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| ⚫ | ] | ||
| The '''Catacomb of the |
The '''Catacomb of the Iordani''' (Italian - ''Catacomba dei Giordani'') is a ] on the left side of the ancient ] in Rome, under the modern ] in the ] quarter. It is named after the family who owned the land in which it was excavated and was badly damaged by relic-hunters and tomb-robbers before being rediscovered. | ||
| == |
==History== | ||
| It dates to between the second half of the 3rd century and the first half of the 5th century, with inscriptions dating to 269 and 436. It was rediscovered in 1720 by the archaeologists ] and ], but it was initially mistaken for the ]. As late as 1873 the archaeologist ] identified it as the ], whilst the Jesuit ] continued to identify it as the catacomb of Trasone. | |||
| In base ai ritrovamenti effettuati nel ], si può datare la catacomba tra la seconda metà del ] e la prima metà del ]: sono infatti state scoperte iscrizioni che riportano le date estreme del ] e del ]. Essa è intitolata ''dei Giordani'' dal nome della famiglia proprietaria del terreno in cui fu scavata. | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| La catacomba fu riportata alla luce nel ] dagli archeologici ] e ], ma fu inizialmente scambiata per quella di ]. Ancora nel 1873 l'archeologo ] vi individuò il ], mentre il gesuita ] ribadì l'attribuzione alla ]. Queste ambiguità riguardo all'identificazione perdurarono fino agli scavi condotti nel ] dalla ], che hanno permesso di identificarla con la catacomba dei Giordani, grazie soprattutto alla scoperta della tomba del martire Alessandro che molteplici fonti storiche indicavano ''in coemeterio Iordanorum''.<ref>{{Cita|Massimiliano Ghilardi|Quae signa erant illa, quibus putabant esse significativa Martyrii ?, al n. 23.}}</ref> | |||
| This confusion lasted until 1966, when the ]'s excavation allowed it to be identified as the catacomb of the Giordani, mainly thanks to the discovery of the crypt containing the remains of the martyr ], which several ancient literary sources state was "in the cemetery of the Iordanii". Fragments of three marble slabs of different eras dedicated to the saint were also found: | |||
| --> | |||
| * installed by ] (4th century), sculpted by his collaborator ], but destroyed during the ]' ] | |||
| == Martyrs ==<!--- | |||
| * its replacement under ], with the fragments of the last line showing the name 'Alexander' | |||
| Le fonti antiche attestano la presenza nel cimitero ipogeo delle tombe dei martiri Marziale, Vitale e ] (che la tradizione ritiene siano tre dei sette figli di ]). La '']'', la più antica tra queste fonti, attesta la loro sepoltura sulla via Salaria il 10 luglio. Il '']'' aggiunge, alla data del 31 dicembre, la sepoltura nel cimitero dei Giordani di un gruppo di ''sette vergini'': Donata, Paolina, Rogata, Dominanda, Serotina, Saturnina e Ilaria. Infine la '']'' riferisce che nel sopraterra esisteva una basilica intitolata ai martiri Marziale e Vitale: oggi di questo edificio, ancora visibile ad ] alla fine del ], non resta più niente. L'unica conferma archeologica di questi dati riscontrabili nelle fonti letterarie è, come già accennato, la tomba del martire Alessandro. | |||
| * a vow made by a certain Marcellus in the 5th century | |||
| ---> | |||
| The complex also contains the 'cubiculum of the Exodus', completely covered in 4th century frescoes of scenes from the ], particularly on the vault, which is rare in catacombs. The same literary sources mention the remains of the martyrs Martial and Vitale as being buried in the same cemetery as Alexander's - all of them were traditionally held to be sons of ]. | |||
| == Topography and description ==<!--- | |||
| La catacomba è giunta a noi in non perfette condizioni, visitata in passato da ''corpisantari'', ricercatori di reliquie e ''tombaroli''. Essa si dispone su più livelli, fino ad un massimo di cinque. | |||
| The earliest of the written sources, the '']'', attests that the three martyrs were buried on the via Salaria on 10 July. The '']'' adds that seven virgin martyrs (Donata, Paolina, Rogata, Dominanda, Serotina, Saturnina and Hilaria) were buried in the same tomb as Alexander and his brothers on 31 December. The '']'' states that the site had an above-ground basilica dedicated to the martyrs Martial and Vitale - nothing now remains of that building, but its ruins were seen at the end of the 16th century by ]. The only archaeological confirmation of these facts in the literary sources is the tomb of Alexander. | |||
| Negli ] del ] fu scoperta la cripta del martire ]. La conferma di questa identificazione viene dall'aver scoperto in loco e rimesso assieme frammenti di tre lastre marmoree dedicate al santo, risalenti a epoche diverse. La prima è quella che ] dedicò al martire (]), scolpita dal suo collaboratore ]: questa lastra andò distrutta con l'assedio dei ] del ]-]. Subito dopo ] ne fece scolpire una seconda in sostituzione di quella damasiana: i frammenti dell'ultimo rigo riportano chiaramente il nome di ''Alessandro''. Infine la terza epigrafe è un voto fatto da un tale Marcello (]), con la dedica al nostro martire. | |||
| Oltre al cubicolo del martire Alessandro, nella catacomba merita menzione il ''cubicolo dell']'', interamente ricoperto di affreschi risalenti al IV secolo, in particolare nella volta con episodi, rari nelle catacombe, tratti dal libro ] che dà il nome all'ambiente. | |||
| ---> | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| <references /> | <references /> | ||
| == Bibliography (in Italian) == | == Bibliography (in Italian) == | ||
