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{{Short description|City and seaport in Marche, Italy}}
'''Ancona''' is a city and a seaport in the ], a region of northeastern ], population 100,507 (2001). Ancona is situated on the ] and is the center of an eponymous province.
{{About|the city in Italy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Ancona
| official_name = Città di Ancona
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/2
|total_width = 300
|border = infobox
|image1 = Ancona veduta 14.jpg
|image2 = AN Arco clementino e di Traiano.JPG
|image3 = Ancona veduta 01.jpg
|image4 = Ancona veduta 06.jpg
|image5 = Ancona Passetto Monumento.JPG
|image6 = Cattedrale di San Ciriaco (Ancona) 02.jpg
|image7 = Ancona, Loggia dei Mercanti (Ancona) 05.jpg
}}
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': view of the city, ], {{ill|Scalinata del Passetto|it|Passetto (Ancona)}} and Piazza IV Novembre with the Monument to the Fallen, ], ], {{ill|Piazza del Plebiscito (Piazza del Papa)|it|Piazza del Plebiscito (Ancona)}}, the ] and {{ill|Arch of Clementino|it|Arco Clementino}}
| image_flag=Flag of Ancona.svg
| image_shield = Ancona-Stemma.svg
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| davvero =
| pushpin_map = Italy Marche
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|43|37|01|N|13|31|00|E|region:IT-AN_type:city(101210)|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region = {{RegioneIT|sigla=MAR}}
| province = {{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=AN}} (AN)
| frazioni = Aspio, Gallignano, Montacuto, Massignano, Montesicuro, Candia, Ghettarello, Paterno, Casine di Paterno, Poggio di Ancona, Sappanico, Varano
| mayor_party = ]
| mayor = ]
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 123.71
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonyms = Anconetani, Anconitani
| elevation_m = 16
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Ancona AN - Marche |url=https://www.icomuni-italiani.it/it/Ancona |website=Comuni e borghi d'Italia |access-date=1 July 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
|istat=| saint = ]
| day = 4 May
| postal_code = 60100, 60121–60129, 60131
| area_code = 071
| website = {{Official website|https://www.comune.ancona.gov.it}}
| footnotes =
}}


'''Ancona''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|ŋ|ˈ|k|oʊ|n|ə}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ancona |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182217/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ancona |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Ancona |dictionary=] UK English Dictionary |publisher=]}}</ref> <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|æ|n|ˈ|-|,_|ɑː|n|ˈ|-}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Ancona|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ancona|title=Ancona|work=]|publisher=]|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Ancona|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|aŋˈkoːna|lang|It-Ancona.ogg}}) is a city and a seaport in the ] region of ], with a population of around 101,997 {{As of|2015|lc=y}}. Ancona is the capital of the ] and of the region. The city is located {{convert|280|km|abbr=on}} northeast of Rome, on the ], between the slopes of the two extremities of the ] of ], Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north.
The city is located 132 miles northeast of ] and 127 miles southeast of ].


Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.
The town is finely situated on and between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of ], Monte Astagno, occupied by the citadel, and Monte Guasco, on which the ] stands (300 feet). The latter, dedicated to St. Cyriacus (S. Ciriaco), is said to occupy the site of a temple of Venus, who is mentioned by ] and ] as the ] deity of the place.


==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Ancona}}
]]
]


==Ancona sights== ===Greek colony===
Before the Greek colonization, the territory was occupied by separated communities of the ] tribes.


Ancona took a more urban shape by Greek settlers from ] in about 387 BC, who gave it its name: ''Ancona'' stems from the Greek word {{lang|grc|Ἀγκών}} (''Ankṓn''), meaning "elbow"; the harbour to the east of the town was originally protected only by the promontory on the north, shaped like an elbow. Greek merchants established a ] dye factory here.<ref>Silius Italicus, VIII. 438</ref> In Roman times it kept its own coinage with the punning device of the bent arm holding a ], and the head of ] on the reverse, and continued the use of the ].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ancona|volume=1|pages=951–952}}</ref>
===Cathedral church of S. Ciriaco===
The cathedral was consecrated in ] and completed in ]. Some writers suppose that the original church was in the form of a ] and belonged to the ]. An early restoration was completed in ]. It is a fine ] building in grey stone, built in the form of a Greek cross, with a dodecagonal dome over the center slightly altered by Margaritone d'Arezzo in ]. The façade has a Gothic portal, ascribed to ] (]), which was intended to have a lateral arch on each side.


===Roman ''municipium''===
The interior, which has a crypt under each transept, in the main preserves its original character. It has ten columns which are attributed to the temple of Venus, and there are good screens of the 12th century, and other sculptures. The church was beautifully restored in the ].
When it became a ] town is uncertain. It was occupied as a naval station in the ] of 178 BC.<ref>] xli. i</ref> ] took possession of it immediately after crossing the ]. Its harbour was of considerable importance in imperial times, as the nearest to ], and was enlarged by ], who constructed the north quay with his architect ]. At the beginning of it stands the marble ], the ] with a single archway, and without ]s, erected in his honour in 115 by the Senate and Roman people.<ref name="EB1911"/>


===Other monuments=== === Byzantine city ===
Ancona was attacked successively by the ] and ] between the 3rd and 5th centuries, but recovered its strength and importance. It was one of the cities of the ] of the ], a lordship of the ], in the 7th and 8th centuries.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>The other four were ], ], ] and ]</ref> In 840, Saracen raiders sacked and burned the city.<ref>''The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095'', Hilmar C. Krueger, ''A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years'', Vol. I, ed. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955), p. 47.</ref> After ]'s conquest of northern Italy, it became the capital of the ], whence the name of the modern region derives.
The ''Lazzaretto'' (''Laemocomium'' or "Mole Vanvitelliana"), planned by architect ] in ]. It is a pentagonal building covering more than 20,000 sq.m., built to protect the military defensive authorities from the risk of contagious diseases eventually reaching the town with the ships. Later it was used also as a military hospital or as barracks; it is currently used for cultural exhibits.


