (Nif) in Djilan, south of the Caspian Sea."</ref><ref name="EB">{{Britannica|693|'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani}}</ref> | ||
| ==Name== | ==Name== | ||
| The honorific ''Muhiyudin'' denotes his status with many Sufis as a "reviver of religion".<ref name="Hadrat pg 21">''Mihr-e-munīr: biography of Hadrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh'' pg 21, Muhammad Fādil Khān, Faid Ahmad. Sajjadah Nashinan of Golra Sharif, Islamabad (1998).</ref> Gilani (] ''al-Jilani'') refers to his place of birth, ].<ref>Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics: volume 1. (A – Art). Part 1. (A – Algonquins) pg 10. Hastings, James and Selbie, John A. Adamant Media corporation. (2001), "and he was probably of Persian origin."</ref><ref>''The Sufi orders in Islam'', 2nd edition, pg 32. Triingham, J. Spencer and Voll, John O. Oxford University Press US, (1998), "The Hanafi Qadirriya is also included since 'Abd al-Qadir, of Persian origin was contemporary of the other two."</ref> However, Gilani also carried the epithet ''Baghdadi'', referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad.<ref>''Devotional Islam and politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and his movement, 1870–1920'', pg 144, Sanyal, Usha Oxford University Press US, 19 August 1999. {{ISBN|0-19-564862-5}} {{ISBN|978-0-19-564862-1}}. |
The honorific ''Muhiyudin'' denotes his status with many Sufis as a "]".<ref name="Hadrat pg 21">''Mihr-e-munīr: biography of Hadrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh'' pg 21, Muhammad Fādil Khān, Faid Ahmad. Sajjadah Nashinan of Golra Sharif, Islamabad (1998).</ref> Gilani (] ''al-Jilani'') refers to his place of birth, ].<ref>Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics: volume 1. (A – Art). Part 1. (A – Algonquins) pg 10. Hastings, James and Selbie, John A. Adamant Media corporation. (2001), "and he was probably of Persian origin."</ref><ref>''The Sufi orders in Islam'', 2nd edition, pg 32. Triingham, J. Spencer and Voll, John O. Oxford University Press US, (1998), "The Hanafi Qadirriya is also included since 'Abd al-Qadir, of Persian origin was contemporary of the other two."</ref> However, Gilani also carried the epithet ''Baghdadi'', referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad. He was also known as Gauth Al-Azam.<ref>''Devotional Islam and politics in British India: Barelwi and his movement, 1870–1920'', pg 144, Sanyal, Usha Oxford University Press US, 19 August 1999. {{ISBN|0-19-564862-5}} {{ISBN|978-0-19-564862-1}}.</ref><ref>''Indo-iranica'' pg 7. The Iran Society, Calcutta, India. (1985).</ref> | ||
| ==Family background== | ==Family background== | ||
| Gilani was born in 1077 or 1078. Despite his popularity, his background is uncertain.{{sfn|Chabbi|2009}} His father (or perhaps grandfather) had the Iranian name of Jangi Dust,{{sfn|Chabbi|2009}}{{sfn|Lawrence|1982|pp=132–133}} which indicates that Gilani was of Persian stock.{{sfn|Lawrence|1982|pp=132–133}} His '']'' means "from ]", an Iranian region located on the southwestern coast of the ].{{sfn|Chabbi|2009}} | |||
| Gilani's father, Abu Saleh, was from a ] ] lineage, tracing his descent from ], a grandson of the Islamic prophet ].<ref>''Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan.'' p 177. Adamec, Ludwig W. (1975)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qādrī |first=Muḥammad Riyāz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VezXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sultan of the Saints: Mystical Life and Teaching of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani |date=2000-01-01 |publisher=Abbasi Pablications |isbn=9789698510169 |page=19 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="B. Lawrence, pp. 132-133">{{iranica|abd-al-qader-jilani}}</ref> Abu Saleh was respected as a saint by the people of his day, and was known as ''Jangi Dost'' (lit. "fight-lover" in Farsi) in the Iranic-speaking world, which was originally his father's ].{{why|date=November 2022}}<ref name="B. Lawrence, pp. 132-133" /><ref name="sulook.org">{{Cite web |title=Sulook organisation website. |url=http://sulook.org/jsp/biographies/Shaykh_Abd_al-Qadir.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070800/http://sulook.org/jsp/biographies/Shaykh_Abd_al-Qadir.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2010-02-19}}</ref><ref>''Mihr-e-munīr: biography of Hadrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh'' pg 27, Khān, Muhammad Fādil and Ahmad, Faid. Sajjadah Nashinan of Golra Sharif, Islamabad. (1997)</ref><ref>''Encyclopaedia of Sufism'', volume 1, Kahn, Masood Ali and Ram, S.</ref> Gilani's mother, Ummul Khair Fatima, was also a Sayyid, but of the ] branch having been a descendant of ], who was said to be descended from ], the younger brother of ].<ref>{{harvtxt|Qādrī|2000|p=21}}</ref> | |||
