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| {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}} | {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}} | ||
| {{Year nav|69}} | {{Year nav|69}} | ||
| {{M1 year in topic}} | {{M1 year in topic}} | ||
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| '''AD 69''' (''']''') was a ] |
'''AD 69''' (''']''') was a ] of the ]. In the ], it was known as the '''Year of the ] of ] and ]''' (or, less frequently, '''year 822 '']'''''). The denomination AD 69 for this year has been used since the early ], when the ] ] became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. | ||
| == Events == | == Events == | ||
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| ==== Roman Empire ==== | ==== Roman Empire ==== | ||
| * The ]: After ]'s death, ], ], ] and ] succeed each other as emperor during the year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=Year of the Four Emperors: A Complete Overview|url=https://www.thecollector.com/year-of-the-four-emperors-overview/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=TheCollector|language=en-US}}</ref> | * The ]: After ]'s death, ], ], ] and ] succeed each other as emperor during the year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=Year of the Four Emperors: A Complete Overview|url=https://www.thecollector.com/year-of-the-four-emperors-overview/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=TheCollector|language=en-US}}</ref> The year is marked by numerous instances of a breakdown in discipline and mutinous conduct amongst the Roman legions and the ]. | ||
| * ] – The Roman legions in ] refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vitellius|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Vitellius/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> | * ] – The Roman legions in ] refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vitellius|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Vitellius/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ] is adopted by Galba and appointed to ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Chilver|first1=Guy Edward Farquhar|last2=Griffin|first2=M. T.|date=2016-03-07|title=Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, Lucius|url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1313|access-date=2021-03-29|journal=Oxford Classical Dictionary|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1313|isbn=9780199381135}}</ref> | * ] – ] is adopted by Galba and appointed to ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Chilver|first1=Guy Edward Farquhar|last2=Griffin|first2=M. T.|date=2016-03-07|title=Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, Lucius|url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1313|access-date=2021-03-29|journal=Oxford Classical Dictionary|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1313|isbn=9780199381135}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – Galba and his adopted son Piso are murdered by the ] on the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galba {{!}} Roman emperor|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galba|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | * ] – Galba and his adopted son Piso are murdered by the ] on the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galba {{!}} Roman emperor|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galba|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * Otho seizes power in ], proclaims himself emperor, and reigns for three months before committing suicide.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Otho|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Otho/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> | * Otho seizes power in ], proclaims himself emperor, and reigns for three months before committing suicide.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Otho|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Otho/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * ], governor of ], is forced to flee to ] after a ] of ] at ] (]).{{ |
* ], governor of ], is forced to flee to ] after a ] of ] at ] (]).<ref>{{cite book | last=Southern | first=P. | title=Roman Britain: A New History 55 BC-AD 450 | publisher=Amberley Publishing | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4456-0925-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4aoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP201 | access-date=2024-08-09 | page=201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=de la Bédoyère | first=G. | title=Roman Britain: A New History | publisher=Thames & Hudson | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-500-77184-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wQ7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51 | access-date=2024-08-09 | page=51}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ]: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions; Otho commits suicide.<ref name=":2" /> | * ] – ]: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions; Otho commits suicide.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
| * ] – After the ], Vitellius becomes emperor.<ref name=":0" /> | * ] – After the ], Vitellius becomes emperor.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| * ] becomes the new governor of Britain and faces a second insurrection of ], king of the ].{{ |
* ] becomes the new governor of Britain and faces a second insurrection of ], king of the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tacitus |first=Publius |title=The Histories |publisher=Penguin |page=99 |isbn=978-0-140-44964-8}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – |
* ] – two legions in Egypt, a legion in Syria, and a legion in Judea declare Vespasian emperor<ref name=vespasian/> | ||
| * ] – ] orders his legions in ] to swear ] to Vespasian as emperor.<ref name="l2257">{{cite book |last=Tacitus |first=Publius |title=The Histories |publisher=Penguin |page=108 |isbn=978-0-140-44964-8}}</ref> | |||
| * ] – The army of Judea swears allegiance to Vespasian as emperor.<ref name="l2257"/> | |||
| * ] – ]: The ] in ] (]) revolt under the leadership of ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gaius Julius Civilis {{!}} Roman military officer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gaius-Julius-Civilis|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | * ] – ]: The ] in ] (]) revolt under the leadership of ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gaius Julius Civilis {{!}} Roman military officer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gaius-Julius-Civilis|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * ] cross over to join the revolt and attack the fortress at ]. | * ] cross over to join the revolt and attack the fortress at ]. | ||
| Line 36: | Line 38: | ||
| == Births == | == Births == | ||
| * ], Roman ] (approximate date)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suetonius {{!}} Biography, Lives of the Caesars, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Suetonius|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | * ], Roman ] (approximate date)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suetonius {{!}} Biography, Lives of the Caesars, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Suetonius|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| * ], bishop and martyr of ] (d. ])<ref>{{Citation|title=Polycarpus|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Polycarpus|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=2021-03-29}}</ref> | * ]us, bishop and martyr of ] (d. ])<ref>{{Citation|title=Polycarpus|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Polycarpus|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=2021-03-29}}</ref> | ||
| == Deaths == | == Deaths == | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ** ], Roman ] (murdered){{ |
** ], Roman ] (murdered){{citation needed|date=March 2021}} | ||
| **], Roman bodyguard (killed) | **], Roman bodyguard (killed) | ||
| ** ], Roman deputy emperor (b. ])<ref name=":1" /> | ** ], Roman deputy emperor (b. ])<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| **], Roman emperor (b. ]) | **], Roman emperor (b. ])<ref name=vespasian>{{cite web | first=Guy Edward Farquhar | last=Chilver | title=Vespasian | date=January 20, 2024 | access-date=February 20, 2024 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vespasian | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – ], Roman emperor (b. ])<ref name=":2" /> | * ] – ], Roman emperor (b. ])<ref name=":2" /><ref name=vespasian/> | ||
| * ] – ], Roman consul (murdered) | * ] – ], Roman consul (murdered) | ||
| * ] – ], Roman emperor (b. ]) | * ] – ], Roman emperor (b. ]) | ||
| Line 52: | Line 54: | ||
| * ] ('''the Younger'''), Roman politician (executed) | * ] ('''the Younger'''), Roman politician (executed) | ||
| * ], Roman politician (murdered) | * ], Roman politician (murdered) | ||
| * ], brother of Vespasian<ref name=vespasian/> | |||
| * ], mother of Aulus Vitellius and Lucius Vitellius (suicide) | * ], mother of Aulus Vitellius and Lucius Vitellius (suicide) | ||
| * ], Roman ] and male lover of Nero (suicide) | * ], Roman ] and male lover of Nero (suicide) | ||
Latest revision as of 13:15, 3 January 2025
Calendar year
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| AD 69 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Categories |
| Gregorian calendar | AD 69 LXIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 822 |
| Assyrian calendar | 4819 |
| Balinese saka calendar | N/A |
| Bengali calendar | −525 – −524 |
| Berber calendar | 1019 |
| Buddhist calendar | 613 |
| Burmese calendar | −569 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5577–5578 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊辰年 (Earth Dragon) 2766 or 2559 — to — 己巳年 (Earth Snake) 2767 or 2560 |
| Coptic calendar | −215 – −214 |
| Discordian calendar | 1235 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 61–62 |
| Hebrew calendar | 3829–3830 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 125–126 |
| - Shaka Samvat | N/A |
| - Kali Yuga | 3169–3170 |
| Holocene calendar | 10069 |
| Iranian calendar | 553 BP – 552 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 570 BH – 569 BH |
| Javanese calendar | N/A |
| Julian calendar | AD 69 LXIX |
| Korean calendar | 2402 |
| Minguo calendar | 1843 before ROC 民前1843年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1399 |
| Seleucid era | 380/381 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 611–612 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳土龙年 (male Earth-Dragon) 195 or −186 or −958 — to — 阴土蛇年 (female Earth-Snake) 196 or −185 or −957 |
AD 69 (LXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the consulship of Galba and Vinius (or, less frequently, year 822 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 69 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place
Roman Empire
- The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian succeed each other as emperor during the year. The year is marked by numerous instances of a breakdown in discipline and mutinous conduct amongst the Roman legions and the praetorian guard.
- January 1 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.