===Maritime Republic of Ancona===
In the dilapidated episcopal palace ] died in ]. An interesting church is S. Maria della Piazza, with an elaborate arcaded façade (]). The Palazzo del Comune, with its lofty arched substructures at the back, was the work of Margaritone d'Arezzo, but has been since twice restored.
{{See also|Republic of Ancona}}
After 1000, Ancona became increasingly independent, eventually turning into an important ]<ref>''The International Geographic Encyclopedia and Atlas'', ''Ancona'' (p. 27), Springer, 1979. ISBN 9781349050024.</ref> (together with ] and ], it is one of those not appearing on the ]), often clashing against the nearby power of ]. An oligarchic republic, Ancona was ruled by six Elders, elected by the three '']'' into which the city was divided: S. Pietro, Porto and Capodimonte.{{cn|date=October 2024}} It had a coin of its own, the ], and a series of laws known as ''Statuti del mare e del Terzenale'' and ''Statuti della Dogana''. Ancona was usually allied with the ] and the ].{{cn|date=September 2024}}


In 1137, 1167 and 1174 it was strong enough to push back the forces of the ]. Anconitan ships took part in the Crusades, and their navigators included ]. In the struggle between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors that troubled Northern and Central Italy from the 12th century onwards, Ancona sided with the Popes (]s).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancona-Presentazione di Storia |url=https://view.genially.com/656c6238f6fe2900149bea71/presentation-ancona-presentazione-di-storia |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Genially |language=en}}</ref>
There are also several fine late ] buildings, among them the churches of S. Francesco and S. Agostino, the Palazzo Benincasa, the Palazzo del Senato, and the Loggia dei Mercanti, all by Giorgio Orsini, usually called da Sebenico (who worked much at Sebenico, though he was not a native of it), and the ], which has ] additions.
The portal of S. Maria della Misericordia is an ornate example of early Renaissance work.


]
The archaeological museum contains interesting pre-Roman (]) objects from tombs in the district, and two Roman beds with fine decorations in ivory.


Unlike other cities of northern Italy, Ancona never became a ]. The sole exception was the rule of the ], who took the city in 1348, taking advantage of the ] and of a fire that had destroyed many of the city's important buildings.{{cn|date=September 2024}} The Malatesta were ousted in 1383. In 1532, Ancona definitively lost its freedom and became part of the ], under ]. The symbol of the new papal authority was the massive Citadel.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
==History==


===In the Papal States===
The ancient town was founded by refugees from ] about ], who gave it its name: ''Ancona'' is a very slightly modified transliteration of the ] &Alpha;&gamma;&kappa;&omega;&nu;, meaning "elbow"; the harbor to the east of the town was originally protected only by the promontory on the north, shaped like an elbow. Greek merchants established a purple factory here (Sil. Ital. viii. 438). In Roman times it kept its own coinage with the punning device of the bent arm holding a palm branch, and the head of Aphrodite on the reverse, and continued the use of the Greek language.
] commanded the execution and burning of Converso merchants in Ancona for returning to Judaism.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Jonathan Stewart |title=After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry |date=2013 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-2911-3 |location=New York |pages=70, 73}}</ref> Later, Ancona, along with Rome and ] in ], was one of the three cities in the ] where ] were permitted to remain after ] ordered their banishment in 1569. They lived in the ] that had been established in Ancona in 1555.{{cn|date=September 2024}}


In 1733, ] extended the quay, and an inferior imitation of Trajan's arch was set up; he also erected a ] at the south end of the harbour, ] being the architect-in-chief.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The southern quay was built in 1880, and the harbour was protected by forts on the heights. From 1797 onwards, when the French ] it, it frequently appears in history as an important fortress.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
When it became a ] colony is doubtful. It was occupied as a naval station in the Illyrian war of 178 B.C. (Liv. xli. i). ] took possession of it immediately after crossing the Rubicon. Its harbour was of considerable importance in imperial times, as the nearest to ], and was enlarged by ], who constructed the north quay, his architect being ]. At the beginning of it stands the marble ] with a single archway, and without bas-reliefs, erected in his honour in A.D. 115 by the senate and people.


====The Greek community of Ancona====
] prolonged the quay, and an inferior imitation of Trajan's arch was set up; he also erected a ] at the south end of the harbour, Vanvitelli being the architect-in-chief. The southern quay was built in 1880, and the harbour was protected by forts on the heights.
{{See also|Republic of Ancona#Communities present in the Republic}}
{{Unreferencedsect|date=September 2024}}
Ancona, as well as Venice, became a very important destination for merchants from the ] during the 16th century. The Greeks formed the largest of the communities of foreign merchants. They were refugees from former Byzantine or Venetian territories that were occupied by the Ottomans in the late 15th and 16th centuries. The first Greek community was established in Ancona early in the 16th century.


===Contemporary history===
After the fall of the Roman empire Ancona was successively attacked by the ], ] and ], but recovered its strength and importance. It was one of the cities of the Pentapolis under the exarchate of ], the other four being ], ], ] and ], and eventually became a semi-independent republic under the protection of the popes, until Gonzaga took possession of it for ] in 1532.
Ancona entered the ] when ] surrendered here on 29 September 1860 following a brief ], eleven days after his defeat at ].<ref name="EB1911" />


On 23 May 1915, Italy entered ] and joined the ]. In 1915, following Italy's entry, the battleship division of the ] carried out ] causing great damage to all installations and killing several dozen people.<ref>Hore, Peter, ''The Ironclads'', London, Southwater Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-84476-299-6}}.</ref> Ancona was one of the most important Italian ports on the Adriatic Sea during ].
From 1797 onwards, when the French took it, it frequently appears in history as an important fortress, until Lamorici&egrave;re capitulated here on the 29th of September 1860, eleven days after his defeat at ].
During ], the city was taken by the ] against Nazi German forces, as ] were serving as part of the British Army. Poles were tasked with capture of the city on 16 June 1944 and accomplished the task a month later on 18 July 1944 in what is known as the ]. The attack was part of an ] operation to gain access to a seaport closer to the ] in order to shorten their ] for the ].<ref>Jerzy Bordziłowski (ed. ), ''Mała encyklopedia wojskowa. Tom 1'' (in ]), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1967.</ref>

=== Jewish history ===
{{See also|Ancona Jews}}
] according to documents began living in Ancona in 967 AD, even though there is evidence they lived there even before.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/ancona |title=The Jewish Community of Ancona |access-date=3 February 2014 |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141842/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/ancona |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ancona Ghetto">{{Cite web |title=Ghetto of Ancona |url=https://www.visitjewishitaly.it/en/listing/ghetto-of-ancona/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Visit Jewish Italy |language=en-US}}</ref> It has been claimed that in 1270, a Jewish resident of Ancona, ], travelled to ], four years before ], and documented his impressions in a book called "The City of Lights". From 1300 and on, the Jewish community of Ancona grew steadily, most due to the city importance and it being a center of trade with the ].<ref name="Matas v7" /> In that year, Jewish poet ] tried to lower high taxation taken from the Jewish community of the city. Over the next 200 years, Jews from Germany, Spain, ] and Portugal immigrated to Ancona, due to persecutions in their homeland and thanks to the pro-Jewish attitude taken towards Ancona Jews due to their importance in the trade and banking business, making Ancona a trade center.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