| During his stay in the city of ], Gilani was called '']i'' (non-Arab), which according to ] may be because he spoke Persian alongside Arabic.{{sfn|Lawrence|1982|pp=132–133}} According to the ''al-Nujūm al-ẓāhira'' by the 15th-century historian ] (died 1470), Gilani was born in Jil in ], but this account is questioned by French historian ].{{sfn|Chabbi|2009}} Modern historians (including Lawrence) consider Gilani to have been born in Gilan.{{sfn|Lawrence|1982|pp=132–133}}{{sfn|Anwar|2009}}{{sfn|Jonathan|Karamustafa|2014}} The region was then politically semi-independent and divided between local chieftains from different clans.{{sfn|Madelung|2001|pp=634–635}} | |||
| Gilani is claimed to have been a descendant of ]'s grandson ]; this claim is generally considered genuine by the Muslim community, including the ''Qadiriyya''.{{sfn|Chabbi|2009}} Lawrence finds this claim inconsistent with Gilani's apparent Persian background, and considers it to have been "traced by overzealous hagiographers."{{sfn|Lawrence|1982|pp=132–133}} | |||
| ==Education== | ==Education== | ||
| Gilani spent his early life in Gilan, the province of his birth. In 1095, he went to Baghdad. There, he pursued the study of ] law under ] and ].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC |entry=Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani | |
Gilani spent his early life in Gilan, the province of his birth. In 1095, he went to Baghdad. There, he pursued the study of ] law under ] and ].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC |entry=Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438126968 |page=4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brill">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Gibb |first=H.A.R. |entry= |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |last2=Kramers |first2=J.H. |last3=Levi-Provencal |first3=E. |last4=Schacht |first4=J. |date=1986 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004081147 |edition=New |volume=I (A-B) |location=Leiden, Netherlands |page=69}}</ref> He studied ] with Abu Muhammad Ja'far al-Sarraj.<ref name="Brill" /> His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas.<ref>Malise Ruthven, Islam in the World, p 243. {{ISBN|0195305035}}</ref> After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years wandering in the deserts of ].<ref>Esposito J. L. ''The Oxford dictionary of Islam.'' p160. {{ISBN|0199757267}}</ref> | ||
| == School of law == | == School of law == | ||
| Gilani belonged to the ] and ] schools of law. |
Gilani belonged to the ] and ] schools of law. He placed Shafi'i jurisprudence (]) on an equal footing with the Hanbali school (]), and used to give ] according to both of them simultaneously. This is why ] praised him in his book entitled ''Bustan al-'Arifin'' (Garden of the Spiritual Masters), saying: {{quote|We have never known anyone more dignified than Baghdad's Sheikh Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani, may Allah be pleased with him, the ] of Shafi'is and Hanbalis in Baghdad.<ref>{{Cite book |last='Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani |date=20 January 2019 |editor-last=Jamal al-Din Faleh al-Kilani |editor-link=:ar:جمال الدين فالح الكيلاني |title=Futuh al-Ghayb ("Revelations of the Unseen") |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVqEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |language=ar}}</ref>}} | ||
| ==Later life== | ==Later life== | ||
| In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public.<ref name="EB" /> He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his teacher, al- |
In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public.<ref name="EB" /> He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his teacher, al-Makhzoomi, and was popular with students. In the morning he taught ] and ], and in the afternoon he discoursed on the science of the heart and the virtues of the ]. He was said to have been a convincing preacher who converted numerous Jews and Christians and who integrated Sufi mysticism with Islamic Law.<ref name=EB/> | ||
| ==Death and burial== | ==Death and burial== | ||
| ] in Baghdad 1925]] | ] in Baghdad in 1925]] | ||
