Misplaced Pages

Siege of Lemnos (1770): Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 23:07, 1 January 2025 editCplakidas (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, File movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers221,964 edits →top← Previous edit Latest revision as of 10:22, 5 January 2025 edit undoRodw (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Event coordinators, Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers771,080 editsm Disambiguating links to Neutral (link changed to Neutral country) using DisamAssist. 
(4 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:
| date = 4 August – 22 October 1770 | date = 4 August – 22 October 1770
| place = ], ], ] | place = ], ], ]
| coordinates = {{coord|39|52|40|N|23|03|19|E|display=inline}}
| result = Ottoman victory | result = Ottoman victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} | combatant1 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
Line 18: Line 19:


== Background == == Background ==
The ], which destroyed the ] on July 7, 1770, at the ], was left unopposed in the ]. Although British Advisor Admiral ] suggested forcing the ] and attacking the Ottoman capital ], Russian Naval Commander Count ] did not accept this suggestion.<ref>"History of the Turkish Armed Forces-Ottoman Period", v.3, General Staff ATASE Presidency, Ankara (1982), p.258</ref> Count Orlov, who sent Elphinstone with a small fleet to the front of the ], headed towards ] with his fleet, but gave up the attack when he learned that there was an epidemic on the island. On July 10, two British ships accompanying the Russian fleet left the region within the framework of ]'s policy of ] in the war. After the blockade attempt in front of Dardanelles Strait failed, the Russian navy headed towards ].<ref>"Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853", R.C. Anderson, Princeton University Press (1952), pp.291-292</ref> The ], which destroyed the ] on July 7, 1770, at the ], was left unopposed in the ]. Although British Advisor Admiral ] suggested forcing the ] and attacking the Ottoman capital ], Russian Naval Commander Count ] did not accept this suggestion.<ref>"History of the Turkish Armed Forces-Ottoman Period", v.3, General Staff ATASE Presidency, Ankara (1982), p.258</ref> Count Orlov, who sent Elphinstone with a small fleet to the front of the ], headed towards ] with his fleet, but gave up the attack when he learned that there was an epidemic on the island. On July 10, two British ships accompanying the Russian fleet left the region within the framework of ]'s policy of ] in the war. After the blockade attempt in front of Dardanelles Strait failed, the Russian navy headed towards ].<ref>"Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853", R.C. Anderson, Princeton University Press (1952), pp.291-292</ref>


== Siege == == Siege ==
The Russian navy entered ] on July 26 and opened fire on the Turkish fortifications on July 31. After landing 1,400 soldiers on August 1, the siege of Limni Castle began on August 4. The Russian forces, who occupied the rest of the island with the support of the Greek population, encountered fierce resistance from a Turkish garrison of 350 soldiers fighting with their families at Limnos Castle<ref>"Osmanlı Tarihi", İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, v.IV/I, Ankara 1988, p.402</ref> The Russian navy entered ] on July 26 and opened fire on the Turkish fortifications on July 31. After landing 1,400 soldiers on August 1, the siege of the castle of ] began on August 4. The Russian forces, who occupied the rest of the island with the support of the Greek population, encountered fierce resistance from a Turkish garrison of 350 soldiers fighting with their families at the castle.<ref>"Osmanlı Tarihi", İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, v.IV/I, Ankara 1988, p.402</ref>


Simultaneously, ], who was authorized with the title of ] to gather the ] after the Çeşme disaster, went from ] to ] and made plans with the former ] and the Serasker of the Bosphorus Fortresses Moldovancı Ali Pasha to rescue ]. In this context, he planned to request 1,000 soldiers from the Serasker and cross from Kumburnu to Lemnos with boats to be provided from ].<ref>"Gazavat-ı Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha", Tevfik Temelkuran, Istanbul University (2000), p.239</ref> However, while the Russian fleet continued the blockade in front of the ] with nine ], the Greek population of ] also refrained from providing boats. Moldovancı Ali Pasha also postponed any operations on ] until the new Kapudan Pasha Cafer Pasha (who was appointed to replace ], who was dismissed after the Çeşme defeat and died in ]) arrived in ]. Simultaneously, ], who was authorized with the title of ] to gather the ] after the Çeşme disaster, went from ] to ] and made plans with the former ] and ] of the Dardanelles fortresses ] to relieve the siege. In this context, he planned to request 1,000 soldiers from the serasker and cross from Kumburnu to Lemnos with boats to be provided from ].<ref>"Gazavat-ı Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha", Tevfik Temelkuran, Istanbul University (2000), p.239</ref> However, while the Russian fleet continued the blockade in front of the Dardanelles with nine ], the Greek population of Tenedos also refrained from providing boats. Moldovancı Ali Pasha also postponed any operations on Lemnos until the new ], Cafer Pasha (who was appointed to replace ], who was dismissed after the Çeşme defeat) arrived in Çanakkale.