In 1555, pope ] forced the ] community of the city to convert to ], as part of his Papal ]. While some did, others refused to do so and thus were hanged and then burnt in the town square.<ref name="Ancona Ghetto" /> In response, Jewish merchants boycotted Ancona for a short while. The boycott was led by ].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Though emancipated by ] for several years, in 1843 ] revived an old decree, forbidding Jews from living outside the ], wearing identification sign on their clothes and other religious and financial restrictions.<ref> at ]</ref> Public opinion did not approve of these restrictions, and they were cancelled a short while after.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org"></ref>

The Jews of Ancona received full emancipation in 1848 with ] ]. In 1938, 1177 lived in Ancona;<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org"/> 53 Jews were sent away to Germany, 15 of them survived and returned to the town after ].{{cn|date=September 2024}} The majority of the Jewish community stayed in town or emigrated due to high ransoms paid to the fascist regime. In 2004, about 200 Jews lived in Ancona.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Two synagogues and two cemeteries still exist in the city. The ancient Monte-Cardeto cemetery is one of the biggest Jewish cemeteries in Europe and tombstones are dated to 1552 and on.{{cn|date=October 2024}} It can still be visited and it resides within the ].

== Geography ==

=== Climate ===
The climate of Ancona is ] (Cfa in the ]) and the city lies on the border between mediterranean and more continental regions. Precipitations are regular throughout the year. Winters are cool (January mean temp. {{convert|5|°C|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}), with frequent rain and fog. Temperatures can reach {{convert|-10|°C|0|abbr=on}} or even lower values outside the city centre during the most intense cold waves. Snow is not unusual with air masses coming from Northern Europe or from the Balkans and Russia,{{cn|date=September 2024}} and can be heavy at times (also due to the "]"), especially in the hills surrounding the city centre. Summers are usually warm and humid (July mean temp. {{convert|22.5|C|F|1|disp=or|abbr=on}}). Highs sometimes can reach values around {{convert|35|and|40|C|F}}, especially if the wind is blowing from the south or from the west (] off the ]). Thunderstorms are quite common, particularly in August and September, and can be intense with occasional flash floods, damaging winds and even large hail. Spring and autumn are both seasons with changeable weather, but generally mild. Extremes in temperature have been {{convert|-15.4|C|1}} (in 1967) and {{convert|40.8|C|1}} (in 1968) / {{convert|40.5|C|1}} (in 1983).

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Ancona (1991–2020)
|Jan high C = 10.1
|Feb high C = 11.5
|Mar high C = 15.0
|Apr high C = 18.5
|May high C = 23.0
|Jun high C = 27.3
|Jul high C = 29.6
|Aug high C = 29.6
|Sep high C = 25.4
|Oct high C = 20.7
|Nov high C = 15.5
|Dec high C = 11.2
| year high C =
|Jan mean C = 7.3
|Feb mean C = 8.2
|Mar mean C = 11.3
|Apr mean C = 14.6
|May mean C = 19.0
|Jun mean C = 23.1
|Jul mean C = 25.6
|Aug mean C = 25.7
|Sep mean C = 21.5
|Oct mean C = 17.4
|Nov mean C = 12.6
|Dec mean C = 8.4
| year mean C =
|Jan low C = 4.4
|Feb low C = 4.9
|Mar low C = 7.6
|Apr low C = 10.6
|May low C = 15.0
|Jun low C = 19.0
|Jul low C = 21.5
|Aug low C = 21.8
|Sep low C = 17.7
|Oct low C = 14.0
|Nov low C = 9.7
|Dec low C = 5.5
| year low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 47.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 54.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 59.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 54.1
|May precipitation mm = 55.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 52.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 35.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 38.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 85.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 68.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 87.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 71.0
|year precipitation mm =
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7.1
| Feb precipitation days = 6.8
| Mar precipitation days = 6.4
| Apr precipitation days = 6.8
| May precipitation days = 6.6
| Jun precipitation days = 5.0
| Jul precipitation days = 3.5
| Aug precipitation days = 3.8
| Sep precipitation days = 6.8
| Oct precipitation days = 7.6
| Nov precipitation days = 9.3
| Dec precipitation days = 8.4
| year precipitation days =
|source 1 = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale<ref name = ISPRA>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230917192649/https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/
| archive-date = 17 September 2023
| url = https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/
| title = Valori climatici normali in Italia
| publisher=Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale
| access-date = 26 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Update section|date=September 2024}}
{{Historical populations
| type =
| footnote = Source: P. Burattini. ''Stradario – Guida della città di Ancona'' (Ancona, 1951) and ]
| 1174 |11000
| 1565 |18435
| 1582 |27770
| 1656 |17033
| 1701 |16212
| 1708 |16194
| 1769 |23028
| 1809 |31231
| 1816 |32636
| 1828 |36816
| 1844 |43217
| 1846 |43953
| 1853 |44833
| 1861 |47230
| 1871 |45681
| 1881 |48888
| 1901 |58602
| 1911 |65388
| 1921 |68521
| 1931 |75372
| 1936 |78639
| 1951 |85763
| 1961 |100485
| 1971 |109789
| 1981 |106432
| 1991 |101285
| 2001 |100507
| 2010 |102997
}}
In 2007, there were 101,480 people residing in Ancona (the greater area has a population more than four times its size), located in the province of Ancona, ]s, of whom 47.6% were male and 52.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 15.54 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 24.06 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Ancona residents is 48, compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Ancona grew by 1.48 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2002/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The current birth rate of Ancona is 8.14 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

{{As of|2006}}, 92.77% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant group came from other European nations (particularly those from ], ] and ]): 3.14%, followed by the ]: 0.93%, ]: 0.83%, and ]: 0.80%.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Government==
{{See also|List of mayors of Ancona}}

==Main sights==

===Ancona Cathedral===
] in the background]]
]
], dedicated to ], was consecrated at the beginning of the 11th century and completed in 1189.<ref>''San Ciriaco – La cattedrale di Ancona'', Federico Motta editore, 2003</ref> Some writers suppose that the original church was in the form of a ] and belonged to the 7th century. An early restoration was completed in 1234. It is a fine ] building in grey stone, built in the form of a Greek cross, and other elements of Byzantine art. It has a dodecagonal dome over the centre slightly altered by Margaritone d'Arezzo in 1270. The façade has a Gothic portal, ascribed to ] (1228), which was intended to have a lateral arch on each side. The interior, which has a crypt under each transept, in the main preserves its original character. It has ten columns which are attributed to the temple of Venus.<ref name="EB1911"/> The church was restored in the 1980s.