| Al-Gilani died in 1166 and was buried in Baghdad. His '']'' (death anniversary of a Sufi saint) is traditionally celebrated on 11 ].{{sfn|Lawrence|1982|pp=132–133}} | |||
| ⚫ | During the reign of the ] Shah ], Gilani's shrine was destroyed.<ref>A.A. Duri, ''Baghdad, The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, 903.</ref> However, in 1535, the ] emperor ] had a dome built over the shrine.<ref>W. Braune, ''Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, 70.</ref> | ||
| Gilani died on February 21, 1166 (11 ] 561 AH).<ref name="ReferenceA" /> His body was entombed in a ] in Babul-Sheikh, Rusafa on the east bank of the ] in Baghdad, Iraq.<ref>''Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din'' (''Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion''), parts one and two in Arabic, Al-Qadir, Abd and Al-Gilani. Dar Al-Hurya, Baghdad, Iraq, (1988).</ref><ref>''Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din'' (''Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion'') with introduction by Al-Kilani, Majid Irsan. Al-Kilani, Majid, al-Tariqat, 'Ursan, and al-Qadiriyah, Nash'at</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Qadirya Mausoleum |url=http://islamictourism.com/PDFs/Issue%2017/English/66-74%20al%20jilany.pdf}}</ref> | |||
| == Influences == | |||
| ⚫ | During the reign of the ] Shah ], Gilani's shrine was destroyed.<ref>A.A. Duri, ''Baghdad, The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, 903.</ref> However, in 1535, the Ottoman |
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| Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani converted thousands of people to Islam through his compassionate and inclusive approach to Inner purification and devotion towards Allah. His emphasis on inner purification, divine love, and ethical living resonated deeply with many, attracting followers from diverse backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Renard |first=John |title=Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism: Foundations of Islamic Mystical Theology |publisher=Paulist Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0809140305 |publication-date=July 1, 2004 |pages=202-205 |language=English}}</ref> One of Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani's most significant contributions was the establishment of the Madrasah al-Qadiriyya in Baghdad. This institution became a center for Islamic learning and spirituality, attracting students from various regions. The curriculum included the study of the Qur'an, Hadith, Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and ] (Sufism), providing a comprehensive religious education.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Hamid |title=Sufism: Principles & Practice |publisher=Islamic Pubns Intl |year=1999 |isbn=978-1889999029 |publication-date=January 1, 1999 |pages=103-106 |language=English}}</ref> The influence of Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani extended to political and military leaders of his time. His teachings inspired rulers to adopt more just and ethical governance. Prominent figures such as ] and ] were known to respect and follow the principles advocated by the Shaykh, which contributed to their own reforms and successes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=W. Ernst |first=Carl |title=The Shambhala Guide to Sufism |publisher=Shambhala |year=1997 |isbn=978-1570621802 |publication-date=September 23, 1997 |pages=124-126 |language=English}}</ref> | |||
| ==Birthday and death anniversary celebration== | |||
| 11 ] is celebrated as Gilani's death anniversary. Some scholars give 29 ] and 17 ] as his birth and death days respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shammsuddin |first=Khawaja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnQCDgAAQBAJ&q=baran+e+rahmat+book |title=Baran-e-Rahmat – The Rain of Mercy Part 2 |date=2017-10-22 |isbn=978-1-326-75227-9 |page=156 |language=en}}</ref> In the ], his '], or death anniversary, is called Giyarwee Sharif, or Honoured Day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gyarvi Sharif |url=http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/gyarvi-sharif.html |access-date=3 Nov 2022}}</ref> ] | |||
| ==Books== | ==Books== | ||
| ⚫ | ] (1595) manuscript of "Nafahat al-uns" (Breaths of Fellowship) of ]. ]]] | ||
| * ''Kitab Sirr al-Asrar wa Mazhar al-Anwar'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Jīlānī |first=ʻAbd al-Qādir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMmLDAEACAAJ&q=Kitab+Sirr+al-Asrar+wa+Mazhar+al-Anwar |title=Kitab Sirr Al-asrar Wa Mazhar Al-anwar |date=2017 |publisher=Kitab Bhavan |isbn=978-81-7151-388-8 |language=en}}</ref>(The Book of the Secret of Secrets and the Manifestation of Light) | |||
| ⚫ | * ''Futuh al ghaib'' (Secrets of the |
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| * ''Kitab Sirr al-Asrar wa Mazhar al-Anwar'' (The Book of the Secret of Secrets and the Manifestation of Light) | |||
| ⚫ | *Ghunyat |
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| ⚫ | * '']'' (Secrets of the Unseen) | ||
| *Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniya (Emanations of Lordly Grace)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniyya |url=http://www.al-baz.com/shaikhabdalqadir/Books_and_Text_of_Wisdom/Al-Fuyudat_al-Rabbaniyya/al-fuyudat_al-rabbaniyya.htm |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=www.al-baz.com}}</ref> | |||
| * ''] (The Purification of heart)'' | |||
| *Fifteen Letters: Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Jilani |first='Abd Al-Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdexAQAACAAJ&q=Abdul+qadir+jilani+books |title=Fifteen Letters: Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban |date=2019-05-27 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-967-0526-14-0 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | * ''Ghunyat al-Ṭalibeen (also spelled as : Ghunya- tuṭ-ṭalibeen)'' (Treasure for Seekers) <ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Qahtani |first=Sheik Saeed bin Misfer |title=Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al-Jilani and his Belief and Sufi views |publisher=Library of Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah |year=1997 |pages=133 |language=ar}}</ref> غنیہ الطالیبین | ||
| *Kibriyat e Ahmar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marfat Library |url=http://www.marfat.com/BookDetailPage.aspx?bookId=e0f65833-96e2-4b11-9c24-793971443707 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=www.marfat.com}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniya'' (Emanations of Lordly Grace) | |||
| ⚫ | *A Concise Description of Jannah & Jahannam<ref>{{Cite web |title=A concise description of Jannah & Jahannam, the garden of paradise and the fire of hell: excerpted from 'Sufficient provision for seekers of the Path of Truth (Al-Ghunya li-Tālibi al-Ḥaqq) |
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| * Fifteen Letters: ''Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban'' | |||
| *The Sublime Revelation (al-Fatḥ Ar-rabbānī)<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Jīlānī |first=ʻAbd al-Qādir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clKPAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sublime Revelation (al-Fatḥ Ar-rabbānī): A Collection of Sixty-two Discourses |date=1998 |publisher=Al-Baz Publishing, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-882216-02-4 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Kibriyat e Ahmar'' | |||
| ⚫ | * A Concise Description of Jannah & Jahannam<ref>{{Cite web |title=A concise description of Jannah & Jahannam, the garden of paradise and the fire of hell: excerpted from 'Sufficient provision for seekers of the Path of Truth (Al-Ghunya li-Tālibi al-Ḥaqq) |website= WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1158643778 |access-date=2022-11-03 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * ] (''al-Fatḥ ar-Rabbānī'') | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ''Sayings of Shaikh Abd al-Qadir al-Jīlānī'' Malfūzāt, Holland, Muhtar (translator). S. Abdul Majeed & Co, Kuala Lumpur (1994) {{ISBN|1-882216-03-2}}. | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ''Fifteen letters, khamsata ashara maktūban / Shaikh Abd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī''. Translated from Persian to Arabic by Alī usāmu D-Dīn Al-Muttaqī. Translated from Arabic into English by Muhtar Holland. | |||
| * ''Kamsata ašara maktūban''. First edition. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, ʿAlī B., ʿAbd al-Malik al- Muttaqī al-Hindī (about 1480–1567) and Muhtar Holland (1935–). Al-Baz publications, Hollywood, Florida. (1997) {{ISBN|1-882216-16-4}}. | |||
| * ''Jalā Al-Khawātir: a collection of forty-five discourses of Shaikh Abd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī, the removal of cares''. Chapter 23, pg 308. Jalā al-Khawātir, Holland, Muhtar (1935–) (translator). Al-Baz publications, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (1997) {{ISBN|1-882216-13-X}}. | |||
| * ''The sultan of the saints: mystical life and teachings of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani / Muhammad Riaz Qadiri'' Qadiri, Muhammad Riyaz. Gujranwala, Abbasi publications. (2000) {{ISBN|969-8510-16-8}}. | |||
| * ''The sublime revelation: al-Fath ar-Rabbānī, a collection of sixty-two discourses / Abd al-Qādir al- Jīlānī'', Second edition. al-Rabbānī, al-Fath. Al-Baz publications, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (1998). {{ISBN|1-882216-02-4}}. | |||
| * ''Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din'', (''Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion), Parts one and two in Arabic. Al-Qadir, Abd, Al-Gaylani. Dar Al-Hurya, Baghdad, Iraq, (1988). | |||
| * ''Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din'', (''Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion.'') in Arabic. Introduced by Al-Kilani, Majid Irsan. Dar Al-Khair, Damascus, Bairut, (2005). | |||
| * ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', Bibliotheca Persica PresS, {{ISBN|1-56859-050-4}}. | |||
| *Geography of the Baz Ahhab second reading in the biography of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani, and the birthplace of his birth according to the methodology of scientific research (MA in Islamic History from Baghdad University in 2001) of Iraqi researcher Jamal al-Din Faleh Kilani, review and submission of the historian Emad Abdulsalam Rauf،Publishe Dar Baz Publishing, United States of America, 2016, translated by Sayed Wahid Al-Qadri Aref. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} | ||
| == |
==Sources== | ||
| {{wikiquote|Abdul Qadeer Gilani}} | {{wikiquote|Abdul Qadeer Gilani}} | ||
| {{sfn whitelist |CITEREFLawrence1982 |CITEREFMadelung2001}} | |||
| * | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Anwar|first1=E.|title=Jīlānī, ʿAbd al-Qādir al-.|year=2009|journal=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1183}} | |||
| * Translation of Futuh al-Ghaib, at archive.org. | |||
| * {{EI3|last=Chabbi|first=Jacqueline|authorlink=Jacqueline Chabbi|year=2009|title=ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/abd-al-qadir-al-jilani-COM_22592}} | |||
| * Translation of parts of Al-Ghunya Li Talibi Tariq Al-Haqq, at archive.org. | |||
| * {{Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=1 |fascicle=2 |title=ʿAbd-al-Qāder Jīlānī |last=Lawrence |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Lawrence |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-qader-jilani |pages=132–133}} | |||
| * Translation of excerpts from Al-Fath Al-Rabbani, at archive.org. | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Jonathan|first1=Allen|last2=Karamustafa|first2=Ahmet T.|title=`Abd al-Qadir al Jilani (Gilani)|year=2014|journal=Oxford Bibliographies|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0100}} | |||
| * Translation of Malfuzat, at archive.org. | |||
| * {{Encyclopædia Iranica | volume = 10 | fascicle = 6 | title = Gīlān iv. History in the Early Islamic Period | last = Madelung | first = Wilferd | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/gilan-iv | pages = 634–635 }} | |||
| {{Portal bar|Biography|Islam|Iran|Iraq}} | |||
| {{Sufi}} | |||
| {{Hanbali scholars}} | {{Hanbali scholars}} | ||
| {{Islamic theology}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 17:31, 31 December 2024
Muslim preacher, mystic and theologian (1078–1166)
| Abdul Qadir Gilani عبد القادر الجيلاني | |
|---|---|
 Imaginary depiction of Abdul Qadir Gilani. Created in Mughal India in c. 1680 | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | 1077 or 1078 (1 Ramadan 470 AH) Gilan, Seljuk Empire |
| Died | 1166 CE (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH) Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate |
| Resting place | Abdul Qadir Gilani Mosque, Baghdad |
| Children | Abdul Razzaq Jilani |
| Main interest(s) | Fiqh, Sufism |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Hanbali |
| Tariqa | Qadiriyya (founder) |
| Senior posting | |
| Disciple of | Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi |
| Disciples | |
| Part of a series on Islam Sufism |
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| Practices |
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Abdul Qadir Gilani (Persian: عبدالقادر گیلانی, romanized: 'Abdulqādir Gīlānī, Arabic: عبد القادر الجيلاني, romanized: ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī) was a Hanbali scholar, preacher, and Sufi leader who was the eponym of the Qadiriyya, one of the oldest Sufi orders.
He was born in 1077 or 1078 in the town of Na'if, Rezvanshahr in Gilan, Persia, and died in 1166 in Baghdad.
Name
The honorific Muhiyudin denotes his status with many Sufis as a "reviver of religion". Gilani (Arabic al-Jilani) refers to his place of birth, Gilan. However, Gilani also carried the epithet Baghdadi, referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad. He was also known as Gauth Al-Azam.
Family background
Gilani was born in 1077 or 1078. Despite his popularity, his background is uncertain. His father (or perhaps grandfather) had the Iranian name of Jangi Dust, which indicates that Gilani was of Persian stock. His nisba means "from Gilan", an Iranian region located on the southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea.
During his stay in the city of Baghdad, Gilani was called ajami (non-Arab), which according to Bruce Lawrence may be because he spoke Persian alongside Arabic. According to the al-Nujūm al-ẓāhira by the 15th-century historian Ibn Taghribirdi (died 1470), Gilani was born in Jil in Iraq, but this account is questioned by French historian Jacqueline Chabbi. Modern historians (including Lawrence) consider Gilani to have been born in Gilan. The region was then politically semi-independent and divided between local chieftains from different clans.
Gilani is claimed to have been a descendant of Muhammad's grandson Hasan ibn Ali; this claim is generally considered genuine by the Muslim community, including the Qadiriyya. Lawrence finds this claim inconsistent with Gilani's apparent Persian background, and considers it to have been "traced by overzealous hagiographers."
Education
Gilani spent his early life in Gilan, the province of his birth. In 1095, he went to Baghdad. There, he pursued the study of Hanbali law under Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi and ibn Aqil. He studied hadith with Abu Muhammad Ja'far al-Sarraj. His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas. After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years wandering in the deserts of Iraq.
School of law
Gilani belonged to the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools of law. He placed Shafi'i jurisprudence (fiqh) on an equal footing with the Hanbali school (madhhab), and used to give fatwa according to both of them simultaneously. This is why al-Nawawi praised him in his book entitled Bustan al-'Arifin (Garden of the Spiritual Masters), saying:
We have never known anyone more dignified than Baghdad's Sheikh Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani, may Allah be pleased with him, the Sheikh of Shafi'is and Hanbalis in Baghdad.
Later life
In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public. He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his teacher, al-Makhzoomi, and was popular with students. In the morning he taught hadith and tafsir, and in the afternoon he discoursed on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran. He was said to have been a convincing preacher who converted numerous Jews and Christians and who integrated Sufi mysticism with Islamic Law.
Death and burial
Al-Gilani died in 1166 and was buried in Baghdad. His urs (death anniversary of a Sufi saint) is traditionally celebrated on 11 Rabi' al-Thani.
During the reign of the Safavid Shah Ismail I, Gilani's shrine was destroyed. However, in 1535, the Ottoman emperor Suleiman the Magnificent had a dome built over the shrine.
Influences
Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani converted thousands of people to Islam through his compassionate and inclusive approach to Inner purification and devotion towards Allah. His emphasis on inner purification, divine love, and ethical living resonated deeply with many, attracting followers from diverse backgrounds. One of Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani's most significant contributions was the establishment of the Madrasah al-Qadiriyya in Baghdad. This institution became a center for Islamic learning and spirituality, attracting students from various regions. The curriculum included the study of the Qur'an, Hadith, Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and Tasawwuf (Sufism), providing a comprehensive religious education. The influence of Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani extended to political and military leaders of his time. His teachings inspired rulers to adopt more just and ethical governance. Prominent figures such as Nur ad-Din Zangi and Salahuddin Ayyubi were known to respect and follow the principles advocated by the Shaykh, which contributed to their own reforms and successes.
Books
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- Kitab Sirr al-Asrar wa Mazhar al-Anwar (The Book of the Secret of Secrets and the Manifestation of Light)
- Futuh al ghaib (Secrets of the Unseen)
- Jila' al-Khatir (The Purification of heart)
- Ghunyat al-Ṭalibeen (also spelled as : Ghunya- tuṭ-ṭalibeen) (Treasure for Seekers) غنیہ الطالیبین
- Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniya (Emanations of Lordly Grace)
- Fifteen Letters: Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban
- Kibriyat e Ahmar
- A Concise Description of Jannah & Jahannam
- The Sublime Revelation (al-Fatḥ ar-Rabbānī)
See also
- Bibliography of Abdul Qadir Gilani
- Mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani
- Jilala
- Ahmad al-Rifa'i
- Ahmad al-Badawi
- Ibrahim al-Desuqi
- Moinuddin Chishti
- Hazrat Ishaan
- List of Sufi saints
- List of Sufis
- List of Ash'aris and Maturidis
References
- ^ Chabbi 2009.
- W. Braune, Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R Gibb, J.H.Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 69; "authorities are unanimous in stating that he was a Persian from Nayf (Nif) in Djilan, south of the Caspian Sea."
- ^ 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Mihr-e-munīr: biography of Hadrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh pg 21, Muhammad Fādil Khān, Faid Ahmad. Sajjadah Nashinan of Golra Sharif, Islamabad (1998).
- Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics: volume 1. (A – Art). Part 1. (A – Algonquins) pg 10. Hastings, James and Selbie, John A. Adamant Media corporation. (2001), "and he was probably of Persian origin."
- The Sufi orders in Islam, 2nd edition, pg 32. Triingham, J. Spencer and Voll, John O. Oxford University Press US, (1998), "The Hanafi Qadirriya is also included since 'Abd al-Qadir, of Persian origin was contemporary of the other two."
- Devotional Islam and politics in British India: Barelwi and his movement, 1870–1920, pg 144, Sanyal, Usha Oxford University Press US, 19 August 1999. ISBN 0-19-564862-5 ISBN 978-0-19-564862-1.
- Indo-iranica pg 7. The Iran Society, Calcutta, India. (1985).
- ^ Lawrence 1982, pp. 132–133.
- Anwar 2009.
- Jonathan & Karamustafa 2014.
- Madelung 2001, pp. 634–635.
- Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). "Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 9781438126968.
- ^ Gibb, H.A.R.; Kramers, J.H.; Levi-Provencal, E.; Schacht, J. (1986). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I (A-B) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 69. ISBN 978-9004081147.
- Malise Ruthven, Islam in the World, p 243. ISBN 0195305035
- Esposito J. L. The Oxford dictionary of Islam. p160. ISBN 0199757267
- 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (20 January 2019). Jamal al-Din Faleh al-Kilani (ed.). Futuh al-Ghayb ("Revelations of the Unseen") (in Arabic).
- A.A. Duri, Baghdad, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, 903.
- W. Braune, Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, 70.
- Renard, John (2004). Knowledge of God in Classical Sufism: Foundations of Islamic Mystical Theology. Paulist Press (published July 1, 2004). pp. 202–205. ISBN 978-0809140305.
- Algar, Hamid (1999). Sufism: Principles & Practice. Islamic Pubns Intl (published January 1, 1999). pp. 103–106. ISBN 978-1889999029.
- W. Ernst, Carl (1997). The Shambhala Guide to Sufism. Shambhala (published September 23, 1997). pp. 124–126. ISBN 978-1570621802.
- Al-Qahtani, Sheik Saeed bin Misfer (1997). Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al-Jilani and his Belief and Sufi views (in Arabic). Library of Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah. p. 133.
- "A concise description of Jannah & Jahannam, the garden of paradise and the fire of hell: excerpted from 'Sufficient provision for seekers of the Path of Truth (Al-Ghunya li-Tālibi al-Ḥaqq)". WorldCat.org. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
Sources
- Anwar, E. (2009). "Jīlānī, ʿAbd al-Qādir al-". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World.
- Chabbi, Jacqueline (2009). "ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- Lawrence, Bruce (1982). "ʿAbd-al-Qāder Jīlānī". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I/2: ʿAbd-al-Hamīd–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-71009-091-1.
- Jonathan, Allen; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (2014). "`Abd al-Qadir al Jilani (Gilani)". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195390155-0100.
- Madelung, Wilferd (2001). "Gīlān iv. History in the Early Islamic Period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X/6: Germany VI–Gindaros. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 634–635. ISBN 978-0-933273-55-9.
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