| * {{in lang|it}} {{ |
* {{in lang|it}} {{cite book|author1=Leonella De Santis |author2=Giuseppe Biamonte |date=1997 |isbn=978-88-541-2771-5 |place=Roma |pages=172–174 |publisher=Newton Compton Editori |title=Le catacombe di Roma}}<!-- auto-translated from unknown (Italian or Spanish) by Module:CS1 translator --> | ||
| * {{in lang|it}} {{ |
* {{in lang|it}} {{Cite journal|title=Antichità cristiane. I lavori di papa Vigilio nelle catacombe|author1=Antonio Ferrua|author2=Antonio Ferrua|journal=La Civiltà Cattolica II|year=1967|pages=142–148}} | ||
| * {{in lang|it}} {{ |
* {{in lang|it}} {{Cite journal|title=Antichità cristiane. Santa Felicita e i suoi sette figli|author=Antonio Ferrua|journal=La Civiltà Cattolica II|date=1967|pages=248–251}} | ||
| * {{in lang|it}} {{ |
* {{in lang|it}} {{Cite journal|title=Le recenti scoperte delle catacombe sotto villa Savoia. Il "coemeterium Iordanorum ad S. Alexandrum"|author=Umberto Maria Fasola|journal=Actas del VIII Congreso Internacional de Arqueologia Cristiana, Barcelona 5-11 Octubre 1969|place=Città del Vaticano|date=1972|pages=273–297}} | ||
| * {{Cite journal|title=Quae signa erant illa, quibus putabant esse significativa Martyrii?|author=Massimiliano Ghilardi|url=https://journals.openedition.org/mefrim/561|date=15 April 2010|issue= |
* {{Cite journal|title=Quae signa erant illa, quibus putabant esse significativa Martyrii?|author=Massimiliano Ghilardi|url=https://journals.openedition.org/mefrim/561|date=15 April 2010|issue=122–1|language=it,en|journal=]|pages=81–106 |doi=10.4000/mefrim.561 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20191023213634/https://journals.openedition.org/mefrim/|archive-date=23 October 2019|ref=Massimiliano Ghilardi|access-date=23 October 2019}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 03:09, 6 January 2025
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The Catacomb of the Iordani (Italian - Catacomba dei Giordani) is a catacomb on the left side of the ancient via Salaria in Rome, under the modern villa Ada in the Parioli quarter. It is named after the family who owned the land in which it was excavated and was badly damaged by relic-hunters and tomb-robbers before being rediscovered.
History
It dates to between the second half of the 3rd century and the first half of the 5th century, with inscriptions dating to 269 and 436. It was rediscovered in 1720 by the archaeologists Marcantonio Boldetti and Giovanni Marangoni, but it was initially mistaken for the catacomb of Trasone. As late as 1873 the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi identified it as the catacomb of Priscilla, whilst the Jesuit Raffaele Garrucci continued to identify it as the catacomb of Trasone.
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This confusion lasted until 1966, when the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology's excavation allowed it to be identified as the catacomb of the Giordani, mainly thanks to the discovery of the crypt containing the remains of the martyr Alexander, which several ancient literary sources state was "in the cemetery of the Iordanii". Fragments of three marble slabs of different eras dedicated to the saint were also found:
- installed by Pope Damasus I (4th century), sculpted by his collaborator Furius Dionysius Filocalus, but destroyed during the Goths' Siege of Rome (537–538)
- its replacement under Pope Vigilius, with the fragments of the last line showing the name 'Alexander'
- a vow made by a certain Marcellus in the 5th century
The complex also contains the 'cubiculum of the Exodus', completely covered in 4th century frescoes of scenes from the Book of Exodus, particularly on the vault, which is rare in catacombs. The same literary sources mention the remains of the martyrs Martial and Vitale as being buried in the same cemetery as Alexander's - all of them were traditionally held to be sons of Felicitas of Rome.
The earliest of the written sources, the Chronograph of 354, attests that the three martyrs were buried on the via Salaria on 10 July. The Martyrologium Hieronymianum adds that seven virgin martyrs (Donata, Paolina, Rogata, Dominanda, Serotina, Saturnina and Hilaria) were buried in the same tomb as Alexander and his brothers on 31 December. The Notitia ecclesiarum urbis Romae states that the site had an above-ground basilica dedicated to the martyrs Martial and Vitale - nothing now remains of that building, but its ruins were seen at the end of the 16th century by Antonio Bosio. The only archaeological confirmation of these facts in the literary sources is the tomb of Alexander.
References
Bibliography (in Italian)
- (in Italian) Leonella De Santis; Giuseppe Biamonte (1997). Le catacombe di Roma. Roma: Newton Compton Editori. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-88-541-2771-5.
- (in Italian) Antonio Ferrua; Antonio Ferrua (1967). "Antichità cristiane. I lavori di papa Vigilio nelle catacombe". La Civiltà Cattolica II: 142–148.
- (in Italian) Antonio Ferrua (1967). "Antichità cristiane. Santa Felicita e i suoi sette figli". La Civiltà Cattolica II: 248–251.
- (in Italian) Umberto Maria Fasola (1972). "Le recenti scoperte delle catacombe sotto villa Savoia. Il "coemeterium Iordanorum ad S. Alexandrum"". Actas del VIII Congreso Internacional de Arqueologia Cristiana, Barcelona 5-11 Octubre 1969. Città del Vaticano: 273–297.
- Massimiliano Ghilardi (15 April 2010). "Quae signa erant illa, quibus putabant esse significativa Martyrii?". MEFRIM (in Italian and English) (122–1): 81–106. doi:10.4000/mefrim.561. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.