===Arch of Trajan===
]
The ] is a marble structure {{convert|18|m|abbr=off}} high, but only {{convert|3|m|abbr=off}} wide, standing on a high platform approached by a wide flight of steps, and is one of the finest surviving Roman monuments in the ]s. It was built in the year 114/115 as an entrance to the causeway atop the harbour wall and is named in honour of ], the emperor who made the harbour. Most of its original bronze ornaments have disappeared. The archway is flanked by pairs of fluted ]s on pedestals. A pediment bears inscriptions. The format is that of the ] in Rome, but made taller, so that the bronze figures surmounting it, of Trajan, his wife ] and sister Marciana, would figure as a landmark for ships approaching Rome's greatest Adriatic port.

===Other sights===
*]: the complex was planned by architect ] in 1732 as a pentagonal building built on an artificial island, also pentagonal, as a quarantine station; it covers more than {{convert|20000|m²|abbr=off}}, built to protect the city from the risk of contagious diseases eventually reaching the town with the ships. Later it was used also as a military hospital or as barracks; it is currently used for cultural exhibits.
*The Episcopal Palace was the place where ] died in 1464.
*'']'': medieval romanesque church with an elaborate arcaded façade (1210).<ref name="EB1911"/>
*''Palazzo del Comune'' (or ''Palazzo degli Anziani'' – Elders palace); it was built in 1250, with lofty arched substructures at the back, was gotic work of ].<ref name="EB1911"/>
*the ''Palazzo del Governo'' (now prefecture), ] work of ].<ref name="EB1911"/>
*''Santi Pellegrino e Teresa'': 18th century church.
*''Santissimo Sacramento'': 16th and 18th century church.

There are also several buildings by ], combining ] and ] elements: the ''Palazzo Benincasa'', the '']'', the Franciscan church of '']'' and ''Sant'Agostino'', ] church with statues portraying St. Monica, St. Nicola da Tolentino, St. Simplicianus and Blessed Agostino Trionfi; in the 18th century it was enlarged by ] and turned into a palace after 1860.

The ] is housed in the Palazzo Ferretti, built in the late Renaissance by ]; it preserves ]es by ]. The Museum is divided into several sections:
* prehistoric section, with ] and ] artefacts, objects of the ] and of the ]
* protohistoric section, with the richest existing collection of the ]; the section includes a remarkable collection of Greek ceramics
* Greek-Hellenistic section, with coins, inscriptions, glassware and other objects from the ] of Ancona
* Roman section, with a statue of Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, carved ] and two Roman beds with fine decorations in ivory<ref name="EB1911"/>
* rich collection of ancient coins (not yet exposed)
]

The Municipal Art Gallery (]) is housed in the Palazzo Bosdari, reconstructed between 1558 and 1561 by ]. Works in the gallery include:

*''Circumcision'', ''Dormitio Virginis'' and ''Crowned Virgin'', by ]
*''Madonna with Child'', panel by ]
*'']'' by ]
*''Sacra Conversazione'' by ]
*''Portrait of Francesco Arsilli'' by ]
*''Circumcision'' by ]
*''Immaculate Conception'' and '']'' by ]
*''Four Saints in Ecstasis'', ''Panorama of Ancona in the sixteenth century'' and ''Musician Angels'' by ]

Other artists present include ], ] and ]. Modern artists featured are ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and others.