Meanwhile, the Russian unit that was tightening the siege on ] received regular ammunition support from the Russian navy in the Mudros Port, seized approximately 80,000 sheep and 1,000 oxen on the island and had them slaughtered, as well as seizing grain. The Russians, who transported the local population to ships, also plundered the houses of Muslims in the suburbs of the castle. He conveyed the call for the surrender of the Russian forces (through Karakulak İbrahim Ağa, the harem steward of the former grand vizier chamberlain İzzet Ahmet Pasha, who was taken prisoner on ] in July) to the Turkish garrison defending the castle with 17 old cannons, some of which were broken and with little ammunition. ] gave 24 hours for the surrender of the castle and promised to leave it in place if anyone accepted an annual gold tax; and to take those who refused and wanted to leave the island with their belongings wherever they wanted. In return, he threatened to subject anyone over the age of seven to violence if his offer was rejected. The garrison stalled the embassy in the hope that help would arrive and asked for a period of 5 days. ] insisted on 24 hours and the garrison decided to defend the castle.<ref>"Gazavat-ı Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa", Tevfik Temelkuran, Istanbul University (2000), p.245-246</ref> In the general attack on August 31, the Russian unit suffered 150 casualties and lost the ladders they used to climb the walls and had to retreat. Meanwhile, the Russian unit that was tightening the siege on Lemnos received regular ammunition support from the Russian navy in Moudros Bay, seized approximately 80,000 sheep and 1,000 oxen on the island and had them slaughtered, as well as seizing grain. The Russians, who transported the local population to ships, also plundered the houses of Muslims in the suburbs of the castle. He conveyed the call for the surrender of the Russian forces (through Karakulak İbrahim Ağa, the harem steward of the former grand vizier's chamberlain İzzet Ahmet Pasha, who was taken prisoner on Chios in July) to the Turkish garrison defending the castle with 17 old cannons, some of which were broken and with little ammunition. Count Orlov gave 24 hours for the surrender of the castle and promised to leave it in place if anyone accepted an annual gold tax; and to take those who refused and wanted to leave the island with their belongings wherever they wanted. In return, he threatened to subject anyone over the age of seven to violence if his offer was rejected. The garrison stalled the embassy in the hope that help would arrive and asked for a period of 5 days. ] insisted on 24 hours and the garrison decided to defend the castle.<ref>"Gazavat-ı Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa", Tevfik Temelkuran, Istanbul University (2000), p.245-246</ref> In the general attack on August 31, the Russian unit suffered 150 casualties and lost the ladders they used to climb the walls and had to retreat.


At the beginning of October, the Russian force on the island increased to 4,000, while the number of soldiers in the Turkish garrison that could fight dropped to 250. The Turkish garrison, which had no strength to resist the Russian batteries that fired 1,200 cannonballs a day, decided to surrender on October 5 after holding out for two months. At the beginning of October, the Russian force on the island increased to 4,000, while the number of soldiers in the Turkish garrison that could fight dropped to 250. The Turkish garrison, which had no strength to resist the Russian batteries that fired 1,200 cannonballs a day, decided to surrender on October 5 after holding out for two months.


However, after the Çeşme disaster, ], who was authorized to gather the ], left the ] with 23 ships and boats and landed a force (1,070 soldiers) from the Yoztaş port in ] at the time when the garrison decided to surrender (October 7).<ref>Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, TS.MA.E, 553/13</ref> He also conveyed the rumor to Count Orlov that he had arrived with 12,000 soldiers. Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha]] left the Dardanelles with 23 ships and boats and landed a force (1,070 soldiers) from the Yoztaş port in Lemnos at the time when the garrison decided to surrender (October 7).<ref>Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, TS.MA.E, 553/13</ref> He also conveyed the rumor to Count Orlov that he had arrived with 12,000 soldiers.