- January 10 – Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is adopted by Galba and appointed to deputy Roman Emperor.
- January 15 – Galba and his adopted son Piso are murdered by the Praetorian Guard on the Roman Forum.
- Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaims himself emperor, and reigns for three months before committing suicide.
- Marcus Trebellius Maximus, governor of Britannia, is forced to flee to Gaul after a mutiny of Legio XX Valeria Victrix at Deva Victrix (Chester).
- April 14 – First Battle of Bedriacum: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions; Otho commits suicide.
- April 17 – After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes emperor.
- Marcus Vettius Bolanus becomes the new governor of Britain and faces a second insurrection of Venutius, king of the Brigantes.
- July 1 – two legions in Egypt, a legion in Syria, and a legion in Judea declare Vespasian emperor
- July 1 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as emperor.
- July 3 – The army of Judea swears allegiance to Vespasian as emperor.
- August 1 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under the leadership of Gaius Julius Civilis.
- German warbands cross over to join the revolt and attack the fortress at Mainz.
- The Batavians attack Roman forts on the Rhine frontier; Fectio and Traiectum (modern Utrecht) are destroyed.
- In Gallia Belgica, cohors II Tungrorum, raised from the inhabitants of Atuatuca Tungrorum in the north-west of the Ardennes Forest, revolt against the Romans.
- The Danubian legions of Raetia and Moesia proclaim Vespasian as emperor.
- October 24 – Second Battle of Bedriacum: Flavians under Antonius Primus defeat the Vitellians.
- December 22 – Vitellius is captured and murdered by the Gemonian stairs. Vespasian becomes emperor.
- Judea: The Jewish Revolt – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem; the city is captured the following year by his son Titus.
- Josephus, Jewish rebel leader, is dragged before Vespasian and becomes his historian (he "prophesied" him his elevation to the purple).
- Legio I Macriana liberatrix is disbanded.
- The Flavian dynasty starts.
Births
- Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Roman historian (approximate date)
- Polycarpus, bishop and martyr of Smyrna (d. AD 155)
Deaths
- January 15
- Cornelius Laco, Roman praetorian prefect (murdered)
- Sempronius Densus, Roman bodyguard (killed)
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus, Roman deputy emperor (b. AD 38)
- Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman emperor (b. 3 BC)
- April 16 – Marcus Salvius Otho, Roman emperor (b. AD 32)
- December 20 – Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul (murdered)
- December 22 – Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, Roman emperor (b. AD 15)
- Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes (approximate date)
- Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus, Roman praetorian prefect (suicide)
- Locusta, Roman female poison expert to Nero (executed)
- Lucius Vitellius (the Younger), Roman politician (executed)
- Marcus Hordeonius Flaccus, Roman politician (murdered)
- Titus Flavius Sabinus, brother of Vespasian
- Sextilia, mother of Aulus Vitellius and Lucius Vitellius (suicide)
- Sporus, Roman freedman and male lover of Nero (suicide)
- Titus Vinius, Roman general and consul (b. AD 12)
References
- "Year of the Four Emperors: A Complete Overview". TheCollector. September 27, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "Vitellius". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ Chilver, Guy Edward Farquhar; Griffin, M. T. (March 7, 2016). "Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, Lucius". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1313. ISBN 9780199381135. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- "Galba | Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "Otho". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- Southern, P. (2011). Roman Britain: A New History 55 BC-AD 450. Amberley Publishing. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-4456-0925-6. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
- de la Bédoyère, G. (2014). Roman Britain: A New History. Thames & Hudson. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-500-77184-6. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
- Tacitus, Publius. The Histories. Penguin. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-140-44964-8.
- ^ Chilver, Guy Edward Farquhar (January 20, 2024). "Vespasian". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
- ^ Tacitus, Publius. The Histories. Penguin. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-140-44964-8.
- "Gaius Julius Civilis | Roman military officer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "The Flavian Dynasty | Boundless World History". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- "The Assassination of the Emperor Vitellius (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- "Aulus Vitellius | Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ "Siege of Jerusalem | Facts & Summary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- "Flavius Josephus | Jewish priest, scholar, and historian". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- "Suetonius | Biography, Lives of the Caesars, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- "Polycarpus", The Free Dictionary, retrieved March 29, 2021