==Notable people==
{{Cleanup list|date=September 2024}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*] (born 1957), football coach and former player
*] (1871-1941), newspaper editor and politician
*] (1583-1626), Roman antiquarian of Greek origin
*] (1925-1992), author, radio and television writer
*] (1624-1685), Croatian and Bosnian-Herzegovinian Franciscan and religious writer
*] (1704 – 1792), painter
*] (c.1743–1826 or 1830), rabbi
*] (born 2001), singer
*] (born 1999), middle distance runner
*] (1888-1954), actor
*] (born 1952), chemist
*] (born 1932), diplomat
*] (1480-1560), rabbi
*] (1900–1962), Jewish writer
*] (1921-2013), Prelate of Roman Catholic Church
*] (1899–1994), Italian-American architect
*] (born 1950), singer, songwriter and actress
*] (c.1710-1777), painter
*] (born 1974), Bulgarian singer-songwriter
*] (1555-1602), nobleman
*] (born 1968), motorcycle racer
*] (born 1996), footballer
*] (1886–1970), admiral
*] (1888-1979), admiral during World War II
*] (1939-2020), neurophysiologist
*] (1910–1976), painter
*] (born 2003), Latvian cyclist
*] (1810-1878), Benedictine monk
*] (1726-1789), rabbi, preacher, and poet
*], economist
*] (born 1999), footballer
*] (1673–1721), painter
*] (born 2001), tennis player
*] (born 1991), footballer
*] (1806–1887), Hebrew writer and translator
*] (1841–1906), violinist and composer
*], painters
*] (1878-1955), politician
*] (1921–2003), opera singer
*] (1391–1453/55), navigator and archeologist
*] (c.1410-1473), Venetian sculptor and architect
*] (born 1966), artist
*] (1947-1998), artist
*] (born 1986), footballer
*] (born 1915), footballer
*] (1934-2007), racewalker
*] (born 1943), middle distance runner
*] (1826-1853), French-Italian aristocrat
*] (c.1400-1453/54), painter
*] (born 1984), football and futsal player
*] (born 1969), politician
*] (1950-2021), politician
*] (1478–1510), aristocrat
*] (born 1968), singer and actress
*] (1641-1703), painter
*], rabbi and Hebrew poet
*] (c.1410-1484), Catholic bishop
*] (c.1385-1456), priest
*] (1795-1860), Catholic cardinal
*] (1817-1873), Catholic cardinal
*] (1650–1719), Roman Catholic prelate
*] (died 1721), rabbi
*] (born 1961), interior designer
*] (1747–1819), painter
*] (born 1966), film director
*] (born 1945), politician who served as Mayor of Ancona
*] (born 2002), cyclist
*] (born 1967), football player
*], bishop of Ossero
*] (born 1962), automobile designer
*] (born 1975), volleyballer
*] (born 1976), politician
*] (1327-1417)
*] (born 1991), footballer
*] (born 1984), footballer
*] (1596–1674), Bishop of Terni
*] (1934-1991), football referee
*] (c.1420 to 1425–c.1498), rabbi
*] (1913-1967), classical-liberal political philosopher and lawyer
*] (1821-1888), English jurist and statistician
*] (1555-1642), painter
*] (1936–2014), actress
*] (born 1990), footballer
*] (born 2002), footballer
*] (1937-2020), footballer
*] (c.1480–1556/57), Renaissance painter, draughtsman, and illustrator
*] (1900–1983), architect
*] (born 1996), gymnast
*] (born 1955), politician and mayor of Ancona
*] (born 1966), footballer
*] (born 2000), fencer
*] (1811–1880), Italian-Australian priest
*] (born 1963), volleyballer
*] (born 1977), actress
*] (1798–1872), architect<ref name="Matas v7">{{Cite web |last=Capalbi |first=Monica |date=2008 |others=Biographical Dictionary of Italians - Volume 72 |title=Matas, Niccolò (Niccola, Nicola) |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-matas_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |website=Treccani |publisher=Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia}}</ref>
*] (1933-1992), football coach and player
*] (1859-1929), neurologist
*] (1822–1885), ceramist
*] (born 1963), musician
*] (born 1968), racing driver
*] (1611-1677), Bishop of Parma
*] (1915-1943), anti-fascist activist
*] (born 2000), footballer
*] (1914–1997), actress
*], sculptor
*] (1895-1919), World War I flying ace
*] (1894–1917), World War I flying ace
*] (born 1966), football manager and former player
*] (born 1999), basketballer
*] (born 1973), volleyballer
*] (born 1988), footballer
*] (1643 or 1646-1724), painter
*] (1629–1694), painter
*] (born 1976), footballer
*] (1759-1791), anatomist, physician
*] (1615 – 1671), painter
*] (1899-1967), weightlifter
*] (born 1948), football coach and former player
*] (1869/1870-1908), mathematician
*] (1800-1895), painter
*] (born 1991), basketballer
*] (c.1565-c.1635), Spanish Baroque painter
*] (1825 – 1912), painter
*] (1810-1879), operatic tenor
*] (1580 – 1666), painter
*] (died 1282), Bishop of Osimo
*] (1841–1910), model
*] (born 1953), diplomat
*] (born 2003), Albanian footballer
*] (born 2003), Albanian footballer
*] (born 1973), politician and current mayor of Ancona
*], Roman nobleman
*] (1923-2022), politician
*] (born 1965), beach volleyballer
*] (1904-1981), actor
*] (born 1959), fencer
*] (died 1173), heroic self-sacrificing woman who saved the city of Ancona during the 1173 siege
*] (1855-1940), conductor
*] (born 1958), high jumper
*] (born 1947), Italian-Canadian film director and screenwriter
*] (born 1997), footballer
*] (1760s–1814), rabbi
*] (1527-1596), mannerist architect, sculptor, and mural painter
*] (born 1942), historian
*] (1888-1942), cartoonist
*] (born 1937), television host
*] (1860–1940), mathematician
*] (1856-1941), Austrian general during World War I
*] (born 1951), football manager and former player
*] (1894–1994), engineer
*] (1902 -1963), president of the Italian Athletics Federation
*] (1547/48–after 1602), virtuoso cornett player
*] (1552–1648), lyric poet from the Republic of Ragusa
{{div col end}}

==Transportation==

===Shipping===
The Port has regular ferry links to the following cities with the following operators:
* Adria Ferries (])
* ] (], ])
* ] (]) (seasonal)
* ] (], ])
* ] (Igoumenitsa, Patras)
* ] (Igoumenitsa, Patras)
* Marmara Lines (])

===Airport===
Ancona is served by ] (]: AOI, ]: LIPY), in ] and named after ].

], a former seaplane operator from Croatia, established trans-Adriatic flights between Croatia and Italy in November 2015, and offered four weekly flights from Ancona Falconara Airport to ] (59 minutes) and ] (49 minutes).

===Railways===
The ] is the main railway station of the city and is served by regional and long-distance trains. The other stations are ], Ancona Torrette, Ancona Stadio, Palombina and Varano.

===Roads===
The ] serves the city with the exits "Ancona Nord" (''An. North'') and "Ancona Sud" (''An. South'').

===Urban public transportation===
The ] has been in operation since 1949. Ancona is also served by an urban and suburban bus network operated by Conerobus.

==Twin towns — sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
Ancona is ] with:
*{{flagicon|TUR}} ], Turkey<ref>{{cite web |title=Kardeş Şehirlerimiz|url=https://www.cesme.bel.tr/sayfa/kardes-sehirlerimiz|publisher=Çeşme|language=tr|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ROU}} ], Romania<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information on city Galati|url=http://www.invest-in-galati.ro/en/informations|website=invest-in-galati.ro|publisher=Galați|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} ], Croatia<ref>{{cite web |title=Gradovi prijatelji|url=https://www.split.hr/o-splitu/gradovi-prijatelji|website=split.hr|publisher=Split|language=hr|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} ], Croatia<ref>{{cite web |title=Gradovi prijatelji|url=http://www.grad-zadar.hr/gradovi-prijatelji-437/|publisher=Zadar|language=hr|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CAN}} ], Canada
* {{flagicon|NOR}} ], Norway

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
* {{1911}} {{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{See also|Timeline of Ancona#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Ancona}}
*{{Citation |publisher=Karl Baedeker |location=Coblenz |title=Italy |edition=2nd |date=1870 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/italyhandbookfor04karl#page/n351/mode/2up |chapter=Ancona |ol=24140254M}}


===External links=== == External links ==
* * {{Official website|https://www.comune.ancona.gov.it}}
*
*


{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
]
{{Province of Ancona}}
]
{{Regional Capitals of Italy}}
{{Repubbliche Marinare}}
{{Cities in Italy}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 10:44, 4 January 2025

City and seaport in Marche, Italy This article is about the city in Italy. For other uses, see Ancona (disambiguation).

Comune in Marche, Italy
Ancona
Comune
Città di Ancona
Clockwise from top: view of the city, Mole Vanvitelliana, Scalinata del Passetto [it] and Piazza IV Novembre with the Monument to the Fallen, Loggia dei Mercanti, San Ciriaco Cathedral, Piazza del Plebiscito (Piazza del Papa) [it], the Arch of Trajan and Arch of Clementino [it]
Flag of AnconaFlagCoat of arms of AnconaCoat of arms
Location of Ancona
Ancona is located in ItalyAnconaAnconaLocation of Ancona in MarcheShow map of ItalyAncona is located in MarcheAnconaAnconaAncona (Marche)Show map of Marche
Coordinates: 43°37′01″N 13°31′00″E / 43.61694°N 13.51667°E / 43.61694; 13.51667
CountryItaly
RegionMarche
ProvinceAncona (AN)
FrazioniAspio, Gallignano, Montacuto, Massignano, Montesicuro, Candia, Ghettarello, Paterno, Casine di Paterno, Poggio di Ancona, Sappanico, Varano
Government
 • MayorDaniele Silvetti (FI)
Area
 • Total123.71 km (47.76 sq mi)
Elevation16 m (52 ft)
Population
 • Total100,924
 • Density820/km (2,100/sq mi)
DemonymsAnconetani, Anconitani
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code60100, 60121–60129, 60131
Dialing code071
Patron saintJudas Cyriacus
Saint day4 May
WebsiteOfficial website

Ancona (/æŋˈkoʊnə/, also US: /ænˈ-, ɑːnˈ-/; Italian: [aŋˈkoːna] ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of Central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 as of 2015. Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north.

Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.

History

See also: Timeline of Ancona
Borders and castles of the Republic of Ancona in the 15th century
Vanvitelli's Lazzaretto
The portal of the church of San Francesco

Greek colony

Before the Greek colonization, the territory was occupied by separated communities of the Picentes tribes.

Ancona took a more urban shape by Greek settlers from Syracuse in about 387 BC, who gave it its name: Ancona stems from the Greek word Ἀγκών (Ankṓn), meaning "elbow"; the harbour to the east of the town was originally protected only by the promontory on the north, shaped like an elbow. Greek merchants established a Tyrian purple dye factory here. In Roman times it kept its own coinage with the punning device of the bent arm holding a palm branch, and the head of Aphrodite on the reverse, and continued the use of the Greek language.

Roman municipium

When it became a Roman town is uncertain. It was occupied as a naval station in the Illyrian War of 178 BC. Julius Caesar took possession of it immediately after crossing the Rubicon. Its harbour was of considerable importance in imperial times, as the nearest to Dalmatia, and was enlarged by Trajan, who constructed the north quay with his architect Apollodorus of Damascus. At the beginning of it stands the marble triumphal arch, the Arch of Trajan with a single archway, and without bas-reliefs, erected in his honour in 115 by the Senate and Roman people.

Byzantine city

Ancona was attacked successively by the Goths and Lombards between the 3rd and 5th centuries, but recovered its strength and importance. It was one of the cities of the Pentapolis of the Exarchate of Ravenna, a lordship of the Byzantine Empire, in the 7th and 8th centuries. In 840, Saracen raiders sacked and burned the city. After Charlemagne's conquest of northern Italy, it became the capital of the Marca di Ancona, whence the name of the modern region derives.

Maritime Republic of Ancona

See also: Republic of Ancona

After 1000, Ancona became increasingly independent, eventually turning into an important maritime republic (together with Gaeta and Ragusa, it is one of those not appearing on the Italian naval flag), often clashing against the nearby power of Venice. An oligarchic republic, Ancona was ruled by six Elders, elected by the three terzieri into which the city was divided: S. Pietro, Porto and Capodimonte. It had a coin of its own, the agontano, and a series of laws known as Statuti del mare e del Terzenale and Statuti della Dogana. Ancona was usually allied with the Republic of Ragusa and the Byzantine Empire.

In 1137, 1167 and 1174 it was strong enough to push back the forces of the Holy Roman Empire. Anconitan ships took part in the Crusades, and their navigators included Cyriac of Ancona. In the struggle between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors that troubled Northern and Central Italy from the 12th century onwards, Ancona sided with the Popes (Guelphs).

Trade routes and warehouses of the maritime republic of Ancona

Unlike other cities of northern Italy, Ancona never became a signoria. The sole exception was the rule of the Malatesta, who took the city in 1348, taking advantage of the black death and of a fire that had destroyed many of the city's important buildings. The Malatesta were ousted in 1383. In 1532, Ancona definitively lost its freedom and became part of the Papal States, under Pope Clement VII. The symbol of the new papal authority was the massive Citadel.

In the Papal States

Pope Pius IV commanded the execution and burning of Converso merchants in Ancona for returning to Judaism. Later, Ancona, along with Rome and Avignon in southern France, was one of the three cities in the Papal States where Jews were permitted to remain after Pope Pius V ordered their banishment in 1569. They lived in the ghetto that had been established in Ancona in 1555.

In 1733, Pope Clement XII extended the quay, and an inferior imitation of Trajan's arch was set up; he also erected a Lazaretto at the south end of the harbour, Luigi Vanvitelli being the architect-in-chief. The southern quay was built in 1880, and the harbour was protected by forts on the heights. From 1797 onwards, when the French took it, it frequently appears in history as an important fortress.

The Greek community of Ancona

See also: Republic of Ancona § Communities present in the Republic
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Ancona, as well as Venice, became a very important destination for merchants from the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. The Greeks formed the largest of the communities of foreign merchants. They were refugees from former Byzantine or Venetian territories that were occupied by the Ottomans in the late 15th and 16th centuries. The first Greek community was established in Ancona early in the 16th century.

Contemporary history

Ancona entered the Kingdom of Italy when Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière surrendered here on 29 September 1860 following a brief siege, eleven days after his defeat at Castelfidardo.

On 23 May 1915, Italy entered World War I and joined the Entente Powers. In 1915, following Italy's entry, the battleship division of the Austro-Hungarian Navy carried out extensive bombardments causing great damage to all installations and killing several dozen people. Ancona was one of the most important Italian ports on the Adriatic Sea during the Great War.

During World War II, the city was taken by the Polish 2nd Corps against Nazi German forces, as Free Polish forces were serving as part of the British Army. Poles were tasked with capture of the city on 16 June 1944 and accomplished the task a month later on 18 July 1944 in what is known as the battle of Ancona. The attack was part of an Allied operation to gain access to a seaport closer to the Gothic Line in order to shorten their lines of communication for the advance into northern Italy.