Count Orlov then lifted the siege on October 22 and began to withdraw the soldiers to the ships, but before the evacuation was complete, he was attacked by a Turkish force that had landed on the island. As a result of the five and a half hour fight, many Russian soldiers were put to the sword, and the boats in which the Russian soldiers were trying to board were sunk, and many Russian soldiers drowned. The large ships of the Russian navy left the port of ] and went to ]. The Russian force left behind a lot of ammunition, supplies and supplies, and released the hostages.<ref>"Limni Müdafaası (1770)", Cengiz Fedakar, History Studies, 11/5, October 2019, p.1565-1566</ref> Count Orlov then lifted the siege on October 22 and began to withdraw the soldiers to the ships, but before the evacuation was complete, he was attacked by a Turkish force that had landed on the island. As a result of the five and a half hour fight, many Russian soldiers were put to the sword, and the boats in which the Russian soldiers were trying to board were sunk, and many Russian soldiers drowned. The large ships of the Russian navy left Moudros and went to ]. The Russian force left behind a lot of ammunition, supplies and supplies, and released the hostages.<ref>"Limni Müdafaası (1770)", Cengiz Fedakar, History Studies, 11/5, October 2019, p.1565-1566</ref>


== Aftermath == == Aftermath ==
After the Russian Navy withdrew to the island of ], the Ottomans quickly repaired the ] fortress, which had been devastated after a siege that lasted about three months, and reinforced it with 455 ]. After the Russian Navy withdrew to the island of ], the Ottomans quickly repaired the fortress of Myrina, which had been devastated after a siege that lasted about three months, and reinforced it with 455 ].


Following his success in defeating the Russian siege of Limnos, ] was appointed ] with the title of gazi and the rank of vizier in November 1770. He was also given the Seraskership of the Straits.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cezayirli-gazi-hasan-pasa |title=Islam Encyclopedia, "Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha" article, Turkish Religious Foundation, Istanbul (1993), v.7, p.502}}</ref> Following his success in defeating the Russian siege of Lemnos, Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha was appointed Kapudan Pasha with the title of ] and the rank of vizier in November 1770. He was also given the Seraskership of the Straits.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cezayirli-gazi-hasan-pasa |title=Islam Encyclopedia, "Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha" article, Turkish Religious Foundation, Istanbul (1993), v.7, p.502}}</ref>


Despite the defeat of the Russian unit besieging the ] castle, the Russian navy, which did not lose any ships in the siege, also in 1771 (the Ottoman navy (in his absence) continued his attacks in the ]. However, he refrained from undertaking large-scale landing operations such as the Siege of Lemnos in 1770. For, despite the victory at Çeşme, it had become clear once again that a navy needed a significant land force to seize territory.<ref>"Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853", R.C. Anderson, Princeton University Press (1952), pp.294-296</ref> Despite the defeat of the Russian siege, the Russian navy, which did not lose any ships, continued his attacks in the Aegean Sea. However, the Russians refrained from undertaking further large-scale landing operations. For, despite the victory at Çeşme, it had become clear once again that a navy needed a significant land force to seize territory.<ref>"Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853", R.C. Anderson, Princeton University Press (1952), pp.294-296</ref>


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 10:22, 5 January 2025

Siege of Lemnos (1770)
Part of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
Date4 August – 22 October 1770
LocationMyrina, Lemnos, Ottoman Empire39°52′40″N 23°03′19″E / 39.87778°N 23.05528°E / 39.87778; 23.05528
Result Ottoman victory
Belligerents
 Ottoman Empire  Russian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov
Strength
1,420 4,000
Casualties and losses
150 800
Russo-Turkish War
(1768–1774)
1769

1770

1771

1772

1773

1774

The Siege of Lemnos in 1770 was part of the Aegean theatre of the Russo-Turkish war (1768–1774). The Russian navy under the command of Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, which besieged the castle of Myrina on Lemnos between August 4 and October 22, 1770, retreated to the island of Paros after the Russian siege forces were defeated by the Ottomans under the command of Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha, who landed on the island.

Background

The Russian navy, which destroyed the Ottoman navy on July 7, 1770, at the Battle of Chesma, was left unopposed in the Aegean Sea. Although British Advisor Admiral John Elphinstone suggested forcing the Dardanelles Strait and attacking the Ottoman capital Istanbul, Russian Naval Commander Count Aleksey Orlov did not accept this suggestion. Count Orlov, who sent Elphinstone with a small fleet to the front of the Dardanelles Strait, headed towards Chios Island with his fleet, but gave up the attack when he learned that there was an epidemic on the island. On July 10, two British ships accompanying the Russian fleet left the region within the framework of Britain's policy of neutrality in the war. After the blockade attempt in front of Dardanelles Strait failed, the Russian navy headed towards Lemnos.

Siege

The Russian navy entered Moudros Bay on July 26 and opened fire on the Turkish fortifications on July 31. After landing 1,400 soldiers on August 1, the siege of the castle of Myrina began on August 4. The Russian forces, who occupied the rest of the island with the support of the Greek population, encountered fierce resistance from a Turkish garrison of 350 soldiers fighting with their families at the castle.