Jewish history

See also: Ancona Jews

Jews according to documents began living in Ancona in 967 AD, even though there is evidence they lived there even before. It has been claimed that in 1270, a Jewish resident of Ancona, Jacob of Ancona, travelled to China, four years before Marco Polo, and documented his impressions in a book called "The City of Lights". From 1300 and on, the Jewish community of Ancona grew steadily, most due to the city importance and it being a center of trade with the Levant. In that year, Jewish poet Immanuel the Roman tried to lower high taxation taken from the Jewish community of the city. Over the next 200 years, Jews from Germany, Spain, Sicily and Portugal immigrated to Ancona, due to persecutions in their homeland and thanks to the pro-Jewish attitude taken towards Ancona Jews due to their importance in the trade and banking business, making Ancona a trade center.

In 1555, pope Paul IV forced the Crypto-Jewish community of the city to convert to Christianity, as part of his Papal Bull of 1555. While some did, others refused to do so and thus were hanged and then burnt in the town square. In response, Jewish merchants boycotted Ancona for a short while. The boycott was led by Dona Gracia Mendes Nasi.

Though emancipated by Napoleon I for several years, in 1843 Pope Gregory XVI revived an old decree, forbidding Jews from living outside the ghetto, wearing identification sign on their clothes and other religious and financial restrictions. Public opinion did not approve of these restrictions, and they were cancelled a short while after.

The Jews of Ancona received full emancipation in 1848 with the election of Pope Pius IX. In 1938, 1177 lived in Ancona; 53 Jews were sent away to Germany, 15 of them survived and returned to the town after World War II. The majority of the Jewish community stayed in town or emigrated due to high ransoms paid to the fascist regime. In 2004, about 200 Jews lived in Ancona.

Two synagogues and two cemeteries still exist in the city. The ancient Monte-Cardeto cemetery is one of the biggest Jewish cemeteries in Europe and tombstones are dated to 1552 and on. It can still be visited and it resides within the Parco del Cardeto.

Geography

Climate

The climate of Ancona is humid subtropical (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification) and the city lies on the border between mediterranean and more continental regions. Precipitations are regular throughout the year. Winters are cool (January mean temp. 5 °C or 41 °F), with frequent rain and fog. Temperatures can reach −10 °C (14 °F) or even lower values outside the city centre during the most intense cold waves. Snow is not unusual with air masses coming from Northern Europe or from the Balkans and Russia, and can be heavy at times (also due to the "Adriatic Sea effect"), especially in the hills surrounding the city centre. Summers are usually warm and humid (July mean temp. 22.5 °C or 72.5 °F). Highs sometimes can reach values around 35 and 40 °C (95 and 104 °F), especially if the wind is blowing from the south or from the west (föhn effect off the Apennine Mountains). Thunderstorms are quite common, particularly in August and September, and can be intense with occasional flash floods, damaging winds and even large hail. Spring and autumn are both seasons with changeable weather, but generally mild. Extremes in temperature have been −15.4 °C (4.3 °F) (in 1967) and 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) (in 1968) / 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) (in 1983).

Climate data for Ancona (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.1
(50.2) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.5
(65.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.6
(85.3) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.7
(69.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		19.8
(67.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.3
(52.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.7
(78.3) 		21.5
(70.7) 		17.4
(63.3) 		12.6
(54.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		16.2
(61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.8
(71.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		5.5
(41.9) 		12.6
(54.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.0
(1.85) 		54.7
(2.15) 		59.4
(2.34) 		54.1
(2.13) 		55.9
(2.20) 		52.0
(2.05) 		35.2
(1.39) 		38.5
(1.52) 		85.8
(3.38) 		68.5
(2.70) 		87.0
(3.43) 		71.0
(2.80) 		709.1
(27.94)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.8 6.6 5.0 3.5 3.8 6.8 7.6 9.3 8.4 78.1
Source: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale

Demographics

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2024)
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1174 11,000—    
1565 18,435+67.6%
1582 27,770+50.6%
1656 17,033−38.7%
1701 16,212−4.8%
1708 16,194−0.1%
1769 23,028+42.2%
1809 31,231+35.6%
1816 32,636+4.5%
1828 36,816+12.8%
1844 43,217+17.4%
1846 43,953+1.7%
1853 44,833+2.0%
1861 47,230+5.3%
1871 45,681−3.3%
1881 48,888+7.0%
1901 58,602+19.9%
1911 65,388+11.6%
1921 68,521+4.8%
1931 75,372+10.0%
1936 78,639+4.3%
1951 85,763+9.1%
1961 100,485+17.2%
1971 109,789+9.3%
1981 106,432−3.1%
1991 101,285−4.8%
2001 100,507−0.8%
2010 102,997+2.5%
Source: P. Burattini. Stradario – Guida della città di Ancona (Ancona, 1951) and ISTAT

In 2007, there were 101,480 people residing in Ancona (the greater area has a population more than four times its size), located in the province of Ancona, Marches, of whom 47.6% were male and 52.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 15.54 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 24.06 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Ancona residents is 48, compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Ancona grew by 1.48 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent. The current birth rate of Ancona is 8.14 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

As of 2006, 92.77% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant group came from other European nations (particularly those from Albania, Romania and Ukraine): 3.14%, followed by the Americas: 0.93%, East Asia: 0.83%, and North Africa: 0.80%.

Government

See also: List of mayors of Ancona

Main sights

Ancona Cathedral

A cannon situated near the Arch of Trajan, with the Ancona Cathedral in the background
Renaissance Gothic door of the church of Sant'Agostino

Ancona Cathedral, dedicated to Judas Cyriacus, was consecrated at the beginning of the 11th century and completed in 1189. Some writers suppose that the original church was in the form of a basilica and belonged to the 7th century. An early restoration was completed in 1234. It is a fine Romanesque building in grey stone, built in the form of a Greek cross, and other elements of Byzantine art. It has a dodecagonal dome over the centre slightly altered by Margaritone d'Arezzo in 1270. The façade has a Gothic portal, ascribed to Giorgio da Como (1228), which was intended to have a lateral arch on each side. The interior, which has a crypt under each transept, in the main preserves its original character. It has ten columns which are attributed to the temple of Venus. The church was restored in the 1980s.

Arch of Trajan

Arch of Trajan

The Arch of Trajan is a marble structure 18 metres (59 feet) high, but only 3 metres (9.8 feet) wide, standing on a high platform approached by a wide flight of steps, and is one of the finest surviving Roman monuments in the Marches. It was built in the year 114/115 as an entrance to the causeway atop the harbour wall and is named in honour of Trajan, the emperor who made the harbour. Most of its original bronze ornaments have disappeared. The archway is flanked by pairs of fluted Corinthian columns on pedestals. A pediment bears inscriptions. The format is that of the Arch of Titus in Rome, but made taller, so that the bronze figures surmounting it, of Trajan, his wife Plotina and sister Marciana, would figure as a landmark for ships approaching Rome's greatest Adriatic port.

Other sights

  • Lazzaretto: the complex was planned by architect Luigi Vanvitelli in 1732 as a pentagonal building built on an artificial island, also pentagonal, as a quarantine station; it covers more than 20,000 square metres (220,000 square feet), built to protect the city from the risk of contagious diseases eventually reaching the town with the ships. Later it was used also as a military hospital or as barracks; it is currently used for cultural exhibits.
  • The Episcopal Palace was the place where Pope Pius II died in 1464.
  • Santa Maria della Piazza: medieval romanesque church with an elaborate arcaded façade (1210).
  • Palazzo del Comune (or Palazzo degli Anziani – Elders palace); it was built in 1250, with lofty arched substructures at the back, was gotic work of Margaritone d'Arezzo.
  • the Palazzo del Governo (now prefecture), Renaissance work of Francesco di Giorgio Martini.
  • Santi Pellegrino e Teresa: 18th century church.
  • Santissimo Sacramento: 16th and 18th century church.

There are also several buildings by Giorgio da Sebenico, combining Gothic and Renaissance elements: the Palazzo Benincasa, the Loggia dei Mercanti, the Franciscan church of San Francesco alle Scale and Sant'Agostino, Augustinian church with statues portraying St. Monica, St. Nicola da Tolentino, St. Simplicianus and Blessed Agostino Trionfi; in the 18th century it was enlarged by Luigi Vanvitelli and turned into a palace after 1860.

The National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region is housed in the Palazzo Ferretti, built in the late Renaissance by Pellegrino Tibaldi; it preserves frescoes by Federico Zuccari. The Museum is divided into several sections:

  • prehistoric section, with palaeolithic and neolithic artefacts, objects of the Copper Age and of the Bronze Age
  • protohistoric section, with the richest existing collection of the Picenian civilization; the section includes a remarkable collection of Greek ceramics
  • Greek-Hellenistic section, with coins, inscriptions, glassware and other objects from the necropolis of Ancona
  • Roman section, with a statue of Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, carved sarcophagi and two Roman beds with fine decorations in ivory
  • rich collection of ancient coins (not yet exposed)
The port of Ancona

The Municipal Art Gallery (Pinacoteca Civica Francesco Podesti) is housed in the Palazzo Bosdari, reconstructed between 1558 and 1561 by Pellegrino Tibaldi. Works in the gallery include:

Other artists present include Francesco Podesti, Ciro Ferri and Arcangelo di Cola. Modern artists featured are Anselmo Bucci, Massimo Campigli, Bruno Cassinari, Enzo Cucchi, Carlo Levi, Aligi Sassu, Orfeo Tamburi and others.

Notable people

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Transportation

Shipping

The Port has regular ferry links to the following cities with the following operators:

Airport

Ancona is served by Ancona Airport (IATA: AOI, ICAO: LIPY), in Falconara Marittima and named after Raffaello Sanzio.

European Coastal Airlines, a former seaplane operator from Croatia, established trans-Adriatic flights between Croatia and Italy in November 2015, and offered four weekly flights from Ancona Falconara Airport to Split (59 minutes) and Rijeka (49 minutes).

Railways

The Ancona railway station is the main railway station of the city and is served by regional and long-distance trains. The other stations are Ancona Marittima, Ancona Torrette, Ancona Stadio, Palombina and Varano.

Roads

The A14 motorway serves the city with the exits "Ancona Nord" (An. North) and "Ancona Sud" (An. South).

Urban public transportation

The Ancona trolleybus system has been in operation since 1949. Ancona is also served by an urban and suburban bus network operated by Conerobus.

Twin towns — sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Ancona is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. "Ancona AN - Marche". Comuni e borghi d'Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  3. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  4. "Ancona". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  5. "Ancona". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  6. "Ancona". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  7. "Ancona". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  8. Silius Italicus, VIII. 438
  9. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ancona". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–952.
  10. Livy xli. i
  11. The other four were Fano, Pesaro, Senigallia and Rimini
  12. The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095, Hilmar C. Krueger, A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years, Vol. I, ed. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955), p. 47.
  13. The International Geographic Encyclopedia and Atlas, Ancona (p. 27), Springer, 1979. ISBN 9781349050024.
  14. "Ancona-Presentazione di Storia". Genially. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  15. Ray, Jonathan Stewart (2013). After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry. New York: New York University Press. pp. 70, 73. ISBN 978-0-8147-2911-3.
  16. Hore, Peter, The Ironclads, London, Southwater Publishing, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6.
  17. Jerzy Bordziłowski (ed. ), Mała encyklopedia wojskowa. Tom 1 (in Polish), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1967.
  18. "The Jewish Community of Ancona". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  19. ^ "Ghetto of Ancona". Visit Jewish Italy. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  20. ^ Capalbi, Monica (2008). "Matas, Niccolò (Niccola, Nicola)". Treccani. Biographical Dictionary of Italians - Volume 72. Institute of the Italian Encyclopedia.
  21. Edict of the Inquisition of Ancona against the jews at Internet Archive
  22. ^ Jewish Virtual Library
  23. "Valori climatici normali in Italia". Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  24. "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  25. "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  26. San Ciriaco – La cattedrale di Ancona, Federico Motta editore, 2003
  27. "Kardeş Şehirlerimiz" (in Turkish). Çeşme. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  28. "General Information on city Galati". invest-in-galati.ro. Galați. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  29. "Gradovi prijatelji". split.hr (in Croatian). Split. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  30. "Gradovi prijatelji" (in Croatian). Zadar. Retrieved 14 January 2023.

Sources

See also: Bibliography of the history of Ancona

External links

Ancona at Misplaced Pages's sister projects:
Marche · Comuni of the Province of Ancona
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