Simultaneously, Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha, who was authorized with the title of Vizier to gather the Ottoman Navy after the Çeşme disaster, went from Smyrna to Çanakkale and made plans with the former grand vizier and serasker of the Dardanelles fortresses Moldovancı Ali Pasha to relieve the siege. In this context, he planned to request 1,000 soldiers from the serasker and cross from Kumburnu to Lemnos with boats to be provided from Tenedos. However, while the Russian fleet continued the blockade in front of the Dardanelles with nine galleons, the Greek population of Tenedos also refrained from providing boats. Moldovancı Ali Pasha also postponed any operations on Lemnos until the new Kapudan Pasha, Cafer Pasha (who was appointed to replace Mandalzade Hüsameddin, who was dismissed after the Çeşme defeat) arrived in Çanakkale.

Meanwhile, the Russian unit that was tightening the siege on Lemnos received regular ammunition support from the Russian navy in Moudros Bay, seized approximately 80,000 sheep and 1,000 oxen on the island and had them slaughtered, as well as seizing grain. The Russians, who transported the local population to ships, also plundered the houses of Muslims in the suburbs of the castle. He conveyed the call for the surrender of the Russian forces (through Karakulak İbrahim Ağa, the harem steward of the former grand vizier's chamberlain İzzet Ahmet Pasha, who was taken prisoner on Chios in July) to the Turkish garrison defending the castle with 17 old cannons, some of which were broken and with little ammunition. Count Orlov gave 24 hours for the surrender of the castle and promised to leave it in place if anyone accepted an annual gold tax; and to take those who refused and wanted to leave the island with their belongings wherever they wanted. In return, he threatened to subject anyone over the age of seven to violence if his offer was rejected. The garrison stalled the embassy in the hope that help would arrive and asked for a period of 5 days. Grigory Orlov insisted on 24 hours and the garrison decided to defend the castle. In the general attack on August 31, the Russian unit suffered 150 casualties and lost the ladders they used to climb the walls and had to retreat.

At the beginning of October, the Russian force on the island increased to 4,000, while the number of soldiers in the Turkish garrison that could fight dropped to 250. The Turkish garrison, which had no strength to resist the Russian batteries that fired 1,200 cannonballs a day, decided to surrender on October 5 after holding out for two months.

Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha]] left the Dardanelles with 23 ships and boats and landed a force (1,070 soldiers) from the Yoztaş port in Lemnos at the time when the garrison decided to surrender (October 7). He also conveyed the rumor to Count Orlov that he had arrived with 12,000 soldiers.

Count Orlov then lifted the siege on October 22 and began to withdraw the soldiers to the ships, but before the evacuation was complete, he was attacked by a Turkish force that had landed on the island. As a result of the five and a half hour fight, many Russian soldiers were put to the sword, and the boats in which the Russian soldiers were trying to board were sunk, and many Russian soldiers drowned. The large ships of the Russian navy left Moudros and went to Mount Athos. The Russian force left behind a lot of ammunition, supplies and supplies, and released the hostages.

Aftermath

After the Russian Navy withdrew to the island of Paros, the Ottomans quickly repaired the fortress of Myrina, which had been devastated after a siege that lasted about three months, and reinforced it with 455 Janissaries.

Following his success in defeating the Russian siege of Lemnos, Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha was appointed Kapudan Pasha with the title of ghazi and the rank of vizier in November 1770. He was also given the Seraskership of the Straits.

Despite the defeat of the Russian siege, the Russian navy, which did not lose any ships, continued his attacks in the Aegean Sea. However, the Russians refrained from undertaking further large-scale landing operations. For, despite the victory at Çeşme, it had become clear once again that a navy needed a significant land force to seize territory.

References

  1. "History of the Turkish Armed Forces-Ottoman Period", v.3, General Staff ATASE Presidency, Ankara (1982), p.258
  2. "Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853", R.C. Anderson, Princeton University Press (1952), pp.291-292
  3. "Osmanlı Tarihi", İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, v.IV/I, Ankara 1988, p.402
  4. "Gazavat-ı Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha", Tevfik Temelkuran, Istanbul University (2000), p.239
  5. "Gazavat-ı Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa", Tevfik Temelkuran, Istanbul University (2000), p.245-246
  6. Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, TS.MA.E, 553/13
  7. "Limni Müdafaası (1770)", Cengiz Fedakar, History Studies, 11/5, October 2019, p.1565-1566
  8. "Islam Encyclopedia, "Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha" article, Turkish Religious Foundation, Istanbul (1993), v.7, p.502".
  9. "Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853", R.C. Anderson, Princeton University Press (1952), pp.294-296
Categories: